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Schmidt RA, Everett K, Perez-Brumer A, Strike C, Rush B, Gomes T. A population-based time-series analysis of opioid agonist treatment dispensed during pregnancy. Addiction 2024; 119:1111-1122. [PMID: 38476027 DOI: 10.1111/add.16459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Identifying effective opioid treatment options during pregnancy is a high priority due to the growing prevalence of opioid use disorder across North America. We assessed the temporal impact of three population-level interventions on the use of opioid agonist treatment (OAT) during pregnancy in Ontario, Canada. DESIGN This was a population-based time-series analysis to identify trends in the monthly prevalence of pregnant people dispensed methadone and buprenorphine. The impact of adding buprenorphine/naloxone to the public drug formulary, the release of pregnancy-specific guidance and the start of the COVID-19 pandemic were assessed. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The study was conducted in Ontario, Canada between 1 July 2013 and 31 March 2022, comprising people who delivered a live or stillbirth in any Ontario hospital during the study period. MEASUREMENTS We identified any prescription for methadone or buprenorphine dispensed between the estimated conception date and delivery date and calculated the monthly prevalence of OAT-exposed pregnancies among all pregnant people in Ontario. FINDINGS Overall, rates of OAT during pregnancy have declined since mid-2018. Methadone-exposed pregnancies decreased from 0.46% of all pregnancies in Ontario in 2015 to a low of 0.16% in 2022. In the primary analysis, none of the interventions had a statistically significant impact on overall OAT rates; however, in the stratified analyses, there was a small increase in buprenorphine after the formulary change [0.006%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.0032-0.0081, P < 0.0001] and a decrease in buprenorphine after the release of the 2017 guidelines (-0.005%, 95% CI = -0.0080 to -0.0020, P = 0.001) and the start of the COVID-19 pandemic (-0.003%, 95% CI = -0.0054 to -0.0006, P = 0.015). CONCLUSION Despite changes in guidance and funding, opioid agonist treatment during pregnancy has been declining in Ontario, Canada since 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A Schmidt
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Amaya Perez-Brumer
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carol Strike
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian Rush
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tara Gomes
- ICES, Toronto, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Management and Evaluation at the University of Toronto, Institute of Health Policy, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abadie R, Fisher CB. "It didn't hurt me": patients' and providers' perspectives on unsupervised take-home doses, drug diversion, and overdose risks in the provision of medication for opioid use disorder during COVID-19 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21:85. [PMID: 38664796 PMCID: PMC11044400 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-01006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, clinics offering medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) needed to rapidly introduce unsupervised take-home dosing, while relapsing patients and patients unable to enter treatment faced increased risks of fentanyl-related overdose deaths and other drug-related harms. Based on a qualitative study of people who inject drugs (PWID) receiving MOUD treatment and MOUD staff in Puerto Rico, this paper documents the lived experiences of patients and providers during this period and the risk perceptions and management strategies to address substance misuse and drug diversion attributable to unsupervised take-home-dose delivery. METHODS In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with patients (N = 25) and staff (N = 25) in two clinics providing MOUD in San Juan, Puerto Rico, during 2022. Patients and staff were receiving or providing treatment during the pandemic, and patients reported injection drug use during the past thirty days. RESULTS Patients were overwhelmingly male (84%), unmarried (72%), and unemployed (52%), with almost half (44%) injecting one to three times a day. Mean time in treatment was 7 years. Staff had a mean age of 46 years with more than half of the sample (63%) female. The majority of patients believed that unsupervised take-home dosing had no significant effect on their treatment adherence or engagement. In contrast, providers expressed concerns over the potential for drug diversion and possible increased risks of patient attrition, overdose episodes, and poor treatment outcomes. CONCLUSION This study underscores the importance of insider perspectives on harm-reduction changes in policy implemented during a health crisis. Of note is the finding that staff disagreed among themselves regarding the potential harms of diversion and changes in drug testing protocols. These different perspectives are important to address so that future pandemic policies are successfully designed and implemented. Our study also illuminates disagreement in risk assessments between patients and providers. This suggests that preparation for emergency treatment plans requires enhanced communication with patients to match treatments to the context of lived experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Abadie
- School of Global and Integrative Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 839 Oldfather Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Celia B Fisher
- Center for Ethics Education, Fordham University, Rose Hill Campus, Dealy Hall, Room 117, New York City, NY, 10023, USA
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Brezan F, Meyer M, Vogel M, Heimer J, Falcato L, Montagna J, Bruggmann P. Prolonged diacetylmorphine take-home during the COVID-19 pandemic-Results of a retrospective cohort study. Addiction 2024. [PMID: 38644677 DOI: 10.1111/add.16503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Legal regulations for dispensing in Swiss heroin-assisted treatment were relaxed during the COVID-19 pandemic, allowing prolonged take-home of up to 7 days instead of two to reduce patient contact and the risk of infection. Our study aimed to measure the consequences of this new practice. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This was a retrospective cohort study set in Switzerland's largest outpatient centre for opioid agonist therapy. One hundred and thirty-four (72.4%) of the 185 patients receiving oral diacetylmorphine (DAM) participated in the study. MEASUREMENTS Through the utilization of electronic medication prescription and dispensing software, as well as the electronic medical record, the following data were extracted to explore the potential consequences: dose of DAM, the number of antibiotic therapies, emergency hospitalizations and incarcerations. Age, gender, prescriptions for psychotrophic drugs and additional prescription for injectable DAM were tested to assess an increased risk of losing prolonged take-home privileges. Data in the year since prolonged take-home (period 2) were compared with data from the equivalent prior year (period 1). FINDINGS DAM take-home was not associated with a change in DAM dose (P = 0.548), the number of emergency hospitalizations (P = 0.186) or the number of incarcerations (P = 0.215); 79.1% of all patients were able to maintain their extended take-home privileges. However, patients who had injectable DAM experienced significant reductions in their prolonged take-home privileges. CONCLUSION Allowing patients to take home oral diacetylmorphine for up to 7 days as treatment for opioid use disorder does not appear to pose any demonstrable health risk. It is generally manageable for the large majority of patients. However, careful consideration of prolonged take-home for patients with additional injectable diacetylmorphine is recommended, as these patients are more likely to lose take-home privileges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maximilian Meyer
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marc Vogel
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Heimer
- Department of Mathematics, Seminar for Statistics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luis Falcato
- Arud Centre for Addiction Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Philip Bruggmann
- Arud Centre for Addiction Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Russell C, Ashley J, Ali F, Bozinoff N, Corace K, Marsh DC, Mushquash C, Wyman J, Zhang M, Lange S. Examining inequities in access to opioid agonist treatment (OAT) take-home doses (THD): A Canadian OAT guideline synthesis and systematic review. Int J Drug Policy 2024; 127:104343. [PMID: 38554565 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daily supervised Opioid Agonist Treatment (OAT) medication has been identified as a barrier to treatment retention. Canadian OAT guidelines outline take-home dose (THD) criteria, yet, OAT prescribers use their clinical judgement to decide whether an individual is 'clinically stable' to receive THD. There is limited information regarding whether these decisions may result in inequitable access to THD, including in the context of updated COVID-19 guidance. The current Canadian OAT THD guideline synthesis and systematic review aimed to address this knowledge gap. METHODS This systematic review included a two-pronged approach. First, we searched available academic literature in Embase, Medline, and PsychINFO up until October 12th, 2022, to identify studies that compared characteristics of individuals on OAT who had and had not been granted access to THD to explore potential inequities in access. Next, we identified all Canadian national and provincial OAT guidelines through a semi-structured grey literature search (conducted between September-October 2022) and extracted all THD 'stability' and allowances/timeline criteria to compare against characteristics identified in the literature search. Data from both review arms were synthesized and narratively presented. RESULTS A total of n = 56 guidelines and n = 7 academic studies were included. The systematic review identified a number of patient characteristics such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, housing, employment, neighborhood income, drug use, mental health, health service utilization, as well as treatment duration that were associated with differential access to THD. The Canadian OAT THD guideline synthesis identified many of these same characteristics as 'stability' criteria, underscoring the potential for Canadian OAT guidelines to result in inequitable access to THD. CONCLUSIONS This two-pronged literature review demonstrated that current guidelines likely contribute to inequitable OAT THD access due primarily to inconsistent 'stability' criteria across guidelines. More research is needed to understand differential OAT THD access with a focus on prescriber decision-making and evaluating associated treatment and safety outcomes. The development of a client-centered, equity-focused, and evidence-informed decision making framework that incorporates more clear definitions of 'stability' criteria and indications for prescriber discretion is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayley Russell
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, M5S 2S1; Ontario Node, Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (CRISM), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, M5S 2S1; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8.
| | - Jenna Ashley
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, M5S 2S1
| | - Farihah Ali
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, M5S 2S1; Ontario Node, Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (CRISM), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, M5S 2S1
| | - Nikki Bozinoff
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, 5th floor, Toronto, Canada, M5G1V7
| | - Kim Corace
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Rd #2044, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5; Substance Use and Concurrent Disorders Program, The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Center, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1Z 7K4; University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Center, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1Z 7K4
| | - David C Marsh
- NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, P3E 2C6; ICES North, 56 Walford Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, P3E 2H3; Health Science North Research Institute, 56 Walford Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, P3E 2H3
| | - Christopher Mushquash
- Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Wyman
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, 5th floor, Toronto, Canada, M5G1V7; Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1B2, Canada
| | - Maria Zhang
- Pharmacy Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M6J 1H4; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Canada, M5S 3M2
| | - Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada, M5S 2S1; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8
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Fuller DB, Gryczynski J, Schwartz RP, Halsted C, Mitchell SG, Whitter M. State guidance and system changes related to COVID-19: Impact on opioid treatment programs. J Subst Use Addict Treat 2024; 158:209214. [PMID: 38042301 PMCID: PMC10947927 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the United States, methadone treatment may only be provided through opioid treatment programs (OTPs), which operate under a complex system of federal and state regulations. During the pandemic, federal regulators relaxed several longstanding restrictions for OTPs by permitting expanded eligibility for take-home medication and allowing counseling and medication management through telehealth. The purpose of this study was to assess the guidance provided by states regarding the revised guidelines and efforts to protect staff and patients in response to the pandemic. METHODS Between September and October of 2020, The National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors (NASADAD) and Friends Research Institute, fielded a web-based qualitative survey of state opioid treatment authorities (SOTAs) across the United States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The study conducted the survey prior to the availability of the COVID vaccines. It queried 42 SOTAs concerning state guidance provided to OTPs on treatment operations and practices for existing patients and new admissions; actions to protect staff and patients; changes in treatment need and operational capacity; and administrative practices regarding treatment. This study examines the responses of 42 SOTAs (65 %) who completed the survey. RESULTS Using content analysis, responses to the survey indicate that most states provided guidance to OTPs in response to the revised federal regulations and the need to protect staff and patients. All respondents reported that their states permitted increased number of take-homes doses for existing patients (100 %) and most reported doing so for new admissions (69 %; N=29). Ninety-eight percent (98 %; N=41) reported permitting remote counseling for existing patients and 90 % (N=38) permitting this for new admissions. SOTAs reported providing guidance on staff safety, operational procedures, oversight, and reforming billing practices to align with new models of service delivery. CONCLUSIONS SOTAs generally reported that federal guidance increased patient access, engagement, and retention. Increased take-home flexibilities were viewed as important for expanding access and continuity of treatment, with the majority of SOTAs stating that the revised treatment practices (e.g., expansion of telehealth, flexible medication dispensing practices) were beneficial. These regulatory flexibilities, many believe, promoted the continuation of treatment and successful patient outcomes during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Fuller
- National Association of State Alcohol & Drug Abuse Directors, Inc., 1919 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite M-250, Washington, DC 20006, United States of America.
| | - Jan Gryczynski
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, #103, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America.
| | - Robert P Schwartz
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, #103, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America.
| | - Caroline Halsted
- National Association of State Alcohol & Drug Abuse Directors, Inc., 1919 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite M-250, Washington, DC 20006, United States of America.
| | - Shannon Gwin Mitchell
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, #103, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America.
| | - Melanie Whitter
- National Association of State Alcohol & Drug Abuse Directors, Inc., 1919 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite M-250, Washington, DC 20006, United States of America.
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White SA, McCourt AD, Tormohlen KN, Yu J, Eisenberg MD, McGinty EE. Navigating addiction treatment during COVID-19: policy insights from state health leaders. Health Aff Sch 2024; 2:qxae007. [PMID: 38344412 PMCID: PMC10853880 DOI: 10.1093/haschl/qxae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
To mitigate pandemic-related disruptions to addiction treatment, US federal and state governments made significant changes to policies regulating treatment delivery. State health agencies played a key role in implementing these policies, giving agency leaders a distinct vantage point on the feasibility and implications of post-pandemic policy sustainment. We interviewed 46 state health agency and other leaders responsible for implementing COVID-19 addiction treatment policies across 8 states with the highest COVID-19 death rate in their census region. Semi-structured interviews were conducted from April through October 2022. Transcripts were analyzed using summative content analysis to characterize policies that interviewees perceived would, if sustained, benefit addiction treatment delivery long-term. State policies were then characterized through legal database queries, internet searches, and analysis of existing policy databases. State leaders viewed multiple pandemic-era policies as useful for expanding addiction treatment access post-pandemic, including relaxing restrictions for telehealth, particularly for buprenorphine induction and audio-only treatment; take-home methadone allowances; mobile methadone clinics; and out-of-state licensing flexibilities. All states adopted at least 1 of these policies during the pandemic. Future research should evaluate these policies outside of the acute COVID-19 pandemic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A White
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Alexander D McCourt
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Kayla N Tormohlen
- Division of Health Policy and Economics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Jiani Yu
- Division of Health Policy and Economics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Matthew D Eisenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Emma E McGinty
- Division of Health Policy and Economics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
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Williams AR, Krawczyk N, Hu MC, Harpel L, Aydinoglo N, Cerda M, Rotrosen J, Nunes EV. Retention and critical outcomes among new methadone maintenance patients following extended take-home reforms: a retrospective observational cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Am 2023; 28:100636. [PMID: 38152421 PMCID: PMC10751716 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Approximately 1800 opioid treatment programs (OTPs) in the US dispense methadone to upwards of 400,000 patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) annually, operating under longstanding highly restrictive guidelines. OTPs were granted novel flexibilities beginning March 15, 2020, allowing for reduced visit frequency and extended take-home doses to minimize COVID exposure with great variation across states and sites. We sought to use electronic health records to compare retention in treatment, opioid use, and adverse events among patients newly entering methadone maintenance in the post-reform period in comparison with year-ago, unexposed, controls. Methods Retrospective observational cohort study across 9 OTPs, geographically dispersed, in the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) Clinical Trials Network. Newly enrolled patients between April 15 and October 14, 2020 (post-COVID, reform period) v. March 15-September 14, 2019 (pre-COVID, control period) were assessed. The primary outcome was 6-month retention. Secondary outcomes were opioid use and adverse events including emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and overdose. Findings 821 individuals were newly admitted in the post-COVID and year-ago control periods, average age of 38.3 (SD 11.1), 58.9% male. The only difference across pre- and post-reform groups was the prevalence of psychostimulant use disorder (25.7% vs 32.9%, p = 0.02). Retention was non-inferior (60.0% vs 60.1%) as were hazards of adverse events in the aggregate (X2 (1) = 0.55, p = 0.46) in the post-COVID period. However, rates of month-level opioid use were higher among post-COVID intakes compared to pre-COVID controls (64.8% vs 51.1%, p < 0.001). Moderator analyses accounting for stimulant use and site-level variation in take-home schedules did not change findings. Interpretation Policies allowing for extended take-home schedules were not associated with worse retention or adverse events despite slightly elevated rates of measured opioid use while in care. Relaxed guidelines were not associated with measurable increased harms and findings could inform future studies with prospective trials. Funding USDHHSNIDACTNUG1DA013035-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Robin Williams
- Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | - Noa Krawczyk
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Mei-Chen Hu
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | - Lexa Harpel
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | | | - Magdalena Cerda
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - John Rotrosen
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Edward V. Nunes
- Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
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Witkiewitz K, Vowles KE. Everybody Hurts: Intersecting and Colliding Epidemics and the Need for Integrated Behavioral Treatment of Chronic Pain and Substance Use. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2023; 32:228-235. [PMID: 37645017 PMCID: PMC10465109 DOI: 10.1177/09637214231162366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain and substance use disorders are both common, debilitating, and often persist over the longer term. On their own, each represents a significant health problem, with estimates indicating a substantial proportion of the adult population has chronic pain or a substance use disorder (SUD), and their co-occurrence is increasing. Chronic pain and SUD are also both often invisible, stigmatized disorders and persons with both regularly have difficulty accessing evidence-based treatments, particularly those that offer coordinated and integrated treatment for both conditions. But there is hope. Research is unraveling the mechanisms of chronic pain and substance use, as well as their co-occurrence, integrated behavioral treatment options based on acceptance- and mindfulness-based approaches are increasingly being developed and tested, government agencies are devoting more funds and resources to increase research on chronic pain and SUD, and there have been growing efforts in training, dissemination, and implementation of evidence-based treatments. At the very heart of the matter, though, is to recognize that everybody hurts sometimes, and treatments must empower people to life effectively with these experiences of being human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology and Center on Alcohol, Substance use, And Addictions University of New Mexico
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Fast N, van Kessel R, Humphreys K, Ward NF, Roman-Urrestarazu A. The Evolution of Telepsychiatry for Substance Use Disorders During COVID-19: a Narrative Review. Curr Addict Rep 2023; 10:187-197. [PMID: 37266192 PMCID: PMC10126560 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-023-00480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This article aims to review and synthesize the current research evidence regarding the efficacy of telepsychiatry-delivered substance use disorder treatment using a narrative review with a focus on the effects of remote healthcare delivery within the substance abuse treatment space. Recent Findings The COVID-19 pandemic exerted substantial pressures on all levels of society. Social isolation, loss of employment, stress, physical illness, overburdened health services, unmet medical needs, and rapidly changing pandemic restrictions had particularly severe consequences for people with mental health issues and substance use disorders. Since the start of the pandemic, addiction treatment (and medical treatment overall) using remote health platforms has significantly expanded to different platforms and delivery systems. The USA, in particular, reported transformational policy developments to enable the delivery of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, systemic barriers such as a widespread lack of internet access and insufficient patient and provider digital skills remain. Summary Overall, telepsychiatry is a promising approach for the treatment of substance use disorders, but more randomized controlled trials are needed in the future to assess the evidence base of available interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Fast
- START Treatment & Recovery Centers, New York City, USA
- Addiction Psychiatry Fellowship Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Robin van Kessel
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Health, London, UK
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Keith Humphreys
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Natalie Frances Ward
- Department of International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andres Roman-Urrestarazu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Cambridge Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Cheetham A, Morgan K, Jackson J, Lord S, Nielsen S. Informing a collaborative-care model for delivering medication assisted treatment for opioid dependence (MATOD): An analysis of pharmacist, prescriber and patient perceptions. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:526-534. [PMID: 36216753 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demand for medication assisted treatment for opioid dependence (MATOD) in Australia exceeds capacity, particularly in rural and regional areas. There is increasing recognition that community pharmacists are well-positioned to take on expanded roles in MATOD delivery, however there has been limited Australian research exploring attitudes of pharmacists, prescribers, and patients to collaborative models of care. OBJECTIVE(S) This study aimed to better understand enablers and barriers to a collaborative model for MATOD, to inform implementation in regions where increases in treatment capacity are urgently needed. METHODS Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with pharmacists (n = 11), prescribers (n = 6), and patients (n = 8) recruited from the Frankston-Mornington Peninsula region in Victoria, Australia, where transport and access to services have impacts on health care utilisation. The COM-B model was used to explore perceptions of pharmacists' capability, opportunity, and motivations for delivering collaborative care. RESULTS There was strong motivation among healthcare professionals to participate in a collaborative model of care, with the main perceived benefits including improvements in accessibility, convenience, and continuity of care, and leverage of pharmacists' high level of patient engagement. Key barriers identified by both pharmacists and prescribers included a perceived lack of pharmacist skills in some areas (capability) and resources (opportunity) to deliver collaborative care in a community pharmacy setting. Established relationships between all stakeholders (social opportunity) and communication between pharmacists and prescribers were identified as facilitators. Barriers and facilitators aligned with seven key areas: skills, confidence, relationships, patient selection, protocols, communication and resources. CONCLUSIONS Findings informed the development of a collaborative model that was individualised, protocol based, and supported by training and clear processes. PROJECT IMPACT This study identifies specific barriers and facilitators to a pharmacist-prescriber collaborative model of care for MATOD. The resulting model will be tested in a hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial in the Frankston-Mornington Peninsula region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Cheetham
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University Peninsula Campus, Frankston, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kirsty Morgan
- Frankston Mornington Peninsula Primary Care Partnership, Peninsula Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Jackson
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety (CMUS), Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Lord
- Pharmacotherapy Mediation, Advocacy, and Support (PAMS), Harm Reduction Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne Nielsen
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University Peninsula Campus, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Watanabe JH. The Critical Role of Pharmacists in Treating Older People in the Opioid Crisis. Sr Care Pharm 2023; 38:47-49. [PMID: 36751937 DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2023.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacy-based Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) treatment has been identified as a central pillar in curbing the spiraling opioid epidemic that claimed more than 100,000 lives in the United States in a one year period for the first time. This epidemic is also partially responsible for the plummeting US life expectancy that began prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and has now claimed more than 500,000 lives since 1999 with more than 70% of the 70,630 overdose deaths in 2019 involved with an opioid. Older people are at increased risk of both OUD and OUD-related complications. Recent studies have demonstrated that people older than 65 years of age were more likely to die of OUD-related complications, and - because of an increased likelihood of polypharmacy - are more likely to experience a drug interaction that magnifies the risk of an opioid-related misadventure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Watanabe
- Professor of Clinical Pharmacy Associate Dean of Pharmacy Assessment and Quality Member Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine University of California, Irvine School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
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12
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Bolivar D, Hartung D, Silcox J, Bratberg J, Boggis J, Rabin M, Green TC. Examining the effects of COVID-19 on pharmacy dispensing of naloxone and syringes sales across Massachusetts and New Hampshire. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:330-335.e1. [PMID: 36369076 PMCID: PMC9574786 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdowns disrupted access to harm reduction supplies and services known to be effective in overdose prevention and contributed to a worsening of the opioid crisis. However, because pharmacies can provide naloxone and sell over-the-counter (OTC) sterile syringes, their continued operation throughout the pandemic potentially reinforced a public health role as a distribution hub for safer use supplies. OBJECTIVES The objective of this analysis was to examine patterns of naloxone and OTC syringe sale volume at 463 community pharmacies in 2 states with high overdose rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We analyzed weekly pharmacy-level dispensing data from January 5, 2020, to December 31, 2020, from one corporate community pharmacy chain in Massachusetts (n = 415 pharmacies) and New Hampshire (n = 48 pharmacies). Descriptive statistics and visualizations over the analytical period were generated as initial explorations of the outcome. Zero-inflated Poisson and negative binomial models were used to analyze distribution data along with county-level COVID-19 case rates and store-level COVID-19 testing location status during the same time. Interactions tested the effect of COVID-19 case rates on naloxone and OTC syringe sales. RESULTS Pharmacies that reported selling nonprescription syringes and dispensing naloxone during the study period averaged 210.13 OTC syringes sold and 0.53 naloxone prescriptions per week. Pharmacies in communities that experienced greater COVID-19 case burden also exhibited higher naloxone dispensing and OTC syringe sales during this period. The odds of selling OTC syringes increased over time but naloxone dispensing remained constant over the pandemic year. Pharmacies hosting COVID-19 testing tended to have lower OTC syringe sales and naloxone provision than nontesting sites. CONCLUSION During the COVID-19 pandemic, pharmacies provided harm reduction services and dispensed lifesaving medications by quickly adapting to fulfill community needs without disrupting co-located services for COVID-19 response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Traci C. Green
- Correspondence: Traci C. Green, PhD, MSc, Professor, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Heller-Brown Bldg., 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02453
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13
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King B, Holmes LM, Rishworth A, Patel R. Geographic variations in opioid overdose patterns in Pennsylvania during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Place 2023; 79:102938. [PMID: 36549235 PMCID: PMC9765327 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of the opioid epidemic and the COVID-19 pandemic has created new health challenges throughout the United States. Since the onset of the pandemic, media attention and scholarly research have drawn attention to the intersections of addiction and COVID-19. However, there remain few empirical studies that examine the direct impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic for opioid overdose patterns. Even fewer have integrated quantitative and qualitative methods to detail the place-specific dynamics shaping opioid overdose and addiction treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article measures and maps change in the age-adjusted rate of opioid-related overdose incidents at the county level from 2018 to 2020. These analyses are combined with interviews conducted since December 2020 with public health providers in the state of Pennsylvania to identify the key factors influencing opioid misuse and transformations in addiction treatment practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian King
- Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Louisa M. Holmes
- Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | | | - Ruchi Patel
- Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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14
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McCuistian C, Fokuo JK, Dumoit Smith J, Sorensen JL, Arnold EA. Ethical Dilemmas Facing Substance Use Counselors During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Subst Abuse 2023; 17:11782218231158338. [PMID: 36923068 PMCID: PMC10008725 DOI: 10.1177/11782218231158338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction During the COVID-19 pandemic, substance use disorder (SUD) treatment settings experienced several abrupt changes, including decreased admissions, reduction in services, and modified requirements for medication for substance use disorder. While these changes were implemented to facilitate the maintenance of important treatment options, the ethical consequences of such changes remained unknown. The current study aimed to explore ethical issues related to COVID-19-related changes reported by counselors in SUD treatment facilities. Method From May to August 2020, we conducted 60 to 90 minutes in-depth interviews with 18 front-line staff in 1 residential and 1 outpatient treatment program, exploring issues drawn from the ethical principles of the national organization representing SUD counselors. Counselors volunteered to participate via phone or email, and participation was confidential. Interviews were conducted via videoconferencing. Topics included day-to-day experiences of ethical dilemmas in the workplace, particularly during the COVID-19 era. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and checked for accuracy and a trained team of analysts then coded transcripts using thematic analysis. Results As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, SUD treatment programs quickly modified procedures to adhere to public health mandates while also continuing to offer care to clients. SUD counselors reported several ways their programs adapted new and creative procedures to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission. SUD counselors also identified several novel ethical dilemmas that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, often resulting from the counselor balancing the needs for responding to public health mandates with providing services to clients. There were several ways that COVID-19 related changes resulted in therapeutic challenges for some clients, and the SUD counselors highlighted ways that changes resulted in more flexible services for other clients. Conclusions This study highlights the quick response to COVID-19 that occurred within SUD treatment. While these changes resulted in novel ethical dilemmas, they also offered more flexible and client-centered approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caravella McCuistian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Konadu Fokuo
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jaime Dumoit Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James L Sorensen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily A Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Gorbach PM, Rosen AD, Moore R, Shoptaw S, Mustanski B, Mehta SH, Kirk GD, Baum MK, Milloy MJ, Hayashi K, DeBeck K, Kipke M, Lai S, Siminski S, Javanbakht M. Use of COVID-19 testing in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic among cohorts of people at the intersection of drug use and HIV. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 241:109622. [PMID: 36123252 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
People living with (PLWH) and at risk for HIV and people who use drugs (PWUD) are at heightened risk for health consequences of COVID-19 because of compromised immunity and high comorbidities. We studied their use of COVID-19 testing during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Eight NIDA funded cohorts across North America in the Collaborating Consortium of Cohorts Producing NIDA Opportunities (C3PNO) administered multiple waves of a COVID-19 survey. Respondents were at least 18 years of age, half PLWH, and many active substance users. Wave one of the COVID-19 survey was May-November, 2020 and wave two October 2020-April 2021. Associations of COVID-19 testing with demographics, socio-demographics, substance use, and HIV-status were assessed. Of the 3762 responses from 2331 individuals, half reported ever COVID-19 testing (49.1 %), with 4.3 % reporting a positive test (163/3762 surveys=4.3 %) and 41.5 % of people reporting current symptoms reported having been tested. In multivariable analysis adjusting for age, sex, and cohort type associations with COVID-19 testing included African American/Black identification compared to Caucasian/white (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)= 0.68; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.53, 0.88); being unemployed (AOR=0.61; 95 % CI 0.51, 0.73), and living with HIV (AOR=0.76; 95 % CI0.65, 0.90). Findings from these C3PNO COVID-19 modules suggests that in the first year of the pandemic COVID-19 testing was not broadly accessed by these marginalized populations including PLWH and those unemployed. Factors associated with not testing may also parallel those for vaccination and identify populations needing better access to COVID-19 prevention.
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16
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Bradley H, Austin C, Allen ST, Asher A, Bartholomew TS, Board A, Borquez A, Buchacz K, Carter A, Cooper HLF, Feinberg J, Furukawa N, Genberg B, Gorbach PM, Hagan H, Huriaux E, Hurley H, Luisi N, Martin NK, Rosenberg ES, Strathdee SA, Jarlais DCD. A stakeholder-driven framework for measuring potential change in the health risks of people who inject drugs (PWID) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Drug Policy 2022; 110:103889. [PMID: 36343431 PMCID: PMC9574463 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who inject drugs (PWID) have likely borne disproportionate health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. PWID experienced both interruptions and changes to drug supply and delivery modes of harm reduction, treatment, and other medical services, leading to potentially increased risks for HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and overdose. Given surveillance and research disruptions, proximal, indirect indicators of infectious diseases and overdose should be developed for timely measurement of health effects of the pandemic on PWID. METHODS We used group concept mapping and a systems thinking approach to produce an expert stakeholder-generated, multi-level framework for monitoring changes in PWID health outcomes potentially attributable to COVID-19 in the U.S. This socio-ecological measurement framework elucidates proximal and distal contributors to infectious disease and overdose outcomes, many of which can be measured using existing data sources. RESULTS The framework includes multi-level components including policy considerations, drug supply/distribution systems, the service delivery landscape, network factors, and individual characteristics such as mental and general health status and service utilization. These components are generally mediated by substance use and sexual behavioral factors to cause changes in incidence of HIV, HCV, sexually transmitted infections, wound/skin infections, and overdose. CONCLUSION This measurement framework is intended to increase the quality and timeliness of research on the impacts of COVID-19 in the context of the current pandemic and future crises. Next steps include a ranking process to narrow the drivers of change in health risks to a concise set of indicators that adequately represent framework components, can be written as measurable indicators, and are quantifiable using existing data sources, as well as a publicly available web-based platform for summary data contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Bradley
- Georgia State University School of Public Health, 140 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| | - Chelsea Austin
- Georgia State University School of Public Health, 140 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Sean T Allen
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alice Asher
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Tyler S Bartholomew
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10(th) Avenue, #1140, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Amy Board
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Annick Borquez
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kate Buchacz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Anastasia Carter
- Georgia State University School of Public Health, 140 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Hannah L F Cooper
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Judith Feinberg
- West Virginia University Health Sciences, 1 Medical Center Drive, #1000, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Nathan Furukawa
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Becky Genberg
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Pamina M Gorbach
- University of California Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health
| | - Holly Hagan
- NYU School of Global Public Health, 708 Broadway, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Emalie Huriaux
- Washington State Department of Health, 101 Israel Road SE, Tumwater, WA, 98501, USA
| | | | - Nicole Luisi
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Natasha K Martin
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Eli S Rosenberg
- University at Albany School of Public Health, SUNY, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA; Office of Public Health, New York State Department of Public Health, Corning Tower, State Street, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | - Steffanie A Strathdee
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Don C Des Jarlais
- NYU School of Global Public Health, 708 Broadway, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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17
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Beckett M, Hering R, Urbanoski K. Inpatient care provider perspectives on the development and implementation of an addiction medicine consultation service in a small urban setting. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2022; 17:70. [PMID: 36303182 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-022-00497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate provider perspectives on the development and implementation of an inpatient Addiction Medicine Consult Service, including their awareness of the service, its perceived role in the continuum of care, and changes over time in their perceptions of care quality for inpatients with substance use disorders. METHODS Repeated cross-sectional survey of hospital-based physicians, nurses and social workers performed at service launch (April-June, 2017) and 4 years later (March-June, 2021). RESULTS Providers had generally positive perceptions of the service and its impact on care quality, but encountered significant barriers at both time points in meeting patient needs (related to high patient complexity and difficulty connecting patients with community services post-discharge). Relative to physicians and social workers, nurses were less likely to be familiar with the service or see it as beneficial. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that the service fills a gap that existed previously in the local system of care; however, numerous opportunities exist to further strengthen the system beyond the hospital setting to promote longer-term health among people who use substances. For nurses in particular, outreach, education, and other resources (e.g., dedicated nursing role support, nurse liaison) are warranted to ensure that nurses feel supported and confident caring for this patient population.
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18
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Scarlett H, Melchior M, Davisse-Paturet C, Aarbaoui TE, Longchamps C, Figueiredo N, Ducarroz S. Substance Use Among Residents of Homeless Shelters During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings From France. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604684. [PMID: 36090832 PMCID: PMC9452639 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To record the prevalence and risk factors of substance use amongst homeless persons during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The ECHO study consisted in two independent cross-sectional waves of data collection in the regions of Paris, Lyon, and Strasbourg during the Spring of 2020 (n = 530) and 2021 (n = 319). Factors associated with substance use were explored using generalised logistic regression models. Results: The most prevalent substance used was tobacco (38%–43%), followed by alcohol (26%–34%). The use of both substances positively associated with each other, although risk factors varied depending on the substance. The only factors consistently associated with alcohol and tobacco use were being male, exposure to theft/assault and participants’ region of origin. Whilst the rate of tobacco use was relatively stable between Spring 2020 and 2021, alcohol use was more common in 2021. Conclusion: These findings highlight a high prevalence of substance use amongst homeless persons. People experiencing homelessness face specific challenges in the context of the pandemic, alongside greater vulnerability to illness and low healthcare access, therefore the need to improve prevention and support services for substance abuse within this population is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honor Scarlett
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Honor Scarlett, ; Simon Ducarroz,
| | - Maria Melchior
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
- CNRS, Institut Convergences Migration, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Camille Davisse-Paturet
- Research on Healthcare Performance RESHAPE, INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Tarik El. Aarbaoui
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Longchamps
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Natasha Figueiredo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Simon Ducarroz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
- CNRS, Institut Convergences Migration, Aubervilliers, France
- *Correspondence: Honor Scarlett, ; Simon Ducarroz,
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19
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Russell C, Lange S, Kouyoumdjian F, Butler A, Ali F. Opioid agonist treatment take-home doses ('carries'): Are current guidelines resulting in low treatment coverage among high-risk populations in Canada and the USA? Harm Reduct J 2022; 19:89. [PMID: 35948961 PMCID: PMC9363267 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-022-00671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid agonist treatment (OAT) is the primary intervention for opioid use disorder (OUD) in Canada and the USA. Yet, a number of barriers contribute to sub-optimal treatment uptake and retention, including daily-supervised medication administration. Thus, clients are eventually granted access to take-home OAT doses (i.e., ‘carries’) to reduce this burden. However, this decision is based on physician discretion and whether patients can demonstrate stability in various life domains, many of which are inextricably linked to the social determinants of health (SDOH). Current Canadian and USA OAT carry guidance documents are not standardized and do not take the SDOH into consideration, resulting in the potential for inequitable access to OAT carries, which may be the case particularly among marginalized populations such as individuals with OUD who have been released from custody. This perspective article posits that current OAT guidelines contribute to inequities in access to OAT carries, and that these inequities likely result in disproportionately low coverage for OUD treatment among some high-risk groups, including individuals on release from incarceration in particular. Relevant impacts of COVID-19 and related policy changes are considered, and suggestions and recommendations to amend current OAT guidance documents are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayley Russell
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin St, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada. .,Ontario Node, Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (CRISM), 33 Ursula Franklin St, ON, M5S 2S1, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin St, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), ON, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fiona Kouyoumdjian
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Butler
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Farihah Ali
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin St, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.,Ontario Node, Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (CRISM), 33 Ursula Franklin St, ON, M5S 2S1, Toronto, Canada
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20
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Nicholson J, Valentine A, Ledingham E, Reif S. Peer Support at the Intersection of Disability and Opioid (Mis)Use: Key Stakeholders Provide Essential Considerations. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:9664. [PMID: 35955019 PMCID: PMC9368223 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with disabilities may experience higher rates of opioid/substance use disorders (OUD/SUD) than other individuals and are likely vulnerable to unmet treatment needs. Peer support may be beneficial to these individuals, given the evidence of benefits in target populations with similar needs and the potential for overcoming barriers to treatment suggested in the available literature. The objective of this exploratory study was to specify essential considerations in adapting peer support for this population. Diverse key stakeholders (n = 16) were interviewed to explore the experiences, needs, and available supports for individuals with disabilities and OUD/SUD. A Peer Support Work Group including members with lived experience advised each component of the study. Semi-structured interview data were content analyzed and memos generated to summarize themes related to the research question. Participants reported extensive professional and personal experience in human services, disability, and recovery. Emergent themes included the importance of accessibility and model fit, the notion of "peerness" and peer match, and essential aspects of peer recruitment, training, and support. An accessible, acceptable, effective model of peer support requires particular attention to the needs of this diverse and varied population, and the contexts in which they are identified, referred, and engaged in services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Nicholson
- Institute for Behavioral Health, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Anne Valentine
- Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Emily Ledingham
- Institute for Behavioral Health, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Sharon Reif
- Institute for Behavioral Health, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
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Mancheño-Velasco C, Dacosta-Sánchez D, Blanc-Molina A, Narvaez-Camargo M, Lozano-Rojas ÓM. Changes in the Care Activity in Addiction Centers with Dual Pathology Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154341. [PMID: 35893432 PMCID: PMC9369119 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care provision during the COVID-19 pandemic and confinement has led to significant changes in the activity of addiction centers. These changes in healthcare activity may have had a greater impact on patients with dual pathology. The aim of this study is to compare the treatment indicators of patients with dual pathology in addiction centers during the pre-confinement, confinement, and post-confinement periods. METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted for the period between 1 February 2019 and 30 June 2021. A total of 2785 patients treated in specialized addiction services were divided into three periods according to their time of admission: pre-confinement, confinement, and post-confinement. RESULTS During the pre-pandemic period, the addiction centers attended to an average of 121.3 (SD = 23.58) patients, decreasing to 53 patients during confinement (SD = 19.47), and 80.69 during the post-confinement period (SD = 15.33). The number of appointments scheduled monthly for each patient decreased during the confinement period, although this number increased after confinement. There was a reduction in the number of toxicological tests carried out both during and after confinement (except for alcohol). CONCLUSIONS The results show a reduction in the number of patients seen and the care activity delivered to dual diagnosis patients. These results, which were caused by the COVID-preventive measures, may affect the progress and recovery of dual patients. A greater investment is needed to bring the care activity up to the standards of the years prior to confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinta Mancheño-Velasco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (D.D.-S.); (A.B.-M.); (M.N.-C.)
| | - Daniel Dacosta-Sánchez
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (D.D.-S.); (A.B.-M.); (M.N.-C.)
| | - Andrea Blanc-Molina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (D.D.-S.); (A.B.-M.); (M.N.-C.)
| | - Marta Narvaez-Camargo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (D.D.-S.); (A.B.-M.); (M.N.-C.)
| | - Óscar Martín Lozano-Rojas
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (D.D.-S.); (A.B.-M.); (M.N.-C.)
- Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain
- Correspondence:
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22
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Eapen-John D, Mohiuddin AG, Kennedy JL. A potential paradigm shift in opioid crisis management: The role of pharmacogenomics. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:411-423. [PMID: 34854362 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.2012397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetic investigations into the opioid crisis suggest genetic variation could be a significant cause of opioid-related morbidity and mortality. Variability in opioid system genes, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, manifest after pharmacogenetic testing, as previously invisible risk factors for addiction and overdose. Pharmacodynamic genes regulate opioid-sensitive brain networks and neural reward circuitry. Pharmacokinetic genes expressed in drug metabolic pathways regulate blood levels of active vs. inactive opioid metabolites. Elucidating the complex interplay of genetic variations in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic pathways will shed new light on the addictive and toxic properties of opioids. This narrative review serves to promote understanding of key genetic mechanisms affecting the metabolism and actions of opioids, and to explore causes of the recent surge in opioid-related mortality associated with COVID-19. Personalised treatment plans centred around an individual's genetic makeup could make opioid-based pain management and opioid use disorder (OUD) treatments safer and more effective at both the individual and system levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Eapen-John
- Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ayeshah G Mohiuddin
- Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Salvalaggio G, Hyshka E, Brown C, Pinto AD, Halas G, Green L, Kosteniuk B, Perri M, Le Chalifoux N, Halas G, Steiner L, Cavett T, Montesanti S. A comparison of the COVID-19 response for urban underserved patients experiencing healthcare transitions in three Canadian cities. Can J Public Health 2022; 113:846-866. [PMID: 35771364 PMCID: PMC9245871 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-022-00651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic and response has highlighted existing strengths within the system of care for urban underserved populations, but also many fault lines, in particular during care transitions. The objectives of this study were to describe COVID-19 response policies for urban underserved populations in three Canadian cities; examine how these policies impact continuity of care for urban underserved populations; determine whether and how urban underserved community members were engaged in policy processes; and develop policy and operational recommendations for optimizing continuity of care for urban underserved populations during public health crises. METHODS Using Walt & Gilson's Policy Triangle framework as a conceptual guide, 237 policy and media documents were retrieved. Five complementary virtual group interview sessions were held with 22 front-line and lived-experience key informants to capture less well-documented policy responses and experiences. Documents and interview transcripts were analyzed inductively for policy content, context, actors, and processes involved in the pandemic response. RESULTS Available documents suggest little focus on care continuity for urban underserved populations during the pandemic, despite public health measures having disproportionately negative impacts on their care. Policy responses were largely reactive and temporary, and community members were rarely involved. However, a number of community-based initiatives were developed in response to policy gaps. Promising practices emerged, including examples of new multi-level and multi-sector collaboration. CONCLUSION The pandemic response has exposed inequities for urban underserved populations experiencing care transitions; however, it has also exposed system strengths and opportunities for improvement to inform future policy direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginetta Salvalaggio
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, 610 University Terrace, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4 Canada
| | - Elaine Hyshka
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Cara Brown
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Manitoba, 771 McDermot Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6 Canada
| | - Andrew D. Pinto
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8 Canada
| | - Gayle Halas
- Rady Chair, Interprofessional Collaborative Practice, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, P219-770 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3 Canada
| | - Lee Green
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, 516 University Terrace, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4 Canada
| | - Brynn Kosteniuk
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Melissa Perri
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7 Canada
| | - Nathaniel Le Chalifoux
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Garrett Halas
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 770 Bannatyne University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0W3 Canada
| | - Liane Steiner
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8 Canada
| | - Teresa Cavett
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Manitoba, Northern Connection Medical Centre, 2700 McPhillips St, Winnipeg, MB R2V 3M3 Canada
| | - Stephanie Montesanti
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-266 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11205-87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9 Canada
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Nesoff ED, Marziali ME, Martins SS. The estimated impact of state-level support for expanded delivery of substance use disorder treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Addiction 2022; 117:1781-1786. [PMID: 34873783 PMCID: PMC9081157 DOI: 10.1111/add.15778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To prevent COVID-19 transmission, some United States (US) federal regulations on substance use disorder (SUD) treatment were suspended in March 2020. This study aimed to quantify the extent of state-level policy uptake and the potential number of people with SUD affected by these policy changes across the US, as well as to assess if policy uptake correlated with rates of people with SUD already in treatment or needing treatment. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of policies implemented as of April 13, 2020. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 50 US states and the District of Columbia MEASUREMENTS: State-level implementation of: oral schedule II controlled substances emergency prescription, extended take-home doses for medication for opioid use disorders (MOUD), home-delivery of take-home medications, telemedicine for schedule II-IV prescriptions, telemedicine for buprenorphine prescribing initiation, and waiver of out-of-state Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) registration. Rates per 100 000 population of: adults in treatment for SUD, MOUD treatment at facilities with opioid treatment programs, SUD based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV criteria, and needing, but not receiving treatment. FINDINGS Half of the states (n = 24) enacted no policies, leaving ~460 955 people in treatment and 114 370 people on MOUD pre-pandemic uncovered by any policy expansion. Only telemedicine for buprenorphine initiation was marginally associated with pre-pandemic rate of SUD treatment (OR = 1.003, 95% CI = [1.001, 1.006]) and rate of MOUD therapy (OR = 1.006, 95% CI = [1.002, 1.011]) in univariable analysis, but these associations were no longer significant when controlling for state-level demographics. No policies were associated with state-wide SUD prevalence or rate of unmet treatment need (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Twenty-four United States states did not implement at least one federal policy for substance use disorder treatment expansion as of April 2020, leaving approximately half a million people in treatment pre-pandemic potentially without access to treatment or risking exposure to COVID-19 to continue in-person therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D. Nesoff
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan E. Marziali
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia S. Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Shapira B, Rosca P. Transformation of substance use disorder treatment services during COVID-19 - A lasting change? Journal of Substance Use 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2070875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barak Shapira
- Division of Enforcement and Inspection, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Paola Rosca
- Department for the Treatment of Substance Abuse, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
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26
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Watson DP, Staton MD, Grella CE, Scott CK, Dennis ML. Navigating intersecting public health crises: a qualitative study of people with opioid use disorders' experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2022; 17:22. [PMID: 35303913 PMCID: PMC8931576 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-022-00449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decades-long opioid epidemic and the more recent COVID-19 pandemic are two interacting events with significant public health impacts for people with opioid use disorder (OUD). Most published studies regarding the intersection of these two public health crises have focused on community, state, or national trends using pre-existing data. There is a need for complementary qualitative research aimed at identifying how people with opioid use disorder (OUD) are understanding, experiencing, and navigating this unprecedented time. The current study examines understandings and experiences of people with OUD while they have navigated these crises. METHODS The study was guided by a pragmatic lens. We conducted brief semi-structured qualitative interviews with 25 individuals in Chicago, the majority of which had received methadone treatment during the pandemic. Thematic inductive analysis was guided by primary interview questions. RESULTS The sample represents a high-risk group, being composed mostly of older non-Hispanic African American males and having considerable socioeconomic barriers. Themes demonstrate how individuals are keeping safe despite limited knowledge of COVID-19, how the pandemic has increased treatment motivation for some, how adaptations impacted treatment and recovery supports, how the availability social support had been reduced, and difficulties individuals had keeping or obtaining financial support. CONCLUSIONS The findings can be useful for informing future public health response to ensure appropriate treatment access and supports are available. In particular are the need for treatment providers to ensure people with OUD receive appropriate and understandable health crisis-related information and ensuring funds are appropriately allocated to address mental health impacts of social isolation. Finally, there is a need for appropriate financial and infrastructure supports to ensure health and treatment access disparities are not exacerbated for those in greatest need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis P. Watson
- grid.413870.90000 0004 0418 6295Chestnut Health Systems, 221 W. Walton St, Chicago, IL 60610 USA
| | - Monte D. Staton
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Department of Medicine, Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, 818 S Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL 60613 USA
| | - Christine E. Grella
- grid.413870.90000 0004 0418 6295Chestnut Health Systems, 221 W. Walton St, Chicago, IL 60610 USA
| | - Christy K. Scott
- grid.413870.90000 0004 0418 6295Chestnut Health Systems, 221 W. Walton St, Chicago, IL 60610 USA
| | - Michael L. Dennis
- grid.413870.90000 0004 0418 6295Chestnut Health Systems, 448 Wylie Dr, Normal, IL 61761 USA
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27
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Bishop LD, Rosenberg-Yunger ZRS. Pharmacists expanded role in providing care for opioid use disorder during COVID-19: A qualitative study exploring pharmacists' experiences. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109303. [PMID: 35032858 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) struggled with access to prescribers and opioid agonist therapy (OAT). Recognizing this gap in care, Health Canada issued a short-term subsection 56(1) class exemption from the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act authorizing pharmacists to independently manage controlled substances. The purpose of this study was to explore the expanded role of Canadian pharmacists in providing care to patients with OUD during the pandemic. METHODS We conducted qualitative key informant telephone interviews in the fall of 2020 with Canadian pharmacists who used the exemption. We included community or primary healthcare team-based pharmacists who managed opioid medication under the exemption. We recorded, transcribed verbatim, and de-identified all transcripts. Data was analyzed using a thematic approach involving line-by-line coding and constant comparison. RESULTS We interviewed nineteen pharmacists with representation from all provinces and urban and rural practice settings. Three major themes emerged that captured the pharmacists' perspectives when providing care for patients with OUD during the pandemic: (i) continuity of care; (ii) harm reduction; and (iii) access to care. Pharmacists used the exemption to extend prescriptions, transfer prescriptions, receive verbal orders, and deliver OAT. CONCLUSIONS Throughout the pandemic, pharmacists were able to provide continuity of care to patients with OUD who would have otherwise been unable to access care. The exemption permitted pharmacists to assess patients and provide OAT through this expanded role. Other countries should look to the Canadian experience and leverage the expertise of the pharmacist to expand their scope so that they can help fill the gap in care for patients with OUD.
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Pals H, Bratberg J. Improving Access to Care via Psychiatric Clinical Pharmacist Practitioner Collaborative Management of Buprenorphine for Opioid Use Disorder. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022; 62:1422-1429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Background: Individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) may be particularly at risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine attitudes to the pandemic among individuals with SUD. Methods: Survey responses from 266 patients entering a residential treatment program were analyzed. Results: Most participants were White or African American men. A third of participants reported that their substance use had increased during the pandemic (38%), and that they had stockpiled substances because of concerns about supply (30%). A majority of participants indicated more depression (60%), anxiety (61%), worry about finances (62%), and feeling worse about their substance use due to COVID-19 (67%). An exploratory factor analysis revealed five factors that measured interest in SUD treatment, psychological symptoms, adherence to health recommendations, perceptions of vulnerability to COVID-19, and substance use during COVID-19. African American participants indicated a greater interest in treatment than Whites, while White participants indicated increased symptoms and substance use during COVID-19 (p < .05). Further, African Americans were more likely to have known someone who had developed COVID-19 than whites (p < .05). Older participants indicated adhering to health recommendations more than younger participants, using substances less than younger participants, as well as feeling more vulnerable to COVID-19 (p < .05). Conclusions: This is the first study to examine patient attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19 at a residential SUD treatment program. Treatment providers should be aware of patient attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19 paying special attention to barriers to treatment engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Wenzel
- Mountain Manor Treatment Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc Fishman
- Mountain Manor Treatment Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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30
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Iacono TM. Modernizing regulations for treating opioid use disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAAPA 2022; 35:57-59. [PMID: 35076441 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000805844.19200.b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The opioid epidemic has been the most significant public health crisis in the United States during the past 30 years. In 2021, it was second only to COVID-19. What happens when two epidemics collide and what should policy makers do about it? This article analyzes the burden of COVID-19 on patients with opioid addiction and discusses the beneficial policy changes that improve access to substance abuse care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Iacono
- Tara M. Iacono practices in psychiatric and addiction medicine at Scottsdale (Ariz.) Mental Health and Wellness Institute. The author has disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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31
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Grau-López L, Daigre C, Palma-Alvarez RF, Sorribes-Puertas M, Serrano-Pérez P, Quesada-Franco M, Segura L, Coronado M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Colom J. COVID-19 Lockdown and Consumption Patterns among Substance Use Disorder Outpatients: A Multicentre Study. Eur Addict Res 2022; 28:243-254. [PMID: 35038702 PMCID: PMC8805052 DOI: 10.1159/000521425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 has had a great impact on mental health in the general population. However, few studies have focused on patients with substance use disorders (SUDs). This research aimed to compare the clinical status and substance use patterns of SUD outpatients, before and during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This multicentre study recruited 588 patients (29.2% women; M age = 47.4 ± 11.7 years) in thirteen centres for addiction treatment in Catalonia, Spain. All subjects were evaluated with validated instruments and ad hoc questionnaires. The sample was divided into 3 groups according to how the substance consumption pattern changed during lockdown (maintained pattern, worsened pattern, and improved pattern). RESULTS More than 62% of the patients maintained or worsened their consumption pattern during confinement, and about 38% improved throughout this time. Diverse factors were associated with the changes in pattern like age, addiction severity, psychological distress during lockdown, social and familial issues, and therapeutic variables. CONCLUSION The home lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with major implications for substance consumption and psychiatric distress among SUD outpatients. Considering this, the need to plan appropriate interventions in cases of similar health crises is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Grau-López
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Section, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry Group, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Constanza Daigre
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Section, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry Group, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Felipe Palma-Alvarez
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Section, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry Group, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sorribes-Puertas
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Section, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry Group, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Serrano-Pérez
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Section, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry Group, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Quesada-Franco
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Section, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry Group, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Segura
- Subdirecció general de Drogodependències, Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Coronado
- Subdirecció general de Drogodependències, Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Section, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry Group, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Colom
- Subdirecció general de Drogodependències, Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Introduction: The treatment of most severe COVID-19 patients included the large-scale use of sedatives and analgesics-possibly in higher doses than usual-which was reported in the literature. The use of drugs that decrease mortality is necessary and opioids are important agents in procedures such as orotracheal intubation. However, these drugs seem to have been overestimated in the COVID-19 pandemic. We performed a review of the PubMed-Medline database to evaluate the use of opioids during this period. The following descriptors were used to enhance the search for papers: "Opioids", "COVID-19," "COVID-19 pandemic," "SARS-CoV-2," "Opioid use disorder," "Opioid dependence" and the names of the drugs used. We also evaluated the distribution of COVID-19 patients in Brazil and the applicability of opioids in our country during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Several positive points were found in the use of opioids in the COVID-19 pandemic, for instance, they can be used for analgesia in orotracheal intubation, for chronic pain management, and as coadjutant in the management of acute intensification of pain. However, high doses of opioids might exacerbate the respiratory depression found in COVID-19 patients, their chronic use can trigger opioid tolerance and the higher doses used during the pandemic might result in greater adverse effects. Unfortunately, the pandemic also affected individuals with opioid use disorder, not only those individuals are at higher risk of mortality, hospitalization and need for ventilatory support, but measures taken to decrease the SARS-CoV-2 spread such as social isolation, might negatively affect the treatment for opioid use disorder. In Brazil, only morphine, remifentanil and fentanyl are available in the basic health care system for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Out of the 5,273,598 opioid units used in this period all over the country, morphine, fentanyl, and remifentanil, accounted for, respectively, 559,270 (10.6%), 4,624,328 (87.6%), and 90,000 (1.8%) units. Many Brazilian regions with high number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 had few units of opioids available, as the Southeast region, with a 0.23 units of opioids per confirmed COVID-19 case, and the South region, with 0.05 units. In the COVID-19 pandemic scenario, positive points related to opioids were mainly the occurrence of analgesia, to facilitate intubation and their use as coadjutants in the management of acute intensification of pain, whereas the negative points were indiscriminate use, the presence of human immunosuppressor response and increased adverse effects due to higher doses of the drug. Conclusion: The importance of rational and individualized use of analgesic hypnotics and sedative anesthetics should be considered at all times, especially in situations of high demand such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Vantini Capasso Palamim
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Matheus Negri Boschiero
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Aléthea Guimarães Faria
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Felipe Eduardo Valencise
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Lima Marson
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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Suen LW, Castellanos S, Joshi N, Satterwhite S, Knight KR. "The idea is to help people achieve greater success and liberty": A qualitative study of expanded methadone take-home access in opioid use disorder treatment. Subst Abuse 2022; 43:1143-1150. [PMID: 35499469 PMCID: PMC9710250 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2022.2060438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States (US) was already facing an epidemic of opioid overdose deaths. Overdose deaths continued to surge during the pandemic. To limit COVID-19 spread and to avoid disruptions in access to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), including buprenorphine and methadone, US federal and state agencies granted unprecedented exemptions to existing MOUD guidelines for Opioid Treatment Programs (OTPs), including loosening criteria for unsupervised take-home doses. We conducted a qualitative study to evaluate the impact of these policy changes on MOUD treatment experiences for providers and patients at an OTP in California. Methods: We interviewed 10 providers (including two physicians, five social worker associates, and three nurse practitioners) and 20 patients receiving MOUD. We transcribed, coded, and analyzed all interviews to identify emergent themes. Results: Patient participants were middle-aged (median age 51 years) and were predominantly men (53%). Providers discussed clinical decision-making processes and experiences providing take-homes. Implementation of expanded take-home policies was cautious. Providers reported making individualized decisions, using patient factors to decide if benefits outweighed risks of overdose and misuse. Decision-making factors included patient drug use, overdose risk, housing status, and vulnerability to COVID-19. New patient groups started receiving take-homes and providers noted few adverse events. Patients who received take-homes reported increased autonomy and treatment flexibility, which in turn increased likelihood of treatment stabilization and engagement. Patients who remained ineligible for take-homes, usually due to ongoing non-prescribed opioid or benzodiazepine use, desired greater transparency and shared decision-making. Conclusion: Federal exemptions in response to COVID-19 led to the unprecedented expansion of access to MOUD take-homes within OTPs. Providers and patients perceived benefits to expanding access to take-homes and experienced few adverse outcomes, suggesting expanded take-home policies should remain post-COVID-19. Future studies should explore whether these findings are generalizable to other OTPs and assess larger samples to quantify patient-level outcomes resulting from expanded take-home policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie W. Suen
- UCSF National Clinician Scholars Program, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stacy Castellanos
- UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Neena Joshi
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shannon Satterwhite
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kelly R. Knight
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Paul N, Kennedy AJ, Taubenberger S, Chang JC, Hacker K. Provider perceptions of medication for opioid used disorder (MOUD): A qualitative study in communities with high opioid overdose death rates. Subst Abus 2022; 43:742-748. [PMID: 35100094 PMCID: PMC10960355 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2021.2007518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) has been shown to be a safe, cost-effective intervention that successfully lowers risk of opioid overdose. However, access to and use of MOUD has been limited. Our objective was to explore attitudes, opinions, and beliefs regarding MOUD among healthcare and social service providers in a community highly impacted by the opioid overdose epidemic. METHODS As part of a larger ethnographic study examining neighborhoods in Allegheny County, PA, with the highest opioid overdose death rates, semi-structured qualitative in-person and telephone interviews were conducted with forty-five providers treating persons with opioid use disorders in these communities. An open coding approach was used to code interview transcripts followed by thematic analysis. RESULTS Three major themes were identified related to MOUD from the perspectives of our provider participants. Within a variety of health and substance use service roles and settings, provider reflections revealed: (1) different opinions about MOUD as a transition to abstinence or as a long-term treatment; (2) perceived lack of uniformity and dissemination of accurate information of MOUD care, permitting differences in care, and (3) observed barriers to entry and navigation of MOUD, including referrals as a "word-of-mouth insider system" and challenges of getting patients MOUD services when they need it. CONCLUSIONS Even in communities hard hit by the opioid overdose epidemic, healthcare providers' disagreement about the standard of care for MOUD can be a relevant obstacle. These insights can inform efforts to improve MOUD treatment and access for people with opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Paul
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy J. Kennedy
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Judy C. Chang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karen Hacker
- Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Lee Y, Lui LM, Brietzke E, Liao Y, Lu C, Ho R, Subramaniapillai M, Mansur RB, Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS. Comparing mortality from covid-19 to mortality due to overdose: A micromort analysis. J Affect Disord 2022; 296:514-521. [PMID: 34656039 PMCID: PMC8461265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the mortality risk due to covid-19 with death due to overdose in British Columbia, Canada. The opioid epidemic was declared a public health emergency in 2016. METHODS Mortality risk was calculated in micromorts with covid-19 data for January-October 2020, derived from the BC center for Disease Control, and illicit drug toxicity deaths for January 2010-September 2020, derived from the BC Coroners Service. Age-stratified covid-19 incidence and deaths per 100,000 population and age-stratified illicit drug toxicity death rates per 100,000 population were calculated. A micromort is a unit of risk equivalent to a one-in-a-million chance of death. RESULTS During the covid-19 pandemic, illicit drug toxicity deaths reached 1.0 micromorts per day, representing an increase of 0.5 micromorts per day relative to 2019 rates. In comparison, covid-19 mortality risk was 0.05 micromorts per day among individuals from the general population living in British Columbia and 21.1 micromorts per day among those infected with covid-19. Covid-related mortality risk was significantly lower among individuals aged <60 years, relative to older adults, whereas drug toxicity-related mortality was highest for individuals aged 30-59 years. CONCLUSIONS The mortality associated with covid-19 is apparent and distributed unevenly across subpopulations. The mortality due to overdose has increased during covid-19 and exceeds mortality due to covid-19. Our results instantiate the triple threat caused by covid-19 (i.e., public health crisis, economic crisis and mental health crisis) and quantitatively highlight the externality of increased mortality due to deaths of despair in response to public health efforts to reduce covid-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yena Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 2S8; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
| | - Leanna M.W. Lui
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 2S8
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Psychiatry, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ciyong Lu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Roger Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore.
| | - Mehala Subramaniapillai
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 2S8.
| | - Rodrigo B. Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 2S8,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Joshua D. Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 2S8,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Roger S. McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 2S8,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8,Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
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Levander XA, Hoffman KA, McIlveen JW, McCarty D, Terashima JP, Korthuis PT. Rural opioid treatment program patient perspectives on take-home methadone policy changes during COVID-19: a qualitative thematic analysis. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2021; 16:72. [PMID: 34895346 PMCID: PMC8665717 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-021-00281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, methadone for opioid use disorder (OUD) is highly regulated. Federal agencies announced guidelines in March 2020 allowing for relaxation of take-home methadone dispensing at opioid treatment programs (OTPs) to improve treatment access and reduce COVID-19 transmission risk during the public health emergency. We explored patient perspectives at three OTPs serving rural communities on how take-home policy changes were received and implemented and how these changes impacted their addiction treatment and recovery. METHODS We completed semi-structured individual qualitative interviews in 2 phases: (1) August-October 2020 and (2) November 2020-January 2021 (total n = 46), anticipating possible policy changes as the pandemic progressed. We interviewed patients with OUD enrolled at 3 rural OTPs in Oregon. Participants received varying take-home methadone allowances following the COVID-19-related policy changes. All interviews were conducted via phone, audio-recorded, and transcribed. We conducted a thematic analysis, iteratively coding transcripts, and deductively and inductively generating codes. RESULTS The 46 participants included 50% women and 89% had Medicaid insurance. Three main themes emerged in the analysis, with no differences between study phases: (1) Adapting to changing OTP policies throughout the pandemic; (2) Recognizing the benefits, and occasional struggles, with increased take-home methadone dosing; and (3) Continuing policies and procedures post-pandemic. Participants described fears and anxieties around ongoing methadone access and safety concerns prior to OTP policy changes, but quickly adapted as protocols soon seemed "natural." The majority of participants acknowledged significant benefits to increased take-homes independent of reducing COVID-19 infection risk including feeling "more like a normal person," improved recovery support, reduced time traveling, and having more time with family and for work. Looking to a post-pandemic future, participants thought some COVID-19-related safety protocols should continue that would reduce risk of other infections, make OTP settings less stressful, and result in more individualized care. CONCLUSIONS As the pandemic progressed, study participants adapted to rapidly changing OTP policies. Participants noted many unanticipated benefits to increased take-home methadone and other COVID-19 protocols including strengthened self-efficacy and recovery and reduced interpersonal conflict, with limited evidence of diversion. Patient perspectives should inform future policies to better address the ongoing overdose epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena A Levander
- Division of General Internal Medicine & Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Addiction Medicine Section, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road Mail Code - L475, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA.
| | - Kim A Hoffman
- Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John W McIlveen
- Oregon Health Authority State Opioid Treatment Authority, Salem, OR, USA
| | - Dennis McCarty
- Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - P Todd Korthuis
- Division of General Internal Medicine & Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Addiction Medicine Section, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road Mail Code - L475, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, USA
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Salamanca-Buentello F, Cheng DK, Sabioni P, Majid U, Upshur R, Sud A. Mal/adaptations: A qualitative evidence synthesis of opioid agonist therapy during major disruptions. Int J Drug Policy 2021; 101:103556. [PMID: 34902805 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid agonist therapy (OAT) has been severely disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The risks of opioid withdrawal, overdose, and diversion have increased, so there is an urgent need to adapt OAT to best support people who use drugs (PWUD). This review examines the views and experiences of PWUD, health care providers, and health system administrators on OAT during major disruptions to medical care to inform appropriate health system responses during the current pandemic and beyond. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis. We searched three comprehensive datasets for qualitative and mixed-methods studies that examined OAT in the context of major disruptions such as natural disasters, and analyzed included studies using thematic analysis and the constant comparative method. We used conceptual frameworks of health systems resilience and adaptive systems to interpret our findings. RESULTS We included 10 studies published between 2002 and 2020 that examined OAT in the context of hurricanes, earthquakes, and terrorist attacks. We organized our results into three themes: uncertainty, inconsistency, and vulnerability; regulatory inflexibility; and lack of coordination. The highly regulated but poorly coordinated systems of OAT provision lacked flexibility to adapt to major disruptions, thereby manufacturing vulnerability for both PWUD and health workers. CONCLUSIONS OAT programs must be resilient and adaptable to face major disruptions while maintaining quality care. Our findings provide guidance to develop and implement innovative strategies that increase the adaptive potential of OAT programs while focusing on the needs of PWUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Salamanca-Buentello
- Bridgepoint Collaboratory for Research and Innovation, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, 1 Bridgepoint Drive, Toronto, Ontario M4M 2B5, Canada
| | - Darren K Cheng
- Bridgepoint Collaboratory for Research and Innovation, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, 1 Bridgepoint Drive, Toronto, Ontario M4M 2B5, Canada
| | - Pamela Sabioni
- Bridgepoint Collaboratory for Research and Innovation, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, 1 Bridgepoint Drive, Toronto, Ontario M4M 2B5, Canada
| | - Umair Majid
- Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, Suite 425, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M6, Canada
| | - Ross Upshur
- Bridgepoint Collaboratory for Research and Innovation, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, 1 Bridgepoint Drive, Toronto, Ontario M4M 2B5, Canada; Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, Suite 425, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M6, Canada; Division of Clinical Public Health, Dalla Lana Faculty of Public Health, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L4, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, 5th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Abhimanyu Sud
- Bridgepoint Collaboratory for Research and Innovation, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, 1 Bridgepoint Drive, Toronto, Ontario M4M 2B5, Canada; Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, Suite 425, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M6, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, 5th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V7, Canada.
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Mohammad I, Berri D, Tutag Lehr V. Pharmacists and opioid use disorder care during COVID-19: Call for action. J Am Coll Clin Pharm 2021; 5:203-213. [PMID: 34909605 PMCID: PMC8661525 DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing condition characterized by problematic opioid use causing significant impairment in daily life. Medication for opioid use disorder using buprenorphine, methadone, and naltrexone with behavioral therapy reduces illicit opioid use and risk of overdose death. Despite evidence and decades of experience, barriers limit access to treatment and care for individuals with OUD. Barriers include a lack of treatment centers particularly in rural areas, regulations on buprenorphine prescribing, and stigma from the community and health care professionals. While many barriers are longstanding, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic‐forced isolation and associated stress has exacerbated challenges for individuals with mental health conditions such as OUD. Pharmacists are well‐positioned to bridge existing gaps in OUD care, particularly during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Roles for pharmacists include OUD risk identification and screening, referral of patients to treatment and support programs, ensuring medication access, expanding naloxone access, and advocacy initiatives. This review article identifies barriers to care for patients with OUD during the COVID‐19 pandemic and explores opportunities and resources for pharmacists to improve OUD care during the pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insaf Mohammad
- Department of Pharmacy Practice Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA.,Ambulatory Care Clinical Pharmacy Beaumont Hospital, Dearborn Dearborn Michigan USA
| | - Dena Berri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Victoria Tutag Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy Practice Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
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Madden EF, Christian BT, Lagisetty PA, Ray BR, Sulzer SH. Treatment provider perceptions of take-home methadone regulation before and during COVID-19. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 228:109100. [PMID: 34600251 PMCID: PMC8459541 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The loosening of U.S. methadone regulations during the COVID-19 pandemic expanded calls for methadone reform. This study examines professional perceptions of methadone take-home dose regulation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic to understand responses to varied methadone distribution policies. METHODS Fifty-nine substance use disorder treatment professionals were interviewed between 2017 and 2020 in-person or over video call. An inductive iterative coding process was used to analyze the data. Constructivist grounded theory guided the collection and analysis of in-depth interviews. RESULTS Treatment professionals expressed mixed views toward methadone take-home regulations. Participants justified regulation using several arguments: 1) patient care benefitting from supervision, 2) attributing improved patient safety to take-home regulation, 3) fearing liability for methadone-related harms, and 4) relying on buprenorphine as an "escape hatch" for patients who cannot manage MMT policies. Other professionals suggested partial deregulation, while others strongly opposed pre-pandemic take-home regulation, explaining such regulations impede medication access and hinder patient-centered care. Some professionals supported the COVID-19 policy changes and saw these as a test run for broader deregulation, while others framed the changes as temporary and cautiously applied deregulation to their services, at times revoking looser rules for patients they perceived as nonadherent. CONCLUSION Treatment professionals working in a range of modalities, including opioid treatment programs, expressed hesitation toward expanded take-home methadone access. While some participants also supported forms of deregulation, post-pandemic efforts to extend looser methadone distribution policies will have to address apprehensive professionals if such policy changes are to be meaningfully adopted in community services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Fanning Madden
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3939 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | | | - Pooja A. Lagisetty
- Division of General Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 7300 Medical Science Building I, 1301 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bradley R. Ray
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, 5447 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Sandra H. Sulzer
- Office of Health Equity & Community Engagement, Utah State University, 7000 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Kelley AT, Dungan MT, Gordon AJ. Barriers and Facilitators to Buprenorphine Prescribing for Opioid Use Disorder in the Veterans Health Administration During COVID-19. J Addict Med 2021; 15:439-40. [PMID: 33323694 DOI: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Substance use treatment inequities among rural populations are well documented and the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these inequalities, forcing healthcare providers to be creative in the delivery of treatment. Systematic reviews on the use of telehealth to treat patients with substance use disorder indicate that it is a promising alternative to in-person services. This article examines the evidence supporting the use of telehealth in treating patients with opioid use disorder and explores other promising options that can help overcome pandemic-related barriers to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Ngosa Mumba
- Mercy Ngosa Mumba is an associate professor at the University of Alabama Capstone College of Nursing in Tuscaloosa, Ala. Also at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Jessica Jaiswal is an assistant professor, Natalia Langner-Smith is a graduate research assistant, George Mugoya is an associate professor, and Whitnee Brown is a clinical instructor. Lori Davis is the associate chief of staff for research at the Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center
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Shrestha S, Stopka TJ, Hughto JMW, Case P, Palacios WR, Reilly B, Green TC. Prevalence and correlates of non-fatal overdose among people who use drugs: findings from rapid assessments in Massachusetts, 2017-2019. Harm Reduct J 2021; 18:93. [PMID: 34461922 PMCID: PMC8404353 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-021-00538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who experience non-fatal overdose (NFOD) are at high risk of subsequent overdose. With unprecedented increases in fentanyl in the US drug supply, many Massachusetts (MA) communities have seen a surge in opioid-related overdoses. The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with lifetime and past year NFOD in at-risk MA communities. METHODS We conducted multiple rapid assessments among people who use drugs (PWUD) in eight MA communities using non-probability sampling (purposive, chain referral, respondent-driven) methods. We collected sociodemographic, substance use, overdose history, substance use treatment, and harm reduction services utilization data. We examined the prevalence of NFOD (lifetime and past year) and identified factors associated with NFOD through multivariable logistic regression analyses in a subset of 469 study participants between 2017 and 2019. RESULTS The prevalence of lifetime and last year non-fatal opioid overdose was 62.5% and 36.9%, respectively. Many of the study participants reported heroin (64%) and fentanyl (45%) use during the 30 days preceding the survey. Nonprescription buprenorphine and fentanyl use were independently associated with higher odds of lifetime NFOD, while marijuana use was associated with lower odds of lifetime NFOD (p < 0.05). Injection as the route of administration, benzodiazepine, nonprescription buprenorphine, heroin, and fentanyl use were independently associated with higher odds, while methadone use was associated with lower odds of past year NFOD (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We documented a high prevalence of past year and lifetime NFOD among PWUD in MA. Our findings provide indicators that can help inform interventions to prevent overdoses among PWUD, including overdose prevention, medication treatment, and naloxone distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhar Shrestha
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Stopka
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaclyn M W Hughto
- Departments of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Patricia Case
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wilson R Palacios
- School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Brittni Reilly
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Substance Addiction Services, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Traci C Green
- Opioid Policy Research Collaborative, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
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Henderson R, McInnes A, Mackey L, Bruised Head M, Crowshoe L, Hann J, Hayward J, Holroyd BR, Lang E, Larson B, Leonard AJ, Persaud S, Raghavji K, Sarin C, Virani H, Wadsworth IW, Whitman S, McLane P. Opioid use disorder treatment disruptions during the early COVID-19 pandemic and other emergent disasters: a scoping review addressing dual public health emergencies. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1471. [PMID: 34320954 PMCID: PMC8318046 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During public health emergencies, people with opioid use disorder (PWOUD) may be particularly impacted. Emergent disasters such as the COVID-19 pandemic disrupt already-strained harm reduction efforts and treatment availability. This study aims to answer three research questions. How do public health emergencies impact PWOUD? How can health systems respond to novel public health emergencies to serve PWOUD? How can the results of this scoping review be contextualized to the province of Alberta to inform local stakeholder responses to the pandemic? Methods We conducted a scoping review using the 6-stage Arksey and O’Malley framework to analyse early-pandemic and pre-pandemic disaster literature. The results of the scoping review were contextualized to the local pandemic response, through a Nominal Group Technique (NGT) process with frontline providers and stakeholders in Alberta, Canada. Results Sixty one scientific journal articles and 72 grey literature resources were included after full-text screening. Forty sources pertained to early COVID-19 responses, and 21 focused on OUD treatment during other disasters. PWOUD may be more impacted than the general population by common COVID-19 stressors including loss of income, isolation, lack of rewarding activities, housing instability, as well as fear and anxiety. They may also face unique challenges including threats to drug supplies, stigma, difficulty accessing clean substance use supplies, and closure of substance use treatment centres. All of these impacts put PWOUD at risk of negative outcomes including fatal overdose. Two NGT groups were held. One group (n = 7) represented voices from urban services, and the other (n = 4) Indigenous contexts. Stakeholders suggested that simultaneous attention to multiple crises, with adequate resources to allow attention to both social and health systems issues, can prepare a system to serve PWOUD during disasters. Conclusion This scoping review and NGT study uncovers how disasters impact PWOUD and offers suggestions for better serving PWOUD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11495-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Henderson
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Ashley McInnes
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leslee Mackey
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, 8440 112 St. NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R7, Canada
| | | | - Lindsay Crowshoe
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jessica Hann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, 8440 112 St. NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R7, Canada.,Addiction Recovery and Community Health (ARCH) Team, Royal Alexandra Hospital, 10240 Kingsway NW, Edmonton, AB, T5H 3V9, Canada
| | - Jake Hayward
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, 8440 112 St. NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Brian R Holroyd
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, 8440 112 St. NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R7, Canada.,Emergency Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, 10030 - 107 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 3E4, Canada
| | - Eddy Lang
- Emergency Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, 10030 - 107 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 3E4, Canada.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Bonnie Larson
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ashley Jane Leonard
- Knowledge Resource Service, Alberta Health Services, 10030 - 107 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 3E4, Canada
| | - Steven Persaud
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Khalil Raghavji
- Metro City Medical Clinic, 150 - 909 5 Ave SW, Calgary, AB, T2P 3G5, Canada
| | - Chris Sarin
- Indigenous Services Canada, Suite 730, 9700 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T5J 4C3, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hakique Virani
- Metro City Medical Clinic, 150 - 909 5 Ave SW, Calgary, AB, T2P 3G5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 8440 112 St. NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Iskotoahka William Wadsworth
- Blood Tribe, Stand Off, Canada.,Treaty 7 Chiefs Alliance, 206 - 8408 Elbow Drive SW, Calgary, Alberta, T2V 1K7, Canada
| | - Stacey Whitman
- Addiction and Mental Health, Alberta Health Services, 10030 - 107 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 3E4, Canada
| | - Patrick McLane
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, 8440 112 St. NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R7, Canada.,Emergency Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, 10030 - 107 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 3E4, Canada
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Holtz L. Creating a pronation therapy team: One hospital's journey. Nursing 2021; 51:58-61. [PMID: 34157004 DOI: 10.1097/01.nurse.0000753988.30717.7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Prone positioning is a recommended therapy for patients with COVID-19 who develop acute respiratory distress syndrome. This article describes the creation, operation, and evolution of the pronation therapy team at the author's Veterans Affairs facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louella Holtz
- Louella Holtz is a nurse educator at Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System in East Orange, N.J
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current article reviews the impact of the biggest health crisis for many decades, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), on opioid treatment programs and the strategies adopted for maintaining opioid treatment programs during the pandemic. RECENT FINDINGS The difficulty of access to opioid treatment services and the mental health problems accompanying opioid use disorders are the two main challenges to maintaining accessible and effective opioid treatment. Many countries and institutions issued guidance and recommendations to address these challenges. General coping strategies, loosening of policies, telemedicine, and depot buprenorphine are four main strategies to cope with the challenges posed by the pandemic. SUMMARY There were considerable obstacles to maintaining opioid intervention programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategies addressing the obstacles are identified. Research in this area needs to be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Smith JC, Alderman L, Attell BK, Avila Rodriguez W, Covington J, Manteuffel B, DiGirolamo AM, Snyder SM, Minyard K. Dynamics of Parental Opioid Use and Children's Health and Well-Being: An Integrative Systems Mapping Approach. Front Psychol 2021; 12:687641. [PMID: 34267711 PMCID: PMC8275850 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The seemingly intractable opioid epidemic compels researchers, the media, and families to better understand the causes and effects of this complex and evolving public health crisis. The effects of this crisis on people using opioids, maternal prenatal opioid exposure, and neonatal abstinence syndrome are well-documented, but less is known about the impact of caregivers' opioid use on children's health and well-being. One challenge to understanding the effects of parental opioid use disorder (OUD) on child and adolescent outcomes is the numerous interrelated pathways in which a child's health and well-being can be impacted. To better understand these dynamic relationships, we applied a systems mapping approach to visualize complex patterns and interactions between pathways and potential leverage points for interventions. Specifically, we developed a causal loop diagram system map to elucidate the complex and interconnected relationships between parental OUD, social determinants of health at the family and socio-environmental levels, family strengths, social supports, and possible adverse impacts on children's physical and mental health and risks for future substance misuse. The goals of this research are to (1) identify factors and dynamics that contribute to the relationship between parental OUD and children's health and well-being and (2) illustrate how systems mapping as a tool can aid in understanding the complex factors and dynamics of the system(s) that influence the well-being of children and their parents or primary caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Smith
- Georgia Health Policy Center, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Leigh Alderman
- Georgia Health Policy Center, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brandon K Attell
- Department of Educational Policy Studies, College of Education & Human Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wendy Avila Rodriguez
- Georgia Health Policy Center, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jana Covington
- Georgia Health Policy Center, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Ann M DiGirolamo
- Georgia Health Policy Center, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Susan M Snyder
- School of Social Work, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Karen Minyard
- Georgia Health Policy Center, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Chiarello E. Pharmacists should treat patients who have opioid use disorders, not police them. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:e14-e19. [PMID: 34266746 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacists are caught in the throes of a relentless overdose crisis that has already claimed half a million lives and threatens to claim thousands more. The addiction treatment system is fragmented and inadequate to meet demand. Few physicians provide medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs), the most effective form of evidence-based treatment, and insufficient treatment options leave patients vulnerable to overdose. Pharmacists routinely interact with patients who have OUD but lack ways to treat them. The primary tools that pharmacists have received to curb the crisis are prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), big data surveillance technologies that they can use to track patients' medication acquisition patterns. Pharmacists like PDMPs because they help them make decisions efficiently. However, PDMPs are enforcement technologies, not health care tools; therefore, pharmacists typically use PDMPs to police patients instead of treating them. Policing patients not only fails to help combat overdose, but can also exacerbate harm. Informed by a decade's worth of interviews with pharmacists before and after PDMP implementation, I argue that pharmacists should be better equipped to help patients with OUD. Specifically, clinical and community pharmacists should mobilize to provide MOUDs through collaborative practice agreements with physicians. Studies show that collaborative practice models are effective at reducing the risk of overdose and saving money and physicians' time. And pharmacists have the clinical competencies necessary to provide MOUDs for patients. Pharmacists must overcome legal, economic, and interprofessional barriers to do so, but giving pharmacists the tools to treat patients will affirm their professional commitment to caring for patients and saving lives.
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Maidment I, Young E, MacPhee M, Booth A, Zaman H, Breen J, Hilton A, Kelly T, Wong G. Rapid realist review of the role of community pharmacy in the public health response to COVID-19. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050043. [PMID: 34135054 PMCID: PMC8210681 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Community pharmacists and their teams have remained accessible to the public providing essential services despite immense pressures during the COVID-19 pandemic. They have successfully expanded the influenza vaccination programme and are now supporting the delivery of the COVID-19 vaccination roll-out. AIM This rapid realist review aims to understand how community pharmacy can most effectively deliver essential and advanced services, with a focus on vaccination, during the pandemic and in the future. METHOD An embryonic programme theory was generated using four diverse and complementary documents along with the expertise of the project team. Academic databases, preprint services and grey literature were searched and screened for documents meeting our inclusion criteria. The data were extracted from 103 documents to develop and refine a programme theory using a realist logic of analysis. Our analysis generated 13 context-mechanism-outcome configurations explaining when, why and how community pharmacy can support public health vaccination campaigns, maintain essential services during pandemics and capitalise on opportunities for expanded, sustainable public health service roles. The views of stakeholders including pharmacy users, pharmacists, pharmacy teams and other healthcare professionals were sought throughout to refine the 13 explanatory configurations. RESULTS The 13 context-mechanism-outcome configurations are organised according to decision makers, community pharmacy teams and community pharmacy users as key actors. Review findings include: supporting a clear role for community pharmacies in public health; clarifying pharmacists' legal and professional liabilities; involving pharmacy teams in service specification design; providing suitable guidance, adequate compensation and resources; and leveraging accessible, convenient locations of community pharmacy. DISCUSSION Community pharmacy has been able to offer key services during the pandemic. Decision makers must endorse, articulate and support a clear public health role for community pharmacy. We provide key recommendations for decision makers to optimise such a role during these unprecedented times and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Maidment
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emma Young
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Maura MacPhee
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew Booth
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Juanita Breen
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrea Hilton
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Tony Kelly
- NHS Birmingham and Solihull Clinical Commissioning Group, Birmingham, UK
| | - Geoff Wong
- Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Bahji A, Danilewitz M, Crockford D. Supporting Persons Who Use Drugs During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Rapid Review of International Guidelines. Canadian Journal of Addiction 2021; 12:6-18. [DOI: 10.1097/cxa.0000000000000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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50
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Lin PI, Srivastava G, Beckman L, Kim Y, Hallerbäck M, Barzman D, Sorter M, Eapen V. A Framework-Based Approach to Assessing Mental Health Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:655481. [PMID: 34054613 PMCID: PMC8155579 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.655481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has yielded extensive impacts globally in the year of 2020. Although the mental health of children and adolescents may be particularly susceptible to stressors stemming from the pandemic and anti-contagion policies, most ongoing efforts are geared toward curbing the viral spread. In the current perspective, we have identified four domains of factors corresponding to an ecological framework that may directly or indirectly influence the mental health of children and adolescents during the pandemic. The evidence suggests that anti-contagion policies might trigger cascades that impact the mental health of children and their families through multiple different sectors that used to form a safety net for youths. Additionally, children with neuropsychiatric disorders could experience exacerbated symptoms during the pandemic. Furthermore, the risk of domestic violence has surged during the pandemic, which further compounds the imminent mental health crisis. A mental health pandemic could be inevitable if no proactive prevention strategies were in place. Therefore, we recommend understanding each individual mental health risk pathway via the ecological framework in order to develop integrative prevention and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-I Lin
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Gautam Srivastava
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Beckman
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Yunhwan Kim
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | | | - Drew Barzman
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael Sorter
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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