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Klimak M, Cimino A, Lenz K, Springer L, Collins K, Harasymowicz N, Xu N, Pham C, Guilak F. Engineered Self-Regulating Macrophages for Targeted Anti-inflammatory Drug Delivery. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4385938. [PMID: 38854124 PMCID: PMC11160898 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4385938/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by increased levels of inflammation that primarily manifests in the joints. Macrophages act as key drivers for the progression of RA, contributing to the perpetuation of chronic inflammation and dysregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1). The goal of this study was to develop a macrophage-based cell therapy for biologic drug delivery in an autoregulated manner. Methods For proof-of-concept, we developed "smart" macrophages to mitigate the effects of IL-1 by delivering its inhibitor, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Bone marrow-derived macrophages were lentivirally transduced with a synthetic gene circuit that uses an NF-κB inducible promoter upstream of either the Il1rn or firefly luciferase transgenes. Two types of joint like cells were utilized to examine therapeutic protection in vitro , miPSCs derived cartilage and isolated primary mouse synovial fibroblasts while the K/BxN mouse model of RA was utilized to examine in vivo therapeutic protection. Results These engineered macrophages were able to repeatably produce therapeutic levels of IL-1Ra that could successfully mitigate inflammatory activation in co-culture with both tissue engineered cartilage constructs and synovial fibroblasts. Following injection in vivo , macrophages homed to sites of inflammation and mitigated disease severity in the K/BxN mouse model of RA. Conclusion These findings demonstrate the successful development of engineered macrophages that possess the ability for controlled, autoregulated production of IL-1 based on inflammatory signaling such as the NF-κB pathway to mitigate the effects of this cytokine for applications in RA or other inflammatory diseases. This system provides proof of concept for applications in other immune cell types as self-regulating delivery systems for therapeutic applications in a range of diseases.
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Jia S, Liang R, Chen J, Liao S, Lin J, Li W. Emerging technology has a brilliant future: the CRISPR-Cas system for senescence, inflammation, and cartilage repair in osteoarthritis. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:64. [PMID: 38698311 PMCID: PMC11067114 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), known as one of the most common types of aseptic inflammation of the musculoskeletal system, is characterized by chronic pain and whole-joint lesions. With cellular and molecular changes including senescence, inflammatory alterations, and subsequent cartilage defects, OA eventually leads to a series of adverse outcomes such as pain and disability. CRISPR-Cas-related technology has been proposed and explored as a gene therapy, offering potential gene-editing tools that are in the spotlight. Considering the genetic and multigene regulatory mechanisms of OA, we systematically review current studies on CRISPR-Cas technology for improving OA in terms of senescence, inflammation, and cartilage damage and summarize various strategies for delivering CRISPR products, hoping to provide a new perspective for the treatment of OA by taking advantage of CRISPR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Jia
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Rongji Liang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jiayou Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Shuai Liao
- Department of Bone and Joint, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jianjing Lin
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
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Zhang ML, Li HB, Jin Y. Application and perspective of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology in human diseases modeling and gene therapy. Front Genet 2024; 15:1364742. [PMID: 38666293 PMCID: PMC11043577 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1364742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) mediated Cas9 nuclease system has been extensively used for genome editing and gene modification in eukaryotic cells. CRISPR/Cas9 technology holds great potential for various applications, including the correction of genetic defects or mutations within the human genome. The application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system in human disease research is anticipated to solve a multitude of intricate molecular biology challenges encountered in life science research. Here, we review the fundamental principles underlying CRISPR/Cas9 technology and its recent application in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune related diseases, and cancer, focusing on the disease modeling and gene therapy potential of CRISPR/Cas9 in these diseases. Finally, we provide an overview of the limitations and future prospects associated with employing CRISPR/Cas9 technology for diseases study and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ling Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hong-Bin Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yong Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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Zhang J, Liu H, Chen Y, Liu H, Zhang S, Yin G, Xie Q. Augmenting regulatory T cells: new therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1312919. [PMID: 38322264 PMCID: PMC10844451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1312919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune condition marked by inflammation of the joints, degradation of the articular cartilage, and bone resorption. Recent studies found the absolute and relative decreases in circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs) in RA patients. Tregs are a unique type of cells exhibiting immunosuppressive functions, known for expressing the Foxp3 gene. They are instrumental in maintaining immunological tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. Increasing the absolute number and/or enhancing the function of Tregs are effective strategies for treating RA. This article reviews the studies on the mechanisms and targeted therapies related to Tregs in RA, with a view to provide better ideas for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjiang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuehong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengxiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Geng Yin
- Department of General Practice, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qibing Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Chan CL, Sugimura R. Unveiling the immune system aging in single-cell resolution. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:16-18. [PMID: 37934864 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This commentary investigates the findings presented in the article by Yang et al. in 2023, published in the Journal of Leukocyte Biology. This commentary first summarizes the spatial-temporal dynamics of regulatory T cells derived from mice (Tabula Muris Senis) of different ages (3, 18, and 24 mo) at different anatomic niches like lymph nodes and bone marrow. We also reported possible combinations of receptor-ligand interactions among T follicular regulatory cells, T follicular helper cells, and germinal center B cells, such as the calmodulin/Fas axis and PSGL-1/L-selectin axis. Then, we have elaborated on the significance of understanding aging regulatory T cells and offered some possible future research directions for Yang et al., contributing to a critical analysis of their recent study. Building on these foundations, further investigations and studies can be conducted to delve deeper into the mechanisms by which regulatory T cells influence health upon aging, potentially unveiling novel therapeutic targets to ameliorate age-related pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Lai Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ryohichi Sugimura
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Rm1105, 11/F, 17W, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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Nahm DH. Regulatory T Cell-Targeted Immunomodulatory Therapy for Long-Term Clinical Improvement of Atopic Dermatitis: Hypotheses and Perspectives. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1674. [PMID: 37629531 PMCID: PMC10455293 DOI: 10.3390/life13081674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing inflammatory skin disorder characterized by itching and eczematous lesions. It is often associated with a personal or familial history of allergic diseases. Allergic inflammation induced by immunoglobulin E and T-helper type 2 (Th2) cell responses to common environmental agents has been suggested to play an essential role in AD pathogenesis. The standard therapies for AD, including topical or systemic agents, focus on controlling skin inflammation. Recently developed monoclonal antibody to interleukin-4 receptor alpha or Janus kinase inhibitors can provide significant clinical improvements in patients with AD by inhibiting Th2 cell-mediated skin inflammation. However, the clinical efficacy of the Th2 cell-targeted therapy is transient and incomplete in patients with AD. Patients with AD are seeking a permanent cure. Therefore, the development of novel immunomodulatory strategies that can improve a long-term clinical outcome and provide a long-term treatment-free clinical remission of AD (disease-modifying therapy) is needed. Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a critical role in the maintenance of immune tolerance and suppress the development of autoimmune and allergic diseases. This review provides three working hypotheses and perspectives for the treatment of AD by Treg cell activation. (1) A decreased number or function of Treg cells is a critical event that causes the activation of Th2 cells, leading to the development and maintenance of AD. (2) Activation of Treg cells is an effective therapeutic approach for AD. (3) Many different immunomodulatory strategies activating Treg cells can provide a long-term clinical improvement of AD by induction of immune tolerance. The Treg cell-targeted immunomodulatory therapies for AD include allergen immunotherapy, microbiota, vitamin D, polyvalent human immunoglobulin G, monoclonal antibodies to the surface antigens of T cell or antigen-presenting cell, and adoptive transfer of autologous Treg cells or genetically engineered Treg cells expanded in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Nahm
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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Akbari-Papkiadehi F, Saboor-Yaraghi AA, Farhadi E, Tahmasebi MN, Sharafat Vaziri A, Aghaghazvini L, Asgari M, Poursani S, Mansouri F, Jamshidi A, Mahmoudi M. Effect of curcumin on the expression of NOD2 receptor and pro-inflammatory cytokines in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Adv Rheumatol 2023; 63:27. [PMID: 37370181 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-023-00308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies has shown that nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) is expressed in Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients which is stimulated by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) present in the joint environment and induces inflammation via the NF-κB pathway. Also, other studies have shown that curcumin inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion, and Inflammation and on the other hand increases the apoptosis of RA FLSs. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effect of curcumin, a natural anti-inflammatory micronutrient, on the expression of NOD2 and inflammatory cytokines. METHODS Synovial membranes were collected from ten patients diagnosed with RA and ten individuals with traumatic injuries scheduled for knee surgery. The FLSs were isolated and treated with 40 μM curcumin alone or in combination with 20.3 μM MDP for 24 h. mRNA was extracted, and real-time PCR was performed to quantitatively measure gene expression levels of NOD2, p65, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. RESULTS The study findings indicate that administering MDP alone can significantly increase the mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in the trauma group and TNF-α in the RA group. Conversely, administering curcumin alone or in combination whit MDP can significantly reduce mRNA expression levels of P65 and IL-6 in FLSs of both groups. Moreover, in FLSs of RA patients, a single curcumin treatment leads to a significant reduction in NOD2 gene expression. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary in vitro evidence of the potential benefits of curcumin as a nutritional supplement for RA patients. Despite the limitations of the study being an investigation of the FLSs of RA patients, the results demonstrate that curcumin has an anti-inflammatory effect on NOD2 and NF-κB genes. These findings suggest that curcumin could be a promising approach to relieve symptoms of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Akbari-Papkiadehi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kargar Ave., P.O. Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elham Farhadi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kargar Ave., P.O. Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
- Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naghi Tahmasebi
- Division of Knee Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Sharafat Vaziri
- Division of Knee Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Aghaghazvini
- Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Asgari
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kargar Ave., P.O. Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Poursani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kargar Ave., P.O. Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jamshidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kargar Ave., P.O. Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kargar Ave., P.O. Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran.
- Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu S, Deng S, Li X, Chen J, Yuan Y, Zhao H, Zhou J, Wang J, Zhang H, Cheng D. Endosomal Escapable and Nuclear Localizing Cationic Polyaspartate-Based CRISPR Activation System for Preventing Respiratory Virus Infection by Specifically Inducing Interferon-λ. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55376-55391. [PMID: 36503225 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global pandemics caused by viruses cause widespread panic and economic losses. The lack of specific antivirals and vaccines increases the spreading of viral diseases worldwide. Thus, alternative strategies are required to manage viral outbreaks. Here, we develop a CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) system based on polymeric carriers to prevent respiratory virus infection in a mouse model. A polyaspartate grafted with 2-(diisopropylamino) ethylamine (DIP) and nuclear localization signal peptides (NLS-MTAS fusion peptide) was complexed with plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding dCas9-VPR and sgRNA targeting IFN-λ. The pH-sensitive DIP and NLS-MTAS groups were favor of endo-lysosomal escape and nuclear localization of pDNA, respectively. They synergistically improved gene transfection efficiency, resulting in significant reporter gene expression and IFN-λ upregulation in lung tissue. In vitro and in vivo prophylactic experiments showed that the non-viral CRISPRa system could prevent infection caused by H1N1 viruses with minimal inflammatory responses, presenting a promising prophylactic approach against respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
| | - Shaohui Deng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
| | - Jifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510630, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
| | - Du Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, PR China
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Li YJ, Chen Z. Cell-based therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: opportunities and challenges. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2022; 14:1759720X221100294. [PMID: 35634355 PMCID: PMC9131381 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x221100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common immune-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by chronic synovitis that hardly resolves spontaneously. The current treatment of RA consists of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (cDMARDs), biologic and targeted synthetic DMARDs. Although the treat-to-target strategy has been intensively applied in the past decade, clinical unmet needs still exist since a substantial proportion of patients are refractory or even develop severe adverse effects to current therapies. In recent years, with the deeper understanding of immunopathogenesis of the disease, cell-based therapies have exhibited effective and promising interventions to RA. Several cell-based therapies, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells (Treg), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy as well as their beneficial effects have been documented and verified so far. In this review, we summarize the current evidence and discuss the prospect as well as challenges for these three types of cellular therapies in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Second Clinical Medical School, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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Rezaei Kahmini F, Shahgaldi S, Azimi M, Mansourabadi AH. Emerging therapeutic potential of regulatory T (Treg) cells for rheumatoid arthritis: New insights and challenges. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108858. [PMID: 35597122 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune-related disorder characterized by chronic inflammation. Although the etiopathogenesis of RA still remains to be clarified, it is supposed that the breakdown of immune self-tolerance may contribute to the development of RA. Thus, restoring of immune tolerance at the site of inflammation is the ultimate goal of RA treatment. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are the main suppressive cells that maintain tolerance and inhibit immunity against auto-antigen. Of note, recent studies demonstrated the efficacy of adoptive transfer of Treg cells in the modulation of the unwanted immune response, which makes them an ideal candidate to maintain immune homeostasis and restore antigen-specific tolerance in the case of RA and other autoimmune diseases. This review intends to submit recent finding of Treg cells-based therapies in RA with a focus on strategies applied to improve the therapeutic value of Treg cells to restore immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rezaei Kahmini
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Shahab Shahgaldi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Azimi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mansourabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunogenetics Research Network (IgReN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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11
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Harnessing the inherent power of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing regulatory T cells (CAR-Tregs) to treat autoimmune-related disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4069-4078. [PMID: 35534581 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years, adoptive cell therapy with regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) has captured the attention of many scientists and clinicians as a novel promising approach for treating a wide range of immune-mediated disorders. In particular, the robust immunosuppressive properties of these cells have been demonstrated to make them uniquely valuable for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. More recently, it has been brought to light that adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) Tregs (CAR-Tregs) can also serve a protective role against autoimmune-related disorders. Interestingly, a growing body of evidence indicates that the beneficial and therapeutic effects of antigen-specific CAR-Tregs surpass those of polyclonal Tregs in treating autoimmune conditions. Therefore, harnessing and adapting CAR technology to generate more specific and effective CAR-Tregs, both in terms of tissue localization and antigen recognition, may lay the foundations for the development of far more potent immunotherapeutic strategies for autoimmune-related disorders. Herein, we first highlight the major immunosuppressive abilities of CAR-Tregs and further summarize the current findings on their potential applications in treating autoimmune-related disorders. Then, we will attempt to address the practical challenges in the clinical use of CAR-Treg therapies.
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12
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Cheng T, Zhang SX, Wang J, Qiao J, Chang MJ, Niu HQ, Liu GY, Li XF. Abnormalities of Peripheral Lymphocyte Subsets in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Complicated with Osteoporosis. Rheumatol Ther 2022; 9:1049-1059. [PMID: 35499817 PMCID: PMC9314529 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-022-00452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteoporosis (OP) is one of the major comorbidities of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent studies have shown that immune cells modulate bone health and regulate bone remodeling. However, the alterations of lymphocyte subsets in RA patients with OP are unclear. Here, we assessed the absolute numbers and proportions of the subsets in RA sufferers with OP and investigated the clinical significance. Methods A total of 777 RA patients and 117 gender- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into RA-non-OP and RA-OP group according to their bone mineral density (BMD) and the history of fragility fracture. Peripheral lymphocyte subsets of participants were assessed by flow cytometry. Results Among 220 (28.31%) RA-OP patients, there were higher levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (P = 0.011), C-reactive protein (CRP) (P = 0.028), rheumatoid factor (RF) (P = 0.013) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) (P = 0.010), while red blood cells (RBC) (P = 0.039) were lower than those in RA-non-OP group. Compared with those of HCs and RA-non-OP group, the level of circulating Th17 cells in RA-OP patients was significantly increased (P < 0.05), while those of Tregs decreased (P < 0.01), leading to a higher ratio of Th17/Treg (P < 0.01). Notably, the level of B cells in both RA-non-OP and RA-OP group was reduced, this alteration was more obvious in patients with OP (P < 0.05). Conclusions Immune disorders characterized by peripheral Th17/Treg imbalance and reduced B cells may contribute directly or indirectly to OP in RA, and this deserves more clinical attention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40744-022-00452-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sheng-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jun Qiao
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Min-Jing Chang
- School of Management, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hong-Qing Niu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guang-Ying Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China.
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Safari F, Akbari B. Knockout of caspase-7 gene improves the expression of recombinant protein in CHO cell line through the cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Biol Res 2022; 55:2. [PMID: 35016732 PMCID: PMC8753818 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chinese hamster ovary cell line has been used routinely as a bioproduction factory of numerous biopharmaceuticals. So far, various engineering strategies have been recruited to improve the production efficiency of this cell line such as apoptosis engineering. Previously, it is reported that the caspase-7 deficiency in CHO cells reduces the cell proliferation rate. But the effect of this reduction on the CHO cell productivity remained unclear. Hence, in the study at hand the effect of caspase-7 deficiency was assessed on the cell growth, viability and protein expression. In addition, the enzymatic activity of caspase-3 was investigated in the absence of caspase-7. Results Findings showed that in the absence of caspase-7, both cell growth and cell viability were decreased. Cell cycle analysis illustrated that the CHO knockout (CHO-KO) cells experienced a cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. This cell cycle arrest resulted in a 1.7-fold increase in the expression of luciferase in CHO-KO cells compared to parenteral cells. Furthermore, in the apoptotic situation the enzymatic activity of caspase-3 in CHO-KO cells was approximately 3 times more than CHO-K1 cells. Conclusions These findings represented that; however, caspase-7 deficiency reduces the cell proliferation rate but the resulted cell cycle arrest leads to the enhancement of recombinant protein expression. Moreover, increasing in the caspase-3 enzymatic activity compensates the absence of caspase-7 in the caspase cascade of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Safari
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Meshkinfam Ave, Shiraz, Iran. .,Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Bahman Akbari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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14
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Klimak M, Nims RJ, Pferdehirt L, Collins KH, Harasymowicz NS, Oswald SJ, Setton LA, Guilak F. Immunoengineering the next generation of arthritis therapies. Acta Biomater 2021; 133:74-86. [PMID: 33823324 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunoengineering continues to revolutionize healthcare, generating new approaches for treating previously intractable diseases, particularly in regard to cancer immunotherapy. In joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), biomaterials and anti-cytokine treatments have previously been at that forefront of therapeutic innovation. However, while many of the existing anti-cytokine treatments are successful for a subset of patients, these treatments can also pose severe risks, adverse events and off-target effects due to continuous delivery at high dosages or a lack of disease-specific targets. The inadequacy of these current treatments has motivated the development of new immunoengineering strategies that offer safer and more efficacious alternative therapies through the precise and controlled targeting of specific upstream immune responses, including direct and mechanistically-driven immunoengineering approaches. Advances in the understanding of the immunomodulatory pathways involved in musculoskeletal disease, in combination with the growing emphasis on personalized medicine, stress the need for carefully considering the delivery strategies and therapeutic targets when designing therapeutics to better treat RA and OA. Here, we focus on recent advances in biomaterial and cell-based immunomodulation, in combination with genetic engineering, for therapeutic applications in joint diseases. The application of immunoengineering principles to the study of joint disease will not only help to elucidate the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis but will also generate novel disease-specific therapeutics by harnessing cellular and biomaterial responses. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: It is now apparent that joint diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis involve the immune system at both local (i.e., within the joint) and systemic levels. In this regard, targeting the immune system using both biomaterial-based or cellular approaches may generate new joint-specific treatment strategies that are well-controlled, safe, and efficacious. In this review, we focus on recent advances in immunoengineering that leverage biomaterials and/or genetically engineered cells for therapeutic applications in joint diseases. The application of such approaches, especially synergistic strategies that target multiple immunoregulatory pathways, has the potential to revolutionize our understanding, treatment, and prevention of joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Klimak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert J Nims
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lara Pferdehirt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelsey H Collins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natalia S Harasymowicz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sara J Oswald
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lori A Setton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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15
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Ilango P, Kumar D, Mahalingam A, Thanigaimalai A, Reddy VK. Evidence revealing the role of T cell regulators (Tregs) in periodontal diseases: A review. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2021; 25:278-282. [PMID: 34393396 PMCID: PMC8336777 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_308_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the periodontium, which is a reflection of the overgrowth of oral commensals. This alteration in the oral microbiota initiates inflammation of the gingiva, which when left untreated, terminates with the resorption of the alveolar bone that may lead to a poor and hopeless prognosis. With upcoming trends in modulating the host's immunity, the role of regulatory T-cells has gained importance. These T-cells defend against inflammation and autoimmunity as they suppress both. However, in both the conditions, the regulatory cells are invariably reduced in number. Novel methods to enhance the function of Tregs have made their way in dentistry, as a promising approach to cure periodontitis. This article discusses various significant tests and trials of Tregs in the recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paavai Ilango
- Department of Periodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Thiruvallur, India
| | - Dhanapriya Kumar
- Department of Periodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Thiruvallur, India
| | - Arulpari Mahalingam
- Department of Pedodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abirami Thanigaimalai
- Department of Periodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Thiruvallur, India
| | - Vineela Katam Reddy
- Department of Periodontics, Indira Gandhi Dental College and Hospital, Puducherry, India
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16
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Li S, Wang H, Wu H, Chang X. Therapeutic Effect of Exogenous Regulatory T Cells on Collagen-induced Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720954134. [PMID: 32990025 PMCID: PMC7784507 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720954134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells have anti-inflammatory functions and heighten immune tolerance. The proportion and functions of Treg cells are perturbed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), contributing to the excessive immune activation associated with this disease. We therefore hypothesized that supplementation with foreign Treg cells could be used to treat RA. To investigate the therapeutic effects of exogenous Treg cells on RA and its mechanism, we used human Treg cells to treat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in a rat model to observe whether exogenous Treg cells can treat the disease across species. Successful treatment would indicate that Treg cell transplantation in humans is more likely to affect RA. In the present study, human Treg cells were collected from healthy human peripheral blood and culture-expanded in vitro. Induced human Treg cells were injected into CIA rats via the tail vein. The rats’ lymphocyte subtypes, cytokines, and Th1/Th2 ratios were measured using flow cytometry. In the rats, following injection of the human Treg cells, the severity of CIA was significantly reduced (P < 0.01), the proportion of endogenous Treg cells increased in the peripheral blood and spleen (P = 0.007 and P < 0.01, respectively), and the proportion of B cells decreased (P = 0.031). The IL-5 level, IL-6 level, and Th1/Th2 ratio in the peripheral blood were decreased (P = 0.013, 0.009, and 0.012, respectively). The culture-expanded human Treg cells were also cultured with synovial fibroblast cells from RA patients (RASFs). After coculture with Treg cells, RASFs showed reduced proliferation (P < 0.01) and increased apoptosis (P = 0.037). These results suggest that exogenous and induced Treg cells can produce a therapeutic effect in RA and CIA by increasing endogenous Treg cells and RASF apoptosis and reducing B cells, the Th1/Th2 ratio, and secretion levels of IL-5 and IL-6. Treg cell transplantation could serve as a therapy for RA that does not cause immune rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutong Li
- 12589Medical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China.,Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 12589Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.,Medical School of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, PR China
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 12589Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Hui Wu
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 12589Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- 12589Medical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
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17
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Anticancer Impacts of Terminalia catappa Extract on SW480 Colorectal Neoplasm Cell Line. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:99-105. [PMID: 31823219 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most lethal and prevalent cancers throughout the world. Despite the remarkable advance in the field, drug resistance still remains as an unresolved problem in cancer. Hence, finding effective compounds with minimal side effects to fight cancer is of central priority. Herbal products have been traditionally used to prevent and treat a variety of diseases. METHODS In the present study, the antitumor effect of Terminalia catappa plant ethanolic extract (TCE) was assessed on SW480 CRC model cell line. In this regard, effects of TCE were evaluated on the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of SW480 cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Annexin V/PI flow cytometry, and scratch tests, respectively. Furthermore, changes in the expression of genes involved in these events including Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase 3, Caspase 8, Caspase 9, MMP-13, miR-21, and miR-34a were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS According to the MTT results, TCE reduced the proliferation of SW480 cells significantly. The flow cytometry test also revealed a notable rate of apoptosis induction after TCE treatment. An inhibitory effect on cell migration was also evident in scratch test. Expression patterns of the assessed genes also changed subsequent to TCE treatment. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicated that T. catappa could be considered as a potential source of anticancer compounds and a candidate for further investigations.
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18
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Li C, Chu T, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Single Cell RNA-Seq Analysis Identifies Differentially Expressed Genes of Treg Cell in Early Treatment-Naive Rheumatoid Arthritis By Arsenic Trioxide. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:656124. [PMID: 34108876 PMCID: PMC8181733 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.656124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Early treatment-naïve rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has defective regulatory T (Treg) cells and increased inflammation response. In this study, we aim to illustrate the regulation of Treg cells in pathogenesis of early rheumatoid arthritis by arsenic trioxide (As2O3). Methods: We studied the effects of As2O3 on gene expression in early treatment-naïve RA Treg cells with single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq). Treg cells were sorted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and cultured with or without As2O3 (at 0.1 µM) for 24 h. Total RNA was isolated and sequenced, and functional analysis was performed against the Gene Ontology (GO) database. Results for selected genes were confirmed with RT-qPCR. Results: As2O3 exerts no significant effect on CD4+ T-cell apoptosis under physical condition, and selectively modulate CD4+ T cells toward Treg cells not Th17 cells under special polarizing stimulators. As2O3 increased the expression of 200 and reduced that of 272 genes with fold change (FC) 2.0 or greater. Several genes associated with inflammation, Treg-cell activation and differentiation as well as glucose and amino acids metabolism were among the most strongly affected genes. GO function analysis identified top ten ranked significant biological process (BPs), molecular functions (MFs), and cell components (CCs) in treatment and nontreatment Treg cells. In GO analysis, genes involved in the immunoregulation, cell apoptosis and cycle, inflammation, and cellular metabolism were enriched among the significantly affected genes. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis identified the forkhead box O (FoxO) signal pathway, apoptosis, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, cell cycle, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), p53 signaling pathway, and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway were involved in the pathogenesis of early treatment-naïve RA. Conclusion: This is the first study investigating the genome-wide effects of As2O3 on the gene expression of treatment-naïve Treg cells. In addition to clear anti-inflammatory and immunoregulation effects, As2O3 affect amino acids and glucose metabolism in Treg cells, an observation that might be particularly important in the metabolic phenotype of treatment-naïve RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianshu Chu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Gerontology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Futian Hospital of Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Xin PL, Jie LF, Cheng Q, Bin DY, Dan CW. Pathogenesis and Function of Interleukin-35 in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655114. [PMID: 34054534 PMCID: PMC8155723 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that RA (Rheumatoid arthritis) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple and symmetric arthropathy. The main pathological features of RA are synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis, pannus formation, inflammatory cell infiltration, articular cartilage, bone destruction, and ultimately joint dysfunction, even deformity. IL-35 (Interleukin-35) is a new member of the IL-12 (Interleukin-12) family, which is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory cytokine secreted mainly by Treg (T regulatory cells). There is evidence suggested that IL-35 can attenuate the progression of RA through influencing the immune and pathological process. It suggests that IL-35 played an important role in the pathogenesis of RA, and can be used as a potential target for the future treatment of RA. This review summarizes the recent advances of IL-35 in the pathological roles and the therapeutic potential roles in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Lin Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Fan Jie
- Department of Orthopedic, Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Research and Experimental Center of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Du Yi Bin
- Department of Orthopedic, Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Wen Dan
- Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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20
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Jiang Q, Yang G, Liu Q, Wang S, Cui D. Function and Role of Regulatory T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626193. [PMID: 33868244 PMCID: PMC8047316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic and heterogeneous autoimmune disease with symmetrical polyarthritis as its critical clinical manifestation. The basic cause of autoimmune diseases is the loss of tolerance to self or harmless antigens. The loss or functional deficiency of key immune cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, has been confirmed in human autoimmune diseases. The pathogenesis of RA is complex, and the dysfunction of Tregs is one of the proposed mechanisms underlying the breakdown of self-tolerance leading to the progression of RA. Treg cells are a vital component of peripheral immune tolerance, and the transcription factor Foxp3 plays a major immunosuppressive role. Clinical treatment for RA mainly utilizes drugs to alleviate the progression of disease and relieve disease activity, and the ideal treatment strategy should be to re-induce self-tolerance before obvious tissue injury. Treg cells are one of the ideal options. This review will introduce the classification, mechanism of action, and characteristics of Treg cells in RA, which provides insights into clinical RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Guocan Yang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Marfil-Garza BA, Hefler J, Bermudez De Leon M, Pawlick R, Dadheech N, Shapiro AMJ. Progress in Translational Regulatory T Cell Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes and Islet Transplantation. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:198-218. [PMID: 33247733 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have become highly relevant in the pathophysiology and treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). As these cells are known to be defective in T1D, recent efforts have explored ex vivo and in vivo Treg expansion and enhancement as a means for restoring self-tolerance in this disease. Given their capacity to also modulate alloimmune responses, studies using Treg-based therapies have recently been undertaken in transplantation. Islet transplantation provides a unique opportunity to study the critical immunological crossroads between auto- and alloimmunity. This procedure has advanced greatly in recent years, and reports of complete abrogation of severe hypoglycemia and long-term insulin independence have become increasingly reported. It is clear that cellular transplantation has the potential to be a true cure in T1D, provided the remaining barriers of cell supply and abrogated need for immune suppression can be overcome. However, the role that Tregs play in islet transplantation remains to be defined. Herein, we synthesize the progress and current state of Treg-based therapies in T1D and islet transplantation. We provide an extensive, but concise, background to understand the physiology and function of these cells and discuss the clinical evidence supporting potency and potential Treg-based therapies in the context of T1D and islet transplantation. Finally, we discuss some areas of opportunity and potential research avenues to guide effective future clinical application. This review provides a basic framework of knowledge for clinicians and researchers involved in the care of patients with T1D and islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Hefler
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mario Bermudez De Leon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Rena Pawlick
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - A M James Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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22
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Safari F, Afarid M, Rastegari B, Borhani-Haghighi A, Barekati-Mowahed M, Behzad-Behbahani A. CRISPR systems: Novel approaches for detection and combating COVID-19. Virus Res 2021; 294:198282. [PMID: 33428981 PMCID: PMC7832022 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type V and VI CRISPR enzymes are RNA-guided, DNA and RNA-targeting effectors that allow specific gene knockdown. Cas12 and Cas13 are CRISPR proteins that are efficient agents for diagnosis and combating single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses. The programmability of these proteins paves the way for the detection and degradation of RNA viruses by targeting RNAs complementary to its CRISPR RNA (crRNA). Approximately two-thirds of viruses causing diseases contain ssRNA genomes. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has infected more than 88 million people worldwide with near 2 million deaths since December 2019. Thus, accurate and rapid diagnostic and therapeutic tools are essential for early detection and treatment of this widespread infectious disease. For us, the CRISPR based platforms seem to be a plausible new approach for an accurate detection and treatment of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we talk about Cas12 and Cas13 CRISPR systems and their applications in diagnosis and treatment of RNA virus mediated diseases. In continue, the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity, and its conventional diagnostics and antivirals will be discussed. Moreover, we highlight novel CRISPR based diagnostic platforms and therapies for COVID-19. We also discuss the challenges of diagnostic CRISPR based platforms as well as clarifying the proposed solution for high efficient selective in vivo delivery of CRISPR components into SARS-CoV-2-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Safari
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Afarid
- Shooshtari Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Rastegari
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mazyar Barekati-Mowahed
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA
| | - Abbas Behzad-Behbahani
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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23
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Roth-Walter F, Adcock IM, Benito-Villalvilla C, Bianchini R, Bjermer L, Boyman O, Caramori G, Cari L, Fan Chung K, Diamant Z, Eguiluz-Gracia I, Knol EF, Kolios A, Levi-Schaffer F, Nocentini G, Palomares O, Redegeld F, Van Esch B, Stellato C. Immune modulation via T regulatory cell enhancement: Disease-modifying therapies for autoimmunity and their potential for chronic allergic and inflammatory diseases-An EAACI position paper of the Task Force on Immunopharmacology (TIPCO). Allergy 2021; 76:90-113. [PMID: 32593226 DOI: 10.1111/all.14478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic advances using targeted biologicals and small-molecule drugs have achieved significant success in the treatment of chronic allergic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases particularly for some patients with severe, treatment-resistant forms. This has been aided by improved identification of disease phenotypes. Despite these achievements, not all severe forms of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are successfully targeted, and current treatment options, besides allergen immunotherapy for selected allergic diseases, fail to change the disease course. T cell-based therapies aim to cure diseases through the selective induction of appropriate immune responses following the delivery of engineered, specific cytotoxic, or regulatory T cells (Tregs). Adoptive cell therapies (ACT) with genetically engineered T cells have revolutionized the oncology field, bringing curative treatment for leukemia and lymphoma, while therapies exploiting the suppressive functions of Tregs have been developed in nononcological settings, such as in transplantation and autoimmune diseases. ACT with Tregs are also being considered in nononcological settings such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and chronic inflammatory disorders. After describing the general features of T cell-based approaches and current applications in autoimmune diseases, this position paper reviews the experimental models testing or supporting T cell-based approaches, especially Treg-based approaches, in severe IgE-mediated responses and chronic respiratory airway diseases, such as severe asthma and COPD. Along with an assessment of challenges and unmet needs facing the application of ACT in these settings, this article underscores the potential of ACT to offer curative options for patients with severe or treatment-resistant forms of these immune-driven disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cristina Benito-Villalvilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Bianchini
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lung and Allergy research, Allergy, Asthma and COPD Competence Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dentistry and Morphological and Functional Imaging (BIOMORF), Respiratory Medicine Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Cari
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Experimental Studies Medicine at National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute for Clinical Science, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen and QPS-NL, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-ARADyAL, Málaga, Spain
| | - Edward F Knol
- Departments of Immunology and Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonios Kolios
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Giuseppe Nocentini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Redegeld
- Faculty of Science, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Betty Van Esch
- Faculty of Science, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cristiana Stellato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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Safari F, Farajnia S, Behzad Behbahani A, Zarredar H, Barekati-Mowahed M, Dehghani H. Caspase-7 deficiency in Chinese hamster ovary cells reduces cell proliferation and viability. Biol Res 2020; 53:52. [PMID: 33187557 PMCID: PMC7666471 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-020-00319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most commonly used mammalian host cell in the commercial-scale production of biopharmaceutical proteins. Modification of genes involved in apoptosis may improve the productivity of CHO cells. Executive caspases, including caspases 3 and 7, play critical roles in apoptosis. The effects of the ablation of the caspase 7 gene on proliferation and viability of CHO cells remains unknown. In this study, we applied clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/Cas9) to target caspase 7 gene of CHO K1 cell via all in one and homology targeted integration strategies. Consequently, the effect of caspase 7 deficiency on cell proliferation, viability, and apoptosis was studied by MTT assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS Findings of gel electrophoresis, western blotting, and sequencing confirmed the caspase 7 gene silencing in CHO cells (CHO-KO). Proliferation assay revealed that caspase 7 deficiency in CHO cells resulted in the reduction of proliferation in various CHO-KO clones. Besides, the disruption of caspase 7 had negative effects on cell viability in exposure with NaBu which confirmed by MTT assay. Results of flow cytometry using Anexin V/PI demonstrated that Nabu treatment (11 mM) declined the percentage of live CHO-K1 and CHO-KO cells to 70.3% and 5.79%. These results verified that the CHO-K1 cells were more resistant to apoptosis than CHO-KO, however most of CHO-KO cells undergone early apoptosis (91.9%) which seems to be a fascinating finding. CONCLUSION These results reveal that caspase 7 may be involved in the cell cycle progression of CHO cells. Furthermore, it seems that targeting caspase 7 is not the ideal route as it had previously been imagined within the prevention of apoptosis but the relation between caspase 7 deficiency, cell cycle arrest, and the occurrence of early apoptosis will require more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Ave., Tabriz, Iran.
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Behzad Behbahani
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mazyar Barekati-Mowahed
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Caobi A, Dutta RK, Garbinski LD, Esteban-Lopez M, Ceyhan Y, Andre M, Manevski M, Ojha CR, Lapierre J, Tiwari S, Parira T, El-Hage N. The Impact of CRISPR-Cas9 on Age-related Disorders: From Pathology to Therapy. Aging Dis 2020; 11:895-915. [PMID: 32765953 PMCID: PMC7390517 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With advances in medical technology, the number of people over the age of 60 is on the rise, and thus, increasing the prevalence of age-related pathologies within the aging population. Neurodegenerative disorders, cancers, metabolic and inflammatory diseases are some of the most prevalent age-related pathologies affecting the growing population. It is imperative that a new treatment to combat these pathologies be developed. Although, still in its infancy, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has become a potent gene-editing tool capable of correcting gene-mediated age-related pathology, and therefore ameliorating or eliminating disease symptoms. Deleting target genes using the CRISPR-Cas9 system or correcting for gene mutations may ameliorate many different neurodegenerative disorders detected in the aging population. Cancer cells targeted by the CRISPR-Cas9 system may result in an increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutics, lower proliferation, and higher cancer cell death. Finally, reducing gene targeting inflammatory molecules production through microRNA knockout holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for both arthritis and inflammation. Here we present a review based on how the expanding world of genome editing can be applied to disorders and diseases affecting the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Caobi
- 1Departments of Immunology and Nano-medicine
| | | | - Luis D Garbinski
- 3Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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26
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Safari F, Farajnia S, Ghasemi Y, Zarghami N, Barekati Mowahed M. Multiplex Genome Editing in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line Using All-in-One and HITI CRISPR Technology. Adv Pharm Bull 2020; 11:343-350. [PMID: 33880357 PMCID: PMC8046387 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has revolutionized gene manipulation by providing the opportunity of gene knock out/in, transcriptional modification and base editing. The application of this system extended into different eras of biology, from cell development to animal modeling. Various generations of CRISPR technology have been developed to make genome editing easy which resulted in rapid protocols for amelioration of a large genome. Methods: We established a simple protocol for gene manipulation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to achieve a Caspase 7 deficient cell line by using combination of all-in-one CRISPR technology and CRISPR/Cas9 homology-independent targeted integration (CRISPR HITI). Results: the findings of this study indicated that using CRISPR knocking in/out technology facilitates genomic manipulation in CHO cells. Integration of EGFP in target locus of caspase 7 gene made the selection of knockout CHO cell line easy which achieved by cell sorting and single-cell cloning. Conclusion: this system introduces an effective targeting strategy for multiplex genome engineering, coinciding gene integration which simplified the selection of desired genomic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Safari
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mazyar Barekati Mowahed
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, USA
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27
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Warshauer JT, Bluestone JA, Anderson MS. New Frontiers in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Cell Metab 2020; 31:46-61. [PMID: 31839487 PMCID: PMC6986815 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells that results in lifelong absolute insulin deficiency. For nearly a century, insulin replacement has been the only therapy for most people living with this disease. Recent advances in technology and our understanding of β cell development, glucose metabolism, and the underlying immune pathogenesis of the disease have led to innovative therapeutic and preventative approaches. A paradigm shift in immunotherapy development toward the targeting of islet-specific immune pathways involved in tolerance has driven the development of therapies that may allow for the prevention or reversal of this disease while avoiding toxicities associated with historical approaches that were broadly immunosuppressive. In this review, we discuss successes, failures, and emerging pharmacological therapies for type 1 diabetes that are changing how we approach this disease, from improving glycemic control to developing the "holy grail" of disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Warshauer
- Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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28
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Garcia-Robledo JE, Barrera MC, Tobón GJ. CRISPR/Cas: from adaptive immune system in prokaryotes to therapeutic weapon against immune-related diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 39:11-20. [PMID: 31625429 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1677645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas evolved as an adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea to inactivate foreign viral and plasmid DNA. However, the capacities of various CRISPR/Cas systems for precise genome editing based on sequence homology also allow their use as tools for genomic and epigenomic modification in eukaryotes. Indeed, these genetic characteristics have proven useful for disease modeling and testing the specific functions of target genes under pathological conditions. Moreover, recent studies provide compelling evidence that CRISPR/Cas systems could be useful therapeutic tools against human diseases, including cancer, monogenic disorders, and autoimmune disorders.HighlightsCRISPR/Cas evolved as an adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea.CRISPR/Cas systems are nowadays used as tools for genomic modification.CRISPR/Cas systems could be useful therapeutic tools against human disease, including autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Claudia Barrera
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional; Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Gabriel J Tobón
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional; Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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29
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Rahbarnia L, Farajnia S, Naghili B, Ahmadzadeh V, Veisi K, Baghban R, Toraby S. Current trends in targeted therapy for drug-resistant infections. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8301-8314. [PMID: 31414162 PMCID: PMC7080082 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Escalating antibiotic resistance is now a serious menace to global public health. It may be led to the emergence of "postantibiotic age" in which most of infections are untreatable. At present, there is an essential need to explore novel therapeutic strategies as a strong and sustainable pipeline to combat antibiotic-resistant infections. This review focuses on recent advances in this area including therapeutic antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, vaccines, gene therapy, genome editing, and phage therapy for tackling drug-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rahbarnia
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 51656-65811, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behrooz Naghili
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Ahmadzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 51656-65811, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kamal Veisi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Biotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayyeh Baghban
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sayna Toraby
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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30
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Zhao X, Long J, Liang F, Liu N, Sun Y, Xi Y. Dynamic profiles, biodistribution and integration evaluation after intramuscular/intravenous delivery of a novel therapeutic DNA vaccine encoding chicken type II collagen for rheumatoid arthritis in vaccinated normal rodent. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:94. [PMID: 31492169 PMCID: PMC6729025 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The persistence, biodistribution, and risk of integration into the host genome of any new therapeutic DNA vaccine must be established in preclinical studies. We previously developed the DNA vaccine pcDNA-CCOL2A1 encoding chicken type II collagen (CCII) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study, we characterized its dynamic profile, biodistribution, and potential for genomic DNA integration in normal vaccinated rodent. Results A real-time quantitative PCR analysis (RT-qPCR) of animals administered a single dose of pcDNA-CCOL2A1 (300 μg/kg by intramuscular injection) showed that CCOL2A1 mRNA level in the blood peaked between 2 and 6 h post-immunization and then rapidly declined, and was undetectable between day 1–42. CCOL2A1 transcript was detected at the muscle injection site on days 3–14 post-immunization. Starting from day 14, the transcript was detected in the heart, liver, lung, and kidney but not in the spleen or thymus, and was expressed only in the lung on day 28. There was no CCOL2A1 mRNA present in the testes or ovaries at any time point. Non-invasive in vivo fluorescence imaging revealed CCII protein expression from 2 h up to day 10 and from 2 h up to day 35 after administration of pcDNA-CCOL2A1 via the intravenous and intramuscular routes, respectively; the protein had disappeared by day 42. Importantly, CCOL2A1 was not integrated into the host genome. Conclusions These results indicate that pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine is rapidly cleared within a short period of time and is therefore safe, and merits further development as a therapeutic vaccine for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Department of Immunology and National Center for Biomedicine Analysis, the Fifth Medical Center (formerly known as Beijing 307 Hospital), Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Long
- Department of Immunology and National Center for Biomedicine Analysis, the Fifth Medical Center (formerly known as Beijing 307 Hospital), Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liang
- Department of Immunology and National Center for Biomedicine Analysis, the Fifth Medical Center (formerly known as Beijing 307 Hospital), Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Immunology and National Center for Biomedicine Analysis, the Fifth Medical Center (formerly known as Beijing 307 Hospital), Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Sun
- Department of Immunology and National Center for Biomedicine Analysis, the Fifth Medical Center (formerly known as Beijing 307 Hospital), Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhi Xi
- Department of Immunology and National Center for Biomedicine Analysis, the Fifth Medical Center (formerly known as Beijing 307 Hospital), Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Ahmadzadeh V, Farajnia S, Baghban R, Rahbarnia L, Zarredar H. CRISPR-Cas system: Toward a more efficient technology for genome editing and beyond. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16379-16392. [PMID: 31219653 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genome engineering technology is of great interest for biomedical research that enables scientists to make specific manipulation in the DNA sequence. Early methods for introducing double-stranded DNA breaks relies on protein-based systems. These platforms have enabled fascinating advances, but all are costly and time-consuming to engineer, preventing these from gaining high-throughput applications. The CRISPR-Cas9 system, co-opted from bacteria, has generated considerable excitement in gene targeting. In this review, we describe gene targeting techniques with an emphasis on recent strategies to improve the specificities of CRISPR-Cas systems for nuclease and non-nuclease applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Ahmadzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roghayyeh Baghban
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Rahbarnia
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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32
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Safari F, Zare K, Negahdaripour M, Barekati-Mowahed M, Ghasemi Y. CRISPR Cpf1 proteins: structure, function and implications for genome editing. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:36. [PMID: 31086658 PMCID: PMC6507119 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR and CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein, as components of microbial adaptive immune system, allows biologists to edit genomic DNA in a precise and specific way. CRISPR-Cas systems are classified into two main classes and six types. Cpf1 is a putative type V (class II) CRISPR effector, which can be programmed with a CRISPR RNA to bind and cleave complementary DNA targets. Cpf1 has recently emerged as an alternative for Cas9, due to its distinct features such as the ability to target T-rich motifs, no need for trans-activating crRNA, inducing a staggered double-strand break and potential for both RNA processing and DNA nuclease activity. In this review, we attempt to discuss the evolutionary origins, basic architectures, and molecular mechanisms of Cpf1 family proteins, as well as crRNA designing and delivery strategies. We will also describe the novel Cpf1 variants, which have broadened the versatility and feasibility of this system in genome editing, transcription regulation, epigenetic modulation, and base editing. Finally, we will be reviewing the recent studies on utilization of Cpf1as a molecular tool for genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Zare
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mazyar Barekati-Mowahed
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, USA
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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33
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Nasrolahi A, Safari F, Farhoudi M, Khosravi A, Farajdokht F, Bastaminejad S, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S, Mahmoudi J. Immune system and new avenues in Parkinson’s disease research and treatment. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:709-727. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, although 200 years have now passed since the primary clinical description of PD by James Parkinson, the etiology and mechanisms of neuronal loss in this disease are still not fully understood. In addition to genetic and environmental factors, activation of immunologic responses seems to have a crucial role in PD pathology. Intraneuronal accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn), as the main pathological hallmark of PD, potentially mediates initiation of the autoimmune and inflammatory events through, possibly, auto-reactive T cells. While current therapeutic regimens are mainly used to symptomatically suppress PD signs, application of the disease-modifying therapies including immunomodulatory strategies may slow down the progressive neurodegeneration process of PD. The aim of this review is to summarize knowledge regarding previous studies on the relationships between autoimmune reactions and PD pathology as well as to discuss current opportunities for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Nasrolahi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Departmant of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
| | - Afra Khosravi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
| | - Saiyad Bastaminejad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | | | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , P.O. 51666-14756, Tabriz , Iran , e-mail:
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34
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Malemud CJ. Defective T-Cell Apoptosis and T-Regulatory Cell Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells 2018; 7:E223. [PMID: 30469466 PMCID: PMC6316166 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, systemic autoimmune disease that mostly affects small and large synovial joints. At the molecular level, RA is characterized by a profoundly defective innate and adaptive immune response that results in a chronic state of inflammation. Two of the most significant alterations in T-lymphocyte (T-cell) dysfunction in RA is the perpetual activation of T-cells that result in an abnormal proliferation state which also stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts within the joint synovial tissue. This event results in what we have termed "apoptosis resistance", which we believe is the leading cause of aberrant cell survival in RA. Finding therapies that will induce apoptosis under these conditions is one of the current goals of drug discovery. Over the past several years, a number of T-cell subsets have been identified. One of these T-cell subsets are the T-regulatory (Treg) cells. Under normal conditions Treg cells dictate the state of immune tolerance. However, in RA, the function of Treg cells become compromised resulting in Treg cell dysfunction. It has now been shown that several of the drugs employed in the medical therapy of RA can partially restore Treg cell function, which has also been associated with amelioration of the clinical symptoms of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Foley Medical Building, 2061 Cornell Road, Suite 207, Cleveland, OH 44122-5076, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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35
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Tarhriz V, Bandehpour M, Dastmalchi S, Ouladsahebmadarek E, Zarredar H, Eyvazi S. Overview of CD24 as a new molecular marker in ovarian cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2134-2142. [PMID: 30317611 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death among women. The high mortality rate is due to lack of early symptoms, late diagnosis, limited treatment options, and also emerging of drug resistance. Todays, molecular markers have become promising in tumor-targeted therapy. Several molecular markers have been known in OC immunotherapy. Identification of the specific molecular markers with prognostic significance is interested. CD24 is a small sialoglycoprotein which is localized in lipid rafts through its glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. It has been reported that CD24 is overexpressed in many cancers including OC. Also, CD24 is identified as a cancer stem cell marker in OC. The CD24 expression is associated with the development, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. The exact role of CD24 in cancer cells is not clearly understood. Recently, CD24 has been identified as an independent prognostic marker of survival in patients with OC. In this study, we reviewed the molecular targets in OC immune-targeted therapy and also presented an overview of the new molecular marker CD24 and its association with the OC by reviewing the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Tarhriz
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Elaheh Ouladsahebmadarek
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Clinical Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Clinical Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shirin Eyvazi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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