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Weber F, Esmaeili N. Marine biofouling and the role of biocidal coatings in balancing environmental impacts. BIOFOULING 2023; 39:661-681. [PMID: 37587856 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2246906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling is a global problem affecting various industries, particularly the shipping industry due to long-distance voyages across various ecosystems. Therein fouled hulls cause increased fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and the spread of invasive aquatic species. To counteract these issues, biofouling management plans are employed using manual cleaning protocols and protective coatings. This review provides a comprehensive overview of adhesion strategies of marine organisms, and currently available mitigation methods. Further, recent developments and open challenges of antifouling (AF) and fouling release (FR) coatings are discussed with regards to the future regulatory environment. Finally, an overview of the environmental and economic impact of fouling is provided to point out why and when the use of biocidal solutions is beneficial in the overall perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Weber
- Department of Materials and Nanotechnology, SINTEF, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Lagerström M, Wrange AL, Oliveira DR, Granhag L, Larsson AI, Ytreberg E. Are silicone foul-release coatings a viable and environmentally sustainable alternative to biocidal antifouling coatings in the Baltic Sea region? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114102. [PMID: 36113175 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To combat unwanted fouling on immersed hulls, biocidal antifouling coatings are commonly applied to vessels trafficking the Baltic Sea. Here, the efficacy, environmental sustainability and market barriers of silicone foul-release coatings (FRCs) was assessed for this region to evaluate their viability as replacements for biocidal coatings. Coated panels were exposed statically over a 1 year period at three locations in the Baltic Sea region to assess the long-term performance of a biocide-free FRC and two copper coatings. The FRC was found to perform equally well or significantly better than the copper coatings. Even though most silicone FRCs on the market are biocide-free, a review of the literature regarding toxic effects and the identity and environmental fate of leachables shows that they may not be completely environmentally benign, simply for the lack of biocides. Nonetheless, FRCs are substantially less toxic compared to biocidal antifouling coatings and their use should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lagerström
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna-Lisa Wrange
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Kristineberg 566, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
| | - Dinis Reis Oliveira
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lena Granhag
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ann I Larsson
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, 452 96 Strömstad, Sweden.
| | - Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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3
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On the mechanism of marine fouling-prevention performance of oil-containing silicone elastomers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11799. [PMID: 35821390 PMCID: PMC9276722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decades, silicone elastomers with oil incorporated have served as fouling-release coating for marine applications. In a comprehensive study involving a series of laboratory-based marine fouling assays and extensive global field studies of up to 2-year duration, we compare polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings of the same composition loaded with oil via two different methods. One method used a traditional, one-pot pre-cure oil addition approach (o-PDMS) and another method used a newer post-cure infusion approach (i-PDMS). The latter displays a substantial improvement in biofouling prevention performance that exceeds established commercial silicone-based fouling-release coating standards. We interpret the differences in performance between one-pot and infused PDMS by developing a mechanistic model based on the Flory–Rehner theory of swollen polymer networks. Using this model, we propose that the chemical potential of the incorporated oil is a key consideration for the design of future fouling-release coatings, as the improved performance is driven by the formation and stabilization of an anti-adhesion oil overlayer on the polymer surface.
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Sarkar PK, Pawar SS, Rath SK, Kandasubramanian B. Anti-barnacle biofouling coatings for the protection of marine vessels: synthesis and progress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26078-26112. [PMID: 35076840 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling has gnawed both mobile and non-mobile marine structures since time immemorial, leading to the deterioration of designed operational capabilities as well as a loss of valuable economic revenues. Mitigation of biofouling has been the primary focus of researchers and scientists from across the globe to save billions of dollars wasted due to the biological fouling of marine structures. The availability of an appropriate environment along with favorable substrata initiates biofilm formation within a few minutes. The crucial element in establishing a gelatinous biofilm is the excreted metabolites of destructive nature and exopolymeric substances (EPSs). These help in securing as well as signaling numerous foulants to establish themselves on this substrate. The larvae of various benthic invertebrates adhere to these suitable surfaces and transform from juveniles to adult barnacles depending upon the environment. Despite biofouling being characteristically witnessed for a month or lengthier timeframe, the preliminary phases of the fouling process typically transpire on a much lesser timescale. A few natural and synthetic additives had demonstrated excellent non-toxic anti barnacle establishment capability; however, further development into commercial products is still far-fetched. This review collates the specific anti-barnacle coatings, emphasizing natural additives, their sources of extraction, general life cycle analysis, and concluding future perspectives of this niche product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramit Kumar Sarkar
- Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced, Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, 411025, India
- Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd, Ministry of Defence, Dockyard Road, Mumbai, 400010, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushil S Pawar
- Protective Coatings Department, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Ambernath, 421506, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sangram K Rath
- Protective Coatings Department, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Ambernath, 421506, Maharashtra, India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced, Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, 411025, India.
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Composite Slow-Release Fouling Release Coating Inspired by Synergistic Anti-Fouling Effect of Scaly Fish. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162602. [PMID: 34451141 PMCID: PMC8401683 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the antifouling properties of scaly fish, the conventional silicone coating with phenylmethylsilicone oil (PSO/PDMS) composite coating was fabricated and modified with single layer polystyrene (PS) microsphere (PSO/PDMS-PS) arrays. The fish scale like micro-nano structures were fabricated on the surface of bio-inspired coating, which can reduce the contact area with the secreted protein membrane of fouling organisms effectively and prevent further adhesion between fouling organisms and bio-inspired coating. Meanwhile, PSO exuded to the coating surface has the similar function with mucus secreted by fish epidermis, which make the coating surface slithery and will be polished with the fouling organisms in turbulent waters. Compared to PSO/PDMS coating without any structure and conventional silicone coating, PSO/PDMS-PS showed better antiadhesion activity against both marine bacteria and benthic diatom (Navicula sp.). Additionally, the existence of PS microspheres can reduce the release rate of PSO greatly, which will extend the service life of coating. Compared to PSO/PDMS coating, the sustained release efficiency of PSO/PDMS-PS coating can reach 23.2%. This facile method for fabricating the bio-inspired composite slow-release antifouling coating shows a widely fabricating path for the development of synergistic anti-fouling coating.
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Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Qi Y. The Compatibility of Three Silicone Oils with Polydimethylsiloxane and the Microstructure and Properties of Their Composite Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142355. [PMID: 34301112 PMCID: PMC8309578 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The compatibility of three types of silicone oil with polydimethylsiloxane, the phase separation of their mixture and the microstructure and properties of their composite coatings were investigated. The existing form of silicone oil in the coating and the precipitation behavior were also studied. The compatibility observed experimentally of the three silicone oils with PDMS is consistent with the results of the thermodynamic calculation. The silicone oil droplet produced by phase separation in the mixture solution can keep its shape in the cured coating, also affecting the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coating. It was found that methyl silicone oil and methyl fluoro silicone oil do not precipitate on the surface, and they have no effect on the surface properties of the coating. In contrast, phenyl silicone oil has obvious effect on the surface, which makes the water contact angle and diiodomethane contact angle of the coating decrease significantly.
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Dhyani A, Wang J, Halvey AK, Macdonald B, Mehta G, Tuteja A. Design and applications of surfaces that control the accretion of matter. Science 2021; 373:373/6552/eaba5010. [PMID: 34437123 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba5010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Surfaces that provide control over liquid, solid, or vapor accretion provide an evolutionary advantage to numerous plants, insects, and animals. Synthetic surfaces inspired by these natural surfaces can have a substantial impact on diverse commercial applications. Engineered liquid and solid repellent surfaces are often designed to impart control over a single state of matter, phase, or fouling length scale. However, surfaces used in diverse real-world applications need to effectively control the accrual of matter across multiple phases and fouling length scales. We discuss the surface design strategies aimed at controlling the accretion of different states of matter, particularly those that work across multiple length scales and different foulants. We also highlight notable applications, as well as challenges associated with these designer surfaces' scale-up and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Dhyani
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alex Kate Halvey
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian Macdonald
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Geeta Mehta
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anish Tuteja
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Lavielle N, Asker D, Hatton BD. Lubrication dynamics of swollen silicones to limit long term fouling and microbial biofilms. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:936-946. [PMID: 33284301 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial contamination and biofilm formation on medical devices remain a costly and serious healthcare problem. Silicone (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) elastomers are common biomaterials but are susceptible to bacterial surface contamination and biofilm growth. 'Self-lubricated' PDMS elastomers (iPDMS) have the potential to greatly reduce rates of cell attachment, biofilm formation and infection. Cross-linked PDMS elastomers immersed in PDMS oil swell to an equilibrium concentration to form a swollen network, and then form a surface liquid layer through syneresis. Herein we have measured the swelling and syneresis kinetics as a function of time, viscosity (1.5 to 10 cSt), and cross-linking density to optimize the surface lubricant layer formation, and resistance to biofouling. The lubricant layer thickness was measured in situ (optical profilometry and AFM) for flat and micro-textured surfaces, as a function of time and swelling ratio, to be in a range from 0.1 to 1 μm, and continuously increases with time. We show this continuous generation is likely due to a gradual, dynamic re-structuring of the elastomer network. Long term antifouling properties of (10 cSt) iPDMS were tested for Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth in a flow culture bioreactor, and after 30 d showed a 103 to 104 reduction of bacterial cell density for iPDMS compared to conventional PDMS elastomers. This long term performance and non-specific activity makes them highly suitable for biomedical devices, such as urinary catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lavielle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada.
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Tian L, Yin Y, Bing W, Jin E. Antifouling Technology Trends in Marine Environmental Protection. JOURNAL OF BIONIC ENGINEERING 2021; 18:239-263. [PMID: 33815489 PMCID: PMC7997792 DOI: 10.1007/s42235-021-0017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Marine fouling is a worldwide problem, which is harmful to the global marine ecological environment and economic benefits. The traditional antifouling strategy usually uses toxic antifouling agents, which gradually exposes a serious environmental problem. Therefore, green, long-term, broad-spectrum and eco-friendly antifouling technologies have been the main target of engineers and researchers. In recent years, many eco-friendly antifouling technologies with broad application prospects have been developed based on the low toxicity and non-toxicity antifouling agents and materials. In this review, contemporary eco-friendly antifouling technologies and materials are summarized into bionic antifouling and non-bionic antifouling strategies (2000-2020). Non-bionic antifouling technologies mainly include protein resistant polymers, antifoulant releasing coatings, foul release coatings, conductive antifouling coatings and photodynamic antifouling technology. Bionic antifouling technologies mainly include the simulated shark skin, whale skin, dolphin skin, coral tentacles, lotus leaves and other biology structures. Brief future research directions and challenges are also discussed in the end, and we expect that this review would boost the development of marine antifouling technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022 China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics-Jilin University, Weihai, 264207 China
| | - Yue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Wei Bing
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022 China
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - E. Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022 China
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10
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Hu P, Xie Q, Ma C, Zhang G. Silicone-Based Fouling-Release Coatings for Marine Antifouling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2170-2183. [PMID: 32013443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling profoundly influences marine industries and activities. It slows the speed and increases the fuel consumption of ships, corrodes offshore platforms, and blocks seawater pipelines. The most effective and economical antifouling approach uses coatings. Fouling-release coatings (FRCs) with low surface free energy and high elasticity weakly adhere to marine organisms, so they can be readily removed by the water shear force. FRCs have attracted increasing interest because they are biocide-free and hence ecofriendly. However, traditional silicone-based FRCs have weak adhesion to substrates, low mechanical strength, and low fouling resistance, limiting their applications. In recent years, many attempts have been made to improve their mechanical properties and fouling resistance. This review deals with the progress in the construction of high-performance silicone-based fouling-release surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Xie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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11
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Selim MS, El-Safty SA, Shenashen MA, Higazy SA, Elmarakbi A. Progress in biomimetic leverages for marine antifouling using nanocomposite coatings. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:3701-3732. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Because of the environmental and economic casualties of biofouling on maritime navigation, modern studies have been devoted toward formulating advanced nanoscale composites in the controlled development of effective marine antifouling self-cleaning surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Selim
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki-ken 305-0047
- Japan
- Petroleum Application Department
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
| | - Sherif A. El-Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki-ken 305-0047
- Japan
| | - Mohamed A. Shenashen
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki-ken 305-0047
- Japan
- Petroleum Application Department
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
| | - Shimaa A. Higazy
- Petroleum Application Department
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elmarakbi
- Department of Mechanical & Construction Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
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12
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Joon NK, He N, Ruzgas T, Bobacka J, Lisak G. PVC-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes with a Silicone Rubber Outer Coating with Improved Analytical Performance. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10524-10531. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Narender Kumar Joon
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Ning He
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Tautgirdas Ruzgas
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 214 32 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Bobacka
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- College of Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech, Singapore 637141, Singapore
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13
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Il’ina MA, Mashlyakovskii LN, Drinberg AS, Khomko EV, Garabadzhiu AV. Silicon-Containing Epoxy Composites and Their Use in Marine Coatings Technology. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427219040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pradhan S, Kumar S, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Environmentally Benign Fouling-Resistant Marine Coatings: A Review. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2018.1482922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Pradhan
- Department of Plastic Technology, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, INDIA
| | - Sudheer Kumar
- Department of Plastic Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Bhubaneswar, INDIA
| | - Smita Mohanty
- Department of Plastic Technology, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, INDIA
- Department of Plastic Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Bhubaneswar, INDIA
| | - Sanjay K. Nayak
- Department of Plastic Technology, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, INDIA
- Department of Plastic Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Bhubaneswar, INDIA
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Fouling Release Coatings Based on Polydimethylsiloxane with the Incorporation of Phenylmethylsilicone Oil. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8050153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, phenylmethylsilicone oil (PSO) with different viscosity was used for research in fouling release coatings based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The surface properties and mechanical properties of the coatings were investigated, while the leaching behavior of PSO from the coatings was studied. Subsequently, the antifouling performance of the coatings was investigated by the benthic diatom adhesion test. The results showed that the coatings with high-viscosity PSO exhibited high levels of hydrophobicity and PSO leaching, while the high PSO content significantly decreased the elastic modulus of the coatings and prolonged the release time of PSO. The antifouling results indicated that the incorporation of PSO into coatings enhanced the antifouling performance of the coating by improving the coating hydrophobicity and decreasing the coating elastic modulus, while the leaching of PSO from the coatings improved the fouling removal rate of the coating. This suggests a double enhancement effect on the antifouling performance of fouling release coatings based on PDMS with PSO incorporated.
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17
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Gillet G, Azemar F, Faÿ F, Réhel K, Linossier I. Non-Leachable Hydrophilic Additives for Amphiphilic Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E445. [PMID: 30966480 PMCID: PMC6415241 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic surfaces are particularly effective at inhibiting the adhesion of microorganisms (bacteria, cells, microalgae, etc.) in liquid media. The aim of this study is to determine the best hydrophilic linker to promote bonding between poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a hydrophilic additive and poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) as the hydrophobic matrix. Various parameters have been studied (molecular weight, linker type, and polymer end-group), as well as the efficiency of the linking, the capacity of PEG to access to the surface of the film, and overall film homogeneity. According to the results, a PDMS linker paired with a PEG moiety allows for compatibilization of the compounds during cross-linking. This compatibilization seems to provide a good bonding with the matrix and a good surface access to the hydrophilic moiety. Therefore, this structure comprising a linking function attached to the PDMS⁻PEG copolymer has high potential as a non-releasable additive for amphiphilic coating applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gillet
- University of Southern Brittany, EA 3884, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer IUEM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Fabrice Azemar
- University of Southern Brittany, EA 3884, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer IUEM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Fabienne Faÿ
- University of Southern Brittany, EA 3884, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer IUEM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Karine Réhel
- University of Southern Brittany, EA 3884, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer IUEM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Isabelle Linossier
- University of Southern Brittany, EA 3884, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer IUEM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
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Kovalenko Y, Sotiri I, Timonen JVI, Overton JC, Holmes G, Aizenberg J, Howell C. Bacterial Interactions with Immobilized Liquid Layers. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 27930872 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial interactions with surfaces are at the heart of many infection-related problems in healthcare. In this work, the interactions of clinically relevant bacteria with immobilized liquid (IL) layers on oil-infused polymers are investigated. Although oil-infused polymers reduce bacterial adhesion in all cases, complex interactions of the bacteria and liquid layer under orbital flow conditions are uncovered. The number of adherent Escherichia coli cells over multiple removal cycles increases in flow compared to static growth conditions, likely due to a disruption of the liquid layer continuity. Surprisingly, however, biofilm formation appears to remain low regardless of growth conditions. No incorporation of the bacteria into the layer is observed. Bacterial type is also found to affect the number of adherent cells, with more E. coli remaining attached under dynamic orbital flow than Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa under identical conditions. Tests with mutant E. coli lacking flagella confirm that flagella play an important role in adhesion to these surfaces. The results presented here shed new light on the interaction of bacteria with IL layers, highlighting the fundamental differences between oil-infused and traditional solid interfaces, as well as providing important information for their eventual translation into materials that reduce bacterial adhesion in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Kovalenko
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering 60 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 9 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 021383 USA
| | - Irini Sotiri
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering 60 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 9 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 021383 USA
| | - Jaakko V. I. Timonen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 9 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 021383 USA
- Department of Applied Physics Aalto University Puumiehenkuja 2 02150 Espoo Finland
| | - Jonathan C. Overton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Maine 5737 Jenness Hall Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Gareth Holmes
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering 60 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 9 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 021383 USA
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering 60 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 9 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 021383 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Caitlin Howell
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 9 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 021383 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Maine 5737 Jenness Hall Orono ME 04469 USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering University of Maine 42 Stodder Hall Orono ME 04469 USA
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19
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Rasulev B, Jabeen F, Stafslien S, Chisholm BJ, Bahr J, Ossowski M, Boudjouk P. Polymer Coating Materials and Their Fouling Release Activity: A Cheminformatics Approach to Predict Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:1781-1792. [PMID: 27982587 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel cheminformatics-based approach has been employed to investigate a set of polymer coating materials designed to mitigate the accumulation of marine biofouling on surfaces immersed in the sea. Specifically, a set of 27 nontoxic, amphiphilic polysiloxane-based polymer coatings was synthesized using a combinatorial, high-throughput approach and characterized for fouling-release (FR) activity toward a number of relevant marine fouling organisms, including bacteria, microalgae, and adult barnacles. In order to model these complex systems adequately, a new computational technique was used in which all investigated polymer-based coating materials were considered as mixture systems comprising several compositional variables at a range of concentrations. By applying a combination of methodologies for mixture systems and a quantitative structure-activity relationship approach (QSAR), seven unique QSAR models were developed that were able to successfully predict the desired FR properties. Furthermore, the developed models identified several significant descriptors responsible for FR activity of investigated polymer-based coating materials, with correlation coefficients ranging from rtest2 = 0.63 to 0.94. The computational models derived from this study may serve as a powerful set of tools to predict optimal combinations of source components to produce amphiphilic polysiloxane-based coating systems with effective, broad-spectrum FR properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhtiyor Rasulev
- Center for Computationally Assisted Science and Technology, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Farukh Jabeen
- Center for Computationally Assisted Science and Technology, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Shane Stafslien
- Research and Creative Activities, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Bret J Chisholm
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - James Bahr
- Research and Creative Activities, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Martin Ossowski
- Center for Computationally Assisted Science and Technology, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Philip Boudjouk
- Center for Computationally Assisted Science and Technology, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
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20
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Galhenage TP, Hoffman D, Silbert SD, Stafslien SJ, Daniels J, Miljkovic T, Finlay JA, Franco SC, Clare AS, Nedved BT, Hadfield MG, Wendt DE, Waltz G, Brewer L, Teo SLM, Lim CS, Webster DC. Fouling-Release Performance of Silicone Oil-Modified Siloxane-Polyurethane Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:29025-29036. [PMID: 27696809 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of incorporation of silicone oils into a siloxane-polyurethane fouling-release coatings system was explored. Incorporation of phenylmethyl silicone oil has been shown to improve the fouling-release performance of silicone-based fouling-release coatings through increased interfacial slippage. The extent of improvement is highly dependent upon the type and composition of silicone oil used. The siloxane-polyurethane (SiPU) coating system is a tough fouling-release solution, which combines the mechanical durability of polyurethane while maintaining comparable fouling-release performance with regard to commercial standards. To further improve the fouling-release performance of the siloxane-PU coating system, the use of phenylmethyl silicones oils was studied. Coatings formulations were prepared incorporating phenylmethyl silicone oils having a range of compositions and viscosities. Contact angle and surface energy measurements were conducted to evaluate the surface wettability of the coatings. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling experiments demonstrated self-stratification of silicone oil along with siloxane to the coating-air interface. Several coating formulations displayed improved or comparable fouling-release performance to commercial standards during laboratory biological assay tests for microalgae (Navicula incerta), macroalgae (Ulva linza), adult barnacles (Balanus amphitrite syn. Amphibalanus amphitrite), and mussels (Geukensia demissa). Selected silicone-oil-modified siloxane-PU coatings also demonstrated comparable fouling-release performance in field immersion trials. In general, modifying the siloxane-PU fouling-release coatings with a small amount (1-5 wt % basis) of phenylmethyl silicone oil resulted in improved performance in several laboratory biological assays and in long-term field immersion assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teluka P Galhenage
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University , Fargo North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Dylan Hoffman
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University , Fargo North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Samantha D Silbert
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University , Fargo North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Shane J Stafslien
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Justin Daniels
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Tatjana Miljkovic
- Department of Statistics, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Sofia C Franco
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Brian T Nedved
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Michael G Hadfield
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Dean E Wendt
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo California 93407, United States
| | - Grant Waltz
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo California 93407, United States
| | - Lenora Brewer
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo California 93407, United States
| | - Serena L M Teo
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore 119227
| | - Chin-Sing Lim
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore 119227
| | - Dean C Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University , Fargo North Dakota 58108, United States
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21
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Shivapooja P, Cao C, Orihuela B, Levering V, Zhao X, Rittschof D, López GP. Incorporation of silicone oil into elastomers enhances barnacle detachment by active surface strain. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:1017-1028. [PMID: 27560712 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1209186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicone-oil additives are often used in fouling-release silicone coatings to reduce the adhesion strength of barnacles and other biofouling organisms. This study follows on from a recently reported active approach to detach barnacles, which was based on the surface strain of elastomeric materials, by investigating a new, dual-action approach to barnacle detachment using Ecoflex®-based elastomers incorporated with poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based oil additives. The experimental results support the hypothesis that silicone-oil additives reduce the amount of substratum strain required to detach barnacles. The study also de-coupled the two effects of silicone oils (ie surface-activity and alteration of the bulk modulus) and examined their contributions in reducing barnacle adhesion strength. Further, a finite element model based on fracture mechanics was employed to qualitatively understand the effects of surface strain and substratum modulus on barnacle adhesion strength. The study demonstrates that dynamic substratum deformation of elastomers with silicone-oil additives provides a bifunctional approach towards management of biofouling by barnacles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changyong Cao
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Beatriz Orihuela
- c Duke University Marine Laboratory , Nicholas School of the Environment , Beaufort , NC , USA
| | - Vrad Levering
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
- d Research Triangle Material Research Science & Engineering Center, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
- e Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Daniel Rittschof
- c Duke University Marine Laboratory , Nicholas School of the Environment , Beaufort , NC , USA
| | - Gabriel P López
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
- d Research Triangle Material Research Science & Engineering Center, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
- f Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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22
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Filip N, Pustam A, Ells V, Grosicki KMT, Yang J, Oguejiofor I, Bishop CD, DeMont ME, Smith-Palmer T, Wyeth RC. Fouling-release and chemical activity effects of a siloxane-based material on tunicates. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 116:41-50. [PMID: 26986763 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The antifouling performance of a siloxane-based elastomeric impression material (EIM) was compared to that of two silicone fouling-release coatings, Intersleek 757 and RTV-11. In field immersion trials, the EIM caused the greatest reduction in fouling by the solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis and caused the longest delay in the progression of fouling by two species of colonial tunicate. However, in pseudobarnacle adhesion tests, the EIM had higher attachment strengths. Further laboratory analyses showed that the EIM leached alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) that were toxic to C. intestinalis larvae. The EIM thus showed the longest duration of chemical activity measured to date for a siloxane-based coating (4 months), supporting investigations of fouling-release coatings that release targeted biocides. However, due to potential widespread effects of APEs, the current EIM formulation should not be considered as an environmentally-safe antifoulant. Thus, the data also emphasize consideration of both immediate and long-term effects of potentially toxic constituents released from fouling-release coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Filip
- Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Amanda Pustam
- Department of Chemistry, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Veronica Ells
- Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Kathleen M T Grosicki
- Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Ikenna Oguejiofor
- Department of Chemistry, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Cory D Bishop
- Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - M Edwin DeMont
- Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Truis Smith-Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Russell C Wyeth
- Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
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23
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Damle VG, Tummala A, Chandrashekar S, Kido C, Roopesh A, Sun X, Doudrick K, Chinn J, Lee JR, Burgin TP, Rykaczewski K. "Insensitive" to touch: fabric-supported lubricant-swollen polymeric films for omniphobic personal protective gear. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:4224-4232. [PMID: 25633081 DOI: 10.1021/am5085226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of personal protective gear made from omniphobic materials that easily shed drops of all sizes could provide enhanced protection from direct exposure to most liquid-phase biological and chemical hazards and facilitate the postexposure decontamination of the gear. In recent literature, lubricated nanostructured fabrics are seen as attractive candidates for personal protective gear due to their omniphobic and self-healing characteristics. However, the ability of these lubricated fabrics to shed low surface tension liquids after physical contact with other objects in the surrounding, which is critical in demanding healthcare and military field operations, has not been investigated. In this work, we investigate the depletion of oil from lubricated fabrics in contact with highly absorbing porous media and the resulting changes in the wetting characteristics of the fabrics by representative low and high surface tension liquids. In particular, we quantify the loss of the lubricant and the dynamic contact angles of water and ethanol on lubricated fabrics upon repeated pressurized contact with highly absorbent cellulose-fiber wipes at different time intervals. We demonstrate that, in contrast to hydrophobic nanoparticle coated microfibers, fabrics encapsulated within a polymer that swells with the lubricant retain the majority of the oil and are capable of repelling high as well as low surface tension liquids even upon multiple contacts with the highly absorbing wipes. The fabric supported lubricant-swollen polymeric films introduced here, therefore, could provide durable and easy to decontaminate protection against hazardous biological and chemical liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj G Damle
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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24
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Stafslien SJ, Christianson D, Daniels J, VanderWal L, Chernykh A, Chisholm BJ. Combinatorial materials research applied to the development of new surface coatings XVI: fouling-release properties of amphiphilic polysiloxane coatings. BIOFOULING 2015; 31:135-149. [PMID: 25647177 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.1003295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput methods were used to prepare and characterize the fouling-release (FR) properties of an array of amphiphilic polysiloxane-based coatings possessing systematic variations in composition. The coatings were derived from a silanol-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, a silanol-terminated polytrifluorpropylmethylsiloxane (CF3-PDMS), 2-[methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]-trimethoxysilane (TMS-PEG), methyltriacetoxysilane and hexamethyldisilazane-treated fumed silica. The variables investigated were the concentration of TMS-PEG and the concentration of CF3-PDMS. In general, it was found that the TMS-PEG and the CF3-PDMS had a synergist effect on FR properties with these properties being enhanced by combining both compounds into the coating formulations. In addition, reattached adult barnacles removed from coatings possessing both TMS-PEG and relatively high levels of CF3-PDMS displayed atypical base-plate morphologies. The majority of the barnacles removed from these coatings exhibited a cupped or domed base-plate as compared to the flat base-plate observed for the control coating that did not contain TMS-PEG or CF3-PDMS. Coating surface analysis using water contact angle measurements indicated that the presence of CF3-PDMS facilitated migration of TMS-PEG to the coating/air interface during the film formation/curing process. In general, coatings containing both TMS-PEG and relatively high levels of CF3-PDMS possessed excellent FR properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane J Stafslien
- a Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering , North Dakota State University , Fargo , USA
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25
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Nurioglu AG, Esteves ACC, de With G. Non-toxic, non-biocide-release antifouling coatings based on molecular structure design for marine applications. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6547-6570. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00232j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling (AF) coatings bring economic benefits but raise environmental and health concerns. Non-toxic, non-biocide-release AF strategies are reviewed according to “detachment of biofoulants” and “prevention of attachment” approaches. Chemical and physical aspects of AF mechanisms and new amphiphilic, superhydrophilic and topographic AF strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayda G. Nurioglu
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- Netherlands
| | - A. Catarina C. Esteves
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- Netherlands
| | - Gijsbertus de With
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- Netherlands
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26
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Shivapooja P, Wang Q, Szott LM, Orihuela B, Rittschof D, Zhao X, López GP. Dynamic surface deformation of silicone elastomers for management of marine biofouling: laboratory and field studies using pneumatic actuation. BIOFOULING 2015; 31:265-274. [PMID: 25917206 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1035651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many strategies have been developed to improve the fouling release (FR) performance of silicone coatings. However, biofilms inevitably build on these surfaces over time. Previous studies have shown that intentional deformation of silicone elastomers can be employed to detach biofouling species. In this study, inspired by the methods used in soft-robotic systems, controlled deformation of silicone elastomers via pneumatic actuation was employed to detach adherent biofilms. Using programmed surface deformation, it was possible to release > 90% of biofilm from surfaces in both laboratory and field environments. A higher substratum strain was required to remove biofilms accumulated in the field environment as compared with laboratory-grown biofilms. Further, the study indicated that substratum modulus influences the strain needed to de-bond biofilms. Surface deformation-based approaches have potential for use in the management of biofouling in a number of technological areas, including in niche applications where pneumatic actuation of surface deformation is feasible.
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27
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MacCallum N, Howell C, Kim P, Sun D, Friedlander R, Ranisau J, Ahanotu O, Lin JJ, Vena A, Hatton B, Wong TS, Aizenberg J. Liquid-Infused Silicone As a Biofouling-Free Medical Material. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2014; 1:43-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ab5000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah MacCallum
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Caitlin Howell
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Philseok Kim
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Derek Sun
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ronn Friedlander
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jonathan Ranisau
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Onye Ahanotu
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jennifer J. Lin
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alex Vena
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Benjamin Hatton
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tak-Sing Wong
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rücker
- Institute for Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg , Scharnhorststrasse 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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29
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Howell C, Vu TL, Lin JJ, Kolle S, Juthani N, Watson E, Weaver JC, Alvarenga J, Aizenberg J. Self-replenishing vascularized fouling-release surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13299-307. [PMID: 25006681 DOI: 10.1021/am503150y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the long-term effectiveness of living antifouling materials, we have developed a method for the self-replenishment of synthetic biofouling-release surfaces. These surfaces are created by either molding or directly embedding 3D vascular systems into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and filling them with a silicone oil to generate a nontoxic oil-infused material. When replenished with silicone oil from an outside source, these materials are capable of self-lubrication and continuous renewal of the interfacial fouling-release layer. Under accelerated lubricant loss conditions, fully infused vascularized samples retained significantly more lubricant than equivalent nonvascularized controls. Tests of lubricant-infused PDMS in static cultures of the infectious bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as well as the green microalgae Botryococcus braunii, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Dunaliella salina, and Nannochloropsis oculata showed a significant reduction in biofilm adhesion compared to PDMS and glass controls containing no lubricant. Further experiments on vascularized versus nonvascularized samples that had been subjected to accelerated lubricant evaporation conditions for up to 48 h showed significantly less biofilm adherence on the vascularized surfaces. These results demonstrate the ability of an embedded lubricant-filled vascular network to improve the longevity of fouling-release surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Howell
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering , 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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30
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Tebben J, Guest JR, Sin TM, Steinberg PD, Harder T. Corals like it waxed: paraffin-based antifouling technology enhances coral spat survival. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87545. [PMID: 24489936 PMCID: PMC3905032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The early post-settlement stage is the most sensitive during the life history of reef building corals. However, few studies have examined the factors that influence coral mortality during this period. Here, the impact of fouling on the survival of newly settled coral spat of Acropora millepora was investigated by manipulating the extent of fouling cover on settlement tiles using non-toxic, wax antifouling coatings. Survival of spat on coated tiles was double that on control tiles. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between percentage cover of fouling and spat survival across all tiles types, suggesting that fouling in direct proximity to settled corals has detrimental effects on early post-settlement survival. While previous studies have shown that increased fouling negatively affects coral larval settlement and health of juvenile and adult corals, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show a direct relationship between fouling and early post-settlement survival for a broadcast spawning scleractinian coral. The negative effects of fouling on this sensitive life history stage may become more pronounced in the future as coastal eutrophication increases. Our results further suggest that targeted seeding of coral spat on artificial surfaces in combination with fouling control could prove useful to improve the efficiency of sexual reproduction-based coral propagation for reef rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tebben
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - James R. Guest
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tsai M. Sin
- Environmental Monitoring, Informatics and Dynamics, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter D. Steinberg
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tilmann Harder
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Effect of a marine bacterial biofilm on adhesion and retention of pseudo barnacle to silicone coating surface. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-013-0218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Lejars M, Margaillan A, Bressy C. Well-defined graft copolymers of tert-butyldimethylsilyl methacrylate and poly(dimethylsiloxane) macromonomers synthesized by RAFT polymerization. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00196b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Barnacles are intriguing, not only with respect to their importance as fouling organisms, but also in terms of the mechanism of underwater adhesion, which provides a platform for biomimetic and bioinspired research. These aspects have prompted questions regarding how adult barnacles attach to surfaces under water. The multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of the studies makes an overview covering all aspects challenging. This mini-review, therefore, attempts to bring together aspects of the adhesion of adult barnacles by looking at the achievements of research focused on both fouling and adhesion. Biological and biochemical studies, which have been motivated mainly by understanding the nature of the adhesion, indicate that the molecular characteristics of barnacle adhesive are unique. However, it is apparent from recent advances in molecular techniques that much remains undiscovered regarding the complex event of underwater attachment. Barnacles attached to silicone-based elastomeric coatings have been studied widely, particularly with respect to fouling-release technology. The fact that barnacles fail to attach tenaciously to silicone coatings, combined with the fact that the mode of attachment to these substrata is different to that for most other materials, indicates that knowledge about the natural mechanism of barnacle attachment is still incomplete. Further research on barnacles will enable a more comprehensive understanding of both the process of attachment and the adhesives used. Results from such studies will have a strong impact on technology aimed at fouling prevention as well as adhesion science and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kamino
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Kisarazu, Japan.
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Lejars M, Margaillan A, Bressy C. Fouling Release Coatings: A Nontoxic Alternative to Biocidal Antifouling Coatings. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4347-90. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200350v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 786] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Lejars
- Laboratoire
MAtériaux Polymères Interfaces
Environnement Marin (MAPIEM, E.A. 4323), Université du Sud Toulon-Var, ISITV, Avenue Georges Pompidou, BP-56,
83162 La Valette-du-Var Cedex, France
| | - André Margaillan
- Laboratoire
MAtériaux Polymères Interfaces
Environnement Marin (MAPIEM, E.A. 4323), Université du Sud Toulon-Var, ISITV, Avenue Georges Pompidou, BP-56,
83162 La Valette-du-Var Cedex, France
| | - Christine Bressy
- Laboratoire
MAtériaux Polymères Interfaces
Environnement Marin (MAPIEM, E.A. 4323), Université du Sud Toulon-Var, ISITV, Avenue Georges Pompidou, BP-56,
83162 La Valette-du-Var Cedex, France
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35
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Feng D, Rittschof D, Orihuela B, Kwok KWH, Stafslien S, Chisholm B. The effects of model polysiloxane and fouling-release coatings on embryonic development of a sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) and a fish (Oryzias latipes). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 110-111:162-169. [PMID: 22326653 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades attention has focused on the development of non-toxic fouling-release coatings based on silicone polymers as an alternative to toxic antifouling coatings. As fouling-release coatings gain market share, they will contribute to environmental contamination by silicones. We report effects of eight model polysiloxane and three commercial foul-release coatings on embryonic development of sea urchins and fish, Japanese medaka. We used model coatings because they have known composition and commercially available components and molecules leaching from these coatings have been partially characterized. The commercial fouling-release coatings are purported to be non-toxic and components are proprietary. Our goal was to expose embryos of well studied model animals to the coatings to determine if the complex mixtures leaching from the coatings impact development. Urchins were chosen because development is rapid and embryos can enter the non-slip layer over surfaces. Medaka was chosen because the female deposits the sticky eggs onto the anal fin and then scrapes them off onto surfaces. Embryos were confined in water over coatings in 24 well plates. Fresh model coatings had no effect on urchin development while commercial fouling-release coatings inhibited development. Fish embryos had delayed hatching, increased mortality of hatchlings and dramatically decreased ability of hatchlings to inflate the swim bladder and reduced hatching success on all coatings. After one-month immersion of coatings in running seawater to simulate initial application in the marine environment, sea urchin embryos died when placed over model silicones. Effects of the commercial coatings were reduced but included retarded development. Effects on fish embryos over leached coating were reduced compared to those of fresh coating and included decreased hatching success, decreased hatchling survival and inability to inflate the swim bladder for commercial coatings. These findings suggest, similar to medical conclusions, compounds leaching from silicone coatings can impact development and the topic deserves study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Feng
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, United States
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36
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Wang Y, Betts DE, Finlay JA, Brewer L, Callow ME, Callow JA, Wendt DE, DeSimone JM. Photocurable Amphiphilic Perfluoropolyether/Poly(ethylene glycol) Networks for Fouling-Release Coatings. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102271t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yapei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Douglas E. Betts
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | | | - Lenora Brewer
- Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, Biological Sciences Department, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | | | | | - Dean E. Wendt
- Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, Biological Sciences Department, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Joseph M. DeSimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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37
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Rittschof D, Orihuela B, Stafslien S, Daniels J, Christianson D, Chisholm B, Holm E. Barnacle reattachment: a tool for studying barnacle adhesion. BIOFOULING 2008; 24:1-9. [PMID: 18058300 DOI: 10.1080/08927010701784920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Standard approaches for measuring adhesion strength of fouling organisms use barnacles, tubeworms or oysters settled and grown in the field or laboratory, to a measurable size. These approaches suffer from the vagaries of larval supply, settlement behavior, predation, disturbance and environmental stress. Procedures for reattaching barnacles to experimental surfaces are reported. When procedures are followed, adhesion strength measurements on silicone substrata after 2 weeks are comparable to those obtained using standard methods. Hydrophilic surfaces require reattachment for 2-4 weeks. The adhesion strength of barnacles in reattachment assays was positively correlated to results obtained from field testing a series of experimental polysiloxane fouling-release coatings (r = 0.89). The reattachment method allows for precise barnacle orientation, enabling the use of small surfaces and the potential for automation. The method enables down-selection of coatings from combinatorial approaches to manageable levels for definitive field testing. Reattachment can be used with coatings that combine antifouling and fouling-release technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rittschof
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA.
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38
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Conlan SL, Mutton RJ, Aldred N, Clare AS. Evaluation of a fully automated method to measure the critical removal stress of adult barnacles. BIOFOULING 2008; 24:471-481. [PMID: 18726746 DOI: 10.1080/08927010802353716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A computer-controlled force gauge designed to measure the adhesive strength of barnacles on test substrata is described. The instrument was evaluated with adult barnacles grown in situ on Silastic T2(R)-coated microscope slides and epoxy replicas adhered to the same substratum with synthetic adhesive. The force per unit area required to detach the barnacles (critical removal stress) using the new automated system was comparable to that obtained with ASTM D5618 (1994) (0.19 and 0.28 MPa compared with 0.18 and 0.27 MPa for two batches of barnacles). The automated method showed a faster rate of force development compared with the manual spring force gauge used for ASTM D5618 (1994). The new instrument was as accurate and precise at determining surface area as manual delineation used with ASTM D5618 (1994). The method provided significant advantages such as higher throughput speed, the ability to test smaller barnacles (which took less time to grow) and to control the force application angle and speed. The variability in measurements was lower than previously reported, suggesting an improved ability to compare the results obtained by different researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheelagh L Conlan
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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39
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Nendza M. Hazard assessment of silicone oils (polydimethylsiloxanes, PDMS) used in antifouling-/foul-release-products in the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2007; 54:1190-6. [PMID: 17553530 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-eroding silicone-based coatings can effectively reduce fouling of ship hulls and are an alternative to biocidal and heavy metal-based antifoulings. The products, whose formulations and make up are closely guarded proprietary knowledge, consist of a silicone resin matrix and may contain unbound silicone oils (1-10%). If these oils leach out, they can have impacts on marine environments: PDMS are persistent, adsorb to suspended particulate matter and may settle into sediment. If oil films build up on sediments, infiltration may inhibit pore water exchange. PDMS do not bioaccumulate in marine organisms and soluble fractions have low toxicity to aquatic and benthic organisms. At higher exposures, undissolved silicone oil films or droplets can cause physical-mechanic effects with trapping and suffocation of organisms. These 'new' effects are not covered by current assessment schemes. PDMS make the case that very low water solubility and bioavailability do not necessarily preclude damage to marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nendza
- Analytisches Laboratorium, Bahnhofstrasse 1, 24816 Luhnstedt, Germany
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40
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Wendt DE, Kowalke GL, Kim J, Singer IL. Factors that influence elastomeric coating performance: the effect of coating thickness on basal plate morphology, growth and critical removal stress of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. BIOFOULING 2006; 22:1-9. [PMID: 16551556 DOI: 10.1080/08927010500499563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Silicone coatings are currently the most effective non-toxic fouling release surfaces. Understanding the mechanisms that contribute to the performance of silicone coatings is necessary to further improve their design. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of coating thickness on basal plate morphology, growth, and critical removal stress of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Barnacles were grown on silicone coatings of three thicknesses (0.2, 0.5 and 2 mm). Atypical ("cupped") basal plate morphology was observed on all surfaces, although there was no relationship between coating thickness and i) the proportion of individuals with the atypical morphology, or ii) the growth rate of individuals. Critical removal stress was inversely proportional to coating thickness. Furthermore, individuals with atypical basal plate morphology had a significantly lower critical removal stress than individuals with the typical ("flat") morphology. The data demonstrate that coating thickness is a fundamental factor governing removal of barnacles from silicone coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Wendt
- Biological Sciences Department and Center for Coastal Marine Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo 93407, USA.
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41
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Holm ER, Kavanagh CJ, Meyer AE, Wiebe D, Nedved BT, Wendt D, Smith CM, Hadfield MG, Swain G, Wood CD, Truby K, Stein J, Montemarano J. Interspecific variation in patterns of adhesion of marine fouling to silicone surfaces. BIOFOULING 2006; 22:233-43. [PMID: 17290867 DOI: 10.1080/08927010600826129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion of six fouling organisms: the barnacle Balanus eburneus, the gastropod mollusc Crepidulafornicata, the bivalve molluscs Crassostrea virginica and Ostrea/Dendrostrea spp., and the serpulid tubeworms Hydroides dianthus and H. elegans, to 12 silicone fouling-release surfaces was examined. Removal stress (adhesion strength) varied among the fouling species and among the surfaces. Principal component analysis of the removal stress data revealed that the fouling species fell into two distinct groups, one comprising the bivalve molluscs and tubeworms, and the other the barnacle and the gastropod mollusc. None of the silicone materials generated a minimum in removal stress for all the organisms tested, although several surfaces produced low adhesion strengths for both groups of species. These results suggest that fouling-release materials do not rank (in terms of adhesion strength) identically for all fouling organisms, and thus development of a globally-effective hull coating will continue to require testing against a diversity of encrusting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Holm
- Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Code 617, Building 60, Room 334, 9500 MacArthur Blvd, West Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.
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42
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Meyer A, Baier R, Wood CD, Stein J, Truby K, Holm E, Montemarano J, Kavanagh C, Nedved B, Smith C, Swain G, Wiebe D. Contact angle anomalies indicate that surface-active eluates from silicone coatings inhibit the adhesive mechanisms of fouling organisms. BIOFOULING 2006; 22:411-23. [PMID: 17178574 DOI: 10.1080/08927010601025473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicone coatings with critical surface tensions (CST) between 20 and 30 mN m-1 more easily release diverse types of biofouling than do materials of higher and lower CST. Oils added to these coatings selectively further diminish the attachment strengths of different marine fouling organisms, without significantly modifying the initial CST. In a search for the mechanisms of this improved biofouling resistance, the interfacial instabilities of four silicone coatings were characterised by comprehensive contact angle analyses, using up to 12 different diagnostic fluids selected to mimic the side chain chemistries of the common amino acids of bioadhesive proteins. The surfaces of painted steel test panels were characterised both before and after exposure to freshwater, brackish water, and seawater over periods ranging from 9 months to nearly 4 years. Contact angle measurements demonstrated significant surface activity of the oil-amended coatings both before and after long-term underwater exposure. The surface activity of the control (coating without oil) increased as a result of underwater exposure, consistent with mild surface chain scission and hydrolysis imparting a self-surfactancy to the coating and providing a weak boundary layer promoting continuing easy release of attaching foulants. Coatings with additives that most effectively reduced biofouling showed both initial and persistent contact angle anomalies for the test liquid, thiodiglycol, suggesting lower-shear biofouling release mechanisms based upon diminished bioadhesive crosslinking by interfering with hydrogen- and sulfhydryl bonds. Swelling of the silicone elastomeric coatings by hydrocarbon fluids was observed for all four coatings, before and after immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Meyer
- Industry/University Center for Biosurfaces, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA.
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43
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Watermann BT, Daehne B, Sievers S, Dannenberg R, Overbeke JC, Klijnstra JW, Heemken O. Bioassays and selected chemical analysis of biocide-free antifouling coatings. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 60:1530-41. [PMID: 15878605 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the years several types of biocide-free antifouling paints have entered the market. The prohibition of biocidal antifouling paints in special areas of some European countries such as Sweden, Denmark and Germany has favoured the introduction of these paints to the market. Several types of biocide-free antifouling paints were subjected to bioassays and selected chemical analysis of leachate and incorporated substances. Both non-eroding coatings (silicones, fibre coats, epoxies, polyurethane, polyvinyl) and eroding coatings (SPCs, ablative) were tested to exclude the presence of active biocides and dangerous compounds. The paints were subjected to the luminescent bacteria test and the cypris larvae settlement assay, the latter delivering information on toxicity as well as on efficacy. The following chemical analyses of selected compounds of dry-film were performed: The results of the bioassays indicated that none of the coatings analysed contained leachable biocides. Nevertheless, some products contained or leached dangerous compounds. The analyses revealed leaching of nonylphenol (up to 74.7 ng/cm2/d after 48 h) and bisphenol A (up to 2.77 ng/cm2/d after 24 h) from epoxy resins used as substitutes for antifouling paints. The heavy metal, zinc, was measured in dry paint film in quantities up to 576,000 ppm in erodable coatings, not incorporated as a biocide but to control the rate of erosion. Values for TBT in silicone elutriates were mostly below the detection limit of 0.005 mg/kg. Values for DBT ranged between <0.005 and 6.28 mg/kg, deriving from catalysts used as curing agents. Some biocide-free paints contained leachable, toxic and dangerous compounds in the dry film, some of which may act as substitutes for biocides or are incorporated as plasticizers or catalysts. Implications to environmental requirements and legislation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Watermann
- LimnoMar, Hamburg, Bei der Neuen Muenze 11, D-22145 Hamburg, Germany.
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44
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Kavanagh CJ, Swain GW, Kovach BS, Stein J, Darkangelo-Wood C, Truby K, Holm E, Montemarano J, Meyer A, Wiebe D. The effects of silicone fluid additives and silicone elastomer matrices on barnacle adhesion strength. BIOFOULING 2003; 19:381-390. [PMID: 14768467 DOI: 10.1080/08927010310001623296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Barnacle adhesion strength was used to screen seventy-seven polydimethylsiloxane elastomeric coatings for fouling-release properties. The test coatings were designed to investigate the effect on barnacle adhesion strength of silicone fluid additive type, additive location, additive molecular weight, additive loading level, mixtures of additives, coating matrix type and coating fillers. The type of silicone fluid additive was the primary controlling factor in barnacle fouling-release. The type of silicone matrix in which the fluid resided was found to alter the effect on fouling-release. Two PDMS fluids, DMSC15 and DBE224, significantly reduced the adhesion strength of barnacles compared to unmodified elastomers. Optimum fouling-release performance was dependent on the interaction of fluid type and elastomeric matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kavanagh
- Department of Oceanography & Ocean Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Omae
- Omae Research Laboratories, 335-23, Mizuno, Sayama, Saitama, 350-1317 Japan.
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46
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Afsar A, De Nys R, Steinberg P. The effects of foul-release coatings on the settlement and behaviour of cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite amphitrite Darwin. BIOFOULING 2003; 19 Suppl:105-110. [PMID: 14618711 DOI: 10.1080/0892701021000057909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Foul-release coatings are generally assumed to affect fouling of surfaces via interfering with adhesion of fouling organisms. However, the potential effects of these coatings on other aspects of the biology of fouling organisms such as behaviour have not in general been explored. The effects of wax-based foul-release coatings containing silicone oil on the settlement and behaviour of cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite were studied. Settlement (as measured by metamorphosis) of cyprids was strongly inhibited on all coatings but particularly on those containing silicone oil at concentrations of 5% or more. The behaviour of cyprids was also altered on coatings containing > or = 5% silicone oil, with cyprids assuming an inverted position, preventing adhesion. This effect was reversible in part; when cyprids exposed to experimental coatings for 1 d were transferred to uncoated surfaces their behaviour returned to normal, except that metamorphosis did not occur. The results indicate that model foul-release coatings containing wax and silicone oil can affect settlement and behaviour, as well as adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisul Afsar
- Centre for Marine Biofouling and Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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47
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Abstract
The effect of coating modulus on the strength of pseudobarnacle adhesive bonding was investigated. A radical polymerized poly(butylmethacrylate) coating cross-linked with allylmethacrylate was used as a model coating. The coating Tg was determined to be 18 degrees C by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Dynamic contact angle measurements (DCA) at different temperatures indicated that the surface chemistry was not significantly affected in the range investigated (5-50 degrees C). However, an increased noise level in the force vs. displacement curves indicated an increased molecular mobility with a fast reorganization of hydrophilic ester groups during the measurement. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) as a function of temperature revealed a large drop in storage modulus (G') from 20 degrees C to 70 degrees C, as expected. A good correlation between the coating storage modulus and the detachment stress of pseudobarnacles was observed even though energy dissipation during the analysis was observed. The decreased adhesion might be a result of the increased molecular flexibility as determined by DCA and DMA at increased temperature. The increased molecular mobility might increase the tendency for interfacial slip, which ultimately results in decreased adhesion strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Berglin
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Sweden
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48
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Akhremitchev BB, Bemis JE, al-Maawali S, Sun Y, Stebounova L, Walker GC. Application of scanning force and near field microscopies to the characterization of minimally adhesive polymer surfaces. BIOFOULING 2003; 19 Suppl:99-104. [PMID: 14618710 DOI: 10.1080/0892701031000072217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review reports efforts to develop new scanning probe microscopies to characterize the function and aging of textured, minimally adhesive polymer surfaces used for antifouling applications in the marine environment. Novel atomic force and infrared near field microscopy techniques have been used to characterize the polymer surface adhesion and structural properties. These techniques may find promise for characterizing the deposition of the extracellular matrix of organisms as well as aging of the polymer coating itself. The reported work is part of a larger effort to reduce biofouling on ships' hulls through the development and use of improved coating materials.
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49
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Berglin M, Gatenholm P. The barnacle adhesive plaque: morphological and chemical differences as a response to substrate properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7765(02)00149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Stein J, Truby K, Wood CD, Stein J, Gardner M, Swain G, Kavanagh C, Kovach B, Schultz M, Wiebe D, Holm E, Montemarano J, Wendt D, Smith C, Meyer A. Silicone foul release coatings: effect of the interaction of oil and coating functionalities on the magnitude of macrofouling attachment strengths. BIOFOULING 2003; 19 Suppl:71-82. [PMID: 14618707 DOI: 10.1080/0892701031000089525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Silicone biofouling release coatings have been shown to be an effective method of combating fouling. Nearly all silicone foul release coatings are augmented with an oil additive to decrease macrofouling attachment strength. This paper addresses the effect of the type of oil that is incorporated into the silicone coating and the type of silicone coating itself (silica vs calcium carbonate filled) on macrofouling adhesion strengths to the coating. It was found that not only are the main effects of oil type and silicone coating type important in determining the magnitude of the attachment strength of the organism, but the interaction term (oil type crossed with coating type) is highly significant for all organisms studied, except oysters at the University of Hawaii test site (Oahu, Hawaii) which has a significance level of alpha = 0.1. Each of the organisms exhibited a unique response to the various silicone fouling release coatings. Thus, in order to predict the effectives of foul release coatings, the composition variables of the coatings and the type of target organisms must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Stein
- GE Global Research Center, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309, USA.
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