1
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Rittschof D, Orihuela B, Genzer J, Efimenko K. PDMS networks meet barnacles: a complex and often toxic relationship. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:876-888. [PMID: 36503292 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2145471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The biological impact of chemical formulations used in various coating applications is essential in guiding the development of new materials that directly contact living organisms. To illustrate this point, an investigation addressing the impact of chemical compositions of polydimethylsiloxane networks on a common platform for foul-release biofouling management coatings was conducted. The acute toxicity of network components to barnacle larvae, the impacts of aqueous extracts of crosslinker, silicones and organometallic catalyst on trypsin enzymatic activity, and the impact of assembled networks on barnacle adhesion was evaluated. The outcomes of the study indicate that all components used in the formulation of the silicone network alter trypsin enzymatic activity and have a range of acute toxicity to barnacle larvae. Also, the adhesion strength of barnacles attached to PDMS networks correlates to the network formulation protocol. This information can be used to assess action mechanisms and risk-benefit analysis of PDMS networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rittschof
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Beatriz Orihuela
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kirill Efimenko
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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2
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On the mechanism of marine fouling-prevention performance of oil-containing silicone elastomers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11799. [PMID: 35821390 PMCID: PMC9276722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decades, silicone elastomers with oil incorporated have served as fouling-release coating for marine applications. In a comprehensive study involving a series of laboratory-based marine fouling assays and extensive global field studies of up to 2-year duration, we compare polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings of the same composition loaded with oil via two different methods. One method used a traditional, one-pot pre-cure oil addition approach (o-PDMS) and another method used a newer post-cure infusion approach (i-PDMS). The latter displays a substantial improvement in biofouling prevention performance that exceeds established commercial silicone-based fouling-release coating standards. We interpret the differences in performance between one-pot and infused PDMS by developing a mechanistic model based on the Flory–Rehner theory of swollen polymer networks. Using this model, we propose that the chemical potential of the incorporated oil is a key consideration for the design of future fouling-release coatings, as the improved performance is driven by the formation and stabilization of an anti-adhesion oil overlayer on the polymer surface.
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3
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Litwinowicz M, Rogers S, Caruana A, Kinane C, Tellam J, Thompson R. Tuning the Bulk and Surface Properties of PDMS Networks through Cross-Linker and Surfactant Concentration. Macromolecules 2021; 54:9636-9648. [PMID: 34720190 PMCID: PMC8552438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The elastic modulus and hydrophilicity of cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) are tunable via cross-linker concentration and the addition of a simple surfactant, C12E4, before curing. However, the surfactant concentration, [C12E4], reduces the elastic modulus (73% lower for 6.3% w/w) because it reduces the extent of curing. This is likely because the hygroscopic surfactant results in water poisoning of the catalyst. Three distinct time-dependent hydrophilicity profiles were identified using water contact angle analysis with [C12E4] determining which profile was observed. This indicates the concentration-dependent phase behavior of C12E4 within PDMS films. Changes in phase behavior were identified using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and a compatibility study. No surface excess or surface segregation of surfactant was observed at the PDMS-air interface. However, a surface excess revealed by neutron reflectivity against a D2O interface indicates that the increase in hydrophilicity results from the migration of C12E4 to the film interface when exposed to water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Rogers
- STFC
ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Caruana
- STFC
ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Christy Kinane
- STFC
ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - James Tellam
- STFC
ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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4
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Rahimi A, Stafslien SJ, Vanderwal L, Bahr J, Safaripour M, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Webster DC. Critical Amphiphilic Concentration: Effect of the Extent of Amphiphilicity on Marine Fouling-Release Performance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2728-2739. [PMID: 33586437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic surfaces, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, offer desirable performance for many applications such as marine coatings or anti-icing purposes. This work explores the effect of the concentration of amphiphilic moieties on converting a polyurethane (PU) system to a coating having fouling-release properties. A novel amphiphilic compound is synthesized and added at increasing amounts to a PU system, where the amount of the additive is the only variable in the study. The additive-modified surfaces are characterized by a variety of techniques including ATR-FTIR, XPS, contact angle measurements, and AFM. Surface characterizations indicate the presence of amphiphilic domains on the surface due to the introduction of the self-stratifying amphiphilic additive. The fouling-release properties of the surfaces are assessed with three biological assays using Ulva linza, Cellulophaga lytica, and Navicula Incerta as the test organisms. A change in the fouling-release performance is observed and plateaued once a certain amount of amphiphilicity is attained in the coating system, which we call the critical amphiphilic concentration (CAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- AliReza Rahimi
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Shane J Stafslien
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Lyndsi Vanderwal
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - James Bahr
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Maryam Safaripour
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Dean C Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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5
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Hu P, Xie Q, Ma C, Zhang G. Silicone-Based Fouling-Release Coatings for Marine Antifouling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2170-2183. [PMID: 32013443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling profoundly influences marine industries and activities. It slows the speed and increases the fuel consumption of ships, corrodes offshore platforms, and blocks seawater pipelines. The most effective and economical antifouling approach uses coatings. Fouling-release coatings (FRCs) with low surface free energy and high elasticity weakly adhere to marine organisms, so they can be readily removed by the water shear force. FRCs have attracted increasing interest because they are biocide-free and hence ecofriendly. However, traditional silicone-based FRCs have weak adhesion to substrates, low mechanical strength, and low fouling resistance, limiting their applications. In recent years, many attempts have been made to improve their mechanical properties and fouling resistance. This review deals with the progress in the construction of high-performance silicone-based fouling-release surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Xie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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6
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Selim MS, El-Safty SA, Shenashen MA, Higazy SA, Elmarakbi A. Progress in biomimetic leverages for marine antifouling using nanocomposite coatings. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:3701-3732. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Because of the environmental and economic casualties of biofouling on maritime navigation, modern studies have been devoted toward formulating advanced nanoscale composites in the controlled development of effective marine antifouling self-cleaning surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Selim
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki-ken 305-0047
- Japan
- Petroleum Application Department
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
| | - Sherif A. El-Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki-ken 305-0047
- Japan
| | - Mohamed A. Shenashen
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki-ken 305-0047
- Japan
- Petroleum Application Department
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
| | - Shimaa A. Higazy
- Petroleum Application Department
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elmarakbi
- Department of Mechanical & Construction Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
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7
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Leonardi AK, Ober CK. Polymer-Based Marine Antifouling and Fouling Release Surfaces: Strategies for Synthesis and Modification. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2019; 10:241-264. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060718-030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In marine industries, the accumulation of organic matter and marine organisms on ship hulls and instruments limits performance, requiring frequent maintenance and increasing fuel costs. Current coatings technology to combat this biofouling relies heavily on the use of toxic, biocide-containing paints. These pose a serious threat to marine ecosystems, affecting both target and nontarget organisms. Innovation in the design of polymers offers an excellent platform for the development of alternatives, but the creation of a broad-spectrum, nontoxic material still poses quite a hurdle for researchers. Surface chemistry, physical properties, durability, and attachment scheme have been shown to play a vital role in the construction of a successful coating. This review explores why these characteristics are important and how recent research accounts for them in the design and synthesis of new environmentally benign antifouling and fouling release materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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8
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Il’ina MA, Mashlyakovskii LN, Drinberg AS, Khomko EV, Garabadzhiu AV. Silicon-Containing Epoxy Composites and Their Use in Marine Coatings Technology. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427219040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Li Y, Chen R, Feng Y, Sun X, Tang L, Takahashi K, Liu P, Wang J. Synthesis of Amphiphilic Acrylate Boron Fluorinated Polymers with Antifouling Behavior. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b06337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rongrong Chen
- HIT (Hainan) Military-Civilian Integration Innovation
Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hainan 572427, China
| | - YanHua Feng
- Qingdao Advanced Marine Material
Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China
| | | | | | | | - Peili Liu
- HIT (Hainan) Military-Civilian Integration Innovation
Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hainan 572427, China
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10
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Gevaux L, Lejars M, Margaillan A, Briand JF, Bunet R, Bressy C. Hydrolyzable Additive-Based Silicone Elastomers: A New Approach for Antifouling Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E305. [PMID: 30960289 PMCID: PMC6419558 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fouling Release Coatings are marine antifouling coatings based on silicone elastomers. Contrary to commonly used biocide-based antifouling coatings, they do not release biocides into the marine environment, however, they suffer from poor antifouling efficacy during idle periods. To improve their antifouling performances in static conditions, various amounts of hydrolyzable polymers were incorporated within a silicone matrix. These hydrolyzable polymers were chosen for the well-known hydrolytic degradation mechanism of their main chain, e.g. poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), or of their ester pending groups, e.g. poly(bis(trimethylsilyloxy)methylsilyl methacrylate) (PMATM2). The degradation kinetics of such hydrolyzable silicone coatings were assessed by mass loss measurements during immersion in deionized water. Coatings containing PMATM2 exhibited a maximum mass loss after 12 weeks, whereas PCL-based coatings showed no significant mass loss after 24 weeks. Dynamic contact angle measurements revealed the modifications of the coatings surface chemistry with an amphiphilic behavior after water exposure. The attachment of macrofoulers on these coatings were evaluated by field tests in the Mediterranean Sea, demonstrating the short or long-term antifouling effect of these hydrolyzable polymers embedded in the silicone matrix. The settlement of A. amphitrite barnacles on the different coatings indicated inhospitable behaviors towards larval barnacles for coatings with at least 15 wt % of additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gevaux
- Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Université de Toulon, EA 4323, 83957 La Garde, France.
| | - Marlène Lejars
- Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Université de Toulon, EA 4323, 83957 La Garde, France.
| | - André Margaillan
- Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Université de Toulon, EA 4323, 83957 La Garde, France.
| | - Jean-François Briand
- Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Université de Toulon, EA 4323, 83957 La Garde, France.
| | - Robert Bunet
- Institut Océanographique Paul Ricard, Ile des Embiez, 83140 Six-Fours-les-Plages, France.
| | - Christine Bressy
- Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Université de Toulon, EA 4323, 83957 La Garde, France.
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11
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Pradhan S, Kumar S, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Environmentally Benign Fouling-Resistant Marine Coatings: A Review. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2018.1482922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Pradhan
- Department of Plastic Technology, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, INDIA
| | - Sudheer Kumar
- Department of Plastic Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Bhubaneswar, INDIA
| | - Smita Mohanty
- Department of Plastic Technology, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, INDIA
- Department of Plastic Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Bhubaneswar, INDIA
| | - Sanjay K. Nayak
- Department of Plastic Technology, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, INDIA
- Department of Plastic Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Bhubaneswar, INDIA
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12
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Gillet G, Azemar F, Faÿ F, Réhel K, Linossier I. Non-Leachable Hydrophilic Additives for Amphiphilic Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E445. [PMID: 30966480 PMCID: PMC6415241 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic surfaces are particularly effective at inhibiting the adhesion of microorganisms (bacteria, cells, microalgae, etc.) in liquid media. The aim of this study is to determine the best hydrophilic linker to promote bonding between poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a hydrophilic additive and poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) as the hydrophobic matrix. Various parameters have been studied (molecular weight, linker type, and polymer end-group), as well as the efficiency of the linking, the capacity of PEG to access to the surface of the film, and overall film homogeneity. According to the results, a PDMS linker paired with a PEG moiety allows for compatibilization of the compounds during cross-linking. This compatibilization seems to provide a good bonding with the matrix and a good surface access to the hydrophilic moiety. Therefore, this structure comprising a linking function attached to the PDMS⁻PEG copolymer has high potential as a non-releasable additive for amphiphilic coating applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gillet
- University of Southern Brittany, EA 3884, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer IUEM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Fabrice Azemar
- University of Southern Brittany, EA 3884, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer IUEM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Fabienne Faÿ
- University of Southern Brittany, EA 3884, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer IUEM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Karine Réhel
- University of Southern Brittany, EA 3884, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer IUEM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Isabelle Linossier
- University of Southern Brittany, EA 3884, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer IUEM, F-56100 Lorient, France.
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13
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Bahramian B, Chrzanowski W, Kondyurin A, Thomas N, Dehghani F. Fabrication of Antimicrobial Poly(propylene carbonate) Film by Plasma Surface Modification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Bahramian
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Faculty of Pharmacy, and §School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School
of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and ∥Adelaide Biofilm Test Facility,
Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Wojciech Chrzanowski
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Faculty of Pharmacy, and §School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School
of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and ∥Adelaide Biofilm Test Facility,
Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Alexey Kondyurin
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Faculty of Pharmacy, and §School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School
of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and ∥Adelaide Biofilm Test Facility,
Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Nicky Thomas
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Faculty of Pharmacy, and §School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School
of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and ∥Adelaide Biofilm Test Facility,
Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Faculty of Pharmacy, and §School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School
of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and ∥Adelaide Biofilm Test Facility,
Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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14
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Kovalenko Y, Sotiri I, Timonen JVI, Overton JC, Holmes G, Aizenberg J, Howell C. Bacterial Interactions with Immobilized Liquid Layers. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 27930872 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial interactions with surfaces are at the heart of many infection-related problems in healthcare. In this work, the interactions of clinically relevant bacteria with immobilized liquid (IL) layers on oil-infused polymers are investigated. Although oil-infused polymers reduce bacterial adhesion in all cases, complex interactions of the bacteria and liquid layer under orbital flow conditions are uncovered. The number of adherent Escherichia coli cells over multiple removal cycles increases in flow compared to static growth conditions, likely due to a disruption of the liquid layer continuity. Surprisingly, however, biofilm formation appears to remain low regardless of growth conditions. No incorporation of the bacteria into the layer is observed. Bacterial type is also found to affect the number of adherent cells, with more E. coli remaining attached under dynamic orbital flow than Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa under identical conditions. Tests with mutant E. coli lacking flagella confirm that flagella play an important role in adhesion to these surfaces. The results presented here shed new light on the interaction of bacteria with IL layers, highlighting the fundamental differences between oil-infused and traditional solid interfaces, as well as providing important information for their eventual translation into materials that reduce bacterial adhesion in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Kovalenko
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering 60 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 9 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 021383 USA
| | - Irini Sotiri
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering 60 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 9 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 021383 USA
| | - Jaakko V. I. Timonen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 9 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 021383 USA
- Department of Applied Physics Aalto University Puumiehenkuja 2 02150 Espoo Finland
| | - Jonathan C. Overton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Maine 5737 Jenness Hall Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Gareth Holmes
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering 60 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 9 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 021383 USA
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering 60 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 9 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 021383 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Caitlin Howell
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 9 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 021383 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Maine 5737 Jenness Hall Orono ME 04469 USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering University of Maine 42 Stodder Hall Orono ME 04469 USA
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15
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Wenning BM, Martinelli E, Mieszkin S, Finlay JA, Fischer D, Callow JA, Callow ME, Leonardi AK, Ober CK, Galli G. Model Amphiphilic Block Copolymers with Tailored Molecular Weight and Composition in PDMS-Based Films to Limit Soft Biofouling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16505-16516. [PMID: 28429593 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A set of controlled surface composition films was produced utilizing amphiphilic block copolymers dispersed in a cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) network. These block copolymers contained oligo(ethylene glycol) (PEGMA) and fluoroalkyl (AF6) side chains in selected ratios and molecular weights to control surface chemistry including antifouling and fouling-release performance. Such properties were assessed by carrying out assays using two algae, the green macroalga Ulva linza (favors attachment to polar surfaces) and the unicellular diatom Navicula incerta (favors attachment to nonpolar surfaces). All films performed well against U. linza and exhibited high removal of attached sporelings (young plants) under an applied shear stress, with the lower molecular weight block copolymers being the best performing in the set. The composition ratios from 50:50 to 60:40 of the AF6/PEGMA side groups were shown to be more effective, with several films exhibiting spontaneous removal of the sporelings. The cells of N. incerta were also removed from several coating compositions. All films were characterized by surface techniques including captive bubble contact angle, atomic force microscopy, and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to correlate surface chemistry and morphology with biological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Wenning
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Sophie Mieszkin
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | - Daniel Fischer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - James A Callow
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | - Maureen E Callow
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , Pisa 56124, Italy
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16
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Hu H, Wang J, Wang Y, Gee E, Liu G. Silicone-Infused Antismudge Nanocoatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:9029-9037. [PMID: 28225251 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A polyurethane-based NP-GLIDE coating that bears on its surface and in its interior nano-pools of a grafted liquid ingredient for dewetting enablement is obtained from casting and curing a film comprising a triisocyanate, a polyol (P1), and a graft (g) copolymer of P1 and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (P1-g-PDMS). A silicone-infused NP-GLIDE (SINP-GLIDE) PU coating is obtained from cocasting the NP-GLIDE precursors with a free silicone oil (SO) or SO mixture (SOs). This paper reports the preparation of the novel SINP-GLIDE coatings and discusses the effect of changing the amount and type of the infused SO as well as the coating formation conditions on their optical clarity. Also reported are the contact and sliding angles of various test liquids on the NP-GLIDE and SINP-GLIDE coatings, and the data variation trends are rationalized using existing theories. Further, the stable water sliding performance of the SINP-GLIDE coatings under simulated raining and other conditions is demonstrated. The improved and stable water sliding performance of the SINP-GLIDE coatings facilitates their practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Emily Gee
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Guojun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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17
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Li HX, Orihuela B, Zhu M, Rittschof D. Recyclable plastics as substrata for settlement and growth of bryozoans Bugula neritina and barnacles Amphibalanus amphitrite. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:973-980. [PMID: 27569057 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are common and pervasive anthropogenic debris in marine environments. Floating plastics provide opportunities to alter the abundance, distribution and invasion potential of sessile organisms that colonize them. We selected plastics from seven recycle categories and quantified settlement of (i) bryozoans Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758) in the lab and in the field, and of (ii) barnacles Amphibalanus (= Balanus) amphitrite (Darwin, 1854) in the field. In the laboratory we cultured barnacles on the plastics for 8 weeks and quantified growth, mortality, and breaking strength of the side plates. In the field all recyclable plastics were settlement substrata for bryozoans and barnacles. Settlement depended on the type of plastic. Fewer barnacles settled on plastic surfaces compared to glass. In the lab and in the field, bryozoan settlement was higher on plastics than on glass. In static laboratory rearing, barnacles growing on plastics were initially significantly smaller than on glass. This suggested juvenile barnacles were adversely impacted by materials leaching from the plastics. Barnacle mortality was not significantly different between plastic and glass surfaces, but breaking strength of side plates of barnacles on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polycarbonate (PC) were significantly lower than breakage strength on glass. Plastics impact marine ecosystems directly by providing new surfaces for colonization with fouling organisms and by contaminants shown previously to leach out of plastics and impact biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Beatriz Orihuela
- Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Mei Zhu
- Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Daniel Rittschof
- Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
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18
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Shivapooja P, Cao C, Orihuela B, Levering V, Zhao X, Rittschof D, López GP. Incorporation of silicone oil into elastomers enhances barnacle detachment by active surface strain. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:1017-1028. [PMID: 27560712 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1209186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicone-oil additives are often used in fouling-release silicone coatings to reduce the adhesion strength of barnacles and other biofouling organisms. This study follows on from a recently reported active approach to detach barnacles, which was based on the surface strain of elastomeric materials, by investigating a new, dual-action approach to barnacle detachment using Ecoflex®-based elastomers incorporated with poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based oil additives. The experimental results support the hypothesis that silicone-oil additives reduce the amount of substratum strain required to detach barnacles. The study also de-coupled the two effects of silicone oils (ie surface-activity and alteration of the bulk modulus) and examined their contributions in reducing barnacle adhesion strength. Further, a finite element model based on fracture mechanics was employed to qualitatively understand the effects of surface strain and substratum modulus on barnacle adhesion strength. The study demonstrates that dynamic substratum deformation of elastomers with silicone-oil additives provides a bifunctional approach towards management of biofouling by barnacles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changyong Cao
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Beatriz Orihuela
- c Duke University Marine Laboratory , Nicholas School of the Environment , Beaufort , NC , USA
| | - Vrad Levering
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
- d Research Triangle Material Research Science & Engineering Center, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
- e Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Daniel Rittschof
- c Duke University Marine Laboratory , Nicholas School of the Environment , Beaufort , NC , USA
| | - Gabriel P López
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
- d Research Triangle Material Research Science & Engineering Center, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
- f Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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19
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Liu C, Xie Q, Ma C, Zhang G. Fouling Release Property of Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Polyurea with Improved Adhesion to Substrate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Faculty of Materials
Science and Engineering, Key
Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Xie
- Faculty of Materials
Science and Engineering, Key
Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials
Science and Engineering, Key
Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials
Science and Engineering, Key
Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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20
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Filip N, Pustam A, Ells V, Grosicki KMT, Yang J, Oguejiofor I, Bishop CD, DeMont ME, Smith-Palmer T, Wyeth RC. Fouling-release and chemical activity effects of a siloxane-based material on tunicates. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 116:41-50. [PMID: 26986763 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The antifouling performance of a siloxane-based elastomeric impression material (EIM) was compared to that of two silicone fouling-release coatings, Intersleek 757 and RTV-11. In field immersion trials, the EIM caused the greatest reduction in fouling by the solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis and caused the longest delay in the progression of fouling by two species of colonial tunicate. However, in pseudobarnacle adhesion tests, the EIM had higher attachment strengths. Further laboratory analyses showed that the EIM leached alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) that were toxic to C. intestinalis larvae. The EIM thus showed the longest duration of chemical activity measured to date for a siloxane-based coating (4 months), supporting investigations of fouling-release coatings that release targeted biocides. However, due to potential widespread effects of APEs, the current EIM formulation should not be considered as an environmentally-safe antifoulant. Thus, the data also emphasize consideration of both immediate and long-term effects of potentially toxic constituents released from fouling-release coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Filip
- Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Amanda Pustam
- Department of Chemistry, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Veronica Ells
- Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Kathleen M T Grosicki
- Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Ikenna Oguejiofor
- Department of Chemistry, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Cory D Bishop
- Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - M Edwin DeMont
- Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Truis Smith-Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
| | - Russell C Wyeth
- Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada.
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21
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Martinelli E, Gunes D, Wenning BM, Ober CK, Finlay JA, Callow ME, Callow JA, Di Fino A, Clare AS, Galli G. Effects of surface-active block copolymers with oxyethylene and fluoroalkyl side chains on the antifouling performance of silicone-based films. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:81-93. [PMID: 26769148 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1131822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers made from a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (Si) and a poly(meth)acrylate carrying oxyethylene (EG) or fluoroalkyl (AF) side chains were synthesized and incorporated as surface-active components into a silicone matrix to produce cross-linked films with different surface hydrophilicity/phobicity. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) studies showed that film surfaces containing Si-EG were largely populated by the siloxane, with the oxyethylene chains present only to a minor extent. In contrast, the fluorinated block was selectively segregated to the polymer-air interface in films containing Si-AF as probed by NEXAFS and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. Such differences in surface composition were reflected in the biological performance of the coatings. While the films with Si-EG showed a higher removal of both Ulva linza sporelings and Balanus amphitrite juveniles than the silicone control, those with Si-AF exhibited excellent antifouling properties, preventing the settlement of cyprids of B. amphitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martinelli
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM , Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Deniz Gunes
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM , Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Brandon M Wenning
- b Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca, New York , USA
| | - Christopher K Ober
- b Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca, New York , USA
| | - John A Finlay
- c School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Maureen E Callow
- c School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - James A Callow
- c School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Alessio Di Fino
- d School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- d School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Giancarlo Galli
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM , Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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22
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Shivapooja P, Yu Q, Orihuela B, Mays R, Rittschof D, Genzer J, López GP. Modification of Silicone Elastomer Surfaces with Zwitterionic Polymers: Short-Term Fouling Resistance and Triggered Biofouling Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25586-25591. [PMID: 26554418 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for dual-mode-management of biofouling by modifying surface of silicone elastomers with zwitterionic polymeric grafts. Poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) was grafted from poly(vinylmethylsiloxane) elastomer substrates using thiol-ene click chemistry and surface-initiated, controlled radical polymerization. These surfaces exhibited both fouling resistance and triggered fouling-release functionality. The zwitterionic polymers exhibited fouling resistance over short-term (∼hours) exposure to bacteria and barnacle cyprids. The biofilms that eventually accumulated over prolonged-exposure (∼days) were easily detached by applying mechanical strain to the elastomer substrate. Such dual-functional surfaces may be useful in developing environmentally and biologically friendly coatings for biofouling management on marine, industrial, and biomedical equipment because they can obviate the use of toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qian Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Beatriz Orihuela
- Marine Science and Conservation, Duke University Marine Laboratory , Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States
| | - Robin Mays
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Daniel Rittschof
- Marine Science and Conservation, Duke University Marine Laboratory , Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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23
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Damle VG, Tummala A, Chandrashekar S, Kido C, Roopesh A, Sun X, Doudrick K, Chinn J, Lee JR, Burgin TP, Rykaczewski K. "Insensitive" to touch: fabric-supported lubricant-swollen polymeric films for omniphobic personal protective gear. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:4224-4232. [PMID: 25633081 DOI: 10.1021/am5085226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of personal protective gear made from omniphobic materials that easily shed drops of all sizes could provide enhanced protection from direct exposure to most liquid-phase biological and chemical hazards and facilitate the postexposure decontamination of the gear. In recent literature, lubricated nanostructured fabrics are seen as attractive candidates for personal protective gear due to their omniphobic and self-healing characteristics. However, the ability of these lubricated fabrics to shed low surface tension liquids after physical contact with other objects in the surrounding, which is critical in demanding healthcare and military field operations, has not been investigated. In this work, we investigate the depletion of oil from lubricated fabrics in contact with highly absorbing porous media and the resulting changes in the wetting characteristics of the fabrics by representative low and high surface tension liquids. In particular, we quantify the loss of the lubricant and the dynamic contact angles of water and ethanol on lubricated fabrics upon repeated pressurized contact with highly absorbent cellulose-fiber wipes at different time intervals. We demonstrate that, in contrast to hydrophobic nanoparticle coated microfibers, fabrics encapsulated within a polymer that swells with the lubricant retain the majority of the oil and are capable of repelling high as well as low surface tension liquids even upon multiple contacts with the highly absorbing wipes. The fabric supported lubricant-swollen polymeric films introduced here, therefore, could provide durable and easy to decontaminate protection against hazardous biological and chemical liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj G Damle
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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24
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Nurioglu AG, Esteves ACC, de With G. Non-toxic, non-biocide-release antifouling coatings based on molecular structure design for marine applications. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6547-6570. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00232j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling (AF) coatings bring economic benefits but raise environmental and health concerns. Non-toxic, non-biocide-release AF strategies are reviewed according to “detachment of biofoulants” and “prevention of attachment” approaches. Chemical and physical aspects of AF mechanisms and new amphiphilic, superhydrophilic and topographic AF strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayda G. Nurioglu
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- Netherlands
| | - A. Catarina C. Esteves
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- Netherlands
| | - Gijsbertus de With
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- Netherlands
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25
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MacCallum N, Howell C, Kim P, Sun D, Friedlander R, Ranisau J, Ahanotu O, Lin JJ, Vena A, Hatton B, Wong TS, Aizenberg J. Liquid-Infused Silicone As a Biofouling-Free Medical Material. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2014; 1:43-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ab5000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah MacCallum
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Caitlin Howell
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Philseok Kim
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Derek Sun
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ronn Friedlander
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jonathan Ranisau
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Onye Ahanotu
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jennifer J. Lin
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alex Vena
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Benjamin Hatton
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tak-Sing Wong
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, ‡School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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26
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Comparing biofouling control treatments for use on aquaculture nets. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22142-54. [PMID: 25474085 PMCID: PMC4284699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Test panels comprised of uncoated, copper coated and silicone coated 7/8'' (22 mm) mesh knitted nylon net were evaluated to compare their properties and the effectiveness to prevent biofouling. This paper describes test procedures that were developed to quantify the performance in terms of antifouling, cleanability, drag and cost. The copper treatment was the most effective at controlling fouling, however, the silicone treated nets were the easiest to clean. The drag forces on the net were a function of twine diameter, twine roughness and fouling. After immersion, the uncoated nets had the most drag followed by the silicone and copper treatments. The cost of applying silicone to nets is high; however, improved formulations may provide a non-toxic alternative to control fouling.
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27
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Howell C, Vu TL, Lin JJ, Kolle S, Juthani N, Watson E, Weaver JC, Alvarenga J, Aizenberg J. Self-replenishing vascularized fouling-release surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13299-307. [PMID: 25006681 DOI: 10.1021/am503150y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the long-term effectiveness of living antifouling materials, we have developed a method for the self-replenishment of synthetic biofouling-release surfaces. These surfaces are created by either molding or directly embedding 3D vascular systems into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and filling them with a silicone oil to generate a nontoxic oil-infused material. When replenished with silicone oil from an outside source, these materials are capable of self-lubrication and continuous renewal of the interfacial fouling-release layer. Under accelerated lubricant loss conditions, fully infused vascularized samples retained significantly more lubricant than equivalent nonvascularized controls. Tests of lubricant-infused PDMS in static cultures of the infectious bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as well as the green microalgae Botryococcus braunii, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Dunaliella salina, and Nannochloropsis oculata showed a significant reduction in biofilm adhesion compared to PDMS and glass controls containing no lubricant. Further experiments on vascularized versus nonvascularized samples that had been subjected to accelerated lubricant evaporation conditions for up to 48 h showed significantly less biofilm adherence on the vascularized surfaces. These results demonstrate the ability of an embedded lubricant-filled vascular network to improve the longevity of fouling-release surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Howell
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering , 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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28
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Tebben J, Guest JR, Sin TM, Steinberg PD, Harder T. Corals like it waxed: paraffin-based antifouling technology enhances coral spat survival. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87545. [PMID: 24489936 PMCID: PMC3905032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The early post-settlement stage is the most sensitive during the life history of reef building corals. However, few studies have examined the factors that influence coral mortality during this period. Here, the impact of fouling on the survival of newly settled coral spat of Acropora millepora was investigated by manipulating the extent of fouling cover on settlement tiles using non-toxic, wax antifouling coatings. Survival of spat on coated tiles was double that on control tiles. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between percentage cover of fouling and spat survival across all tiles types, suggesting that fouling in direct proximity to settled corals has detrimental effects on early post-settlement survival. While previous studies have shown that increased fouling negatively affects coral larval settlement and health of juvenile and adult corals, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show a direct relationship between fouling and early post-settlement survival for a broadcast spawning scleractinian coral. The negative effects of fouling on this sensitive life history stage may become more pronounced in the future as coastal eutrophication increases. Our results further suggest that targeted seeding of coral spat on artificial surfaces in combination with fouling control could prove useful to improve the efficiency of sexual reproduction-based coral propagation for reef rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tebben
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - James R. Guest
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tsai M. Sin
- Environmental Monitoring, Informatics and Dynamics, Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter D. Steinberg
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tilmann Harder
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Pretti C, Oliva M, Mennillo E, Barbaglia M, Funel M, Reddy Yasani B, Martinelli E, Galli G. An ecotoxicological study on tin- and bismuth-catalysed PDMS based coatings containing a surface-active polymer. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 98:250-256. [PMID: 24125869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Novel films were prepared by condensation curing reaction of a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) matrix with bismuth neodecanoate and dibutyltin diacetate catalysts. An ecotoxicological study was performed on the leachates of the coatings using the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the unicellular alga Dunaliella tertiolecta, the crustacean Artemia salina and the fish Sparus aurata (larvae) as testing organisms. A copper-based self-polishing commercial paint was also tested as reference. The results showed that the tin-catalysed coatings and the copper paint were highly toxic against at least two of the four test organisms, whereas bismuth-catalysed coatings did not show any toxic effect. Moreover, the same biological assessment was also carried out on PDMS coatings containing a surface-active fluorinated polymer. The toxicity of the entire polymeric system resulted only from the tin catalyst used for the condensation curing reaction, as the bismuth catalysed coatings incorporating the surface-active polymer remained atoxic toward all the tested organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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30
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Yang WJ, Cai T, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Teo SLM, Rittschof D. Barnacle Cement as Surface Anchor for “Clicking” of Antifouling and Antimicrobial Polymer Brushes on Stainless Steel. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2041-51. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400382e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jing Yang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science
and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576
| | - Tao Cai
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science
and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576
| | - Koon-Gee Neoh
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119260
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119260
| | - Serena Lay-Ming Teo
- Tropical
Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Kent
Ridge, Singapore, 119223
| | - Daniel Rittschof
- Marine Laboratory, Nicholas
School of the
Environment, Duke University, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516-9721,
United States
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31
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Abstract
Barnacles are intriguing, not only with respect to their importance as fouling organisms, but also in terms of the mechanism of underwater adhesion, which provides a platform for biomimetic and bioinspired research. These aspects have prompted questions regarding how adult barnacles attach to surfaces under water. The multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of the studies makes an overview covering all aspects challenging. This mini-review, therefore, attempts to bring together aspects of the adhesion of adult barnacles by looking at the achievements of research focused on both fouling and adhesion. Biological and biochemical studies, which have been motivated mainly by understanding the nature of the adhesion, indicate that the molecular characteristics of barnacle adhesive are unique. However, it is apparent from recent advances in molecular techniques that much remains undiscovered regarding the complex event of underwater attachment. Barnacles attached to silicone-based elastomeric coatings have been studied widely, particularly with respect to fouling-release technology. The fact that barnacles fail to attach tenaciously to silicone coatings, combined with the fact that the mode of attachment to these substrata is different to that for most other materials, indicates that knowledge about the natural mechanism of barnacle attachment is still incomplete. Further research on barnacles will enable a more comprehensive understanding of both the process of attachment and the adhesives used. Results from such studies will have a strong impact on technology aimed at fouling prevention as well as adhesion science and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kamino
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Kisarazu, Japan.
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32
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Lejars M, Margaillan A, Bressy C. Fouling Release Coatings: A Nontoxic Alternative to Biocidal Antifouling Coatings. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4347-90. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200350v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 786] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Lejars
- Laboratoire
MAtériaux Polymères Interfaces
Environnement Marin (MAPIEM, E.A. 4323), Université du Sud Toulon-Var, ISITV, Avenue Georges Pompidou, BP-56,
83162 La Valette-du-Var Cedex, France
| | - André Margaillan
- Laboratoire
MAtériaux Polymères Interfaces
Environnement Marin (MAPIEM, E.A. 4323), Université du Sud Toulon-Var, ISITV, Avenue Georges Pompidou, BP-56,
83162 La Valette-du-Var Cedex, France
| | - Christine Bressy
- Laboratoire
MAtériaux Polymères Interfaces
Environnement Marin (MAPIEM, E.A. 4323), Université du Sud Toulon-Var, ISITV, Avenue Georges Pompidou, BP-56,
83162 La Valette-du-Var Cedex, France
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33
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34
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Martinelli E, Sarvothaman MK, Galli G, Pettitt ME, Callow ME, Callow JA, Conlan SL, Clare AS, Sugiharto AB, Davies C, Williams D. Poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) network blends of amphiphilic acrylic copolymers with poly(ethylene glycol)-fluoroalkyl side chains for fouling-release coatings. II. Laboratory assays and field immersion trials. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:571-582. [PMID: 22702904 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.697897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic copolymers containing different amounts of poly(ethylene glycol)-fluoroalkyl acrylate and polysiloxane methacrylate units were blended with a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) matrix in different proportions to investigate the effect of both copolymer composition and loading on the biological performance of the coatings. Laboratory bioassays revealed optimal compositions for the release of sporelings of Ulva linza, and the settlement of cypris larvae of Balanus amphitrite. The best-performing coatings were subjected to field immersion tests. Experimental coatings containing copolymer showed significantly reduced levels of hard fouling compared to the control coatings (PDMS without copolymer), their performance being equivalent to a coating based on Intersleek 700™. XPS analysis showed that only small amounts of fluorine at the coating surface were sufficient for good antifouling/fouling-release properties. AFM analyses of coatings under immersion showed that the presence of a regular surface structure with nanosized domains correlated with biological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM, Università di Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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35
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Yang WJ, Cai T, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Dickinson GH, Teo SLM, Rittschof D. Biomimetic anchors for antifouling and antibacterial polymer brushes on stainless steel. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:7065-76. [PMID: 21563843 DOI: 10.1021/la200620s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Barnacle cement (BC) was beneficially applied on stainless steel (SS) to serve as the initiator anchor for surface-initiated polymerization. The amine and hydroxyl moieties of barnacle cement reacted with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide to provide the alkyl halide initiator for the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The hydroxyl groups of HEMA polymer (PHEMA) were then converted to carboxyl groups for coupling of chitosan (CS) to impart the SS surface with both antifouling and antibacterial properties. The surface-functionalized SS reduced bovine serum albumin adsorption, bacterial adhesion, and exhibited antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli (E. coli). The effectiveness of barnacle cement as an initiator anchor was compared to that of dopamine, a marine mussel inspired biomimetic anchor previously used in surface-initiated polymerization. The results indicate that the barnacle cement is a stable and effective anchor for functional surface coatings and polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jing Yang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
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36
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Chen Z, Chisholm B, Kim J, Stafslien S, Wagner R, Patel S, Daniels J, Wal LV, Li J, Ward K, Callow M, Thompson S, Siripirom C. UV-curable, oxetane-toughened epoxy-siloxane coatings for marine fouling-release coating applications. POLYM INT 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Rittschof D, Orihuela B, Stafslien S, Daniels J, Christianson D, Chisholm B, Holm E. Barnacle reattachment: a tool for studying barnacle adhesion. BIOFOULING 2008; 24:1-9. [PMID: 18058300 DOI: 10.1080/08927010701784920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Standard approaches for measuring adhesion strength of fouling organisms use barnacles, tubeworms or oysters settled and grown in the field or laboratory, to a measurable size. These approaches suffer from the vagaries of larval supply, settlement behavior, predation, disturbance and environmental stress. Procedures for reattaching barnacles to experimental surfaces are reported. When procedures are followed, adhesion strength measurements on silicone substrata after 2 weeks are comparable to those obtained using standard methods. Hydrophilic surfaces require reattachment for 2-4 weeks. The adhesion strength of barnacles in reattachment assays was positively correlated to results obtained from field testing a series of experimental polysiloxane fouling-release coatings (r = 0.89). The reattachment method allows for precise barnacle orientation, enabling the use of small surfaces and the potential for automation. The method enables down-selection of coatings from combinatorial approaches to manageable levels for definitive field testing. Reattachment can be used with coatings that combine antifouling and fouling-release technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rittschof
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA.
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38
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Conlan SL, Mutton RJ, Aldred N, Clare AS. Evaluation of a fully automated method to measure the critical removal stress of adult barnacles. BIOFOULING 2008; 24:471-481. [PMID: 18726746 DOI: 10.1080/08927010802353716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A computer-controlled force gauge designed to measure the adhesive strength of barnacles on test substrata is described. The instrument was evaluated with adult barnacles grown in situ on Silastic T2(R)-coated microscope slides and epoxy replicas adhered to the same substratum with synthetic adhesive. The force per unit area required to detach the barnacles (critical removal stress) using the new automated system was comparable to that obtained with ASTM D5618 (1994) (0.19 and 0.28 MPa compared with 0.18 and 0.27 MPa for two batches of barnacles). The automated method showed a faster rate of force development compared with the manual spring force gauge used for ASTM D5618 (1994). The new instrument was as accurate and precise at determining surface area as manual delineation used with ASTM D5618 (1994). The method provided significant advantages such as higher throughput speed, the ability to test smaller barnacles (which took less time to grow) and to control the force application angle and speed. The variability in measurements was lower than previously reported, suggesting an improved ability to compare the results obtained by different researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheelagh L Conlan
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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39
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Aldred N, Clare AS. The adhesive strategies of cyprids and development of barnacle-resistant marine coatings. BIOFOULING 2008; 24:351-63. [PMID: 18597201 DOI: 10.1080/08927010802256117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, approaches to the development of surfaces that perturb settlement and/or adhesion by barnacles have diversified substantially. Although, previously, coatings research focussed almost exclusively on biocidal technologies and low modulus, low surface-free-energy 'fouling-release' materials, novel strategies to control surface colonisation are now receiving significant attention. It is timely, therefore, to review the current 'state of knowledge' regarding fouling-resistant surface characteristics and their mechanisms of action against settling larvae of barnacles. The role of the barnacle in marine fouling is discussed here in the context of its life cycle and the behavioural ecology of its cypris larva. The temporary and permanent adhesion mechanisms of cyprids are covered in detail and an overview of adult barnacle adhesion is presented. Recent legislation has directed academic research firmly towards environmentally inert marine coatings, so the actions of traditional biocides on barnacles are not described here. Instead, the discussion is restricted to those surface modifications that interfere with settlement-site selection and adhesion of barnacle cypris larvae; specifically, textural engineering of surfaces, development of inert 'non-fouling' surfaces and the use of enzymes in antifouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Aldred
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
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40
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Nendza M. Hazard assessment of silicone oils (polydimethylsiloxanes, PDMS) used in antifouling-/foul-release-products in the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2007; 54:1190-6. [PMID: 17553530 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-eroding silicone-based coatings can effectively reduce fouling of ship hulls and are an alternative to biocidal and heavy metal-based antifoulings. The products, whose formulations and make up are closely guarded proprietary knowledge, consist of a silicone resin matrix and may contain unbound silicone oils (1-10%). If these oils leach out, they can have impacts on marine environments: PDMS are persistent, adsorb to suspended particulate matter and may settle into sediment. If oil films build up on sediments, infiltration may inhibit pore water exchange. PDMS do not bioaccumulate in marine organisms and soluble fractions have low toxicity to aquatic and benthic organisms. At higher exposures, undissolved silicone oil films or droplets can cause physical-mechanic effects with trapping and suffocation of organisms. These 'new' effects are not covered by current assessment schemes. PDMS make the case that very low water solubility and bioavailability do not necessarily preclude damage to marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nendza
- Analytisches Laboratorium, Bahnhofstrasse 1, 24816 Luhnstedt, Germany
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41
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Chisholm BJ, Webster DC, Bennett JC, Berry M, Christianson D, Kim J, Mayo B, Gubbins N. Combinatorial materials research applied to the development of new surface coatings VII: an automated system for adhesion testing. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:072213. [PMID: 17672744 DOI: 10.1063/1.2755505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An automated, high-throughput adhesion workflow that enables pseudobarnacle adhesion and coating/substrate adhesion to be measured on coating patches arranged in an array format on 4x8 in.(2) panels was developed. The adhesion workflow consists of the following process steps: (1) application of an adhesive to the coating array; (2) insertion of panels into a clamping device; (3) insertion of aluminum studs into the clamping device and onto coating surfaces, aligned with the adhesive; (4) curing of the adhesive; and (5) automated removal of the aluminum studs. Validation experiments comparing data generated using the automated, high-throughput workflow to data obtained using conventional, manual methods showed that the automated system allows for accurate ranking of relative coating adhesion performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret J Chisholm
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA
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42
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Choi SB, Jepperson J, Jarabek L, Thomas J, Chisholm B, Boudjouk P. Novel Approach to Anti-Fouling and Fouling-Release Marine Coatings Based on Dual-Functional Siloxanes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200750452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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43
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Wendt DE, Kowalke GL, Kim J, Singer IL. Factors that influence elastomeric coating performance: the effect of coating thickness on basal plate morphology, growth and critical removal stress of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. BIOFOULING 2006; 22:1-9. [PMID: 16551556 DOI: 10.1080/08927010500499563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Silicone coatings are currently the most effective non-toxic fouling release surfaces. Understanding the mechanisms that contribute to the performance of silicone coatings is necessary to further improve their design. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of coating thickness on basal plate morphology, growth, and critical removal stress of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Barnacles were grown on silicone coatings of three thicknesses (0.2, 0.5 and 2 mm). Atypical ("cupped") basal plate morphology was observed on all surfaces, although there was no relationship between coating thickness and i) the proportion of individuals with the atypical morphology, or ii) the growth rate of individuals. Critical removal stress was inversely proportional to coating thickness. Furthermore, individuals with atypical basal plate morphology had a significantly lower critical removal stress than individuals with the typical ("flat") morphology. The data demonstrate that coating thickness is a fundamental factor governing removal of barnacles from silicone coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Wendt
- Biological Sciences Department and Center for Coastal Marine Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo 93407, USA.
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44
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Holm ER, Kavanagh CJ, Meyer AE, Wiebe D, Nedved BT, Wendt D, Smith CM, Hadfield MG, Swain G, Wood CD, Truby K, Stein J, Montemarano J. Interspecific variation in patterns of adhesion of marine fouling to silicone surfaces. BIOFOULING 2006; 22:233-43. [PMID: 17290867 DOI: 10.1080/08927010600826129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion of six fouling organisms: the barnacle Balanus eburneus, the gastropod mollusc Crepidulafornicata, the bivalve molluscs Crassostrea virginica and Ostrea/Dendrostrea spp., and the serpulid tubeworms Hydroides dianthus and H. elegans, to 12 silicone fouling-release surfaces was examined. Removal stress (adhesion strength) varied among the fouling species and among the surfaces. Principal component analysis of the removal stress data revealed that the fouling species fell into two distinct groups, one comprising the bivalve molluscs and tubeworms, and the other the barnacle and the gastropod mollusc. None of the silicone materials generated a minimum in removal stress for all the organisms tested, although several surfaces produced low adhesion strengths for both groups of species. These results suggest that fouling-release materials do not rank (in terms of adhesion strength) identically for all fouling organisms, and thus development of a globally-effective hull coating will continue to require testing against a diversity of encrusting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Holm
- Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Code 617, Building 60, Room 334, 9500 MacArthur Blvd, West Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.
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45
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Meyer A, Baier R, Wood CD, Stein J, Truby K, Holm E, Montemarano J, Kavanagh C, Nedved B, Smith C, Swain G, Wiebe D. Contact angle anomalies indicate that surface-active eluates from silicone coatings inhibit the adhesive mechanisms of fouling organisms. BIOFOULING 2006; 22:411-23. [PMID: 17178574 DOI: 10.1080/08927010601025473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicone coatings with critical surface tensions (CST) between 20 and 30 mN m-1 more easily release diverse types of biofouling than do materials of higher and lower CST. Oils added to these coatings selectively further diminish the attachment strengths of different marine fouling organisms, without significantly modifying the initial CST. In a search for the mechanisms of this improved biofouling resistance, the interfacial instabilities of four silicone coatings were characterised by comprehensive contact angle analyses, using up to 12 different diagnostic fluids selected to mimic the side chain chemistries of the common amino acids of bioadhesive proteins. The surfaces of painted steel test panels were characterised both before and after exposure to freshwater, brackish water, and seawater over periods ranging from 9 months to nearly 4 years. Contact angle measurements demonstrated significant surface activity of the oil-amended coatings both before and after long-term underwater exposure. The surface activity of the control (coating without oil) increased as a result of underwater exposure, consistent with mild surface chain scission and hydrolysis imparting a self-surfactancy to the coating and providing a weak boundary layer promoting continuing easy release of attaching foulants. Coatings with additives that most effectively reduced biofouling showed both initial and persistent contact angle anomalies for the test liquid, thiodiglycol, suggesting lower-shear biofouling release mechanisms based upon diminished bioadhesive crosslinking by interfering with hydrogen- and sulfhydryl bonds. Swelling of the silicone elastomeric coatings by hydrocarbon fluids was observed for all four coatings, before and after immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Meyer
- Industry/University Center for Biosurfaces, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA.
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46
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Holm ER, Orihuela B, Kavanagh CJ, Rittschof D. Variation among families for characteristics of the adhesive plaque in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. BIOFOULING 2005; 21:121-6. [PMID: 16167391 DOI: 10.1080/08927010512331344188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative genetics approach was used to examine variation in the characteristics of the adhesive plaque of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin attached to two silicone substrata. Barnacles settled on silicone polymer films occasionally form thick, soft adhesive plaques, in contrast to the thin, hard plaques characteristic of attachment to other surfaces. The proportion of barnacles producing a thick adhesive plaque was 0.31 for Veridian, a commercially available silicone fouling-release coating, and 0.18 for Silastic T-2, a silicone rubber used for mold-making. For both materials, significant variation among maternal families in the proportion of barnacles producing a thick adhesive plaque was observed, which suggests the presence of genetic variation, or maternal environmental effects, for this plaque characteristic. For the Veridian coating, barnacles expressing the thick adhesive plaque also exhibited significantly reduced tenacity. This represents the first reported case for potential genetic control of intraspecific phenotypic variation in the physical characteristics and tenacity of the adhesive of a fouling invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Holm
- Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, West Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.
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47
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Sun Y, Guo S, Walker GC, Kavanagh CJ, Swain GW. Surface elastic modulus of barnacle adhesive and release characteristics from silicone surfaces. BIOFOULING 2004; 20:279-289. [PMID: 15804712 DOI: 10.1080/08927010400026383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The properties of barnacle adhesive on silicone surfaces were studied by AFM indentation, imaging, and other tests and compared to the barnacle shear adhesion strength. A multilayered structure of barnacle adhesive plaque is proposed based on layered modulus regions measured by AFM indentation. The fracture of barnacles from PDMS surfaces was found to include both interfacial and cohesive failure of barnacle adhesive plaque, as determined by protein staining of the substratum after forced barnacle release from the substrate. Data for freshly released barnacles showed that there was a strong correlation between the mean Young's modulus of the outermost (softest) adhesive layer (E<0.3 MPa) and the shear strength of adhesion, but no correlation for other higher modulus regions. Linear, quadratic, and Griffith's failure criterion (based on rough estimate of crack length) regressions were used in the fit, and showed significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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