Diverse plant extracts and trans-resveratrol inhibit biofilm formation and swarming of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Antimicrobial Potential of Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action and Microbial Responses-A Narrative Review

Polyphenols (PPs) are recognized as bioactive compounds and antimicrobial agents, playing a critical role in enhancing food safety, preservation, and extending shelf life. The antimicrobial effectiveness of PPs has different molecular and biological reasons, predominantly linked to their hydroxyl groups and electron delocalization, which interact with microbial cell membranes, proteins, and organelles. These interactions may reduce the efficiency of metabolic pathways, cause destructive damage to the cell membrane, or they may harm the proteins and nucleic acids of the foodborne bacteria. Moreover, PPs exhibit a distinctive ability to form complexes with metal ions, further amplifying their antimicrobial activity. This narrative review explores the complex and multifaceted interactions between PPs and foodborne pathogens, underlying the correlation of their chemical structures and mechanisms of action. Such insights shed light on the potential of PPs as innovative natural preservatives within food systems, presenting an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to synthetic additives.

Phytochemicals Controlling Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) Virulence-Current Knowledge of Their Mechanisms of Action

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a common pathotype of E. coli that causes numerous outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. EHEC is a zoonotic pathogen that is transmitted from animals to humans. Ruminants, particularly cattle, are considered important reservoirs for virulent EHEC strains. Humans can become infected with EHEC through the consumption of contaminated food and water or through direct contact with infected animals or humans. E. coli O157:H7 is one of the most commonly reported causes of foodborne illnesses in developed countries. The formation of attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on the intestinal epithelium, combined with Shiga toxin production, is a hallmark of EHEC infection and can lead to lethal hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). For the phage-dependent regulation of Shiga toxin production, antibiotic treatment is contraindicated, as it may exacerbate toxin production, limiting therapeutic options to supportive care. In response to this challenge and the growing threat of antibiotic resistance, phytochemicals have emerged as promising antivirulence agents. These plant-derived compounds target bacterial virulence mechanisms without promoting resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study is to summarize the recent knowledge on the use of phytochemicals targeting EHEC. We focused on the molecular basis of their action, targeting the principal virulence determinants of EHEC.

Biochemistry and Future Perspectives of Antibiotic Resistance: An Eye on Active Natural Products

Antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to the current healthcare system, negatively impacting the effectiveness of many antimicrobial treatments. The situation is exacerbated by the widespread overuse and abuse of available antibiotics, accelerating the evolution of resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel approaches to therapy to overcome established resistance mechanisms. Plants produce molecules capable of inhibiting bacterial growth in various ways, offering promising paths for the development of alternative antibiotic medicine. This review emphasizes the necessity of research efforts on plant-derived chemicals in the hopes of finding and creating novel drugs that can successfully target resistant bacterial populations. Investigating these natural chemicals allows us to improve our knowledge of novel antimicrobial pathways and also expands our antibacterial repertoire with novel molecules. Simultaneously, it is still necessary to utilize present antibiotics sparingly; prudent prescribing practices must be encouraged to extend the effectiveness of current medications. The combination of innovative drug research and responsible drug usage offers an integrated strategy for managing the antibiotic resistance challenge.

Effectiveness of co-cultured Myristica fragrans Houtt. seed extracts with commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis and its metabolites in antimicrobial activity and biofilm formation of skin pathogenic bacteria

BACKGROUND

Skin commensal bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis) can help defend against skin infections, and they are increasingly being recognized for their role in benefiting skin health. This study aims to demonstrate the activities that Myristica fragrans Houtt. seed extracts, crude extract (CE) and essential oil (EO), have in terms of promoting the growth of the skin commensal bacterium S. epidermidis and providing metabolites under culture conditions to disrupt the biofilm formation of the common pathogen Staphylococcus aureus.

METHODS

The culture supernatant obtained from a co-culture of S. epidermidis with M. fragrans Houtt. seed extracts in either CE or EO forms were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), in silico investigations, and applied to assess the survival and biofilm formation of S. aureus.

RESULTS

The combination of commensal bacteria with M. fragrans Houtt. seed extract either CE or EO produced metabolic compounds such as short-chain fatty acids and antimicrobial peptides, contributing to the antimicrobial activity. This antimicrobial activity was related to downregulating key genes involved in bacterial adherence and biofilm development in S. aureus, including cna, agr, and fnbA.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that using the culture supernatant of the commensal bacteria in combination with CE or EO may provide a potential approach to combat biofilm formation and control the bacterial proliferation of S. aureus. This may be a putative non-invasive therapeutic strategy for maintaining a healthy skin microbiota and preventing skin infections.

Suppression of virulence factors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli by Trans-resveratrol and design of nanoemulgel

BACKGROUND

Development of multidrug resistance in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) makes treatment of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) a major challenge. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of trans-resveratrol (t-RSV) at a subinhibitory concentration (sub-MIC-t-RSV) on phenotypic and genotypic expression of virulence factors of clinical isolates of UPEC and develop a nanoformulation of t-RSV. Fifty-five clinical UPEC strains were investigated for the presence of virulence factors by phenotypic methods and PCR detection of virulence genes. The effect of sub-MIC-t-RSV was studied on the phenotypic and genotypic expression of virulence factors. t-RSV-loaded nanoemulgel formulation was prepared and characterized.

RESULTS

Out of the 55 tested isolates, 50.9% were biofilm producers, 23.6% showed both mannose-sensitive and mannose-resistant hemagglutination, 21.8% were serum-resistant, 18.2% were hemolysin producers, while 36.4% showed cytotoxic effect on HEp-2 cells. A total of 25.5% of the isolates harbor one or more of hly-A, cnf-1 and papC genes, while 54.5% were positive for one or more of fimH, iss and BssS genes. A concentration of 100 µg/mL of t-RSV effectively downregulates the phenotypic and genotypic expression of the virulence factors in positive isolates. A stable t-RSV-nanaoemulgel with droplet size of 180.3 nm and Zetapotential of -46.9 mV was obtained.

CONCLUSION

The study proves the effective role of t-RSV as an antivirulence agent against clinical UPEC isolates in vitro and develops a stable t-RSV-nanoemulgel formulation to be assessed in vivo. The promising antibacterial and antivirulence properties of t-RSV place this natural compound to be a better alternative in the treatment of persistent UTIs.

Biological potential, chemical profiling, and molecular docking study of Morus alba L. extracts

Morus alba L. is a plant with a long history of dietary and medicinal uses. We hypothesized that M. alba possesses a significant biological potential. In that sense, we aimed to generate the chemical, antimicrobial, toxicological, and molecular profile of M. alba leaf and fruit extracts. Our results showed that extracts were rich in vitamin C, phenols, and flavonoids, with quercetin and pterostilbene concentrated in the leaf, while fisetin, hesperidin, resveratrol, and luteolin were detected in fruit. Extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. The widest inhibition zones were in Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591. The values of the minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 15.62 μg/ml in Enterococcus faecalis to 500 μg/ml in several bacteria. Minimum bactericidal concentration ranged from 31.25 μg/ml to 1000 μg/ml. Extracts impacted the biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent and species-specific manner. A significant difference in the frequency of nucleoplasmic bridges between the methanolic extract of fruit (0.5 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml, 2 μg/ml), as well as for the frequency of micronuclei between ethanolic extract of leaf (2 μg/ml) and the control group was observed. Molecular docking suggested that hesperidin possesses the highest binding affinity for multidrug efflux transporter AcrB and acyl-PBP2a from MRSA, as well as for the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. This study, by complementing previous research in this field, gives new insights that could be of great value in obtaining a more comprehensive picture of the Morus alba L. bioactive potential, chemical composition, antimicrobial and toxicological features, as well as molecular profile.

Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Gelatin-Chitosan-Moringa-Biopolymer-Based Wound Dressings towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

In contemporary times, the sustained aspiration of bioengineering and biomedical applications is the progressive advancement of materials characterized by biocompatibility and biodegradability. The investigation of the potential applications of polymers as natural and non-hazardous materials has placed significant emphasis on their physicochemical properties. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the potential of gelatin-chitosan-moringa leaf extract (G-CH-M) as a novel biomaterial for biomedical applications. The wound-dressing G-CH-M biopolymer was synthesized and characterized. The blood haemolysis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of the biopolymer were investigated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial isolates. Our results showed that S. aureus swarming motility was drastically affected. However, the biopolymer had no significant effect on the swarming motility of E. coli. In addition, the biopolymer showed high antibacterial capacities, especially against S. aureus. Plasmid DNA was observed to be effectively protected from oxidative stresses by the biopolymer. Furthermore, the biopolymer exhibited greatly suppressed haemolysis (lower than 2%), notwithstanding the elevated concentration of 50 mg/mL. These results indicated that this novel biopolymer formulation could be further developed for wound care and contamination prevention.

Polyphenols and CRISPR as Quorum Quenching Agents in Antibiotic-Resistant Foodborne Human Pathogens (Salmonella Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli 0157:H7)

Antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens is an increasing threat to global human health. Among the most prevalent antibiotic-resistant bacteria are Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni and E. coli 0157:H7. Control of these and other pathogens requires innovative approaches, i.e., discovering new molecules that will inactivate them, or render them less virulent without inducing resistance. Recently, several polyphenol molecules have been shown to possess such characteristics. Also, the use of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) approaches has recently been proposed for such purpose. This review summarizes the main findings regarding the application of both approaches to control the above-mentioned foodborne pathogens by relying on Quorum Sensing interference (Quorum Quenching) mechanisms and highlights the avenues needed for further research.

Polyphenols and CRISPR as Quorum Quenching Agents in Antibiotic-Resistant Foodborne Human Pathogens (Salmonella Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli 0157:H7)

Antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens is an increasing threat to global human health. Among the most prevalent antibiotic-resistant bacteria are Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni and E. coli 0157:H7. Control of these and other pathogens requires innovative approaches, i.e., discovering new molecules that will inactivate them, or render them less virulent without inducing resistance. Recently, several polyphenol molecules have been shown to possess such characteristics. Also, the use of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) approaches has recently been proposed for such purpose. This review summarizes the main findings regarding the application of both approaches to control the above-mentioned foodborne pathogens by relying on Quorum Sensing interference (Quorum Quenching) mechanisms and highlights the avenues needed for further research.

Genomic characterization of a multidrug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli and evaluation of Echeveria plant extracts as antibacterials

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common bacterial agent associated with urinary tract infections, threatening public health systems with elevated medical costs and high morbidity rates. The successful establishment of the infection is associated with virulence factors encoded in its genome, in addition to antibacterial resistance genes, which could limit the treatment and resolution of the infection. In this sense, plant extracts from the genus Echeveria have traditionally been used to treat diverse infectious diseases. However, little is known about the effects of these extracts on bacteria and their potential mechanisms of action. This study aims to sequence a multidrug-resistant UPEC isolate (UTI-U7) and assess the multilocus sequence typing (MLST), virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance profile, genes, serotype, and plasmid content. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiling was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion. The antibacterial and anti-adherent effects of the methanol extracts (ME) of Echeveria (E. craigiana, E. kimnachii, and E. subrigida) against UTI-U7 were determined. The isolate was characterized as an O25:H4-B2-ST2279-CH40 subclone and had resistant determinants to aminoglycosides, β-lactams, fluoroquinolones/quinolones, amphenicols, and tetracyclines, which matched with the antimicrobial resistance profile. The virulence genes identified encode adherence factors, iron uptake, protectins/serum resistance, and toxins. Identified plasmids belonged to the IncF group (IncFIA, IncFIB, and IncFII), alongside several prophage-like elements. After an extensive genome analysis that confirmed the pathogenic status of UTI-U7 isolate, Echeveria extracts were tested to determine their antibacterial effects; as an extract, E. subrigida (MIC, 5 mg/mL) displayed the best inhibitory effect. However, the adherence between UTI-U7 and HeLa cells was unaffected by the ME of the E. subrigida extract.

Fighting Microbial Infections from Escherichia coli O157:H7: The Combined Use of Three Essential Oils of the Cymbopogon Genus and a Derivative of Esculentin-1a Peptide

The absence of effective therapy against Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections has led to the need to develop new antimicrobial agents. As the use of synergistic combinations of natural antimicrobial compounds is growing as a new weapon in the fight against multidrug-resistant bacteria, here, we have tested new synergistic combinations of natural agents. Notably, we investigated a possible synergistic effect of combinations of essential oils and natural peptides to counteract the formation of biofilm. We chose three essential oils (i.e., Cymbopogon citratus, C. flexuosus and C. martinii) and one peptide already studied in our previous works. We determined the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) by analyzing the combination of the peptide derived from esculentin-1a, Esc(1-21), with the three essential oils. We also studied the effects of combinations by time-kill curves, scanning electron microscopy on biofilm and Sytox Green on cell membrane permeability. Finally, we analyzed the expression of different genes implicated in motility, biofilm formation and stress responses. The results showed a different pattern of gene expression in bacteria treated with the mixtures compared to those treated with the peptide or the single C. citratus essential oil. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the three essential oils used in combination with the peptide showed synergy against the E. coli O157:H7, proving attractive as an alternative strategy against E. coli pathogen infections.

Natural phenolic compounds as biofilm inhibitors of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli - the role of similar biological processes despite structural diversity

Multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens such as Escherichia coli have become increasingly difficult to treat and therefore alternative treatment options are needed. Targeting virulence factors like biofilm formation could be one such option. Inhibition of biofilm-related structures like curli and cellulose formation in E. coli has been shown for different phenolic natural compounds like epigallocatechin gallate. This study demonstrates this effect for other structurally unrelated phenolics, namely octyl gallate, scutellarein and wedelolactone. To verify whether these structurally different compounds influence identical pathways of biofilm formation in E. coli a broad comparative RNA-sequencing approach was chosen with additional RT-qPCR to gain initial insights into the pathways affected at the transcriptomic level. Bioinformatical analysis of the RNA-Seq data was performed using DESeq2, BioCyc and KEGG Mapper. The comparative bioinformatics analysis on the pathways revealed that, irrespective of their structure, all compounds mainly influenced similar biological processes. These pathways included bacterial motility, chemotaxis, biofilm formation as well as metabolic processes like arginine biosynthesis and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Overall, this work provides the first insights into the potential mechanisms of action of novel phenolic biofilm inhibitors and highlights the complex regulatory processes of biofilm formation in E. coli.

What’s old is new again: Insights into diabetic foot microbiome

Diabetes is a chronic disease that is considered one of the most stubborn global health problems that continues to defy the efforts of scientists and physicians. The prevalence of diabetes in the global population continues to grow to alarming levels year after year, causing an increase in the incidence of diabetes complications and health care costs all over the world. One major complication of diabetes is the high susceptibility to infections especially in the lower limbs due to the immunocompromised state of diabetic patients, which is considered a definitive factor in all cases. Diabetic foot infections continue to be one of the most common infections in diabetic patients that are associated with a high risk of serious complications such as bone infection, limb amputations, and life-threatening systemic infections. In this review, we discussed the circumstances associated with the high risk of infection in diabetic patients as well as some of the most commonly isolated pathogens from diabetic foot infections and the related virulence behavior. In addition, we shed light on the different treatment strategies that aim at eradicating the infection.

In Vitro Antibiofilm Activity of Resveratrol against Aeromonas hydrophila

Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram-negative bacterium that widely exists in various aquatic environments and causes septicemia in fish and humans. Resveratrol, a natural polyterpenoid product, has potential chemo-preventive and antibacterial properties. In this study, we investigated the effect of resveratrol on A. hydrophila biofilm formation and motility. The results demonstrated that resveratrol, at sub-MIC levels, can significantly inhibit the biofilm formation of A. hydrophila, and the biofilm was decreased with increasing concentrations. The motility assay showed that resveratrol could diminish the swimming and swarming motility of A. hydrophila. Transcriptome analyses (RNA-seq) showed that A. hydrophila treated with 50 and 100 μg/mL resveratrol, respectively, presented 230 and 308 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 90 or 130 upregulated genes and 130 or 178 downregulated genes. Among them, genes related to flagellar, type IV pilus and chemotaxis were significantly repressed. In addition, mRNA of virulence factors OmpA, extracellular proteases, lipases and T6SS were dramatically suppressed. Further analysis revealed that the major DEGs involved in flagellar assembly and bacterial chemotaxis pathways could be regulated by cyclic-di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP)- and LysR-Type transcriptional regulator (LTTR)-dependent quorum sensing (QS) systems. Overall, our results indicate that resveratrol can inhibit A. hydrophila biofilm formation by disturbing motility and QS systems, and can be used as a promising candidate drug against motile Aeromonad septicemia.

Disruptive Effects of Resveratrol on a Bacterial Pathogen of Beans

Upon inoculation, common beans immune to Pseudomonas savastanoi pv phaseolicola race 5 (R5) accumulate resveratrol, a phytoalexin. How resveratrol acts upon on this bacterium is not known, although in animal pathogenic bacteria in vitro resveratrol reduces ATPase (ATP = adenosine triphosphate) activity, cellular motility, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation. In this study, mass spectrometry was used to monitor the effects of resveratrol on R5. R5 responded by producing multidrug efflux proteins to pump resveratrol out of cells. Changes in R5 enzyme abundances were consistent with a slowed tricarboxylic acid cycle, the consequence of which likely impeded ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation. There also were enzymatic shifts consistent with decreased amounts of flagellar proteins and decreased pools of purines. A motility assay confirmed a reduction in R5 flagellar movement in resveratrol, and mass spectrometry of metabolite extracts confirmed decreased pools of guanosine 5'-monophosphate and adenosine 5'-monophosphate. Mass spectrometry also detected the accumulation of a reactive aldehyde byproduct of resveratrol catabolism. Overall, the study reveals that resveratrol likely imparts its antibiotic activity during plant immunity by disturbing the bacterial tricarboxylic acid cycle, interfering with ATP biosynthesis at the electron transport chain, and by decreasing bacterial proteins needed for pathogenicity and leaf colonization. Mass spectrometry data files for this study can be retrieved from massive.ucsd.edu (MSV000090171 and MSV000090172).

Biofilm Lifestyle in Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent one of the most common infections that are frequently encountered in health care facilities. One of the main mechanisms used by bacteria that allows them to survive hostile environments is biofilm formation. Biofilms are closed bacterial communities that offer protection and safe hiding, allowing bacteria to evade host defenses and hide from the reach of antibiotics. Inside biofilm communities, bacteria show an increased rate of horizontal gene transfer and exchange of resistance and virulence genes. Additionally, bacterial communication within the biofilm allows them to orchestrate the expression of virulence genes, which further cements the infestation and increases the invasiveness of the infection. These facts stress the necessity of continuously updating our information and understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and eradication methods of this growing public health concern. This review seeks to understand the role of biofilm formation in recurrent urinary tact infections by outlining the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation in different uropathogens, in addition to shedding light on some biofilm eradication strategies.

Pernicious Attitude of Microbial Biofilms in Agri-Farm Industries: Acquisitions and Challenges of Existing Antibiofilm Approaches

Biofilm is a complex matrix made up of extracellular polysaccharides, DNA, and proteins that protect bacteria against physical, chemical, and biological stresses and allow them to survive in harsh environments. Safe and healthy foods are mandatory for saving lives. However, foods can be contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms at any stage from farm to fork. The contaminated foods allow pathogenic microorganisms to form biofilms and convert the foods into stigmatized poison for consumers. Biofilm formation by pathogenic microorganisms in agri-farm industries is still poorly understood and intricate to control. In biofilms, pathogenic bacteria are dwelling in a complex manner and share their genetic and physicochemical properties making them resistant to common antimicrobial agents. Therefore, finding the appropriate antibiofilm approaches is necessary to inhibit and eradicate the mature biofilms from foods and food processing surfaces. Advanced studies have already established several emerging antibiofilm approaches including plant- and microbe-derived biological agents, and they proved their efficacy against a broad-spectrum of foodborne pathogens. This review investigates the pathogenic biofilm-associated problems in agri-farm industries, potential remedies, and finding the solution to overcome the current challenges of antibiofilm approaches.

Prevalence and Implications of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli in Farm and Wild Ruminants

Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a food-borne pathogen that causes human gastrointestinal infections across the globe, leading to kidney failure or even death in severe cases. E. coli are commensal members of humans and animals' (cattle, bison, and pigs) guts, however, may acquire Shiga-toxin-encoded phages. This acquisition or colonization by STEC may lead to dysbiosis in the intestinal microbial community of the host. Wildlife and livestock animals can be asymptomatically colonized by STEC, leading to pathogen shedding and transmission. Furthermore, there has been a steady uptick in new STEC variants representing various serotypes. These, along with hybrids of other pathogenic E. coli (UPEC and ExPEC), are of serious concern, especially when they possess enhanced antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, etc. Recent studies have reported these in the livestock and food industry with minimal focus on wildlife. Disturbed natural habitats and changing climates are increasingly creating wildlife reservoirs of these pathogens, leading to a rise in zoonotic infections. Therefore, this review comprehensively surveyed studies on STEC prevalence in livestock and wildlife hosts. We further present important microbial and environmental factors contributing to STEC spread as well as infections. Finally, we delve into potential strategies for limiting STEC shedding and transmission.

Novel approaches for the treatment of infections due to multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is a major challenge for global healthcare, emerging because of several reasons including overpopulation, increased global migration and selection pressure due to enhanced use of antibiotics. Antibiotics are the widely used therapeutic options to combat infectious diseases; however, unfortunately, inadequate and irregular antibiotic courses are also major contributing factors in the emergence of AMR. Additionally, persistent failure to develop and commercialize new antibiotics has created the scarcity of effective anti-infective drugs. Thus, there is an urgent need for a new class of antimicrobials and other novel approaches to curb the menace of AMR. Besides the conventional approaches, some novel approaches such as the use of antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, immunomodulation, host-directed therapy and antibodies have shown really promising potentials.

Composition and Biological Activity of Vitis vinifera Winter Cane Extract on Candida Biofilm

Vitis vinifera canes are waste material of grapevine pruning and thus represent cheap source of high-value polyphenols. In view of the fact that resistance of many pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotics is a growing problem, the antimicrobial activity of plant polyphenols is studied as one of the possible approaches. We have investigated the total phenolic content, composition, antioxidant activity, and antifungal activity against Candida biofilm of an extract from winter canes and a commercially available extract from blue grapes. Light microscopy and confocal microscopy imaging as well as crystal violet staining were used to quantify and visualize the biofilm. We found a decrease in cell adhesion to the surface depending on the concentration of resveratrol in the cane extract. The biofilm formation was observed as metabolic activity of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei biofilm cells and the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations were determined. The highest inhibition of metabolic activity was observed in Candida albicans biofilm after treatment with the cane extract (30 mg/L) and blue grape extract (50 mg/L). The composition of cane extract was analyzed and found to be comparatively different from blue grape extract. In addition, the content of total phenolic groups in cane extract was three-times higher (12.75 g_GA/L). The results showed that cane extract was more effective in preventing biofilm formation than blue grape extract and winter canes have proven to be a potential source of polyphenols for antimicrobial and antibiofilm treatment.

Natural and synthetic plant compounds as anti-biofilm agents against Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilm

Escherichia coli is a common gram-negative bacterium found in the gut and intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals including humans. An evolved seropathotype E. coli O157:H7 (STEC) came into existence in 1982, since then it has been evolved as a stronger and more robust drug-resistant pathotype of E. coli. This drug resistance is due to horizontal gene transfer, natural gene evolution for survival, and most of the cases due to the ability of STEC to switch to the biofilm growth mode from planktonic lifestyle. During the growth in biofilm mode, Escherichia coli O157:H7 opts more robust ability to grow in adverse environments i.e., in presence of antibiotics and other antimicrobial chemicals. Due to the biofilm matrix, the microbial community acquires drug resistance. This makes the treatment of diseases caused by E. coli O157:H7 a complex challenge. To address the illnesses caused by this biofilm-forming pathogen, there are several possible strategies such as antibiotic therapies, synthetic antimicrobial chemicals, adjunct therapy of synergistic effect of multiple drugs, and more importantly plant originated compounds as a new anti-biofilm candidate. The present review summarizes various phytochemicals and their derivatives reported in the last decade mostly to eliminate the biofilm of STEC. The review will progressively reveal the antibiofilm mechanism of the phytochemicals against STEC and to be a potential candidate for the development of the future antibacterial drugs to STEC induced infections.

Exploring Phenolic Compounds as Quorum Sensing Inhibitors in Foodborne Bacteria

The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria stimulates the search for new substitutes to traditional antimicrobial agents, especially molecules with antivirulence properties, such as those that interfere with quorum sensing (QS). This study aimed to evaluate the potential of phenolic compounds for QS inhibition in a QS biosensor strain (Chromobacterium violaceum) and three foodborne bacterial species (Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella enterica serovar Montevideo, and Serratia marcescens). Initially, an in silico molecular docking study was performed to select the compounds with the greatest potential for QS inhibition, using structural variants of the CviR QS regulator of C. violaceum as target. Curcumin, capsaicin, resveratrol, gallic acid, and phloridizin presented good affinity to at least four CviR structural variants. These phenolic compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity, inhibition of biofilm formation, and anti-QS activity. The antimicrobial activity when combined with kanamycin was also assessed. Curcumin, capsaicin, and resveratrol inhibited up to 50% of violacein production by C. violaceum. Biofilm formation was inhibited by resveratrol up to 80% in A. hydrophila, by capsaicin and curcumin up to 40% in S. Montevideo and by resveratrol and capsaicin up to 60% in S. marcescens. Curcumin completely inhibited swarming motility in S. marcescens. Additionally, curcumin and resveratrol increased the sensitivity of the tested bacteria to kanamycin. These results indicate that curcumin and resveratrol at concentrations as low as 6μM are potential quorum sensing inhibitors besides having antimicrobial properties at higher concentrations, encouraging applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Interkingdom Signaling Interference: The Effect of Plant-Derived Small Molecules on Quorum Sensing in Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria

In the battle between bacteria and plants, bacteria often use a population density-dependent regulatory system known as quorum sensing (QS) to coordinate virulence gene expression. In response, plants use innate and induced defense mechanisms that include low-molecular-weight compounds, some of which serve as antivirulence agents by interfering with the QS machinery. The best-characterized QS system is driven by the autoinducer N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL), which is produced by AHL synthases (LuxI homologs) and perceived by response regulators (LuxR homologs). Several plant compounds have been shown to directly inhibit LuxI or LuxR. Gaining atomic-level insight into their mode of action and how they interfere with QS enzymes supports the identification and design of novel QS inhibitors.Such information can be gained by combining experimental work with molecular modeling and docking simulations. The summary of these findings shows that plant-derived compounds act as interkingdom cues and that these allomones specifically target bacterial communication systems.

Toxicity and bacterial anti-motility activities of the hydroethanolic extract of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd (Fabaceae) leaves

BACKGROUND

Acacia senegal is a plant traditionally used for its various properties, including the treatment of infectious diseases. Recently, our team has demonstrated the ability of the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves to increase the activity of phenicol antibiotics against multi-resistant bacteria. The aim of this work is to determine the toxicological effects of the extract and its capacity to inhibit the bacterial mobility of Gram-negative bacteria, in order to evaluate the level of safety use of this plant.

METHODS

The cytotoxicity test was performed using the neutral red absorption method. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity were conducted on NMRI mice and Wistar rats. The behaviour and adverse effects were recorded during the 14 days of the acute study. For the subacute test, biochemical parameters, food and water consumption, and morphological parameters were determined. The anti-motility activities were evaluated on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 and Escherichia coli AG100, using specific concentrations of Agar as required by the method.

RESULTS

HEASG induced inhibition of keratinocytes cell growth with an IC50 of 1302 ± 60 μg/mL. For the acute toxicity study in mice, the single dose of extract of 2000 mg/kg body weight caused no deaths and no behavioural changes were observed; therefore, the median lethal dose (LD50) of HEASG was calculated to 5000 mg/kg body weight. In Wistar rats, no mortality was observed at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day during the 28-day subacute oral toxicity study. The weights of both females and males increased globally over time, regardless of the batch. No statistically significant differences were registered for organ weights and biochemical parameters, except for chloride for biochemical parameters. Water and food consumption did not change significantly. Furthermore, no macroscopic changes in organ appearance were observed. Regarding anti-motility activity, the extract has reduced the swarming motility of PA01 and AG100 significantly at the concentration of 32 μg/mL (P < 0.001). The extract has reduced the swimming motility (P < 0.01) of PA01 but not AG100.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that hydroethanolic extract of A. senegal leaves has significant activity against bacterial motility and relatively low toxicity.

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Cyperaceae Stilbenoids: A Review

Cyperaceae is a cosmopolitan plant family with approx. 5000 species distributed worldwide. Several members of this family are used in traditional medicines for the treatment of different diseases. In the last few decades, constituents with great chemical diversity were isolated from sedges, and a wide range of biological activities were detected either for crude extracts or for pure compounds. Among the isolated compounds, phenolic derivatives are the most important, especially stilbenoids, and flavonoids. To date, more than 60 stilbenoids were isolated from 28 Cyperaceae species. Pharmacological investigation of Cyperaceae stilbenoids revealed that several compounds possess promising activities; mainly antiproliferative, antibacterial, antioxidant and anthelmintic effects. Isolation, synthesis and pharmacological investigation of stilbenes are increasing constantly. As Cyperaceae species are very good sources of a wide variety of stilbenes, and several of them occur in large amount worldwide, they are worthy for phytochemical and pharmacological investigations. Moreover, stilbenes are important from chemotaxonomical point of view, and they play a key role in plant defense mechanisms as well. This review summarizes the stilbenoids isolated from sedges, and their biological activities.

Molecular docking, quorum quenching effect, antibiofilm activity and safety profile of silver-complexed sulfonamide on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Microbial infections caused by sessile microorganisms are known to be a more challenging issue than infections caused by the same microorganisms in the planktonic state. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and biofilm-forming agent. This species presents intense cellular communication mediated by signaling molecules. This process is known as quorum sensing (QS) and induces the transcription of specific genes that favors cell density growth and three-dimensional bacterial grouping. In this context, the discovery of compounds capable of inhibiting the action of the QS signaling molecules seems to be a promising strategy against biofilms. This work aimed to evaluate the anti-biofilm action and the in vitro safety profile of a sulfamethoxazole-Ag complex. The results obtained indicate potential anti-biofilm activity through QS inhibition. In silico tests showed that the compound acts on the las and pqs systems, which are the main regulators of biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. Additionally, the molecule proved to be safe for human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants of Nepal and their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against uropathogenic Escherichia coli

BACKGROUND

A biofilm is an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composed of polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that impede antibiotics and immune cells, thus providing a shielded environment for bacterial growth. Due to biofilm formation, some microbes can show up to 1000 fold increased resistance towards the antibiotics than the normal planktonic forms. The study was conducted to screen the crude extracts of medicinal plants used in Nepal for their in vitro antibiofilm activities.

METHODS

Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined by using a Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and aluminium trichloride method, respectively. Resazurin assay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The initial antibiofilm activities and their inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values were determined by the microtiter based modified crystal violet staining method.

RESULTS

Out of 25 different plant extracts were used for the study, methanolic extracts of 20 plants showed a biofilm inhibition activity against five different strong biofilm producing Escherichia coli strains. Calotropis gigantea exhibited inhibition against all five different E. coli strains with IC₅₀ values ranging from 299.7 ± 20.5 to 427.4 ± 2.7 μg/mL. Apart from that, Eclipta prostrata also showed biofilm formation inhibition, followed by Eupatorium adenophorum, Moringa oleifera, Ocimum tenuifolium, Oxalis lantifolia, Prunus persica, and Urtica parviflora. The extracts of C. gigantea, E. prostrata, Mangifera indica, O. tenuifolium, P. persica, and U. parviflora exhibited a moderate to poor MIC value ranging from 625 to 2500 μg/mL. The highest amount of phenolic content (TPC) was found in Acacia catechu followed by Morus alba, which was 38.9 and 25.1 mg gallic acid equivalents, respectively. The highest amount of flavonoid content was found in A. catechu followed by M. indica, which was 27.1 and 20.8 mg quercetin equivalents, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Extracts of C. gigantea, E. prostrata, P. persica, U. parviflora, and O. tenuifolium showed antibacterial as well as antibiofilm activity against pathogenic and strong biofilm producing E. coli. Thus, extracts or the pure compound from these medicinal plants could be used as antibiotics in the future.

A Comprehensive Study on the Antimicrobial Properties of Resveratrol as an Alternative Therapy

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic antioxidant whose possible health benefits include anticarcinogenic, antiaging, and antimicrobial properties that have gained significant attention. The compound is well accepted by individuals and has been commonly used as a nutraceutical in recent decades. Its widespread usage makes it essential to study as a single agent as well as in combination with traditional prescription antibiotics as regards to antimicrobial properties. Resveratrol demonstrates the action of antimicrobials against a remarkable bacterial diversity, viruses, and fungus. This report explains resveratrol as an all-natural antimicrobial representative. It may modify the bacterial virulence qualities resulting in decreased toxic substance production, biofilm inhibition, motility reduction, and quorum sensing disturbance. Moreover, in conjunction with standard antibiotics, resveratrol improves aminoglycoside efficacy versus Staphylococcus aureus, while it antagonizes the deadly function of fluoroquinolones against S. aureus and also Escherichia coli. The present study aimed to thoroughly review and study the antimicrobial potency of resveratrol, expected to help researchers pave the way for solving antimicrobial resistance.

Resveratrol and Its Analogs as Functional Foods in Periodontal Disease Management

Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease driven by the interaction between a dysbiotic oral microbiome and the dysregulated host immune-inflammatory response. Naturally derived nutraceuticals, such as resveratrol and its analogs, are potential adjunctive therapies in periodontal treatment due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, different analogs of resveratrol and the choice of solvents used may lead to varying effects on therapeutic properties. This review presents the current findings and gaps in our understanding on the potential utility of resveratrol and its analogs in periodontal treatment.

Effect of sub-minimal inhibitory concentration ceftazidime on the pathogenicity of uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most prevalent causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The pathogenicity of UPEC relies on the expression of virulence factors which could be regulated by intercellular signal molecules. Our previous study found that sub-minimal inhibitory concentration ceftazidime (sub-MIC CAZ) could inhibit the biofilm formation of E. coli by luxS/AI-2 or indole. Therefore, we speculated that sub-MIC CAZ might affect the pathogenic capacity of UPEC. In this study, the results showed that sub-MIC CAZ could significantly inhibit the adhesion ability, biofilm formation and swimming and swarming motilities of UPEC isolated from recurrent UTI patient. Meanwhile, obvious decreased hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity were observed in CAZ-pretreated UPEC. Furthermore, qRT-PCR results confirmed the downregulating ability of CAZ on the expression of adhesion genes, motility genes, toxin gene and signal molecule synthesis genes, which are important for virulence and biofilm formation of UPEC. Pre-treatment of UPEC with sub-MIC CAZ resulted in the reduced adhesion to human bladder epithelial cell 5637 and the decreased numbers of intracellular bacterial communities in cells. Consistent with the results in vitro, the pretreatment of CAZ resulted in the reduction of UPEC load in the bladder and the less severity of UPEC-induced inflammation compared with control group. The present study results indicated that sub-MIC CAZ could decrease the pathogenicity of UPEC and might be served as an effective antimicrobial agent to combat recurrent UTI caused by UPEC.

Searching for New Tools to Counteract the Helicobacter pylori Resistance: The Positive Action of Resveratrol Derivatives

The drug-resistance phenomenon in Helicobacter pylori underlines the need of novel strategies to improve the eradication rate including alternative treatments combining antibiotic and non-antibiotic compounds with synergistic action. In this study, the antibacterial (MIC/MBC) and anti-virulence effects (biofilm reduction and swarming motility inhibition) of resveratrol-RSV and new synthetized RSV-phenol derivatives, with a higher bioavailability, alone and combined with levofloxacin-LVX were evaluated against resistant H. pylori clinical strains. The experiments were confirmed in vivo using the Galleria mellonella model. Among the studied RSV derivatives, RSV-3 and RSV-4 possessed higher antibacterial activity with respect to RSV (MICs from 6.25 to 200 µg/mL and from 3.12 to 200 µg/mL, respectively). RSV, RSV-3, and RSV-4 were able to synergize with LVX restoring its effect in two out of seven clinical resistant strains tested for the study. RSV, RSV-3, and RSV-4, alone and with LVX at sub-MIC and sub-synergistic concentrations, significantly reduced the biofilm formation. Moreover, RSV-3 and RSV-4 reduced the H. pylori swarming motility on soft agar. RSV, RSV-3, and RSV-4 were non-toxic for G. mellonella larvae and displayed a protective effect against H. pylori infection. Overall, RSV-phenol derivatives should be considered interesting candidates for innovative therapeutic schemes to tackle the H. pylori antibiotic resistance.

Molecules involved in motility regulation in Escherichia coli cells: a review

The initial colonization of the host organism by commensal, probiotic, and pathogenic Escherichia coli strains is an important step in the development of infections and biofilms. Sensing and colonization of host cell surfaces are governed by flagellar and fimbriae/pili appendages, respectively. Biofilm formation confers great advantages on pathogenic E. coli cells such as protection against the host immune system, antimicrobial agents, and several environmental stress factors. The transition from planktonic to sessile physiological states involves several signaling cascades and factors responsible for the regulation of flagellar motility in E. coli cells. These regulatory factors have thus become important targets to control pathogenicity. Hence, attenuation of flagellar motility is considered a potential therapy against pathogenic E. coli. The present review describes signaling pathways and proteins involved in direct or indirect regulation of flagellar motility. Furthermore, application strategies for antimotility natural or synthetic compounds are discussed also.

Oxytropis glabra DC. Inhibits Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis by Down-Regulating ica Operon Expression

Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the main causes of medical device-related infections and bovine mastitis owing to its biofilm-forming abilities. Oxytropis glabra DC. is one of the most widespread Fabaceae species and used as a Chinese herbal formulation in Western China. Our research investigated the effects of O. glabra on the biofilm formation of S. epidermidis and the possible inhibiting mechanism. The biofilm-forming reference strain, S. epidermidis SE-1 (ATCC 35,984), was employed as a model and semi-quantitative biofilm assay was performed to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of O. glabra. The exopolysaccharides (EPS) production and expression of ica operon were studied to explore the possible antibiofilm mechanism using thin-layer chromatography and quantitative real-time PCR assay, respectively. The results obtained indicated that O. glabra decoction at 7.5 mg mL-1 significantly inhibited biofilm formation by about 95% without affecting cell growth of S. epidermidis. Two hydrolysis productions of EPS were significantly decreased by 64% and 54% with the addition of 7.5 mg mL-1O. glabra and the expression of icaR was significantly up-regulated 2.2-times, whereas icaB was significantly down-regulated more than 50% by 7.5 mg mL-1O. glabra. These findings suggest a potential application for O. glabra as a promising candidate for the exploration of new drugs against S. epidermidis biofilm-associated infections.

The Implication of Oxidative Stress and AMPK-Nrf2 Antioxidative Signaling in Pneumonia Pathogenesis

It is widely recognized that chemical, physical, and biological factors can singly or synergistically evoke the excessive production of oxidative stress in pulmonary tissue that followed by pulmonary lesions and pneumonia. In addition, metabolic and endocrine disorder-induced diseases such as diabetes and obesity often expressed higher susceptibility to pulmonary infections, and presented severe symptoms which increasing the mortality rate. Therefore, the connection between the lesion of the lungs and the metabolic/endocrine disorders is an interesting and essential issue to be addressed. Studies have noticed a similar pathological feature in both infectious pneumonia and metabolic disease-intercurrent pulmonary lesions, that is, from the view of molecular pathology, the accumulation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pulmonary tissue accompanying with activated pro-inflammatory signals. Meanwhile, Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling plays important role in metabolic/endocrine homeostasis and infection response, and it's closely associated with the anti-oxidative capacity of the body. For this reason, this review will start from the summary upon the implication of ROS accumulation, and to discuss how AMPK-Nrf2 signaling contributes to maintaining the metabolic/endocrine homeostasis and attenuates the susceptibility of pulmonary infections.

pH-Responsive Resveratrol-Loaded Electrospun Membranes for the Prevention of Implant-Associated Infections

To date, the implant-associated infections represent a worldwide challenge for the recently reported bacterial drug resistance that can lead to the inefficacy or low efficacy of conventional antibiotic therapies. Plant polyphenolic compounds, including resveratrol (RSV), are increasingly gaining consensus as valid and effective alternatives to antibiotics limiting antibiotic resistance. In this study, electrospun polylactic acid (PLA) membranes loaded with different concentrations of RSV are synthesized and characterized in their chemical, morphological, and release features. The obtained data show that the RSV release rate from the PLA-membranes is remarkably higher in acidic conditions than at neutral pH. In addition, a change in pH from neutral to slightly acidic triggers a significant increase in the RSV release. This behavior indicates that the PLA-RSV membranes can act as drug reservoir when the environmental pH is neutral, starting to release the bioactive molecules when the pH decreases, as in presence of oral bacterial infection. Indeed, our results demonstrate that PLA-RSV2 displays a significant antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against two bacterial strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, and Streptococcus mutans, responsible for both acute and chronic infections in humans, thus representing a promising solution for the prevention of the implant-associated infections.

Essential Oils of Aromatic Plants with Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm and Anti-Quorum Sensing Activities against Pathogenic Bacteria

Both the ability of bacteria to form biofilms and communicate through quorum sensing allows them to develop different survival or virulence traits that lead to increased bacterial resistance against conventional antibiotic therapy. Here, seventeen essential oils (EOs) were investigated for the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities on Escherichia. coli O157:H7, Escherichia coli O33, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228. All essential oils were isolated from plant material by using hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity was performed by using the microdilution technique. Subinhibitory concentrations of each EO were assayed for biofilm inhibition in both bacterial strains. Quantification of violacein in Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 was performed for the anti-quorum sensing activity. The cytotoxicity activity of the EOs was evaluated on Vero cell line by using MTT method. Thymol-carvacrol-chemotype (I and II) oils from Lippia origanoides and Thymus vulgaris oil exhibited the higher antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 0.37-0.75 mg/mL. In addition, these EOs strongly inhibited the biofilm formation and violacein (QS) production in a concentration-dependent manner, highlighting thymol-carvacrol-chemotype (II) oil as the best candidate for further studies in antibiotic design and development against bacterial resistance.

Inhibitors of Bacterial Swarming Behavior

Bacteria can migrate in groups of flagella-driven cells over semisolid surfaces. This coordinated form of motility is called swarming behavior. Swarming is associated with enhanced virulence and antibiotic resistance of various human pathogens and may be considered as favorable adaptation to the diverse challenges that microbes face in rapidly changing environments. Consequently, the differentiation of motile swarmer cells is tightly regulated and involves multi-layered signaling networks. Controlling swarming behavior is of major interest for the development of novel anti-infective strategies. In addition, compounds that block swarming represent important tools for more detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms of the coordination of bacterial population behavior. Over the past decades, there has been major progress in the discovery of small-molecule modulators and mechanisms that allow selective inhibition of swarming behavior. Herein, an overview of the achievements in the field and future directions and challenges will be presented.

The anti-biofilm and anti-virulence activities of trans-resveratrol and oxyresveratrol against uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary causative agent of urinary tract infections, which are one of the most common infectious disease types in humans. UPEC infections involve bacterial cell adhesion to bladder epithelial cells, and UPEC can also form biofilms on indwelling catheters that are often tolerant to common antibiotics. In this study, the anti-biofilm activities of t-stilbene, stilbestrol, t-resveratrol, oxyresveratrol, ε-viniferin, suffruticosol A, and vitisin A were investigated against UPEC. t-Resveratrol, oxyresveratrol, and ε-viniferin, suffruticosol A, and vitisin A significantly inhibited UPEC biofilm formation at subinhibitory concentrations (10-50 μg ml^-1). These findings were supported by observations that t-resveratrol and oxyresveratrol reduced fimbriae production and the swarming motility in UPEC. Furthermore, t-resveratrol and oxyresveratrol markedly diminished the hemagglutinating ability of UPEC, and enhanced UPEC killing by human whole blood. The findings show that t-resveratrol, oxyresveratrol, and resveratrol oligomers warrant further attention as antivirulence strategies against persistent UPEC infections.

Antibacterial and antifungal properties of resveratrol

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic antioxidant that has received massive attention for its potential health benefits, including anticarcinogenesis, anti-aging and antimicrobial properties. The compound is well tolerated by humans and in recent years has been widely used as a nutraceutical. Its common use makes it interesting to investigate with respect to antimicrobial properties both as a single agent and in combination with conventional antibiotics. Resveratrol displays antimicrobial activity against a surprisingly wide range of bacterial, viral and fungal species. At subinhibitory concentrations, resveratrol can alter bacterial expression of virulence traits leading to reduced toxin production, inhibition of biofilm formation, reduced motility and interference with quorum sensing. In combination with conventional antibiotics, resveratrol enhances the activity of aminoglycosides against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas it antagonises the lethal activity of fluoroquinolones against S. aureus and Escherichia coli. Whilst the antimicrobial properties of the compound have been extensively studied in vitro, little is known about its efficacy in vivo. Nonetheless, following topical application resveratrol has alleviated acne lesions caused by the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes. There are currently no in vivo studies addressing its effect in combination with antibiotics, but recent research suggests that there may be a potential for enhancing the antimicrobial efficacy of certain existing antibiotic classes in combination with resveratrol. Given the difficulties associated with introducing new antimicrobial agents to the market, nutraceuticals such as resveratrol may prove to be interesting candidates when searching for solutions for the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities for natural and synthetic dual-active compounds

Antimicrobial resistance is widely recognized as a grave threat to global health in the 21st century, since the past decades have seen a dramatic increase in human-pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to one or multiple antibiotics. New antimicrobial agents are urgently required, particularly in the treatment of chronic infections such as cystic fibrosis, often associated with persistent colonization by drug-resistant pathogens and epithelial damage by pulmonary oxidative stress. In such events, it would be favourable to find agents that could have antioxidant and antibacterial activities combined in one molecule. The discovery of compounds that can show a dual-target activity considerably increased in the last years, reflecting the growing confidence that this new approach could lead to better therapeutic solutions for complex multigenic diseases. The aim of this review is to report those natural and synthetic compounds displaying significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities. In recent years there has been a growing attention on plant-derived antimicrobials as an alternative to antibiotics, for their efficacy and low tendency in developing bacterial resistance. Moreover, it was found that some natural products could enhance the activity of common antibiotics displaying a synergistic effect. We then report some selected synthetic compounds with an in-built capacity to act on two targets or with the combination in a single structure of two pharmacophores with antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Recent literature instances were screened and the most promising examples of dual-active antibacterial-antioxidant molecules were highlighted.

Effect of resveratrol and Regrapex-R-forte on Trichosporon cutaneum biofilm

Microorganisms that cause chronic infections exist predominantly as surface-attached stable communities known as biofilms. Microbial cells in biofilms are highly resistant to conventional antibiotics and other forms of antimicrobial treatment; therefore, modern medicine tries to develop new drugs that exhibit anti-biofilm activity. We investigated the influence of a plant polyphenolic compound resveratrol (representative of the stilbene family) on the opportunistic pathogen Trichosporon cutaneum. Besides the influence on the planktonic cells of T. cutaneum, the ability to inhibit biofilm formation and to eradicate mature biofilm was studied. We have tested resveratrol as pure compound, as well as resveratrol in complex plant extract-the commercially available dietary supplement Regrapex-R-forte, which contains the extract of Vitis vinifera grape and extract of Polygonum cuspidatum root. Regrapex-R-forte is rich in stilbenes and other biologically active substances. Light microscopy imaging, confocal microscopy, and crystal violet staining were used to quantify and visualize the biofilm. The metabolic activity of biofilm-forming cells was studied by the tetrazolium salt assay. Amphotericin B had higher activity against planktonic cells; however, resveratrol and Regrapex-R-forte showed anti-biofilm effects, both in inhibition of biofilm formation and in the eradication of mature biofilm. The minimum biofilm eradicating concentration (MBEC₈₀) for Regrapex-R-forte was found to be 2222 mg/L (in which resveratrol concentration is 200 mg/L). These methods demonstrated that Regrapex-R-forte can be employed as an anti-biofilm agent, as it has similar effect as amphotericin B (MBEC₈₀ = 700 mg/L), which is routinely used in clinical practice.

The Usefulness of Non-Toxic Plant Metabolites in the Control of Bacterial Proliferation

The effect of generally recognised as safe (GRAS) plant metabolites in regulating the growth of human pathogenic and probiotic bacteria and in the formation of biofilm was investigated. Thymol, carvacrol and eugenol showed the strongest antibacterial action against both pathogenic and probiotic microorganisms, at a subinhibitory concentration (SIC) of ≤50 μg ml^-1. Genistein, hydroquinone, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and resveratrol also showed antibacterial effects but at a wide concentration range (SIC = 50-1000 μg ml^-1). Catechin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid and cranberry extracts were the most biologically compatible molecules (SIC ≥ 1000 μg ml^-1). Regarding the effect on biofilm, it was observed that thymol, carvacrol and eugenol showed antibiofilm activity against all potential pathogenic bacteria tested whilst specifically enhancing probiotic aggregation. Catechin, genistein and cranberry extracts did not inhibit the pathogenic aggregation but they stimulated probiotic biofilm formation, whilst gallic acid, protocateuchic acid, hydroquinone, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and resveratrol did not show opposite effect on biofilm formation between pathogenic and probiotic microorganisms. These results indicate that an appropriate combination of GRAS plant metabolites, which have traditionally been used as dietary constituents due to their health-promoting characteristics, can also be extremely useful in the regulation of bacterial proliferation in the intestinal microbiota. Hence, it is suggested to apply these natural GRAS molecules as dietary supplements in the food industry in order to promote probiotic viability and to prevent or reduce colonisation or proliferation of intestinal pathogens.

Inhibition and Inactivation of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Biofilms on Urinary Catheters by Sodium Selenite

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common hospital-acquired infections in humans and are caused primarily by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Indwelling urinary catheters become encrusted with UPEC biofilms that are resistant to common antibiotics, resulting in chronic infections. Therefore, it is important to control UPEC biofilms on catheters to reduce the risk for UTIs. This study investigated the efficacy of selenium for inhibiting and inactivating UPEC biofilms on urinary catheters. Urinary catheters were inoculated with UPEC and treated with 0 and 35 mM selenium at 37 °C for 5 days for the biofilm inhibition assay. In addition, catheters with preformed UPEC biofilms were treated with 0, 45, 60, and 85 mM selenium and incubated at 37 °C. Biofilm-associated UPEC counts on catheters were enumerated on days 0, 1, 3, and 5 of incubation. Additionally, the effect of selenium on exopolysacchride (EPS) production and expression of UPEC biofilm-associated genes was evaluated. Selenium at 35 mM concentration was effective in preventing UPEC biofilm formation on catheters compared to controls (p < 0.05). Further, this inhibitory effect was associated with a reduction in EPS production and UPEC gene expression. Moreover, at higher concentrations, selenium was effective in inactivating preformed UPEC biofilms on catheters as early as day 3 of incubation. Results suggest that selenium could be potentially used in the control of UPEC biofilms on urinary catheters.

Inhibition and Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Biofilms by Selenium

The present study investigated the efficacy of selenium (Se) in reduction of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis, inhibition of biofilm formation at 25 and 4°C on polystyrene surface, and inactivation of mature EHEC biofilms in combination with hot water. Sterile 96-well polystyrene plates inoculated with EHEC (∼6.0 log CFU per well) were treated with a subinhibitory concentration (SIC) of Se, and biofilms were allowed to mature at 4 and 25°C for 96 h. Biofilm-associated bacterial population was determined by scraping and plating, whereas the extent of EPS production was determined using ruthenium red staining assay. Solid surface assay was used to study the effect of Se on early attachment of EHEC cells to polystyrene. The efficacy of Se in rapid inactivation of preformed, mature EHEC biofilm was investigated by treating biofilms on polystyrene plates with the MBC of Se in combination with hot water at 80°C with a contact time of 0 min, 30 s, 2 min, and 5 min. Furthermore, the effect of Se on EHEC biofilm architecture was visualized using confocal microscopy, whereas the effect of Se on EHEC biofilm genes was determined using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Finally, the potential feasibility of coating stainless steel surfaces with Se nanoparticles to inhibit EHEC biofilm formation was studied. Se reduced early attachment of planktonic cells, biofilm formation, and EPS synthesis in EHEC ( P < 0.05). Se in combination with hot water reduced biofilm-associated bacterial counts by 3 to 4 log CFU/mL at 5 min of exposure compared with the control ( P < 0.05). However, hot water treatment alone decreased biofilm-associated bacterial counts by only 1.0 log CFU/mL. RT-qPCR results revealed that Se down-regulated the transcription of critical genes associated with biofilm synthesis in EHEC ( P < 0.05). The results collectively suggest that Se could potentially be used to control EHEC biofilms in food processing environments, but appropriate applications need to be validated.

Resveratrol-Potential Antibacterial Agent against Foodborne Pathogens

Bacterial foodborne pathogens are a significant health burden and the recent emergence of pathogenic resistant strains due to the excessive use of antibiotics makes it more difficult to effectively treat infections as a result of contaminated food. Awareness of this impending health crisis has spurred the search for alternative antimicrobials with natural plant antimicrobials being among the more promising candidates as these substances have good acceptability and likely low toxicity levels as they have long been used in traditional medicines. Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring stilbenoid which has been gaining considerable attention in medical field due to its diverse biological activities - it has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, anticancer, and antiaging properties. Given that resveratrol is phytoalexin, with increased synthesis in response to infection by phytopathogens, there has been interest in exploring its antimicrobial activity. This review aims to provide an overview of the published data on the antibacterial activity of resveratrol against foodborne pathogens, its mechanisms of action as well as its possible applications in food packing and processing; in addition we also summarize the current data on its potential synergism with known antibacterials and future research and applications.

Carvacrol-rich oregano oil and thymol-rich thyme red oil inhibit biofilm formation and the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli

AIMS

Urinary tract infections are caused primarily by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and indwelling catheters are usually colonized by UPEC biofilms tolerant to common antibiotics. Hence, UPEC biofilms pose a substantial challenge, and there is an urgent need for effective control strategies.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In this study, 79 essential oils were screened for antibiofilm ability against UPEC. Components of active oils were identified, and their antibiofilm activities were also investigated using 96-well plates with crystal violet assay, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Oregano oil and thyme red oil and their major common constituents, carvacrol and thymol, significantly inhibited UPEC biofilm formation at subinhibitory concentrations (<0·01%). These findings were supported by observations that carvacrol and thymol reduced fimbriae production and the swarming motility of UPEC. Furthermore, carvacrol and thymol markedly decreased the hemagglutinating ability of UPEC, and UPEC was more easily killed by human whole blood in the presence of carvacrol and thymol.

CONCLUSIONS

Carvacrol-rich oregano oil and thymol-rich thyme red oil have high antibiofilm and antivirulence activities against UPEC.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY

In the wake of rising antimicrobial resistance, we envisage that carvacrol and thymol could be used to prevent biofilm formation by UPEC and to reduce its virulence.

Comprehensive review on the antimicrobial potency of the plant polyphenol Resveratrol

Treatment of some infectious diseases are becoming more complicated because of increasing drug resistance rate and lack of proper antibiotics. Because of the rapid increase in drug-resistance trend, there is an urgent need for alternative microbicides to control infectious diseases. Resveratrol (RSV) is a small plant polyphenol that is naturally produced and distributed in 72 particular families of plants. The usage of natural derivatives such as RSV, have become popular among researchers for curing acute and chronic diseases. The purpose of the preset study was to comprehensively review and survey the antimicrobial potency of RSV. The present study demonstrates RSV as a natural antimicrobial agent.