1
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Shen X, Xu Y, Huang J, Wu P, Zhou W, Chen Y. A comparative study on two methods of ocular surface microbial sampling. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:228. [PMID: 37217905 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-02979-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effect of traditional conjunctival sac swab sampling (A) with aerosolization ocular surface microorganism sampling (B),a novel microbial sampling method, in detecting ocular microbial infection. METHODS The study included 61 participants (122 eyes) enrolled at the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University from December, 2021 to March, 2023. Each eye of the participants underwent sampling first with method A then B.Before aerosolization sampling, the air environment was disinfected and sampled as blank air control sample. Subsequently, the air pulses impinging the ocular surface causes dehiscence of the tear film covering the ocular surface and aerosols are formed.The microorganisms from the ocular surface attach to the aerosols generated as aerosolization ocular surface microorganism and be sampled as subject sample by bio-aerosol sampler.The samples were collected and incubated at 25℃ for 3-5 days and 37℃ for 24-48 h.The colonies were counted and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS The accuracy in Group B was higher than that in Group A (45.8% vs. 38.3%, P = 0.289). There was a slight level of agreement between the results from both the sampling methods (k = 0.031, P = 0.730). The sensitivity in Group B was higher than that in Group A (57.1% vs. 35.7%, P = 0.453). The specificity results in Group B was higher than that in Group A (44.3% vs. 38.7%, P = 0.480). There were 12 and 37 types of microbes detected in Groups A and B, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Compared with traditional swab sampling, the novel aerosolization sampling method shows higher accuracy and more comprehensive detection of microbes; however, it cannot completely replace swab sampling. The novel method can be a novel conducive strategy and supplement swab sampling to auxiliary diagnose ocular surface infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yi Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jinzhi Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Peiyu Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Weihe Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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2
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Bouayad A, Khodriss C, Majidi I, Elbahloul M. Panuveitis following mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:e135-e137. [PMID: 36934019 PMCID: PMC9868361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bouayad
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tangier, Morocco; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Tangier, Tangier, Morocco.
| | - C Khodriss
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tangier, Morocco; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Tangier, Tangier, Morocco
| | - I Majidi
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tangier, Morocco; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Tangier, Tangier, Morocco
| | - M Elbahloul
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tangier, Morocco; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Tangier, Tangier, Morocco
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3
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Zauli G, AlHilali S, Al-Swailem S, Secchiero P, Voltan R. Therapeutic potential of the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3 in counteracting SARS-CoV-2 infection of the eye through p53 activation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:902713. [PMID: 35911386 PMCID: PMC9329687 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.902713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting from the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) global pandemic, most of the published data has concentrated on the respiratory signs and symptoms of Covid-19 infection, underestimating the presence and importance of ocular manifestations, such as conjunctivitis, usually reported in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. With the present review we intend to resume the ocular involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the recent discoveries about the different cell types and tissues of the eye that can be directly infected by SARS-CoV-2 and propagate the infection. Moreover, reviewing literature data about p53 expression in normal and diseased eye tissues, we hypothesize that the pleiotropic protein p53 present at high levels in cornea, conjunctiva and tear film might play a protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since p53 can be easily up-regulated by using small molecule non-genotoxic inhibitors of MDM2, we propose that topical use of Nutlin-3, the prototype member of MDM2 inhibitors, might protect the anterior surface of the eye from SARS-CoV-2 infection, reducing the spreading of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Giorgio Zauli
| | - Sara AlHilali
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Al-Swailem
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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4
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Li D, Xiong L, Pan G, Wang T, Li R, Zhu L, Tong Q, Yang Q, Peng Y, Zuo C, Wang C, Li X. Molecular Imaging on ACE2-dependent Transocular Infection of Coronavirus. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4878-4889. [PMID: 35754185 PMCID: PMC9349515 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A transocular infection has been proved as one of the main approaches that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) invades the body, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a key role in this procedure. Dynamic and quantitative details on virus distribution are lacking for virus prevention and drug design. In this study, a radiotraceable pseudovirus packed with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene, 125I‐CoV, was prepared and inoculated in the unilateral eye of humanized ACE2 (hACE2) mice or ACE2‐knockout (ACE2‐KO) mice. Single‐photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography images were acquired at multiple time points to exhibit ACE2‐dependent procedures from invasion to clearance. Positron emission tomography (PET) and western blot were performed to quantify ACE2 expression and verify the factors affecting transocular infection. For the transocular infection of coronavirus (CoV), the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), lungs, intestines, and genital glands were the main targeted organs. Due to the specific anchor to ACE2‐expressed host cells, virus concentrations in genital glands, liver, and lungs ranked the top three most and stabilized at 3.75 ± 0.55, 3.30 ± 0.25, and 2.10 ± 0.55% inoculated dose (ID)/mL at 48 h post treatment. Meanwhile, ACE2‐KO mice had already completed the in vivo clearance. In consideration of organ volumes, lungs (14.50 ± 3.75%ID) and liver (10.94 ± 0.71%ID) were the main in‐store reservoirs of CoV. However, the inoculated eye (5.52 ± 1.85%ID for hACE2, 5.24 ± 1.45%ID for ACE2‐KO, p > 0.05) and the adjacent brain exhibited ACE2‐independent virus infection at the end of 72 h observation, and absolute amount of virus played a key role in host cell infection. These observations on CoV infection were further manifested by infection‐driven intracellular EGFP expression. ACE2 PET revealed an infection‐related systematic upregulation of ACE2 expression in the organs involved in RAAS (e.g., brain, lung, heart, liver, and kidney) and the organ that was of own local renin–angiotensin system (e.g., eye). Transocular infection of CoV is ACE2‐dependent and constitutes the cause of disturbed ACE2 expression in the host. The brain, genital glands, and intestines were of the highest unit uptake, potentially accounting for the sequelae. Lungs and liver were of the highest absolute amount, closely related to the respiratory diffusion and in vivo duplication. ACE2 expression was upregulated in the short term after infection with CoV. These visual and quantitative results are helpful to fully understanding the transocular path of SARS‐CoV‐2 and other CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liyan Xiong
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Guixia Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tingfang Wang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Rou Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lizhi Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qianqian Tong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qinqin Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ye Peng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Changjing Zuo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200322, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
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5
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The impact of a rub and rinse regimen on removal of human coronaviruses from contemporary contact lens materials. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2022; 45:101719. [PMID: 35643848 PMCID: PMC9124925 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2022.101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Antiviral Activity of Contemporary Contact Lens Care Solutions against Two Human Seasonal Coronavirus Strains. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040472. [PMID: 35456147 PMCID: PMC9026382 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Given that reports have suggested SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted via conjunctiva, the ability of contact lens (CL) care products to reduce the infectiousness of two seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) (HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43) surrogates for SARS-CoV-2 was investigated. Methods: Biotrue and Boston Simplus (Bausch&Lomb), OPTI-FREE Puremoist and Clear Care (Alcon), and cleadew and cleadew GP (Ophtecs) were tested. Their ability to inactivate HCoV was evaluated using contact times of 4 and 6 h as well as 1% and 10% of virus inoculum. Results: Non-oxidative systems (Biotrue, Boston Simplus, and OPTI-FREE) did not exhibit a significant log10 reduction compared to controls for the two viral strains for either incubation time (all p > 0.05) when 10% tests were performed. For the 1% test, while Boston Simplus and OPTI-FREE exhibited a significant log10 reduction of both HCoV-229E (after 6 h) and HCoV-OC43 (after either 4 or 6 h incubation), those products showed less than 1 log10 reduction of the two infectious viruses. Oxidative systems based on hydrogen peroxide or povidone-iodine showed a significant log10 reduction compared with the controls for both HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 in all tested conditions (all p < 0.01). Clear Care led to virus inactivation to below the limit of quantification for tests performed with 1% of inoculum after 6 h incubation, while cleadew and cleadew GP led to inactivation of the two viruses to below the limit of quantification in all tested conditions. Conclusion: Oxidative CL disinfection systems showed significant virucidal activity against HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, while non-oxidative systems showed minimal ability to inactivate the HCoV species examined.
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7
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Pitak-Arnnop P, Meningaud JP, Sirintawat N, Subbalekha K, Auychai P, Iamaroon A, O-Charoenrat P, Suntorntham S, Messer-Peti R, Neff A. A German AWMF's S2e/realist synthesis and meta-narrative snapshot of craniomaxillofacial manifestations in COVID-19 patients: Rapid living update on 1 January 2021. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022; 123:64-73. [PMID: 33524604 PMCID: PMC9767311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES To execute a review answering the following question: "Among novel coronavirus disease (COVID19) patients, what are craniomaxillofacial (CMF) manifestations?" based on the RAMESES and the German Association of Scientific Medical Societies (AWMF)'s S2e guidelines. METHODS We performed a realist synthesis and meta-narrative review extracting data in English, French, German and Thai from PubMed/Medline, Embase, Biomed Central, Cochrane Library, and Thai Journals Online, until 1 January 2021. The primary outcome variable was CMF manifestations grouped into 5 categories: (1) mouth and throat, (2) nose, paranasal sinus, and skull base (3) ocular/orbital and periorbital tissue, (4) ear, and (5) craniofacial skin. Appropriate statistics was computed. RESULTS Thirty-seven original articles meeting the inclusion criteria were analysed; all were in English and indexed in PubMed/Medline. Hand searches of their references yielded a total of 101 articles for the review. Most data were in low level of evidence and focused on smell and taste disturbances and non-specific orofacial lesions. Iatrogenic complications may occur in this body region. Conservative measures remained effective and were usually enough for patient care. CONCLUSION Because SARS-CoV-2 infection is new and becomes the stringent worldwide pandemic within a short time period, most of the data on CMF symptoms are of low level evidence. Apart from taste and smell dysfunctions, non-specific CMF lesions can be found and treated conservatively. Treatment complications are possible. Dentists and CMF surgeons are privileged to examine the orofacial region and work closely with colleagues in other specialities to combat this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poramate Pitak-Arnnop
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, UKGM GmbH, Campus Marburg, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany,Corresponding author at: Klinik für MKG-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, UKGM, Baldingerstr., 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Paul Meningaud
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne (Paris XII), Créteil, France
| | - Nattapong Sirintawat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Keskanya Subbalekha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prim Auychai
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anak Iamaroon
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chaing Mai, Thailand,Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center (ORTC), Chiang Mai University, Chaing Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Surajit Suntorntham
- HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulaborn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robert Messer-Peti
- Department of Urology, Medius Klinik Ostfildern‐Ruit – Academic Teaching Hospital of University Tübingen, Ostfildern, Germany
| | - Andreas Neff
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, UKGM GmbH, Campus Marburg, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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8
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Alathari MJA, Al Mashhadany Y, Mokhtar MHH, Burham N, Bin Zan MSD, A Bakar AA, Arsad N. Human Body Performance with COVID-19 Affectation According to Virus Specification Based on Biosensor Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:8362. [PMID: 34960456 PMCID: PMC8704003 DOI: 10.3390/s21248362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Life was once normal before the first announcement of COVID-19's first case in Wuhan, China, and what was slowly spreading became an overnight worldwide pandemic. Ever since the virus spread at the end of 2019, it has been morphing and rapidly adapting to human nature changes which cause difficult conundrums in the efforts of fighting it. Thus, researchers were steered to investigate the virus in order to contain the outbreak considering its novelty and there being no known cure. In contribution to that, this paper extensively reviewed, compared, and analyzed two main points; SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission in humans and detection methods of COVID-19 in the human body. SARS-CoV-2 human exchange transmission methods reviewed four modes of transmission which are Respiratory Transmission, Fecal-Oral Transmission, Ocular transmission, and Vertical Transmission. The latter point particularly sheds light on the latest discoveries and advancements in the aim of COVID-19 diagnosis and detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus associated with this disease in the human body. The methods in this review paper were classified into two categories which are RNA-based detection including RT-PCR, LAMP, CRISPR, and NGS and secondly, biosensors detection including, electrochemical biosensors, electronic biosensors, piezoelectric biosensors, and optical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jawad Ahmed Alathari
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Yousif Al Mashhadany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Anbar, Anbar 00964, Iraq;
| | - Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Norhafizah Burham
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
- School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Bin Zan
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Ahmad Ashrif A Bakar
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Norhana Arsad
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
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9
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Jidigam VK, Singh R, Batoki JC, Milliner C, Sawant OB, Bonilha VL, Rao S. Histopathological assessments reveal retinal vascular changes, inflammation, and gliosis in patients with lethal COVID-19. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:1275-1288. [PMID: 34714382 PMCID: PMC8553591 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess for histopathological changes within the retina and the choroid and determine the long-term sequelae of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods Eyes from seven COVID-19-positive and six similar age-matched control donors with a negative test for SARS-CoV-2 were assessed. Globes were evaluated ex vivo with macroscopic, SLO and OCT imaging. Macula and peripheral regions were processed for Epon embedding and immunocytochemistry. Results Fundus analysis shows hemorrhagic spots and increased vitreous debris in several of the COVID-19 eyes compared to the controls. OCT-based measurements indicated an increased trend in retinal thickness in the COVID-19 eyes; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Histology of the retina showed presence of hemorrhages and central cystoid degeneration in several of the donors. Whole mount analysis of the retina labeled with markers showed changes in retinal microvasculature, increased inflammation, and gliosis in the COVID-19 eyes compared to the controls. The choroidal vasculature displayed localized changes in density and signs of increased inflammation in the COVID-19 samples. Conclusions In situ analysis of the retinal tissue suggests that there are severe subclinical abnormalities that could be detected in the COVID-19 eyes. This study provides a rationale for evaluating the ocular physiology of patients that have recovered from COVID-19 infections to further understand the long-term effects caused by this virus.![]() Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00417-021-05460-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Jidigam
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Rupesh Singh
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Julia C Batoki
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Caroline Milliner
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Onkar B Sawant
- Center for Vision and Eye Banking Research, Eversight, 6700 Euclid Ave, Suite 101, Cleveland, OH, 44103, USA
| | - Vera L Bonilha
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Sujata Rao
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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10
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Rodríguez-Ares T, Lamas-Francis D, Treviño M, Navarro D, Cea M, López-Valladares MJ, Martínez L, Gude F, Touriño R. SARS-CoV-2 in Conjunctiva and Tears and Ocular Symptoms of Patients with COVID-19. Vision (Basel) 2021; 5:vision5040051. [PMID: 34698308 PMCID: PMC8544743 DOI: 10.3390/vision5040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival secretions and tears and evaluates ocular symptoms in a group of patients with COVID-19. We included 56 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in this cross-sectional cohort study. Conjunctival secretions and tears were collected using flocked swabs and Schirmer strips for SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Assessment of ocular surface manifestations included an OSDI (Ocular Surface Disease Index) questionnaire. Patients had been admitted to hospital for an average of 2.4 days (range 0–7) and had shown general symptoms for an average of 7.1 days (range 1–20) prior to ocular testing. Four (7.1%) of 56 conjunctival swabs and four (4%) of 112 Schirmer strips were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The mean E-gene cycle threshold values (Ct values) were 31.2 (SD 5.0) in conjunctival swabs and 32.9 (SD 2.7) in left eye Schirmer strips. Overall, 17 (30%) patients presented ocular symptoms. No association was found between positive ocular samples and ocular symptoms. This study shows that SARS-CoV-2 can be detected on the conjunctiva and tears of patients with COVID-19. Contact with the ocular surface may transmit the virus and preventive measures should be taken in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rodríguez-Ares
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.R.-A.); (M.J.L.-V.); (L.M.); (R.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - David Lamas-Francis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.R.-A.); (M.J.L.-V.); (L.M.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mercedes Treviño
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.T.); (D.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniel Navarro
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.T.); (D.N.); (M.C.)
| | - María Cea
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.T.); (D.N.); (M.C.)
| | - María Jesús López-Valladares
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.R.-A.); (M.J.L.-V.); (L.M.); (R.T.)
| | - Laura Martínez
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.R.-A.); (M.J.L.-V.); (L.M.); (R.T.)
| | - Francisco Gude
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Clinical Epidemiology Service, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Touriño
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (T.R.-A.); (M.J.L.-V.); (L.M.); (R.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
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Jidigam VK, Singh R, Batoki JC, Milliner C, Sawant OB, Bonilha VL, Rao S. Histopathological assessments reveal retinal vascular changes, inflammation and gliosis in patients with lethal COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.02.25.21251531. [PMID: 33655272 PMCID: PMC7924297 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.25.21251531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess for histopathological changes within the retina and the choroid and determine the long-term sequelae of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. DESIGN Comparative analysis of human eyes. SUBJECTS Eleven donor eyes from COVID-19 positive donors and similar age-matched donor eyes from patients with a negative test for SARS-CoV-2 were assessed. METHODS Globes were evaluated ex-vivo with macroscopic, SLO and OCT imaging. Macula and peripheral regions were processed for epon-embedding and immunocytochemistry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Retinal thickness and histopathology, detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, changes in vascular density, gliosis, and degree of inflammation. RESULTS Fundus analysis shows hemorrhagic spots and increased vitreous debris in several of the COVID-19 eyes compared to the control. OCT based measurements indicated an increased trend in retinal thickness in the COVID-19 eyes, however the difference was not statistically significant. Histology of the retina showed presence of hemorrhages and central cystoid degeneration in several of the donors. Whole mount analysis of the retina labeled with markers showed changes in retinal microvasculature, increased inflammation, and gliosis in the COVID-19 eyes compared to the controls. The choroidal vasculature displayed localized changes in density and signs of increased inflammation in the COVID-19 samples. CONCLUSIONS In situ analysis of the retinal tissue suggested that there are severe subclinical abnormalities that could be detected in the COVID-19 eyes. This study provides a rationale for evaluating the ocular physiology of patients that have recovered from COVID-19 infections to further understand the long-term effects caused by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K. Jidigam
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH
| | - Rupesh Singh
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH
| | - Julia C. Batoki
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH
| | - Caroline Milliner
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH
| | - Onkar B. Sawant
- Center for Vision and Eye Banking Research, Eversight, 6700 Euclid Ave, Suite 101, Cleveland, OH
| | - Vera L. Bonilha
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sujata Rao
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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