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Wei X, Cai J, Lin H, Wu W, Zhuang J, Sun H. Anastrozole for the prevention of breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women: cost-effectiveness analysis in the UK and the USA. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:198. [PMID: 38350960 PMCID: PMC10865705 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The effectiveness of anastrozole for breast cancer prevention has been demonstrated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of anastrozole for the prevention of breast cancer in women with a high risk of breast cancer and to determine whether anastrozole for the primary prevention of breast cancer can improve the quality of life of women and save health-care resources. METHODS A decision-analytic model was used to assess the costs and effects of anastrozole prevention versus no prevention among women with a high risk of breast cancer. The key parameters of probability were derived from the IBIS-II trial, and the cost and health outcome data were derived from published literature. Costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated for the two strategies,One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS In the base case, the incremental cost per QALY of anastrozole prevention was £125,705.38/QALY in the first 5 years compared with no prevention in the UK, above the threshold of WTP (£3,000/QALY),and in the 12-year period, the ICER was £8,313.45/QALY, less than WTP. For the US third-party payer, ICER was $134,232.13/QALY in the first 5 years and $8,843.30/QALY in the 12 years, both less than the WTP threshold ($150,000/QALY). CONCLUSION In the UK and US, anastrozole may be a cost-effective strategy for the prevention of breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women. Moreover, the longer the cycle of the model, the higher the acceptability. The results of this study may provide a scientific reference for decision-making for clinicians, patients, and national medical and health care government departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoXia Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, No. 134, East Street, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, No. 134, East Street, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
| | - Huiting Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, Fuzhou, 350122, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, No. 134, East Street, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, No. 134, East Street, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China.
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Ángel-Parra C, Pascual-Domenech A, González-Mirasol E. Riesgo de cáncer de mama en portadoras de DIU de levonorgestrel. Revisión sistemática. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN GINECOLOGIA Y OBSTETRICIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gine.2021.100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Oral contraceptive use by formulation and endometrial cancer risk among women born in 1947-1964: The Nurses' Health Study II, a prospective cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 2020; 36:827-839. [PMID: 33331993 PMCID: PMC8416825 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-020-00705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral contraceptives (OCs) have been associated with long-term lower endometrial cancer risk; relatively little is known about associations with more recent OC formulations and associations with longer-term risk. A total of 107,069 women from the Nurses’ Health Study II recalled OC use from age 13 to baseline (1989); biennial questionnaires updated data on OC use until 2009. OCs were classified by estrogen and progestin type, dose, and potency based on reported brand. 864 incident endometrial cancer cases were identified through 2017. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] for the association of OC use with endometrial cancer risk. OC use was associated with lower endometrial cancer risk (ever use, HR 0.77 [95% CI 0.65–0.91]; >10 years of use, 0.43 [0.32–0.58] vs. never OC use). Inverse associations for duration were evident regardless of time since last use. Longer durations (> 5 years) of ethinyl estradiol (0.52 [0.41–0.67]) and second-generation progestins (0.43 [0.30–0.61]), both versus never use, were more strongly associated with lower risk than mestranol (0.66 [0.50–0.88], p-het = 0.01) and first-generation progestins (0.62 [0.49–0.78], p-het = 0.03). Inverse associations were generally observed for cross-classified cumulative average estrogen and progestin dose and potency (< vs. ≥ median; ever use vs. never OC use), with the exception of high estrogen and low progestin dose. OCs were associated with lower endometrial cancer risk, independent of time since last use. Use of ethinyl estradiol and second-generation progestins were more strongly inversely associated with risk compared with older formulations.
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Cai G, Ruan X, Gu M, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Mueck AO. PGRMC1 in animal breast cancer tissue and blood is associated with increased tumor growth with norethisterone in contrast to progesterone and dydrogesterone: four-arm randomized placebo-controlled xenograft study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:1024-1027. [PMID: 32208774 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1742689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is mediating strong breast cancer cell proliferation induced by certain synthetic progestogens which we have shown within already published in vitro studies. Aim was now to use an animal model, to compare tumor growth using progesterone and its isomer dydrogesterone with norethisterone, which elicited in our in vitro studies the strongest proliferating effect. For the first time, we wanted to investigate if growth can be correlated both with blood concentrations and tissue expression of PGRMC1 to identify if PGRMC1 could be a new tumor marker. Prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled four-arm study (45-50 days); PGRMC1-transfected or empty-vector T47D- and MCF7-xenotransplants were each treated with estradiol (E2) +placebo; E2 + progesterone; E2 + norethisterone; E2 + dydrogesterone; blood PGRMC1 assessed by a novel ELISA, tissue expression by immunohistochemistry. PGRMC1-transfected tumors further increased with E2 + norethisterone but not with E2-dydrogesterone or E2-progesterone. In both PGRMC1-xenograft groups (T47D, MCF7) with E2/norethisterone, the blood concentrations and tissue expression of PGRMC1 were higher than in all other 14 groups (p < .05), with positive significant correlation between blood PGRMCI concentrations and tissue PGRMC1 expression. In the presence of PGRMC1, certain progestogens could increase the growth of breast tumor, which now also should be tested in clinical studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dydrogesterone/pharmacology
- Female
- Heterografts
- Humans
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/blood
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Norethindrone/pharmacology
- Placebos
- Progesterone/pharmacology
- Random Allocation
- Receptors, Progesterone/blood
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiju Cai
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyan Ruan
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- University Women's Hospital and Research Centre for Women's Health, Department of Women's Health, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Muqing Gu
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejiao Wang
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Alfred O Mueck
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- University Women's Hospital and Research Centre for Women's Health, Department of Women's Health, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Ciriello D, Cieri-Hutcherson N. Pharmacists and Contraception in the Inpatient Setting. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8020082. [PMID: 32397460 PMCID: PMC7356798 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The choice of contraceptive method should be based on patient specific factors, patient preference, and method-specific properties. In this article, we review opportunities for an inpatient clinical pharmacist to assist in the selection and counseling of contraceptives in hospitalized patients. An inpatient pharmacist has the opportunity to discuss various contraceptive methods with the patient, ensuring an appropriate method is used after discharge, which is especially important after the occurrence of a contraception-related adverse effect or contraindication to certain contraceptive methods. Barriers, such as formulary restrictions, can limit inpatient initiation of contraceptive therapy while hospitalized, but pharmacists can provide education on appropriate alternatives. Inpatient clinical pharmacists can also make recommendations for contraceptive methods in special populations. It is crucial to select an appropriate therapy in patients with an underlying medical condition, such as those with active or history of breast cancer, psychiatric disorder, or thrombophilia, as inappropriate therapy can cause an increased risk of harm. Pharmacists can assist in contraceptive counseling, evaluating for drug-drug and drug-disease interactions, and recommending the most appropriate therapy in special populations. An inpatient pharmacist has the opportunity to interact with the medical team and assist in navigation of teratogenic medication use and Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Cieri-Hutcherson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Correspondence:
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Xie BC, Song SY, Xie XY, Sun YT, Zhang XY, Xu DH, Huang YS. Isolation, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of two impurities in nomegestrol acetate. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1800295. [PMID: 30600539 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nomegestrol acetate (NOMAc) is a synthetic progesterone analog and classified as a fourth-generation progestin. It has been approved in many countries for oral contraception, hormonal replacement therapy (HRT), and treatment of various gynecological disorders. There are several synthetic routes reported for the synthesis of NOMAc and they all share the very similar last three to five steps toward the conversion of 6-methylene to 6-methyl-6,7-unsaturated structure. Therefore the final product from different processing routes may have similar impurity profiles. In the analysis of NOMAc, we identified two impurities, impurity A (listed in EP 8.0) and impurity B (not specified in EP 8.0). Both impurities were further confirmed by synthesis. In addition, both impurities and NOMAc were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicities against L02 liver cells, mesenchymal stem cells, MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and C33A cervical cancer cells. These three analogs are not cytotoxic to the four cell lines at low concentrations (<20 μM). NOMAc and impurity A showed cytotoxicity to L02, MCF-7, and C33A cells at high concentrations, while impurity B did not show significant cytotoxicity to any of the cell lines tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Cheng Xie
- Guangdong Medical University School of Pharmacy, Dongguan, China
| | - Shu-Yong Song
- Guangdong Medical University School of Pharmacy, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Xie
- Guangdong Medical University School of Pharmacy, Dongguan, China
| | - Yu-Tong Sun
- Guangdong Medical University School of Pharmacy, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Zhang
- Center for Research and Development, Lijiang Yinghua Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lijiang, Yunnan, China
| | - Dao-Hua Xu
- Guangdong Medical University School of Pharmacy, Dongguan, China
| | - Yun-Sheng Huang
- Guangdong Medical University School of Pharmacy, Dongguan, China
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Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, Iversen L, Fielding S, Lidegaard Ø. Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:2228-2239. [PMID: 29211679 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1700732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about whether contemporary hormonal contraception is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. METHODS We assessed associations between the use of hormonal contraception and the risk of invasive breast cancer in a nationwide prospective cohort study involving all women in Denmark between 15 and 49 years of age who had not had cancer or venous thromboembolism and who had not received treatment for infertility. Nationwide registries provided individually updated information about the use of hormonal contraception, breast-cancer diagnoses, and potential confounders. RESULTS Among 1.8 million women who were followed on average for 10.9 years (a total of 19.6 million person-years), 11,517 cases of breast cancer occurred. As compared with women who had never used hormonal contraception, the relative risk of breast cancer among all current and recent users of hormonal contraception was 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14 to 1.26). This risk increased from 1.09 (95% CI, 0.96 to 1.23) with less than 1 year of use to 1.38 (95% CI, 1.26 to 1.51) with more than 10 years of use (P=0.002). After discontinuation of hormonal contraception, the risk of breast cancer was still higher among the women who had used hormonal contraceptives for 5 years or more than among women who had not used hormonal contraceptives. Risk estimates associated with current or recent use of various oral combination (estrogen-progestin) contraceptives varied between 1.0 and 1.6. Women who currently or recently used the progestin-only intrauterine system also had a higher risk of breast cancer than women who had never used hormonal contraceptives (relative risk, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.33). The overall absolute increase in breast cancers diagnosed among current and recent users of any hormonal contraceptive was 13 (95% CI, 10 to 16) per 100,000 person-years, or approximately 1 extra breast cancer for every 7690 women using hormonal contraception for 1 year. CONCLUSIONS The risk of breast cancer was higher among women who currently or recently used contemporary hormonal contraceptives than among women who had never used hormonal contraceptives, and this risk increased with longer durations of use; however, absolute increases in risk were small. (Funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina S Mørch
- From Rigshospitalet, the Juliane Marie Center, Department of Gynecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (L.S.M., C.W.S., Ø.L.); and Academic Primary Care (P.C.H., L.I.) and Medical Statistics (S.F.), Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte W Skovlund
- From Rigshospitalet, the Juliane Marie Center, Department of Gynecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (L.S.M., C.W.S., Ø.L.); and Academic Primary Care (P.C.H., L.I.) and Medical Statistics (S.F.), Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C Hannaford
- From Rigshospitalet, the Juliane Marie Center, Department of Gynecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (L.S.M., C.W.S., Ø.L.); and Academic Primary Care (P.C.H., L.I.) and Medical Statistics (S.F.), Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Iversen
- From Rigshospitalet, the Juliane Marie Center, Department of Gynecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (L.S.M., C.W.S., Ø.L.); and Academic Primary Care (P.C.H., L.I.) and Medical Statistics (S.F.), Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Fielding
- From Rigshospitalet, the Juliane Marie Center, Department of Gynecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (L.S.M., C.W.S., Ø.L.); and Academic Primary Care (P.C.H., L.I.) and Medical Statistics (S.F.), Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Øjvind Lidegaard
- From Rigshospitalet, the Juliane Marie Center, Department of Gynecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (L.S.M., C.W.S., Ø.L.); and Academic Primary Care (P.C.H., L.I.) and Medical Statistics (S.F.), Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Samson M, Porter N, Orekoya O, Hebert JR, Adams SA, Bennett CL, Steck SE. Progestin and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 155:3-12. [PMID: 26700034 PMCID: PMC4706804 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review summarizes research on the use of progestin and breast cancer risk. Although mainly used for contraception, progestin can help treat menstrual disorders, and benign breast, uterine, and ovarian diseases. Breast cancer is the leading site of new, non-skin, cancers in females in the United States, and possible factors that may modulate breast cancer risk need to be identified. ProQuest (Ann Arbor, MI) and PubMed-Medline (US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD, USA) databases were used to search for epidemiologic studies from 2000 to 2015 that examined the association between progestin and breast cancer. Search terms included epidemiologic studies + progesterone or progestin or progestogen or contraceptive or contraceptive agents + breast cancer or breast neoplasms. A total of six studies were included in the review. Five of the six studies reported no association between progestin-only formulations (including norethindrone oral contraceptives, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, injectable, levonorgestrel system users, implantable and intrauterine devices) and breast cancer risk. Duration of use was examined in a few studies with heterogeneous results. Unlike studies of other oral contraceptives, studies indicate that progestin-only formulations do not increase the risk of breast cancer, although the literature is hampered by small sample sizes. Future research is needed to corroborate these findings, as further understanding of synthetic progesterone may initiate new prescription practices or guidelines for women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Samson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, 2nd Floor #10, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Nancy Porter
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, 2nd Floor #10, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Olubunmi Orekoya
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, 2nd Floor #10, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - James R Hebert
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, 2nd Floor #10, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Swann Arp Adams
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, 2nd Floor #10, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Charles L Bennett
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Susan E Steck
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, 2nd Floor #10, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Ferraboschi P, Ciuffreda P, Ciceri S, Grisenti P, Castellano C, Meneghetti F. Crystallographic and spectroscopic study on a known orally active progestin. Steroids 2015; 104:137-44. [PMID: 26432687 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
6,17α-Dimethyl-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (medrogestone, 2) is for a long time known steroid endowed with progestational activity. In order to study its crystallographic and NMR spectroscopic properties with the aim to fill the literature gap, we prepared medrogestone following a traditional procedure. A careful NMR study allowed the complete assignment of the (1)H and (13)C NMR signals not only of medrogestone but also of its synthetic intermediates. The structural and stereochemical characterizations of medrogestone together with its precursor 17α-methyl-3-ethoxy-pregna-3,5-dien-20-one were described by means of X-ray analysis, allowing a deepened conformational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ferraboschi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Pierangela Ciuffreda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Samuele Ciceri
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Castellano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fiorella Meneghetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Charlton BM, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Missmer SA, Rosner BA, Hankinson SE, Speizer FE, Michels KB. Oral contraceptive use and mortality after 36 years of follow-up in the Nurses' Health Study: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2014; 349:g6356. [PMID: 25361731 PMCID: PMC4216099 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g6356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether use of oral contraceptives is associated with all cause and cause specific mortality. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Nurses' Health Study, data collected between 1976 and 2012. POPULATION 121,701 participants were prospectively followed for 36 years; lifetime oral contraceptive use was recorded biennially from 1976 to 1982. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Overall and cause specific mortality, assessed throughout follow-up until 2012. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate the relative risks of all cause and cause specific mortality associated with use of oral contraceptives. RESULTS In our population of 121,577 women with information on oral contraceptive use, 63,626 were never users (52%) and 57,951 were ever users (48%). After 3.6 million person years, we recorded 31,286 deaths. No association was observed between ever use of oral contraceptives and all cause mortality. However, violent or accidental deaths were more common among ever users (hazard ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.37). Longer duration of use was more strongly associated with certain causes of death, including premature mortality due to breast cancer (test for trend P<0.0001) and decreased mortality rates of ovarian cancer (P=0.002). Longer time since last use was also associated with certain outcomes, including a positive association with violent or accidental deaths (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS All cause mortality did not differ significantly between women who had ever used oral contraceptives and never users. Oral contraceptive use was associated with certain causes of death, including increased rates of violent or accidental death and deaths due to breast cancer, whereas deaths due to ovarian cancer were less common among women who used oral contraceptives. These results pertain to earlier oral contraceptive formulations with higher hormone doses rather than the now more commonly used third and fourth generation formulations with lower estrogen doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Charlton
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet W Rich-Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Graham A Colditz
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Stacey A Missmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Division of Reproductive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernard A Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Frank E Speizer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Karin B Michels
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Wei M, He Q, Yang Z, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Liu B, Gu Q, Su L, Yu Y, Zhu Z, Zhang G. Integrity of the LXXLL motif in Stat6 is required for the inhibition of breast cancer cell growth and enhancement of differentiation in the context of progesterone. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:10. [PMID: 24401087 PMCID: PMC4021501 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progesterone is essential for the proliferation and differentiation of mammary gland epithelium. Studies of breast cancer cells have demonstrated a biphasic progesterone response consisting of an initial proliferative burst followed by sustained growth arrest. However, the transcriptional factors acting with the progesterone receptor (PR) to mediate the effects of progesterone on mammary cell growth and differentiation remain to be determined. Recently, it was demonstrated that signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6) is a cell growth suppressor. Similar to progesterone-bound PR, Stat6 acts by inducing the expression of the G1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. The possible interaction between Stat6 and progesterone pathways in mammary cells was therefore investigated in the present study. Methods ChIP and luciferase were assayed to determine whether Stat6 induces p21 and p27 expression by recruitment at the proximal Sp1-binding sites of the gene promoters. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting were performed to investigate the interaction between Stat6 and PR-B. The cellular DNA content and cell cycle distribution in breast cancer cells were analyzed by FACS. Results We found that Stat6 interacts with progesterone-activated PR in T47D cells. Stat6 synergizes with progesterone-bound PR to transactivate the p21 and p27 gene promoters at the proximal Sp1-binding sites. Moreover, Stat6 overexpression and knockdown, respectively, increased or prevented the induction of p21 and p27 gene expression by progesterone. Stat6 knockdown also abolished the inhibitory effects of progesterone on pRB phosphorylation, G1/S cell cycle progression, and cell proliferation. In addition, knockdown of Stat6 expression prevented the induction of breast cell differentiation markers, previously identified as progesterone target genes. Finally, Stat6 gene expression levels increased following progesterone treatment, indicating a positive auto-regulatory loop between PR and Stat6. Conclusions Taken together, these data identify Stat6 as a coactivator of PR mediating the growth-inhibitory and differentiation effects of progesterone on breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- Breast Department, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China.
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Kubli-Garfias C, González-Flores O, Gómora-Arrati P, González-Mariscal G, Vázquez-Ramírez R, Beyer C. Bimodal binding and free energy of the progesterone receptor in the induction of female sexual receptivity by progesterone and synthetic progestins. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 133:43-50. [PMID: 22960752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic progestins (SPs) are used for regulation of fertility, contraception and hormone replacement therapy. The acetylated medroxyprogesterone (MPA), megestrol (MGA) and chlormadinone (CLA) are related to progesterone (P). Other SPs are 19-nortestosterone derivatives such as: norethisterone (NET), norethynodrel (NED) or the 13-ethyl gonane, levonorgestrel (LNG). We studied MPA, NET, NED and LNG in a dose-response manner to induce sexual receptivity in rats. Results showed that MPA, NET and NED act as partial agonists, with similar or lower potency than P. However, LNG is a full agonist. Additionally, the molecules of MPA, MGA, CLA, NET, NED, LNG, and P, were submitted to computer calculations at ab initio quantum mechanics theory, to obtain their electronic structure and molecular properties. The aim was to correlate their behavioral effect with their physicochemical properties. In addition, the crystals of P, NET and LNG bound to the progesterone receptor (PR) were studied. The PR crystallizes as a dimer forming two monomers (mA and mB), in which Gln725 interacts in either of two possible ways with the C3-carbonyl pharmacophore of progestins. P binds differentially to both PR monomers, while NET binds exclusively as mA and LNG binds only as mB in both monomers with no difference. Energetically, binding of LNG and P to mB, is more favorable than that of NET and P to mA. Consequently, this bimodal mechanism increases the action possibilities of SPs on biological systems. Interestingly, progestin potency depends mostly on local molecular structure and electronic features, prevailing over total molecular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Kubli-Garfias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico.
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Strizzi L, Hardy KM, Margaryan NV, Hillman DW, Seftor EA, Chen B, Geiger XJ, Thompson EA, Lingle WL, Andorfer CA, Perez EA, Hendrix MJC. Potential for the embryonic morphogen Nodal as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R75. [PMID: 22577960 PMCID: PMC3446338 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The re-emergence of the tumour growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-related embryonic morphogen Nodal has recently been reported in several different human cancers. In this study, we examined the expression of Nodal in a series of benign and malignant human breast tissues to determine the clinical significance of this expression and whether Nodal could represent a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. Methods Tissue sections from 431 therapeutically naive patients diagnosed with benign or malignant breast disease were stained for Nodal by immunohistochemistry and analysed in a blinded manner. The degree of Nodal staining was subsequently correlated with available clinical data, such as diagnoses and disease stage. These tissue findings were further explored in breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 treated with a Nodal blocking antibody to determine biological effects for target validation. Results A variable degree of Nodal staining was detected in all samples. The intensity of Nodal staining was significantly greater in undifferentiated, advanced stage, invasive breast cancer compared with benign breast disease or early stage breast cancer. Treatment of human breast cancer cells in vitro with Nodal blocking antibody significantly reduced proliferation and colony-forming ability in soft agar, concomitant with increased apoptosis. Conclusions These data suggest a potential role for Nodal as a biomarker for disease progression and a promising target for anti-Nodal therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Strizzi
- Children's Memorial Research Center, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 2300 Children's Plaza, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Progesterone receptor (PR) agonists (progestins) and antagonists are developed for female contraceptives. However, non-contraceptive applications of newer progestins and PR modulators are being given more attention. AREAS COVERED The newer PR agonists including drospirenone, nomegestrol, trimegestone, dienogest and nestorone are being evaluated as contraceptives with health benefits because of their unique pharmacological properties. The selective PR modulators (SPRM; PR antagonists with PR agonistic properties) are under development not only for emergency contraception but also for other health benefits such as the treatment of endometritis and leiomyoma. After searching the literature from PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov and patent database, this review focuses on the effects and mechanisms of these progestins, and SPRMs as contraceptives with other health benefits. EXPERT OPINION PR agonists and antagonists that have novel properties may generate better contraceptive effects with other health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Su
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, 109 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
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16
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Justenhoven C, Obazee O, Winter S, Couch FJ, Olson JE, Hall P, Hannelius U, Li J, Humphreys K, Severi G, Giles G, Southey M, Baglietto L, Fasching PA, Beckmann MW, Ekici AB, Hamann U, Baisch C, Harth V, Rabstein S, Lotz A, Pesch B, Brüning T, Ko YD, Brauch H. The postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy-related breast cancer risk is decreased in women carrying the CYP2C19*17 variant. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 131:347-50. [PMID: 22037784 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cibula D, Gompel A, Mueck AO, La Vecchia C, Hannaford PC, Skouby SO, Zikan M, Dusek L. Hormonal contraception and risk of cancer. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 16:631-50. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmq022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Pasqualini JR. Breast cancer and steroid metabolizing enzymes: The role of progestogens. Maturitas 2009; 65 Suppl 1:S17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pinkerton JV, Stovall DW, Kightlinger RS. Advances in the Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms. WOMENS HEALTH 2009; 5:361-384; quiz 383-4. [DOI: 10.2217/whe.09.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy are both common menopausal symptoms. Hormone therapy is currently the only FDA-approved treatment for hot flashes. Current recommendations are to use the lowest dose of hormone therapy for the shortest period that will allow treatment goals to be met. Although the reanalysis of the WHI in 2007 by Roussow et al. provided evidence of coronary heart safety for users of hormone therapy under the age of 60 years and within 10 years of the onset of menopause, not all women desire or are candidates for hormone therapy. In this review we present an evidence-based discussion considering the effectiveness of hormonal and nonhormonal therapies for the relief of vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy. Concern exists regarding systemic absorption of vaginal estrogen and possible adverse effects on the breast and uterus. Selective estrogen receptor modulators and estrogen agonists offer benefits through targeted estrogen agonist/antagonistic effects and are being evaluated with and without estrogen for symptomatic menopausal women. Centrally acting nonhormonal therapies that are effective for the relief of vasomotor symptoms include various antidepressants, gabapentin and clonidine. A limited number of clinical trials have been conducted with nonprescription remedies, including paced respiration, yoga, acupuncture, exercise, homeopathy and magnet therapy, and some, but not all of these, have been found to be more effective than placebo. Dietary herbal supplements, such as soy and black cohosh, have demonstrated mixed and inconclusive results in placebo-controlled trials. Potential therapies for vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy require randomized, placebo-controlled trials of sufficient duration to establish efficacy and safety. Agents under investigation for vasomotor symptoms relief include neuroactive agents, such as gabapentin and desvenlafaxine; an estrogen receptor-β-targeted herbal therapy, MF-101; and the selective estrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene, paired with estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn V Pinkerton
- JoAnn V Pinkerton, MD, Box 801104, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA, Tel.: +1 434 243 4727, Fax: +1 434 243 4706,
| | - Dale W Stovall
- Dale Stovall, MD, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Divisions of Midlife Health & Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA, Tel.: +1 434 243 4570,
| | - Rebecca S Kightlinger
- Rebecca Kightlinger, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Divisions of Midlife Health & Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA, Tel.: +1 434 243 4727,
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Guerriero G. Vertebrate sex steroid receptors: evolution, ligands, and neurodistribution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:154-68. [PMID: 19456336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on our current understanding of vertebrate sex steroid receptors, with an emphasis on their evolutionary relationships. These relationships are discussed based on nucleotide and amino acid sequence data, which provide clues to the process by which structure-function relations have originated, evolved, and been maintained over time. The importance of the distribution of sex steroid receptors in the vertebrate brain is discussed using the example of androgen receptor sites and their relatively conserved localizations in the vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guerriero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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Campagnoli C, Ambroggio S, Lotano MR, Peris C. Progestogen use in women approaching the menopause and breast cancer risk. Maturitas 2009; 62:338-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Clendenen TV, Koenig KL, Shore RE, Levitz M, Arslan AA, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A. Postmenopausal levels of endogenous sex hormones and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:275-81. [PMID: 19124509 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational epidemiologic studies and randomized trials have reported a protective effect of oral hormonal replacement therapy on risk of colorectal cancer. Only one previous prospective study, the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, has reported on the relationship between endogenous hormones and incident colorectal cancer. Contrary to expectation, the investigators found that women with higher circulating estradiol levels were at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. We conducted a case-control study nested within the New York University Women's Health Study prospective cohort to evaluate the association between endogenous levels of estrone, estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with risk of colorectal cancer. We measured hormones and SHBG in serum samples collected at enrollment from a total of 148 women who subsequently developed colorectal cancer and 293 matched controls. Circulating estrone levels were positively associated with risk of colorectal cancer: The odds ratio for the highest versus lowest quartile of estrone was 1.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-3.3). We found a nonsignificant inverse association between SHBG and colorectal cancer, which disappeared after adjusting for body mass index. We did not find an association between estradiol and colorectal cancer risk, but we cannot rule out a potential association because of substantial laboratory error in the measurement. Our results suggest that endogenous estrone is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess V Clendenen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10016-3240, USA
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Svoboda M, Sellner F, Ekmekcioglu C, Klimpfinger M, Jaeger W, Thalhammer T. Expression of estrogen-metabolizing enzymes and estrogen receptors in cholelithiasis gallbladder. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 62:690-6. [PMID: 18440760 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen exposure is a risk factor for gallstone disease (cholelithiasis), which often leads to chronic inflammation (cholecystitis). Studies in various estrogen-sensitive tissues showed that key enzymes involved in the inactivation and activation of estrogens as well as expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta determine the amount of active estrogen. In estrogen-sensitive tissues, e.g. the female breast, estrone sulfate (E1S), present at high concentrations in the circulation, is converted into the biologically active estrone (E1) by steroid sulfatase (STS) and again reverted into E1S by estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) providing a local estrogen storage. AIMS To assess whether this might also apply for gallbladder epithelia, we determined expression of these two enzymes and of ERalpha and ERbeta in 15 cholelithiasis specimens from tissues with/or without inflammation. METHODS Quantitative (Real-time) PCR and immunofluorescence were used as methods. RESULTS We demonstrate mRNA expression of SULT1E1, STS, and ERalpha in all specimens with mean enrichment of 3.53- vs. 1.72-fold (n.s.), 3.5- vs. 0.91-fold (n.s.), and 3.04- vs. 1.6-fold (n.s.) in the inflammatory and non-inflammatory groups, respectively. Although high expression levels were seen in many specimens (means 4.88-fold vs. 5.77-fold), ERbeta mRNA was below the detection limit in two specimens from cholecystitis patients. To further investigate this varying expression pattern of ERbeta, immunohistological studies were performed, which indeed showed low expression levels of ERbeta in the damaged mucosa, while in specimens with well preserved mucosa, high ERbeta levels were seen in the cytosol and in the nucleus. CONCLUSION The data show expression of an estrogen network of activating STS and inactivating SULT1E1. Together with ERalpha and ERbeta, these enzymes could regulate estrogen concentrations in human gallbladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Svoboda
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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