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Rosenberg EA, Seely EW, James K, Soffer MD, Nelson S, Nicklas JM, Powe CE. Carbohydrate Intake and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Results in the Postpartum Period. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e1007-e1012. [PMID: 37097924 PMCID: PMC10505539 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends a 3-day preparatory diet prior to a diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), a test often recommended in postpartum individuals with a history of gestational diabetes (GDM). OBJECTIVE Evaluate the relationship between carbohydrate intake and OGTT glucose in 2 cohorts of postpartum individuals. METHODS We performed analyses of postpartum individuals from 2 prospective studies with recent GDM (Balance after Baby Intervention, BABI, n = 177) or risk factors for GDM (Study of Pregnancy Regulation of INsulin and Glucose, SPRING, n = 104) .We measured carbohydrate intake using 24-hour dietary recalls (SPRING) or Food Frequency Questionnaire (BABI) and performed 2-hour 75-g OGTTs. The main outcome measure was 120-minute post-OGTT glucose. RESULTS There was no relationship between carbohydrate intake and 120-minute post-OGTT glucose level in either study population (SPRING: β = 0.03, [-5.5, 5.5] mg/dL, P = .99; BABI: β = -3.1, [-9.5, 3.4] mg/dL, P = .35). Adding breastfeeding status to the model did not change results (SPRING β = -0.14, [-5.7, 5.5] mg/dL, P = .95; BABI β = -3.9, [-10.4, 2.7] mg/dL, P = .25). There was, however, an inverse relationship between glycemic index and 120-minute post OGTT glucose (BABI: β = -1.1, [-2.2, -0.03] mg/dL, P = .04). CONCLUSION Carbohydrate intake is not associated with post-OGTT glucose levels among postpartum individuals. Dietary preparation prior to the OGTT may not be necessary in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Rosenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen W Seely
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaitlyn James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marti D Soffer
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stacey Nelson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jacinda M Nicklas
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Camille E Powe
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Wang YF, Marsden S, Chiavaroli L, DiAngelo C, Sievenpiper JL. Trends in Loss-Adjusted Availability of Added Sugars and Energy Contribution from Macronutrients and Major Food Groups in Canada and the United States. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:459-468. [PMID: 35736960 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2022.2073923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
A clear understanding of changes in the consumption of sugars and other sugars-containing foods has become essential for dietary recommendations and nutrition policy considerations. This study aimed to estimate the consumption trends of added sugars, energy, macronutrients, and food categories using food supply data. Annual food availability data were obtained from Statistics Canada "Food Available in Canada" database and compared to the equivalent data from Canadian Community Health Survey 2004/2015 and USDA "Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System". There was a 17% decline in the loss-adjusted per capita consumption of added sugars (%energy) in Canada over the past two decades, largely attributed to reduced intakes of refined sugar and sugars from soft drinks. Added sugars consumption was generally 30% less than that in the US. There was also a consistent decline in total energy intake and %energy from carbohydrates, accompanied by increased %energy derived from fats particularly during the most recent 10 years. The observed trends in added sugars availability are similar to findings from the Canadian Community Health Surveys, demonstrating the potential application of annual loss-adjusted food availability data in monitoring trends in food and macronutrient intakes over time to complement dietary survey data in informing public policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Flora Wang
- Nutrition Information Service, Canadian Sugar Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Marsden
- Nutrition Information Service, Canadian Sugar Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Chiavaroli
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chiara DiAngelo
- Nutrition Information Service, Canadian Sugar Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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O’Mahony S, O’Donovan CB, Collins N, Burke K, Doyle G, Gibney ER. Reformulation of Processed Yogurt and Breakfast Cereals over Time: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3322. [PMID: 36834017 PMCID: PMC9964677 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Poor diet is responsible for a quarter of European non-communicable disease (NCD)-related deaths. The reformulation of sugar, salt, and saturated fat in processed packaged foods offers an opportunity to reduce consumption of nutrients of concern and also support a reduction in energy intake. To date, there have been no publications measuring progress in food reformulation by compiling published evidence for a food category. The aim of this scoping review was to identify, characterize and summarise the findings of studies analysing the reformulation of processed yogurt and breakfast cereals. The review answered the research question: "What is the impact of food reformulation on the nutrient quality of yogurt and breakfast cereals available in the retail environment?" The research protocol was defined based on PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Five databases were searched in May 2022. Thirteen studies, published between 2010 and 2021 and completed across seven countries were eligible for inclusion. There were sufficient eligible studies to identify trends in sodium, salt, and sugar reduction in breakfast cereals. However, there was minimal or no reduction in energy, which may bring into question the use of food reformulation as part of an overall health strategy for obesity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead O’Mahony
- Food Safety Authority of Ireland, The Exchange, Georges Dock, D01 P2V6 Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare B. O’Donovan
- Food Safety Authority of Ireland, The Exchange, Georges Dock, D01 P2V6 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nuala Collins
- Food Safety Authority of Ireland, The Exchange, Georges Dock, D01 P2V6 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin Burke
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Gerardine Doyle
- College of Business, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Geary Institute of Public Policy, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eileen R. Gibney
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Flieh SM, Miguel-Berges ML, Huybrechts I, Breidenassel C, Grammatikaki E, Donne CL, Manios Y, Widhalm K, Molnár D, Stehle P, Kafatos A, Dallongeville J, Molina-Hidalgo C, Gómez-Martínez S, Gonzalez-Gross M, De Henauw S, Béghin L, Kersting M, Moreno LA, González-Gil EM. Food portion sizes and their relationship with energy, and nutrient intakes in adolescents: The HELENA study. Nutrition 2023; 106:111893. [PMID: 36462317 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the associations between portion sizes (PSs) from different food groups and energy, as well as nutrient intakes in European adolescents. METHODS A sample of 1631 adolescents (54.2 % girls) were included from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional (HELENA) study. Mean food PS was calculated by dividing the total intake of the items by the number of eating occasions of these consumed items. To determine the key items for analysis, foods were ranked by frequency of consumption. A one-way between-groups analysis of covariance was used to test for significant differences in means across tertiles. A multivariable linear regression analysis was carried out, adjusting for age, sex, maternal education, body mass index, and using country as a level. RESULTS Energy intake increased with elevated intakes of energy-dense foods. Large portions of rice and other grains, starch roots and potatoes, and meat substitutes, nuts, and pulses were associated with increased carbohydrate and fiber intake. Larger portions of cheese and butter and animal fat were significantly associated with a higher fat intake. Lower intakes of some vitamins and micronutrients were noticed with consumption of larger portions of high energy-dense foods, such as desserts and pudding, margarine and vegetable oil, and butter and animal fat. CONCLUSIONS Large food PSs may be associated with positive energy, as well as macro- and micronutrient intake. Moreover, the findings from this study may help the future development of dietary guidance in general and specific to PSs, and support targeted strategies to address intakes of certain nutrients in European adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondos M Flieh
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María L Miguel-Berges
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christina Breidenassel
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Evangelia Grammatikaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece; University Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitarie Lille, Clinical Investigation Center, Lille, France
| | - Cinzia Le Donne
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece; Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Academic Institute for Clinical Nutrition, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dénes Molnár
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Peter Stehle
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jean Dallongeville
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cristina Molina-Hidalgo
- Evaluacion funcional y fisiologia del ejercicio, Ciencia y Tecnologia de la Salud Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Gómez-Martínez
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcela Gonzalez-Gross
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurent Béghin
- University Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitarie Lille, Clinical Investigation Center, Lille, France; University Lille, Inserm, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, INFINITE, Lille, France
| | - Mathilde Kersting
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, Pediatric University Clinic, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Luis A Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Esther M González-Gil
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
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Association between added sugar intake and overall diet quality in the Finnish adult population. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1848-1856. [PMID: 34842126 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Added sugar intake has been associated with several health issues, but few studies have examined its association with overall diet quality. We aimed at examining the association between added sugar intake and overall diet quality in Finnish adults. Associations between added sugar intake and sociodemographic factors, lifestyle factors, and BMI were also explored. Our data comprised 5094 adults residing in Finland who participated in the National FinHealth 2017 Study. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated FFQ. Food consumption and nutrient intakes were calculated using the Finnish national food composition database. Added sugar intake was estimated based on food categorisation and identifying naturally occurring sugar sources. Overall diet quality was assessed by the modified Baltic Sea Diet Score. The average added sugar intake was 7·6 E % in women and 8·3 E % in men in this study population. Added sugar intake was inversely associated with education (P = 0·03 women; P = 0·001 men), physical activity (P < 0·0001), and BMI in men (P = 0·003), and directly with smoking (P = 0·002 women; P < 0·0001 men). Added sugar intake was inversely associated with overall diet quality in both sexes (P < 0·0001). No interactions were found except for men's physical activity subgroups, the inverse association being stronger among active men than moderately active or inactive men (Pfor interaction = 0·005). Our findings suggest that high added sugar intake is associated with several unhealthy dietary and lifestyle habits, including poor-quality diets, smoking and leisure-time inactivity in Finnish adults. Efforts to improve diet quality should consider added sugar intake equally in the whole population.
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Chiavaroli L, Wang YF, Ahmed M, Ng AP, DiAngelo C, Marsden S, Sievenpiper JL. Intakes of nutrients and food categories in Canadian children and adolescents across levels of sugars intake: cross-sectional analyses of the Canadian Community Health Survey 2015 Public Use Microdata File. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:415-428. [PMID: 35007181 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary recommendations to reduce sugars consumption may influence choices of sugars-containing foods and affect the intake of key micronutrients. We compared intakes of nutrients and food sources stratified by quintiles of total sugars in Canadian children (2-8 y) and adolescents (9-13 y, 14-18 y) using 24-hour dietary recalls from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition. Energy intakes did not differ across quintiles of sugars intake. Those with lower sugars intakes (Q1/Q3) generally had higher protein, fat, sodium, niacin, folate, and zinc and lower vitamin C compared with those with the highest sugars intakes (Q5). Q1 also had lower potassium but higher saturated fat compared with Q5. Further, Q1 generally had higher protein, fats, and niacin compared with Q3, while children in Q3 had higher potassium and riboflavin and older adolescents had higher calcium and fibre. Q5 had highest intakes of multiple sugar-containing food categories (e.g., fruit, confectionary, milks, cakes/pies/pastries), with higher sugars-sweetened beverages in adolescents. Q3 had higher fruit, milks, and fruit juice compared with Q1 and lower sugars/syrups/preserves, confectionary, and fruit juices compared with Q5. Certain nutrient-dense food sources of sugars (fruit, milks) may help increase key nutrients (potassium, calcium, fibre) in older adolescents with low sugars intakes. However, in those with the highest sugars intakes, nutrient-poor foods may displace nutrient-dense foods. Novelty: Canadian children and adolescents with lower sugars intake have better intakes of some nutrients. Energy intakes did not differ across sugars intake. Older adolescents with mean intakes of total sugars had better intakes of some key nutrients (potassium, calcium, fibre).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chiavaroli
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Ye Flora Wang
- Nutrition Information Service, Canadian Sugar Institute, Toronto, ON M5V 3E4, Canada
| | - Mavra Ahmed
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.,Joannah and Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alena Praneet Ng
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Chiara DiAngelo
- Nutrition Information Service, Canadian Sugar Institute, Toronto, ON M5V 3E4, Canada
| | - Sandra Marsden
- Nutrition Information Service, Canadian Sugar Institute, Toronto, ON M5V 3E4, Canada
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
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Choi JH. TAS1R2 sweet taste receptor genetic variation and dietary intake in Korean females. Appetite 2021; 164:105281. [PMID: 33930495 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Taste receptor type 1, member 2 (TAS1R2) controls the oral sensing of sweetness. Genetic variations in TAS1R2 have been shown to be associated with differential sweetness intensity and varying carbohydrate intake levels among individuals. This study examined whether rs7534618 A > C in TAS1R2 is associated with dietary behavior and energy nutrient intake in Korean females. A cross-sectional design utilizing data from the Multi-Rural Communities Cohort Study, which was a nationwide epidemiological research project in Korea, was applied in this study. In total, 2198 females were analyzed to evaluate the differences in macronutrient intake levels and intake of carbohydrate-rich and sweet-tasting foods between the rs7534618 genotypes. The findings suggest that individuals with the CC minor genotype tended to have lower carbohydrate but higher fat intake than subjects with the A* genotype (p = 0.035 and p = 0.042, respectively). Subjects with the CC genotype also exhibited less intake of total grains but greater intake of bread than those with the A* genotype (p = 0.017 and p = 0.006, respectively). However, these observed associations were statistically modest (false discovery rate adjusted p > 0.05). In conclusion, TAS1R2 rs7534618 is not a decisive genetic modifier of nutrition and dietary intake in Korean females. However, given the paucity of studies, these putative associations between the TAS1R variation and dietary intake may be referred for further sensory genetic studies in Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwa Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea.
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Reformulation of sugar contents in Canadian prepackaged foods and beverages between 2013 and 2017 and resultant changes in nutritional composition of products with sugar reductions. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:2870-2878. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:To quantify total sugar reformulation in Canadian prepackaged foods and beverages between 2013 and 2017 and identify changes in the nutritional composition of the foods and beverages reformulated to be lower in total sugar.Design:Longitudinal examination of foods and beverages present in both 2013 and 2017 collections of the University of Toronto’s Food Label Information Program database (n 6628 matched products). The proportion of products with changes in sugar levels was determined. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to examine changes in sugar levels overall for products lower or higher in sugar and changes in nutrient composition for products lower in sugar.Setting:Largest grocery retailers by market share in Canada.Participants:Canadian prepackaged foods and beverages.Results:The majority (76·6 %) of products had no change in total sugar content, 12·4 % were reformulated to be lower in sugar and 11·0 % were higher in sugar. A median sugar reduction of 19·0 % (1·6 g) was seen among products lower in sugar which was offset by a median 18·0 % (1·5 g) increase among products higher in sugar. Overall, median levels of energies and other nutrients stayed the same or decreased among products reformulated to be lower in sugar, the exception was for starch, which increased.Conclusions:Limited progress was made to reformulate foods and beverages to be lower in total sugar between 2013 and 2017. Results from this study identify areas in the food supply where attention may be needed to avoid unintended consequences of sugar-focused reformulation in terms of overall nutritional composition.
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Thomas‐Walters L, Veríssimo D, Gadsby E, Roberts D, Smith RJ. Taking a more nuanced look at behavior change for demand reduction in the illegal wildlife trade. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erica Gadsby
- Centre for Health Services StudiesUniversity of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - David Roberts
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and EcologyUniversity of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Robert J. Smith
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and EcologyUniversity of Kent Canterbury UK
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Canadian Adults with Moderate Intakes of Total Sugars have Greater Intakes of Fibre and Key Micronutrients: Results from the Canadian Community Health Survey 2015 Public Use Microdata File. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041124. [PMID: 32316582 PMCID: PMC7230278 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Global dietary guidelines recommend reducing free sugars intake, which may affect choices of sugars-containing foods, including important sources of key micronutrients. The purpose of the study was to compare the intakes of nutrients stratified by intakes of sugars in Canadian adults. Methods: The first-day 24-h dietary recalls from adults (n = 11,817) in the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition were used to compare macronutrients, micronutrients and food categories across quintiles of total sugars [by %energy (%E)], adjusted for misreporting status and covariates. Results: Canadian adults consumed on average 86.9 g/day (18.8 %E) from total sugars and 47.5 g/day (9.9 %E) from free sugars. Mean intakes for the 1st (Q1), 3rd (Q3) and 5th (Q5) quintiles of total sugars were 7.9%E, 18.3%E and 33.3%E, respectively. Q3 had higher fibre, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin C and potassium intakes than Q1 (p < 0.001), reflecting higher fruit, milk and yogurt (p < 0.001) consumption. Compared to Q5, Q3 had higher intakes of folate, vitamin B12, iron and zinc. Conclusion: This study provides the first detailed analyses of Canadian adults’ macro- and micro-nutrient intakes stratified by different intakes of total sugars. Moderate intakes of total sugars may result in greater intakes of fibre and micronutrients. Overall nutrient intake should be considered when making food choices.
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Association between free sugars intake and nutrient dilution among Japanese adults: the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:3827-3839. [PMID: 32162042 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between free sugars and nutrient intake is unclear in Japanese adults with relatively low free sugars intake. This cross-sectional study aimed to elucidate this relationship using data from the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan, and according to the current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the prevention of nutrient dilution [< 5% or < 10% of energy (%E)]. METHODS Dietary intake of Japanese adults (aged ≥ 20 years; n = 16,652) was assessed using a 1-day weighed dietary record. Mean intakes for selected nutrients and food groups were compared among categories of free sugars intake (i.e., < 2.5%E, 2.5 to < 5%E, 5 to < 10%E, and ≥ 10%E) by adjusting for sex, age, weight status, smoking status, habitual drinking, and occupation. RESULTS Free sugars intake was inversely associated with the intake of 16 of 24 micronutrients investigated. Compared to its lower categories of free sugars intake, significant reductions in intake were identified for almost all micronutrients at ≥ 10%E, whereas ten micronutrients were reduced at 5 to < 10%E. The intake of dietary fibre, sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron was lower at < 2.5%E than at 2.5 to < 5%E and/or 5 to < 10%E. Free sugars intake was also positively associated with sugars and jams, confectionaries, fruit and vegetable juices, and soft drinks and inversely with pulses and nuts and vegetables. CONCLUSIONS This study identified nutrient dilution among Japanese adults with higher free sugars intake and confirmed the significance of the WHO guidelines for preventing nutrient dilution in Japanese.
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Sundfør TM, Svendsen M, Heggen E, Dushanov S, Klemsdal TO, Tonstad S. BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:832-841. [PMID: 31216575 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SFA intake increases LDL cholesterol whereas PUFA intake lowers it. Whether the lipid response to dietary fat differs between normal-weight and obese persons is of relevance to dietary recommendations for obese populations. OBJECTIVES We compared the effect of substituting unsaturated fat for saturated fat on LDL cholesterol and apoB concentrations in normal-weight (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2) and obese (BMI: 30-45) subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol. METHODS We randomly assigned 83 men and women (aged 21-70 y) stratified by BMI (normal: n = 44; obese: n = 39) and elevated LDL cholesterol (mean ± SD, normal weight 4.6 ± 0.9 mmol/L; obese 4.4 ± 0.8 mmol/L) to either a PUFA diet enriched with oil-based margarine ( n = 42) or an SFA diet enriched with butter (n = 41) for 6 wk. RESULTS Seven-day dietary records showed differences of ∼9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ∼4 E% in PUFA between the SFA and PUFA groups. In the total study population, the PUFA diet compared with the SFA diet lowered LDL cholesterol (-0.31 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.47, -0.15 mmol/L, compared with 0.32 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.47 mmol/L; P < 0.001) and apoB (-0.08 g/L; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.05 g/L, compared with 0.07 g/L; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.10 g/L; P < 0.001). Tests of the BMI × diet interaction were significant for total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apoB ( P values ≤ 0.009). In normal-weight compared with obese participants post-hoc comparisons found that the respective changes in LDL cholesterol were 9.7% (95% CI: 5.3%, 14.2%) compared with 5.3% (95% CI: -0.7%, 11.2%), P = 0.206, in the SFA group, and -10.4% (95% CI: -15.2%, -5.7%) compared with -2.3% (95% CI: -7.4%, 2.8%), P = 0.020, in the PUFA group. ApoB changes were 7.5% (95% CI: 3.5%, 11.4%) compared with 3.0% (95% CI: -1.7%, 7.7%), P = 0.140, in the SFA group, and -8.9% (95% CI: -12.6%, -5.2%) compared with -3.8% (95% CI: -6.3%, -1.2%), P = 0.021, in the PUFA group. Responses to dietary fat were not associated with changes in polyprotein convertase subtisilin/kexin type 9 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS BMI modifies the effect of PUFAs compared with SFAs, with smaller improvements in atherogenic lipid concentrations in obese than in normal-weight individuals, possibly supporting adjustment of dietary recommendations according to BMI. This trial was registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02589769.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Mejlbo Sundfør
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Svendsen
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eli Heggen
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sasha Dushanov
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Ole Klemsdal
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Serena Tonstad
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Harris CP, von Berg A, Berdel D, Bauer CP, Schikowski T, Koletzko S, Heinrich J, Schulz H, Standl M. Association of Dietary Fatty Acids with Blood Lipids is Modified by Physical Activity in Adolescents: Results from the GINIplus and LISA Birth Cohort Studies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101372. [PMID: 30257483 PMCID: PMC6213167 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of consuming different types of fatty acids (FA) at the expense of carbohydrates (CHO), on the blood lipid profile of adolescents is largely unknown, as is the modulating effect of different levels of physical activity (PA). Children from the GINIplus and LISA birth cohorts, with complete data on dietary FA (assessed by food-frequency questionnaires), objectively-measured PA (assessed by accelerometers) and blood lipids (lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides) at age 15 years, were included (N = 837). Sex-stratified associations between dietary FA and blood lipids were assessed by linear regression in substitution models which represented isocaloric replacements of CHO with saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) or n-6 PUFA. To assess the interactions with PA, analyses were then performed stratified by tertiles of different PA levels (sedentary, lifestyle, moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA)). Both sexes presented a significant inverse association between MUFA and triglycerides, and females a direct association between n-3 PUFA and high-density lipoprotein. Stratifying by PA tertiles, associations were mainly restricted to participants with the lowest levels of lifestyle PA, or the highest time spent sedentary. The effects of dietary FA on the lipid profile vary in an activity-specific manner, emphasizing possible synergistic roles of diet and PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla P Harris
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München⁻German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andrea von Berg
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Marien-Hospital Wesel, 46483 Wesel, Germany.
| | - Dietrich Berdel
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Marien-Hospital Wesel, 46483 Wesel, Germany.
| | - Carl-Peter Bauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Technical University of Munich, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München⁻German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Holger Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München⁻German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research, 81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München⁻German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Han P, Bagenna B, Fu M. The sweet taste signalling pathways in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract affect human appetite and food intake: a review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2018; 70:125-135. [PMID: 30058435 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2018.1492522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sweet taste is associated with food reward and energy source in the form of carbohydrate. Excessive sweet consumption is blamed for the prevalence of obesity. However, evidence for the potential of sweet taste to influence food intake and bodyweight regulation in humans remains unclear. The purpose of this review was to examine the physiological responses relevant to sweet taste mechanisms and the impact on appetite control. The literature was examined for studies that assessed the effects of non-nutritive sweeteners and natural sugars on hormonal secretions and neural activations via oral and gastrointestinal pathways. The findings indicated that a network of sweet taste signalling pathways in the oral cavity and the gut seem to mediate hormonal responses and some metabolism differences in neural circus that orchestrating the hunger-satiety cycle. Individual variations of sweet taste perception which is modulated by hormonal and genetic factors have been associated with dietary nutrient and sugar consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- a Smell & Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Technical University of Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Bagenna Bagenna
- b College of Traditional Mongolian Medicine and Pharmacy , Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities , Tongliao , China
| | - Minghai Fu
- b College of Traditional Mongolian Medicine and Pharmacy , Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities , Tongliao , China
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15
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Anderson JJ, Celis-Morales CA, Mackay DF, Iliodromiti S, Lyall DM, Sattar N, Gill J, Pell JP. Adiposity among 132 479 UK Biobank participants; contribution of sugar intake vs other macronutrients. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 46:492-501. [PMID: 27407038 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Policy makers are being encouraged to specifically target sugar intake in order to combat obesity. We examined the extent to which sugar, relative to other macronutrients, was associated with adiposity. Methods We used baseline data from UK Biobank to examine the associations between energy intake (total and individual macronutrients) and adiposity [body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat and waist circumference]. Linear regression models were conducted univariately and adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity and physical activity. Results Among 132 479 participants, 66.3% of men and 51.8% of women were overweight/obese. There was a weak correlation (r = 0.24) between energy from sugar and fat; 13% of those in the highest quintile for sugar were in the lowest for fat, and vice versa. Compared with normal BMI, obese participants had 11.5% higher total energy intake and 14.6%, 13.8%, 9.5% and 4.7% higher intake from fat, protein, starch and sugar, respectively. Hence, the proportion of energy derived from fat was higher (34.3% vs 33.4%, P < 0.001) but from sugar was lower (22.0% vs 23.4%, P < 0.001). BMI was more strongly associated with total energy [coefficient 2.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.36-2.55] and energy from fat (coefficient 1.96, 95% CI 1.91-2.06) than sugar (coefficient 0.48, 95% CI 0.41-0.55). The latter became negative after adjustment for total energy. Conclusions Fat is the largest contributor to overall energy. The proportion of energy from fat in the diet, but not sugar, is higher among overweight/obese individuals. Focusing public health messages on sugar may mislead on the need to reduce fat and overall energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S Iliodromiti
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - N Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences
| | - Jmr Gill
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences
| | - J P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing
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16
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Khandelwal S, Kurpad A, Narayan KMV. Global Non-Communicable Diseases-The Nutrition Conundrum. Front Public Health 2018; 6:9. [PMID: 29435443 PMCID: PMC5796896 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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17
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Salivary leptin and TAS1R2/TAS1R3 polymorphisms are related to sweet taste sensitivity and carbohydrate intake from a buffet meal in healthy young adults. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:763-770. [PMID: 29110749 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The influence of sweet taste sensitivity on food intake is not well understood. We investigated the involvement of salivary leptin and SNP of the sweet taste receptor genes (TAS1R2/TAS1R3) on sweet taste sensitivity, sensory-specific satiety (SSS) and macronutrient intake in healthy human adults. In all, nineteen high sweet sensitivity (HS) and eleven low sweet sensitivity (LS) subjects were classified based on the sweetness perception of one solution (9 mm sucrose) forced-choice triangle test. All participants completed a randomised crossover design experiment where they consumed one of three iso-energetic soup preloads differing in primary taste quality (sweet, non-sweet taste-control or no-taste energy-control). A period of 1 h after the preload, participants were offered a buffet meal consisting of foods varying in taste (sweet or non-sweet) and fat content. Subjective measures included hunger/fullness and SSS for sweetness. Saliva and buccal cells were collected to measure leptin level and to study the TAS1R2/TAS1R3 specific SNP, respectively. Salivary leptin concentrations were significantly higher in LS than HS participants (P<0·05). In addition, HS showed stronger sweet SSS compared with LH participants (P<0·05), and consumed less carbohydrate (% energy) and more non-sweet foods than LS (P<0·01 and P<0·05, respectively). Alleles from each TAS1R2 locus (GG compared with AA alleles of rs12033832, and CT/CC compared with TT alleles of rs35874116) were related to higher consumption of carbohydrates (% energy) and higher amount of sweet foods, respectively (P<0·05). In contrast, no associations were found for the TAS1R3 alleles. These results contribute to understand the links between taste sensitivity, macronutrient appetite and food consumption.
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18
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Bernstein JT, Lou W, L'Abbe MR. Examining the Relationship between Free Sugars and Calorie Contents in Canadian Prepacked Foods and Beverages. Foods 2017; 6:foods6090075. [PMID: 28872586 PMCID: PMC5615287 DOI: 10.3390/foods6090075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To align with broader public health initiatives, reformulation of products to be lower in sugars requires interventions that also aim to reduce calorie contents. Currently available foods and beverages with a range of nutrient levels can be used to project successful reformulation opportunities. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between free sugars and calorie levels in Canadian prepackaged foods and beverages. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of the University of Toronto’s 2013 Food Label Database, limited to major sources of total sugar intake in Canada (n = 6755). Penalized B-spline regression modelling was used to examine the relationship between free sugar levels (g/100 g or 100 mL) and caloric density (kcal/100 g or 10mL), by subcategory. Significant relationships were observed for only 3 of 5 beverage subcategories and for 14 of 32 food subcategories. Most subcategories demonstrated a positive trend with varying magnitude, however, results were not consistent across related subcategories (e.g., dairy-based products). Findings highlight potential areas of concern for reformulation, and the need for innovative solutions to ensure free sugars are reduced in products within the context of improving overall nutritional quality of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi T Bernstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Wendy Lou
- Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Mary R L'Abbe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
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Kaartinen NE, Similä ME, Kanerva N, Valsta LM, Harald K, Männistö S. Naturally occurring and added sugar in relation to macronutrient intake and food consumption: results from a population-based study in adults. J Nutr Sci 2017; 6:e7. [PMID: 28620482 PMCID: PMC5465852 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Associations between sugar intake and the remaining diet are poorly described in modern food environments. We aimed at exploring associations of high naturally occurring and added sugar intakes with sociodemographic characteristics, intake of macronutrients, fibre and selected food groups. Our data comprised 4842 Finnish adults aged 25-74 years, who participated in the population-based DIetary, Lifestyle and Genetic determinants of Obesity and Metabolic syndrome (DILGOM) study. Diet was assessed by a validated 131-item FFQ. The food item disaggregation approach was used to estimate sucrose and fructose intakes from natural sources (naturally occurring sugar) and all other sources (added sugar). Sex-specific trends in macronutrient, fibre and food group intakes across sugar type quartiles were determined with general linear modelling adjusting for age, energy intake, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, education and BMI. Overall, results were similar across sexes. Young age was found to be a determinant of higher added sugar and lower naturally occurring sugar intakes (P < 0·0001). High added sugar intake was associated with low fibre intake (P < 0·0001) accompanied with lower fruit (P < 0·0001 women; P = 0·022 men) and vegetable consumption (P < 0·0001) and higher wheat consumption (P = 0·0003 women; P < 0·0001 men). Opposite results were found for naturally occurring sugar. Butter consumption increased by 28-32 % (P < 0·0001) when shifting from the lowest to the highest added sugar intake quartile, while a decrease of 26-38 % (P < 0·0001) was found for naturally occurring sugar. Therefore, the associations of sugar types with dietary carbohydrate and fat quality seem opposing. Proper adjustments with dietary variables are needed when studying independent relationships between sugar and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina E. Kaartinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna E. Similä
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Kanerva
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa M. Valsta
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kennet Harald
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Health Promotion and Wellness. Fam Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04414-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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A meta-analysis of the relationship between brain dopamine receptors and obesity: a matter of changes in behavior rather than food addiction? Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40 Suppl 1:S12-21. [PMID: 27001642 PMCID: PMC4819757 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to a wide range of substances of abuse has been suggested to reflect a ‘Reward Deficiency Syndrome'. That is, drugs are said to stimulate the reward mechanisms so intensely that, to compensate, the population of dopamine D2 receptors (DD2R) declines. The result is that an increased intake is necessary to experience the same degree of reward. Without an additional intake, cravings and withdrawal symptoms result. A suggestion is that food addiction, in a similar manner to drugs of abuse, decrease DD2R. The role of DD2R in obesity was therefore examined by examining the association between body mass index (BMI) and the Taq1A polymorphism, as the A1 allele is associated with a 30–40% lower number of DD2R, and is a risk factor for drug addiction. If a lower density of DD2R is indicative of physical addiction, it was argued that if food addiction occurs, those with the A1 allele should have a higher BMI. A systematic review found 33 studies that compared the BMI of those who did and did not have the A1 allele. A meta-analysis of the studies compared those with (A1/A1 and A1/A2) or without (A2/A2) the A1 allele; no difference in BMI was found (standardized mean difference 0.004 (s.e. 0.021), variance 0.000, Z=0.196, P<0.845). It was concluded that there was no support for a reward deficiency theory of food addiction. In contrast, there are several reports that those with the A1 allele are less able to benefit from an intervention that aimed to reduce weight, possibly a reflection of increased impulsivity.
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Low Calorie Beverage Consumption Is Associated with Energy and Nutrient Intakes and Diet Quality in British Adults. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010009. [PMID: 26729159 PMCID: PMC4728623 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether consumption of low-calorie beverages (LCB) leads to compensatory consumption of sweet foods, thus reducing benefits for weight control or diet quality. This analysis investigated associations between beverage consumption and energy intake and diet quality of adults in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) (2008–2011; n = 1590), classified into: (a) non-consumers of soft drinks (NC); (b) LCB consumers; (c) sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumers; or (d) consumers of both beverages (BB), based on 4-day dietary records. Within-person data on beverage consumption on different days assessed the impact on energy intake. LCB consumers and NC consumed less energy and non-milk extrinsic sugars than other groups. Micronutrient intakes and food choices suggested higher dietary quality in NC/LCB consumers compared with SSB/BB consumers. Within individuals on different days, consumption of SSB, milk, juice, and alcohol were all associated with increased energy intake, while LCB and tea, coffee or water were associated with no change; or reduced energy intake when substituted for caloric beverages. Results indicate that NC and LCB consumers tend to have higher quality diets compared with SSB or BB consumers and do not compensate for sugar or energy deficits by consuming more sugary foods.
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Parrella N, Vormittag K. Health Promotion and Wellness. Fam Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_8-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Green H. Should foods or nutrients be the focus of guidelines to promote healthful eating? NUTR BULL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara R. Goldfein
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Minnesota; 1334 Eckles Ave. St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Joanne L. Slavin
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Minnesota; 1334 Eckles Ave. St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
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Health Promotion and Wellness. Fam Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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