Ultrahigh pressure extraction of bioactive compounds from plants-A review

Algal proteins and bioactive peptides: Sustainable nutrition for human health

Animal proteins are the primary global protein source, but their production is environmentally challenging and has low conversion efficiency. This highlights the need to diversify dietary protein sources. Algal proteins provide a sustainable alternative, outperforming traditional plant and animal proteins in protein content, quality, and digestibility. Furthermore, bioactive peptides (BAPs) derived from algal proteins exhibit significant health benefits, including antihypertensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antidiabetic activities. This review comprehensively explores the nutritional benefits of algal proteins and provides an innovative summary of the production techniques for algal bioactive peptides. It also highlights the synergistic application methods of these technologies. By integrating pretreatment methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed electric field, and high hydrostatic pressure with enzymatic-assisted extraction, these techniques demonstrate a synergistic effect in improving protein hydrolysis efficiency while also increasing the yield of BAPs. Meanwhile, database resources related to algal proteins are integrated and the application of computer technology in the development of algal proteins is analyzed. It aims to provide new insights to optimize the development and utilization of algal proteins to help them become a sustainable source of nutrition to meet the needs of a growing global population.

Research trends in functionalized Fe3O4 composites based on affinity recognition systems for targeted extraction of natural products

In recent years, target-specific affinity recognition systems based on Fe3O4-based composites have proven to be an effective method for screening natural products. Herbal medicines contain a wide range of natural products and are considered to be a major source for the development of novel drugs. However, the process of isolating and obtaining these bioactive components for the production of novel drugs is complex. Meanwhile, the complexity and diversity of herbal constituents have posed a great challenge to the screening studies of herbal active ingredients. Currently, traditional extraction and screening studies of active ingredients in herbal medicine include extraction and chromatographic separation technology development, serum medicinal chemistry, metabolomics and computerized virtual screening. In order to achieve integrated targeting of Fe3O4 for extraction and separation of natural products from herbs, various Fe3O4-based composites need to be synthesized so that the composites can be further functionalized and modified. Composites such as Fe3O4@SiO2, Fe3O4-based magnetic graphene oxide and Fe3O4-based magnetic carbon nanotubes were used to achieve targeted extraction and isolation of natural products from herbal medicines. The main extraction techniques involved based on these Fe3O4-based composites are molecularly imprinted techniques, immobilized ligand fishing techniques, and cell membrane-coated bionanotechnology methods. This article will present recent advances in the synthesis and modification of Fe3O4 composites and their applications for the extraction of natural products in conjunction with molecular imprinting, immobilization-targeted fishing, and cell-membrane-coated biomimetic techniques, as well as the future goals and challenges of functionalized modification of Fe3O4 composites for the targeted extraction of natural products, like protein overexpression modification, doping of fluorescent substances and genetic engineering development. A deeper understanding of the multi-level, multidisciplinary, and applied studies in materials science and phytochemistry will be provided by this article.

Extraction of Antioxidants from Brown Macroalgae Fucus spiralis

In this study, different extraction methods and conditions were used for the extraction of antioxidants from brown macroalgae Fucus spiralis. The extraction methodologies used were ultrasound-assisted extraction (ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic probe), extraction with a vortex, extraction with an Ultra-Turrax® homogenizer, and high-pressure-assisted extraction. The extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity, and evaluated through the 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction yielded the highest values of TPC (94.78-474.16 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract). Regarding the antioxidant activity, vortex-assisted extraction gave the best DPPH results (IC50 1.89-16 µg/mL), while the highest FRAP results were obtained using the Ultra-Turrax® homogenizer (502.16-1188.81 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g extract). For each extraction method, response surface methodology was used to analyze the influence of the experimental conditions "extraction time" (t), "biomass/solvent ratio" (R), "solvent" (S, water % in water/ethanol mixture), and "pressure" (P) on TPC, DPPH, and FRAP of the F. spiralis extracts. In general, higher TPC content and higher antioxidant capacity (lower IC50 and higher FRAP) were obtained with higher R, t, and P, and lower S (higher ethanol %). The model regarding the combined effects of independent variables t, R, and S on the FRAP response values for vortex-assisted extractions best fitted the experimental data (R2 0.957), with optimal extraction conditions of t = 300 s, R = 50 g, and S = 25%.

Plant polysaccharides extracted by high pressure: A review on yields, physicochemical, structure properties, and bioactivities

Polysaccharides are biologically essential macromolecules, widely exist in plants, which are used in food, medicine, bioactives' encapsulation, targeted delivery and other fields. Suitable extraction technology can not only improve the yield, but also regulate the physicochemical, improve the functional property, and is the basis for the research and application of polysaccharide. High pressure (HP) extraction (HPE) induces the breakage of raw material cells and tissues through rapid changes in pressure, increases extraction yield, reduces extraction time, and modifies structure of polysaccharides. However, thus far, literature review on the mechanism of extraction, improved yield and modified structure of HPE polysaccharide is lacking. Therefore, the present work reviews the mechanism of HPE polysaccharide, increasing extraction yield, regulating physicochemical and functional properties, modifying structure and improving activity. This review contributes to a full understanding of the HPE or development of polysaccharide production and modification methods and promotes the application of HP technology in polysaccharide production.

Effects of ultra-high pressure assisted extraction on the structure, antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides

Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides (PHPs) have potential antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities, but still need improvement. Therefore, ultra-high pressure (UHP) assisted extraction was applied to modify the structure, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic activities of PHPs. UHP assisted extraction increased the total sugar, uronic acid, and 3,6-anhydro-ʟ-galactose contents of PHP, which increased by 15.85 %-16.12 %, 18.95 %-24.32 %, 20.54 %-23.66 % with 500-600 MPa UHP, respectively. Meanwhile, UHP modified PHP became more rough and porous than native PHP. Besides, UHP assisted extracted PHP showed better in vitro antioxidant and hypolipidemic abilities. Especially, 500-600 MPa UHP increased 72.43 %-86.42 % 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacities, 12.32 %-12.82 % pancreatic lipase inhibitory ability, and 14.93 %-15.23 % glycocholate binding abilities of PHP (p < 0.05). Moreover, UHP assisted extracted PHP greatly decreased the lipid droplet and triglyceride contents of 3T3-L1 adipocytes (p < 0.05). Our findings can provide the theoretical basis for the high value utilization of Porphyra haitanensis and its polysaccharides with UHP modification.

Research progress in the preparation, structural characterization, and biological activities of polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese medicines are tremendous sources of polysaccharides, which are of great interest in the human welfare system as natural medicines, food, and cosmetics. This review aims to highlight the recent trends in extraction (conventional and non-conventional), purification and analytic techniques of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides (TCMPs), and the chemical structure, biological activities (anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, intestinal flora regulation, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, and other activities), and the underlying mechanisms of polysaccharides extracted from 76 diverse traditional Chinese medicines were compared and discussed. With this wide coverage, a total of 164 scientific articles were searched from the database including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and China Knowledge Network. This comprehensive survey from previous reports indicates that TCMPs are non-toxic, highly biocompatible, and good biodegradability. Besides, this review highlights that TCMPs may be excellent functional factors and effective therapeutic drugs. Finally, the current problems and future research advances of TCMPs are also introduced. New valuable insights for the future researches regarding TCMPs are also proposed in the fields of therapeutic agents and functional foods.

Comparison of different extraction methods of active ingredients of Chinese medicine and natural products

Like other traditional medicine in the world, Chinese traditional medicine (CTM) has a long history, which is a treasure of the combination of medicine and Chinese classical culture even more than 5000 years. For thousands of years, CTM has made great contributions to the reproduction and health of the Chinese people. It was an efficient therapeutic tool under the guidance of Chinese traditional medical theory, its source is generally natural products, but there are also a small number of it are natural products after some processing methods. In fact, the definition of Chinese medicine (CM) includes both traditional and new CM developed by modern technology. It is well known that the chemical composition of most CM and natural products is very complex, for example, a single herb may contain hundreds of different chemicals, including active ingredients, side effects, and even toxic ingredients. Therefore, the extraction process is particularly crucial for the quality and clinical efficacy of CM and natural products. In this work, a new classification method was proposed to divide the extraction technologies of CM and natural products into 21 kinds in recent years and analyze their status, advantages, and disadvantages. Then put forward a new technical route based on ultra-high-pressure extraction technology for rapid extraction else while removing harmful impurities and making higher utilization of CM and natural products. It is a useful exploration for the extraction industry of medicinal materials and natural products in the world.

Progress on the Extraction, Separation, Biological Activity, and Delivery of Natural Plant Pigments

Natural plant pigments are safe and have low toxicity, with various nutrients and biological activities. However, the extraction, preservation, and application of pigments are limited due to the instability of natural pigments. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the extraction and application processes of natural plant pigments in detail. This review discusses the classification, extraction methods, biological activities, and modification methods that could improve the stability of various pigments from plants, providing a reference for applying natural plant pigments in the industry and the cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical industries.

Prospects on emerging eco-friendly and innovative technologies to add value to dry bean proteins

The world's growing population and evolving food habits have created a need for alternative plant protein sources, with pulses playing a crucial role as healthy staple foods. Dry beans are high-protein pulses rich in essential amino acids like lysine and bioactive peptides. They have gathered attention for their nutritional quality and potential health benefits concerning metabolic syndrome. This review highlights dry bean proteins' nutritional quality, health benefits, and limitations, focusing on recent eco-friendly emerging technologies for their obtaining and functionalization. Antinutritional factors (ANFs) in bean proteins can affect their in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), and lectins have been identified as potential allergens. Recently, eco-friendly emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwaves, subcritical fluids, high-hydrostatic pressure, enzyme technology, and dry fractionation methods have been explored for extracting and functionalizing dry bean proteins. These technologies have shown promise in reducing ANFs, improving IVPD, and modifying allergen epitopes. Additionally, they enhance the techno-functional properties of bean proteins, making them more soluble, emulsifying, foaming, and gel-forming, with enhanced water and oil-holding capacities. By utilizing emerging innovative technologies, protein recovery from dry beans and the development of protein isolates can meet the demand for alternative protein sources while being eco-friendly, safe, and efficient.

Evaluation of the Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Efficacy, Cytotoxicity, and GC/MS Profile of Pleopeltis crassinervata Active Subfractions

Pleopeltis crassinervata (Pc) is a fern that, according to ethnobotanical records, is used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal ailments. Recent reports indicate that the hexane fraction (Hf) obtained from Pc methanolic frond extract affects Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite viability in vitro; therefore, in the present study, the activity of different Pc hexane subfractions (Hsf) obtained by chromatographic methods was evaluated in the same biological model. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out for hexane subfraction number one (Hsf1), as it showed the highest anti-Toxoplasma activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 23.6 µg/mL, a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) of 398.7 µg/mL in Vero cells, and a selective index (SI) of 16.89. Eighteen compounds were identified by Hsf1 GC/MS analysis, with the majority being fatty acids and terpenes. Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester was the most commonly found compound (18.05%) followed by olean-13(18)-ene, 2,2,4a,8a,9,12b,14a-octamethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,12,12a,12b,13,14,14a,14b-eicosahydropicene, and 8-octadecenoid acid, methyl ester, which were detected at 16.19%, 12.53%, and 12.99%, respectively. Based on the mechanisms of action reported for these molecules, Hsf1 could exert its anti-Toxoplasma activity mainly on T. gondii lipidomes and membranes.

An Overview of Herbal Nutraceuticals, Their Extraction, Formulation, Therapeutic Effects and Potential Toxicity

Herbal nutraceuticals are foods derived from plants and/or their derivatives, such as oils, roots, seeds, berries, or flowers, that support wellness and combat acute and chronic ailments induced by unhealthful dietary habits. The current review enlists various traditional as well as unexplored herbs including angelica, burnet, caraway, laurel, parsley, yarrow, and zedoary, which are rich sources of bioactive components, such as aloesin, angelicin, trans-anethole, and cholesteric-7-en-3β-ol. The review further compares some of the extraction and purification techniques, namely, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, accelerated solvent extraction, hydro-distillation extraction, ultra-high-pressure extraction, enzyme assisted extraction, pulsed electric field extraction, bio affinity chromatography, cell membrane chromatography, and ligand fishing. Herbal nutraceuticals can be purchased in varied formulations, such as capsules, pills, powders, liquids, and gels. Some of the formulations currently available on the market are discussed here. Further, the significance of herbal nutraceuticals in prevention and cure of diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, dementia, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia; and as immunomodulators and antimicrobial agents has been discussed. Noteworthy, the inappropriate use of these herbal nutraceuticals can lead to hepatotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, nephrotoxicity, hematotoxicity, and cardiac toxicity. Hence, this review concludes with a discussion of various regulatory aspects undertaken by the government agencies in order to minimize the adverse effects associated with herbal nutraceuticals.

Roles of physical fields in the extraction of pectin from plant food wastes and byproducts: A systematic review

Pectin is a naturally occurring hydrocolloid found in the cell wall and middle lamella of many plants and has numerous functional applications in food and other related industries. The type of extraction methods used in production has a strong influence on the structural or physicochemical properties of the resultant pectin and the potential application or market value of the produced pectin. Many conventional extraction methods are well-established and commercially well adopted. However, the increased demand for pectin due to limitations of the existing methods in terms of efficiency and influence on end product quality has been renewed in developing novel techniques or procedures that help to alleviate these problems. In this review paper, a series of strategies involving the application of physical fields, such as acoustic, electromagnetic, electric and mechanical one, are reviewed for potential opportunities to improve the yield and quality attributes of pectin extracted from plant food wastes and byproducts. The extraction mechanism, processing equipment, key operating parameters as well as advantages and disadvantages of each method are systematically reviewed, and findings and conclusions on the potential applications of each method are described. Moreover, the challenges and future directions of physical field assisted extraction (PFAE) of pectin are also discussed to facilitate a better understanding of the complex mechanism in PFAE and optimizing operational parameters. This review may also provide specific theoretical information and practical applications to improve the design and scale up PFAE of pectin.

Onion anthocyanins: Extraction, stability, bioavailability, dietary effect, and health implications

Anthocyanins are high-value compounds, and their use as functional foods and their natural colorant have potential health benefits. Anthocyanins seem to possess antioxidant properties, which help prevent neuronal diseases and thereby exhibit anti-inflammatory, chemotherapeutic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. They also show different therapeutic effects against various chronic diseases. Anthocyanins are present in high concentrations in onion. In recent years, although both conventional and improved methods have been used for extraction of anthocyanins, nowadays, improved methods are of great importance because of their higher yield and stability of anthocyanins. In this review, we compile anthocyanins and their derivatives found in onion and the factors affecting their stability. We also analyze different extraction techniques of anthocyanins. From this point of view, it is very important to be precisely aware of the impact that each parameter has on the stability and subsequently potentiate its bioavailability or beneficial health effects. We present up-to-date information on bioavailability, dietary effects, and health implications of anthocyanins such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancerous, antiobesity, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective activities.

Up-To-Date Analysis of the Extraction Methods for Anthocyanins: Principles of the Techniques, Optimization, Technical Progress, and Industrial Application

Nowadays, food industries are concerned about satisfying legal requirements related to waste policy and environmental protection. In addition, they take steps to ensure food safety and quality products that have high nutritional properties. Anthocyanins are considered high added-value compounds due to their sensory qualities, colors, and nutritional properties; they are considered bioactive ingredients. They are found in high concentrations in many by-products across the food industry. Thus, the non-conventional extraction techniques presented here are useful in satisfying the current food industry requirements. However, selecting more convenient extraction techniques is not easy. Multiple factors are implicated in the decision. In this review, we compile the most recent applications (since 2015) used to extract anthocyanins from different natural matrices, via conventional and non-conventional extraction techniques. We analyze the main advantages and disadvantages of anthocyanin extraction techniques from different natural matrices and discuss the selection criteria for sustainability of the processes. We present an up-to-date analysis of the principles of the techniques and an optimization of the extraction conditions, technical progress, and industrial applications. Finally, we provide a critical comparison between these techniques and some recommendations, to select and optimize the techniques for industrial applications.

A Comprehensive Review on the Techniques for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Cannabis

Cannabis is well-known for its numerous therapeutic activities, as demonstrated in pre-clinical and clinical studies primarily due to its bioactive compounds. The Cannabis industry is rapidly growing; therefore, product development and extraction methods have become crucial aspects of Cannabis research. The evaluation of the current extraction methods implemented in the Cannabis industry and scientific literature to produce consistent, reliable, and potent medicinal Cannabis extracts is prudent. Furthermore, these processes must be subjected to higher levels of scientific stringency, as Cannabis has been increasingly used for various ailments, and the Cannabis industry is receiving acceptance in different countries. We comprehensively analysed the current literature and drew a critical summary of the extraction methods implemented thus far to recover bioactive compounds from medicinal Cannabis. Moreover, this review outlines the major bioactive compounds in Cannabis, discusses critical factors affecting extraction yields, and proposes future considerations for the effective extraction of bioactive compounds from Cannabis. Overall, research on medicinal marijuana is limited, with most reports on the industrial hemp variety of Cannabis or pure isolates. We also propose the development of sustainable Cannabis extraction methods through the implementation of mathematical prediction models in future studies.

Influence of the extraction method on the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from food industry by-products

Agro-foodindustries generate colossal amounts of non-edible waste and by-products, easily accessible as raw materials for up-cycling active phytochemicals. Phenolic compounds are particularly relevant in this field given their abundance in plant residues and the market interest of their functionalities (e.g. natural antioxidant activity) as part of nutraceutical, cosmetological and biomedical formulations. In "bench-to-bedside" achievements, sample extraction is essential because valorization benefits from matrix desorption and solubilization of targeted phytocompounds. Specifically, the composition and polarity of the extractant, the optimal sample particle size and sample:solvent ratio, as well as pH, pressure and temperature are strategic for the release and stability of mobilized species. On the other hand, current green chemistry environmental rules require extraction approaches that eliminate polluting consumables and reduce energy needs. Thus, the following pages provide an update on advanced technologies for the sustainable and efficient recovery of phenolics from plant matrices.

Combined Ultrahigh Pressure Extraction and High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography for Separation and Purification of Three Glycoside Compounds from Dendrobium officinale Protocorm

As an alternative to Dendrobium candidum, protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Dendrobium candidum are of great value due to their high yield and low cost. In this work, three glycoside compounds, β-D-glucopyranose 1-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoat] (I), β-D-glucopyranose 1-[(E)-3-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoat] (II), and 1-O-sinapoyl glucopyranoside (III), were extracted and isolated by ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE) coupled with high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) from PLBs of D. officinale. First, the target compounds were optimized and prepared with 50% ethanol solution at a 1:30 (g/mL) solid/liquid ratio in 2 min under 300 MPa by UPE. Then, the crude extract was chromatographed with a silica gel column, and primary separation products were obtained. In addition, the products (150 mg) were separated by HSCCC under the solvent system of MTBE-n-butyl alcohol-acetonitrile-water (5:1:2:6, v/v/v/v), yielding 31.43 mg of compound I, 10.21 mg of compound II, and 24.75 mg of compound III. Their structures were further identified by ESI-MS, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR. The antioxidant results showed that the three compounds expressed moderate effects on the DPPH· scavenging effect. Compound II had the best antioxidant capacity and its IC₅₀ value was 0.0497 mg/mL.

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Alkylamides from Natural Origin

Interest in alkylamide, as a class of compound, has grown tremendously in recent years. This interest is due to the many presumed benefits in food, cosmetics, and medicine. This review focuses on the different alkylamides naturally occurring in many plant species. Several methods have been employed for their identification as well as isolation and several in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed their therapeutic effects in various diseases. In general, alkylamides have been reported to have several biological activities and pharmacological effects which include immunomodulatory, antithrombotic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antiprotozoal activities. Moreover, many studies have reported on their mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationship, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. We herein present an updated report on the chemistry and pharmacology of alkylamides of natural origin.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties

The flavonoids are compounds synthesized by plants, and they have properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial, among others. One of the most important bioactive properties of flavonoids is their antioxidant effect. Synthetic antioxidants have side toxic effects whilst natural antioxidants, such as flavonoids from natural sources, have relatively low toxicity. Therefore, it is important to incorporate flavonoids derived from natural sources in several products such as foods, cosmetics, and drugs. For this reason, there is currently a need to extract flavonoids from plant resources. In this review are described the most important parameters involved in the extraction of flavonoids by unconventional methods such as ultrasound, pressurized liquid extraction, mechanochemical, high hydrostatic pressure, supercritical fluid, negative pressure cavitation, intensification of vaporization by decompression to the vacuum, microwave, infrared, pulsed electric field, high-voltage electrical discharges, and enzyme-assisted extraction. There are no unified operation conditions to achieve high yields and purity. Notwithstanding, progress has been achieved in the development of more advanced and environmentally friendly methods of extraction. Although in literature are found important advances, a complete understanding of the extraction process in each of the unconventional techniques is needed to determine the thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms that govern each of the techniques.

Mechanical cell disruption of mustard bran suspensions for improved dispersion properties and protein release

Mustard bran, a by-product of mustard production, is still rich in valuable compounds. The high-pressure homogenization treatment was tested as a mechanical cell disruption (MCD) technique to unlock valuable intracellular compounds. An aqueous suspension of mustard bran was treated by shear mixing, followed by high-pressure homogenization at different pressure levels (50-150 MPa) and number of passes (1-10), and using different homogenizing systems. The moderate-intensity treatment (up to 100 MPa and 3 passes) can deliver significant changes in the mustard bran suspension, inducing (a) a more homogeneous and smooth appearance due to the disruption of individual cells, (b) a better structuring ability in the suspension, through the increase in viscosity and storage and loss moduli G' and G'', as well as (c) a remarkable enhancement of protein release, up to 72% of total proteins. The controlling factor in the extent of MCD was found to be the specific energy transferred to the mustard bran suspensions, whereas no significant differences were recorded when varying the homogenization system. The MCD process of mustard bran, based on its physical treatments using only water as a suspension medium, can be regarded as a safe, clean and environmentally friendly technology platform, which contributes to reaching the zero-waste concept by transforming agro-food by-products into value-added ingredients, with enhanced functionality and bioactive content.

Extraction of bioactive ingredients from fruiting bodies of Antrodia cinnamomea assisted by high hydrostatic pressure

The aim of this study was to use high hydrostatic pressure treatment to enhance the extraction efficiency of the active components from the fruiting bodies of Antrodia cinnamomea, and compare with those obtained by shake and ultrasonic extraction methods. The conditions of high pressure extraction (HPE) at 600 MPa, a liquid/solid ratio of 40:1, and 3 min of treatment yielded triterpenoids and adenosine concentrations of 410.41 mg/100 mL and 0.47 mg/100 mL, respectively, which did not differ significantly from those with the two other treatments-shake extraction at 180 rpm for 8 h and ultrasonic extraction at 50 Hz for 60 min. The HPE extracts significantly attenuated reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂ production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells than shake extracts did. SEM micrographs revealed that high-pressure caused physical morphological damage to the mycelium of fruiting bodies, such as distortion and disruption of mycelial cells, and increased the mass-transfer effectiveness of the solvent and solute. HPE can be employed as an efficient extraction technique for production of bioactive ingredients that might have a potential application in food and related industries.

Protein extraction from agri-food residues for integration in biorefinery: Potential techniques and current status

The biorefinery concept is attracting scientific and policy attention as a promising option for enhancing the benefits of agri-food biomass along with a reduction of the environmental impact. Obtaining bioproducts based on proteins from agri-food residues could help to diversify the revenue stream in a biorefinery. In fact, the extracted proteins can be applied as such or in the form of hydrolyzates due to their nutritional, bioactive and techno-functional properties. In this context, the present review summarizes, exemplifies and discusses conventional extraction methods and current trends to extract proteins from residues of the harvesting, post-harvesting and/or processing of important crops worldwide. Moreover, those extraction methods just integrated in a biorefinery scheme are also described. In conclusion, a plethora of methods exits but only some of them have been applied in biorefinery designs, mostly at laboratory scale. Their economic and technical feasibility at large scale requires further study.

Berberine: Botanical Occurrence, Traditional Uses, Extraction Methods, and Relevance in Cardiovascular, Metabolic, Hepatic, and Renal Disorders

Berberine-containing plants have been traditionally used in different parts of the world for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, skin diseases, wound healing, reducing fevers, affections of eyes, treatment of tumors, digestive and respiratory diseases, and microbial pathologies. The physico-chemical properties of berberine contribute to the high diversity of extraction and detection methods. Considering its particularities this review describes various methods mentioned in the literature so far with reference to the most important factors influencing berberine extraction. Further, the common separation and detection methods like thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry are discussed in order to give a complex overview of the existing methods. Additionally, many clinical and experimental studies suggest that berberine has several pharmacological properties, such as immunomodulatory, antioxidative, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and renoprotective effects. This review summarizes the main information about botanical occurrence, traditional uses, extraction methods, and pharmacological effects of berberine and berberine-containing plants.

Extraction approaches used for the determination of biologically active compounds (cyclitols, polyphenols and saponins) isolated from plant material

Based on the bioactive properties of certain compounds, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, an interesting subject of research are natural substances present in various parts of plants. The choice of the most appropriate method for separation and quantification of biologically active compounds from plants and natural products is a crucial step of any analytical procedure. The aim of this review article is to present an overview of a comprehensive literature study from the last 10 years (2007-2017), where relevant articles exposed the latest trends and the most appropriate methods applicable for separation and quantification of biologically active compounds from plant material and natural products. Consequently, various extraction methods have been discussed, together with the available procedures for purification and pre-concentration and dedicated methods used for analysis.

Continuous high voltage electrical discharge extraction of flavonoids from peanut shells based on "annular gap type" treatment chamber

A continuous high voltage electric discharge (HVED) extraction system with "annular gap type" treatment chamber was for the first time designed and optimized for flavonoids extraction from peanut shells, and a comparison with the HVED system with the "converged electric field type" treatment chamber and warm maceration was carried out. The optimal conditions for the "annular gap type" design were: 25% ethanol concentration as solvent, 30:1 mL/g liquid to solid ratio, 13 kV peak pulse voltage and 60 mL/min flow rate of material. Under these conditions, the maximum yield of flavonoids was 0.948 ± 0.014%. Compared with the "converged electric field type" design and warm maceration, the "annular gap type" design possessed shorter duration and higher efficiency for the flavonoids extraction, and had no effects on the composition of extracted flavonoids. The results showed that the "annular gap type" design was a promising alternative method in extracting flavonoids from peanut shells.