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Moghadasi A, Yousefinejad S, Soleimani E. False positives and false negatives in benzene biological monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117836. [PMID: 38065394 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Benzene is a commonly used industrial chemical that is a significant environmental pollutant. Occupational health specialists and industrial toxicologists are concerned with determining the exact amount of exposure to chemicals in the workplace. There are two main approaches to assess chemical exposure; air monitoring and biological monitoring. Air monitoring has limitations, which biological monitoring overcomes and could be used as a supplement to it. However, there are several factors that influence biological monitoring results. It would be possible to assess exposure more accurately if these factors were taken into account. This study aimed to review published papers for recognizing and discussing parameters that could affect benzene biological monitoring. Two types of effects can be distinguished: positive and negative effects. Factors causing positive effects will increase the metabolite concentration in urine more than expected. Furthermore, the parameters that decrease the urinary metabolite level were referred to as false negatives. From the papers, sixteen influential factors were extracted that might affect benzene biological monitoring results. Identified factors were clarified in terms of their nature and mechanism of action. It is also important to note that some factors influence the quantity and quality of the influence of other factors. As a result of this study, a decision-making protocol was developed for interpreting the final results of benzene biological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Moghadasi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Yousefinejad
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Esmaeel Soleimani
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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A Sensitive LC–MS/MS Method for the Quantification of 3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene in Urine-Exposure Assessment in Smokers and Users of Potentially Reduced-Risk Products. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a human carcinogen, is formed during the incomplete combustion of organic matter such as tobacco. A suitable biomarker of exposure is the monohydroxylated metabolite 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH-BaP). We developed a sensitive LC–MS/MS (liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry) method for the quantification of urinary 3-OH-BaP. The method was validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guideline for bioanalytical method validation and showed excellent results in terms of accuracy, precision, and sensitivity (lower limit of quantification (LLOQ): 50 pg/L). The method was applied to urine samples derived from a controlled clinical study to compare exposure from cigarette smoking to the use of potentially reduced-risk products. Urinary 3-OH-BaP concentrations were significantly higher in smokers of conventional cigarettes (149 pg/24 h) compared to users of potentially reduced-risk products as well as non-users (99% < LLOQ in these groups). In conclusion, 3-OH-BaP is a suitable biomarker to assess the exposure to BaP in non-occupationally exposed populations and to distinguish not only cigarette smokers from non-smokers but also from users of potentially reduced-risk products.
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Alhamdow A, Zettergren A, Kull I, Hallberg J, Andersson N, Ekström S, Berglund M, Wheelock CE, Essig YJ, Krais AM, Georgelis A, Lindh CH, Melén E, Bergström A. Low-level exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is associated with reduced lung function among Swedish young adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111169. [PMID: 33857464 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been linked to adverse pulmonary effects. However, the impact of low-level environmental PAH exposure on lung function in early adulthood remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the associations between urinary PAH metabolites and lung function parameters in young adults. METHODS Urinary metabolites of pyrene, phenanthrene, and fluorene were analysed in 1000 young adults from Sweden (age 22-25 years) using LC-MS/MS. Lung function and eosinophilic airway inflammation were measured by spirometry and exhaled nitric oxide fraction (FeNO), respectively. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between PAH metabolites and the outcomes. RESULTS Median urinary concentrations of 1-OH-pyrene, ∑OH-phenanthrene, and ∑OH-fluorene were 0.066, 0.36, 0.22 μg/L, respectively. We found inverse associations of ∑OH-phenanthrene and ∑OH-fluorene with FEV1 and FVC, as well as between 1-OH-pyrene and FEV1/FVC ratio (adjusted P < 0.05; all participants). An increase of 1% in ∑OH-fluorene was associated with a decrease of 73 mL in FEV1 and 59 mL in FVC. In addition, ∑OH-phenanthrene concentrations were, in a dose-response manner, inversely associated with FEV1 (B from -109 to -48 compared with the lowest quartile of ∑OH-phenanthrene; p trend 0.004) and FVC (B from -159 to -102 compared with lowest quartile; p-trend <0.001). Similar dose-response associations were also observed between ∑OH-fluorene and FEV1 and FVC, as well as between 1-OH-pyrene and FEV1/FVC (p-trend <0.05). There was no association between PAH exposure and FeNO, nor was there an interaction with smoking, sex, or asthma. CONCLUSION Low-level PAH exposure was, in a dose-response manner, associated with reduced lung function in young adults. Our findings have public health implications due to i) the widespread occurrence of PAHs in the environment and ii) the clinical relevance of lung function in predicting all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Alhamdow
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Kull
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Sachs' Children's and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, SE, 11883, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 11883, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Sachs' Children's and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, SE, 11883, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Andersson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Ekström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, SE, 11365, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marika Berglund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, SE, 17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yona J Essig
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antonios Georgelis
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, SE, 11365, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Sachs' Children's and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, SE, 11883, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 11883, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Bergström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, SE, 11365, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for muconic, mandelic, hippuric and methylhippuric acids analysis in human urine as metabolites for fuel exposure. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.103992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Chang FC, Chen CY, Lin CY, Sheen JF. A combined analytical method for biological monitoring of arsenic, benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 198:137-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Environmental and biological monitoring of occupational exposure to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons during highway pavement construction in Italy. Toxicol Lett 2018; 298:134-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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McNally K, Sams C, Loizou GD, Jones K. Evidence for non-linear metabolism at low benzene exposures? A reanalysis of data. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 278:256-268. [PMID: 28899792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a high-affinity metabolic pathway for low level benzene exposures of less than one part per million (ppm) has been proposed although a pathway has not been identified. The variation of metabolite molar fractions with increasing air benzene concentrations was suggested as evidence of significantly more efficient benzene metabolism at concentrations <0.1 ppm The evidence for this pathway is predicated on a rich data set from a study of Chinese shoe workers exposed to a wide range of benzene concentrations (not just "low level"). In this work we undertake a further independent re-analysis of this data with a focus on the evidence for an increase in the rate of metabolism of benzene exposures of less than 1 ppm. The analysis dataset consisted of measurements of benzene and toluene from personal air samplers, and measurements of unmetabolised benzene and toluene and five metabolites (phenol hydroquinone, catechol, trans, trans-muconic acid and s-phenylmercapturic acid) from post-shift urine samples for 213 workers with an occupational exposure to benzene (and toluene) and 139 controls. Measurements from control subjects were used to estimate metabolite concentrations resulting from non-occupational sources, including environmental sources of benzene. Data from occupationally exposed subjects were used to estimate metabolite concentrations as a function of benzene exposure. Correction for background (environmental exposure) sources of metabolites was achieved through a comparison of geometric means in occupationally exposed and control populations. The molar fractions of the five metabolites as a function of benzene exposure were computed. A supra-linear relationship between metabolite concentrations and benzene exposure was observed over the range 0.1-10 ppm benzene, however over the range benzene exposures of between 0.1 and 1 ppm only a modest departure from linearity was observed. The molar fractions estimated in this work were near constant over the range 0.1-10 ppm. No evidence of high affinity metabolism at these low level exposures was observed. Our reanalysis brings in to question the appropriateness of the dataset for commenting on low dose exposures and the use of a purely statistical approach to the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K McNally
- Health & Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, SK17 9JN, UK
| | - C Sams
- Health & Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, SK17 9JN, UK
| | - G D Loizou
- Health & Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, SK17 9JN, UK
| | - K Jones
- Health & Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, SK17 9JN, UK.
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Jalai A, Ramezani Z, Ebrahim K. Urinary Trans, Trans-Muconic Acid is Not a Reliable Biomarker for Low-level Environmental and Occupational Benzene Exposures. Saf Health Work 2016; 8:220-225. [PMID: 28593080 PMCID: PMC5447411 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzene is a known occupational and environmental pollutant. Its urinary metabolite trans, trans-muconic acid (tt-MA) has been introduced by some environmental and occupational health regulatory associations as a biological index for the assessment of benzene exposure; however, recently, doubts have been raised about the specificity of tt-MA for low-level benzene exposures. In the present study, we investigated the association between urinary levels of tt-MA and inhalational exposure to benzene in different exposure groups. METHODS Benzene exposure was assessed by personal air sampling. Collected benzene on charcoal tube was extracted by carbon disulfide and determined by a gas chromatograph (gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector). Urinary tt-MA was extracted by a strong anion-exchange column and determined with high-performance liquid chromatography-UV. RESULTS Urinary levels of tt-MA in intensive benzene exposure groups (chemical workers and police officers) were significantly higher than other groups (urban and rural residents), but its levels in the last two groups with significant different exposure levels (mean = 0.081 ppm and 0.019 ppm, respectively) showed no significant difference (mean = 388 μg/g creatinine and 282 μg/g, respectively; p < 0.05). Before work shift, urine samples of workers and police officers showed a high amount of tt-MA and its levels in rural residents' samples were not zero. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that tt-MA may not be a reliable biomarker for monitoring low-level (below 0.5 ppm) benzene exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jalai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Ramezani
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Karim Ebrahim
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Wiwanitkit V, Soogarun S, Suwansaksri J. A Correlative Study on Red Blood Cell Parameters and Urine Trans, Trans-Muconic Acid in Subjects with Occupational Benzene Exposure. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 35:268-9. [PMID: 17366320 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601156278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Benzene is of particular concern because of recent research indicating that benzene exposure can result in toxicity. The hematotoxic effect of benzene is mentioned. However, there is little knowledge about the correlation between the biomarker of benzene exposure and changes in red blood cell parameters. Here, the correlation between the urine trans, trans-muconic acid (ttMA) level and red blood cell parameters were studied in 30 Thai subjects at risk. The regression analysis shows no significant correlation between urine ttMA and any studied red cell parameters (Hb, MCV or MCH). Based on our hematologic data, we proposed that only investigation for the urine ttMA might be not sufficient in detection of alteration in red blood cell parameters in the exposed population. Combinations between biomarker and hematological test are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viroj Wiwanitkit
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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10
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Liu B, Jia C. Effects of profession on urinary PAH metabolite levels in the US population. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2015; 89:123-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-015-1057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Hu Y, Du C, Li Y, Fan L, Li X. A gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric probe for rapid detection of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine. Analyst 2015; 140:4662-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00722d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct and rapid detection of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) is of great importance owing to its high carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Chunyan Du
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Yunchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Louzhen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
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A guidance value of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine in view of acceptable occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:239-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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De Palma G, Manno M. Metabolic polymorphisms and biomarkers of effect in the biomonitoring of occupational exposure to low-levels of benzene: state of the art. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:194-204. [PMID: 25447454 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current levels of occupational exposure to benzene, a genotoxic human carcinogen, in Western countries are reduced by two-three orders of magnitude (from ppm to ppb) as compared to the past. However, as benzene toxicity is strongly dependent on biotransformation and recent evidence underlines a higher efficiency of bio-activation pathways at lower levels of exposure, toxic effects at low doses could be higher than expected, particularly in susceptible individuals. Currently, biological monitoring can allow accurate exposure assessment, relying on sensitive and specific enough biomarkers of internal dose. The availability of similarly reliable biomarkers of early effect or susceptibility could greatly improve the risk assessment process to such an extent that risk could even be assessed at the individual level. As to susceptibility biomarkers, functional genetic polymorphisms of relevant biotransformation enzymes may modulate the risk of adverse effects (NQO1) and the levels of biomarkers of internal dose, in particular S-phenylmercapturic acid (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTA1). Among biomarkers of early effect, genotoxicity indicators, although sensitive in some cases, are too aspecific for routine use in occupational health surveillance programmes. Currently only the periodical blood cell count seems suitable enough to be applied in the longitudinal monitoring of effects from benzene exposure. Novel biomarkers of early effect are expected from higher collaboration among toxicologists and clinicians, also using advanced "omics" techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Palma
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - M Manno
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Liang G, Li X, Liu X. Electrochemical detection of 9-hydroxyfluorene based on the direct interaction with hairpin DNA. Analyst 2014; 138:1032-7. [PMID: 23254141 DOI: 10.1039/c2an36255d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The direct interaction of hairpin DNA with 9-hydroxyfluorene (9-OHFLU) through hydrogen bonds was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), UV-Vis spectroscopy and (1)H NMR spectra. Based on these results, an electrochemical hairpin DNA sensor was developed for the detection of 9-OHFLU by EIS. Upon 9-OHFLU interacting with hairpin DNA film on the gold electrodes, the charge transfer resistance (R(CT)) of the hairpin DNA film was significantly increased and remained constant after 30 min. Depending on the difference in charge transfer resistance (ΔR(CT)) before and after 9-OHFLU interaction with the hairpin DNA, 9-OHFLU could be detected with a concentration as low as 1 nM. However, only a much smaller ΔR(CT) appeared when eight selected hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HO-PAHs) interacted with the hairpin DNA for 30 min, which demonstrated that 9-OHFLU could be discriminated from other HO-PAHs by EIS. The performance of the sensor in real lake water sample was further explored for the detection of 9-OHFLU with the detection limit of 4 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment and College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 100875
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Ayoko GA, Wang H. Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Environments. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2014_259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sarkar M, Muhammad-Kah R, Liang Q, Kapur S, Feng S, Roethig H. Evaluation of spot urine as an alternative to 24h urine collection for determination of biomarkers of exposure to cigarette smoke in adult smokers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:108-114. [PMID: 23603463 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to cigarette smoke in adult smokers (SM) can be determined by measuring urinary excretion of selected smoke constituents or metabolites. Complete 24h urine collections are difficult to achieve in ambulatory clinical studies; therefore spot urine (SU) might be a useful alternative. The objective of this study was to evaluate the optimum time for SU collections, and to predict 24h urine biomarker excretion from SU collections. METHODS SU samples were collected at three time points (early morning, post-lunch and evening) along with 24h collections in 37 healthy adult smokers. Nicotine and its five metabolites (nicotine equivalents, NE), metabolites of NNK (NNAL), pyrene (1-OHP), acrolein (HPMA), benzene (S-PMA) and butadiene (MHBMA) were measured in 24h and SU samples. Correlation and agreement between creatinine-adjusted SU and 24h urine collections were determined from the Pearson product-moment correlation, Bland-Altman and Lin's concordance correlation analyses. A random effect regression model was used to calculate the 24h biomarker excretion from SU collections. RESULTS There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the three SU collections for the selected biomarkers of exposure except for 3-HPMA, which showed a diurnal variation. Good correlation and statistical agreements were observed for creatinine-adjusted SU (all three time points) and 24h for most of the selected biomarkers. 24h biomarker excretion could be estimated for most of the biomarkers based on the regression model, with the early morning SU collections giving the best results for tobacco specific biomarkers NE (R(2)=0.66) and NNAL (R(2)=0.6). CONCLUSIONS SU is a useful alternative to 24h urine collections for most of the selected biomarkers of exposure to cigarette smoke. The early morning SU appears to be the most feasible and practical option as an alternative to 24h collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadi Sarkar
- Altria Client Services Inc., Center for Research and Technology, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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Arnold SM, Angerer J, Boogaard PJ, Hughes MF, O'Lone RB, Robison SH, Schnatter AR. The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessment: benzene case study. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:119-53. [PMID: 23346981 PMCID: PMC3585443 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.756455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract A framework of "Common Criteria" (i.e. a series of questions) has been developed to inform the use and evaluation of biomonitoring data in the context of human exposure and risk assessment. The data-rich chemical benzene was selected for use in a case study to assess whether refinement of the Common Criteria framework was necessary, and to gain additional perspective on approaches for integrating biomonitoring data into a risk-based context. The available data for benzene satisfied most of the Common Criteria and allowed for a risk-based evaluation of the benzene biomonitoring data. In general, biomarker (blood benzene, urinary benzene and urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid) central tendency (i.e. mean, median and geometric mean) concentrations for non-smokers are at or below the predicted blood or urine concentrations that would correspond to exposure at the US Environmental Protection Agency reference concentration (30 µg/m(3)), but greater than blood or urine concentrations relating to the air concentration at the 1 × 10(-5) excess cancer risk (2.9 µg/m(3)). Smokers clearly have higher levels of benzene exposure, and biomarker levels of benzene for non-smokers are generally consistent with ambient air monitoring results. While some biomarkers of benzene are specific indicators of exposure, the interpretation of benzene biomonitoring levels in a health-risk context are complicated by issues associated with short half-lives and gaps in knowledge regarding the relationship between the biomarkers and subsequent toxic effects.
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Fullove TP, Johnson B, Yu H. Structure-dependent lipid peroxidation by photoirradiation of pyrene and its mono-substituted derivatives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:233-41. [PMID: 23245298 PMCID: PMC3939684 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.729998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pyrene, one of the most studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, can damage biological macromolecules and cause toxicity when irradiated by light. The effect of substituents, 1-amino, 1-hydroxy, 1-nitro, and 1-bromo, on light-induced lipid peroxidation is studied. Degradation kinetics and photoproduct analyses were conducted to test how these substituents affect the photoreaction. All five compounds have widely different photodegradation rates, with degradation half-lives, ranging from 8 min to 495 min. These rates parallel their light absorptivity. Four out of the five compounds induce lipid peroxidation when irradiated with UVA light, whereas 1-aminopyrene causes minimum or no lipid peroxidation. The relative amount of lipid peroxidation caused is: 1-bromopyrene > pyrene > 1-nitropyrene ≈ 1-hydroxypyrene > 1-aminopyrene. This relative lipid peroxidation is dependent on the substituent due to the following factors: light absorptivity, relative rates of the competing processes in the excited states, nature of the photoreaction, and nature of the photoproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie Perkins Fullove
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Price PS, Rey TD, Fontaine DD, Arnold SM. A reanalysis of the evidence for increased efficiency in benzene metabolism at airborne exposure levels below 3 p.p.m. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2094-9. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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De Palma G, Poli D, Manini P, Andreoli R, Mozzoni P, Apostoli P, Mutti A. Biomarkers of exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons and methyltert-butyl ether in petrol station workers. Biomarkers 2012; 17:343-51. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.672459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Serdar B, Lee D, Dou Z. Biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and DNA damage: a cross-sectional pilot study among roofers in South Florida. BMJ Open 2012; 2:bmjopen-2012-001318. [PMID: 22815468 PMCID: PMC3401830 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main goal of this pilot study was to assess the technical and logistic feasibility of a future study. The research hypothesis is that occupational exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are associated with increased risk of DNA damage among roofers who work with hot asphalt. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional pilot study. SETTING The study included roofers from four different construction sites in Miami-Dade County, Florida. PARTICIPANTS 19 roofers were recruited (six Hispanics and 13 African-Americans, all male), all of whom were eligible (no history of cancer and no history of chronic diseases of kidneys or liver). All participants provided pre-shift samples and 18 provided post-shift samples. Samples of one participant were excluded from the final analyses as they were considered unreliable. RESULTS Levels of urinary PAH metabolites increased during 6 h of work. Linear regression models of post-shift metabolites included their pre-shift levels, post-shift urinary creatinine levels (for models of 1-OHPyr and 9-OHPhe), and skin burn due to contact with hot asphalt (for models of 1-OHPyr and 1-OHNap). Pre-shift levels of urinary 8-OHdG were not associated with any of the variables considered. For post-shift levels of 8-OHdG, however, post-shift 1-OHPyr (95% CI 0.091 to 0.788) and use of protective gloves (95% CI -1.57 to -0.61) during work explained 86.8% of its variation. Overall, highest levels of urinary PAH metabolites and of 8-OHdG were observed among workers who reported having skin burn and who did not use gloves during work. CONCLUSIONS Urinary 1-OHPyr is a promising predictor of oxidative DNA damage among roofers. Work-related skin burn and use of protective gloves appear to influence PAH exposure and DNA damage levels in this group, suggesting the importance of dermal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Serdar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Zihong Dou
- PharmaOn, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey, USA
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22
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Jongeneelen F, ten Berge W. Simulation of urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene in various scenarios of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with a generic, cross-chemical predictive PBTK-model. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2011; 85:689-702. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-011-0713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Fustinoni S, Campo L, Mercadante R, Consonni D, Mielzynska D, Bertazzi PA. A quantitative approach to evaluate urinary benzene and S-phenylmercapturic acid as biomarkers of low benzene exposure. Biomarkers 2011; 16:334-45. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.561499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fustinoni
- University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Campo
- University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosa Mercadante
- University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Pier Alberto Bertazzi
- University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Milano, Italy
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24
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Chien YC, Yeh CT. Amounts and proportion of administered pyrene dose excreted as urinary 1-hydroxypyrene after dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:767-76. [PMID: 20571775 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) is the most relevant parameter for assessing exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the inability to further elucidate the intra- and inter-individual variability, specificity and kinetics makes it difficult to enhance its value as an exposure predictor. Therefore, this human control study examined the excretion kinetics of urinary 1-OHP after consuming barbecued meat. Two feeding experiments were conducted, with doses of 15 and 30 g of barbecued meat per kg of body weight for experiments 1 and 2, respectively. All voided urine was collected for 7 days and analyzed for 1-OHP. In both experiments, the amounts of urinary 1-OHP excreted was significantly increased (P < 0.05) at 12 h post exposure but not at 12-24 h post exposure. Mean percentages of administered pyrene doses excreted as urinary 1-OHP at 0-12 h and 12-24 h post exposure were 3.80 and 0.61% in experiment 1 and 1.66 and 0.38% in experiment 2. Excretion ratio was inversely related to dose. A pattern of diurnal fluctuation (P < 0.05) in 1-OHP excretions was also identified. That is, 1-OHP excretions were smaller in the first half of the day (~0:00-12:00) than in the last half of the day (~12:00-24:00). This study demonstrated that, even at large dietary doses, most of the total urinary excretion of 1-OHP occurs within 12 h. Thus, subjects of occupational or environmental studies need only recall their diets for the current or previous day to diminish the influence from dietary pyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeh-Chung Chien
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, Shalu 433, Taiwan.
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25
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Jedrychowski WA, Perera FP, Maugeri U, Mrozek-Budzyn D, Mroz E, Klimaszewska-Rembiasz M, Flak E, Edwards S, Spengler J, Jacek R, Sowa A. Intrauterine exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fine particulate matter and early wheeze. Prospective birth cohort study in 4-year olds. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21:e723-32. [PMID: 20444151 PMCID: PMC3683604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of the study was to determine the relationship between prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measured by PAH-DNA adducts in umbilical cord blood and early wheeze. The level of PAH-DNA adducts in the cord blood is assumed to reflect the cumulative dose of PAHs absorbed by the foetus over the prenatal period. The effect of prenatal PAH exposure on respiratory health measured by the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for the number of wheezing days in the subsequent 4 yr follow-up was adjusted for potential confounding factors such as personal prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)), environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), gender of child, maternal characteristics (age, education and atopy), parity and mould/dampness in the home. The study sample includes 339 newborns of non-smoking mothers 18-35 yr of age and free from chronic diseases, who were recruited from ambulatory prenatal clinics in the first or second trimester of pregnancy. The number of wheezing days during the first 2 yr of life was positively associated with prenatal level of PAH-DNA adducts (IRR = 1.69, 95%CI = 1.52-1.88), prenatal particulate matter (PM(2.5)) level dichotomized by the median (IRR = 1.38; 95%CI: 1.25-1.51), maternal atopy (IRR = 1.43; 95%CI: 1.29-1.58), mouldy/damp house (IRR = 1.43; 95%CI: 1.27-1.61). The level of maternal education and maternal age at delivery was inversely associated with the IRRs for wheeze. The significant association between frequency of wheeze and the level of prenatal environmental hazards (PAHs and PM(2.5)) was not observed at ages 3 or 4 yrs. Although the frequency of wheezing at ages 3 or 4 was no longer associated with prenatal exposure to PAHs and PM(2.5), its occurrence depended on the presence of wheezing in the first 2 yr of life, which nearly tripled the risk of wheezing in later life. In conclusion, the findings may suggest that driving force for early wheezing (<24 months of age) is different to those leading to later onset of wheeze. As we reported no synergistic effects between prenatal PAH (measured by PAH-DNA adducts) and PM(2.5) exposures on early wheeze, this suggests the two exposures may exert independent effects via different biological mechanism on wheeze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw A Jedrychowski
- Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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Arnold SM, Price PS, Dryzga MD. Defining the contribution of non-benzene sources of benzene metabolites in urine: implications for biomonitoring and risk assessment. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184:299-301. [PMID: 20096276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Arnold
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, United States.
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27
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Sarkar M, Liu J, Koval T, Wang J, Feng S, Serafin R, Jin Y, Xie Y, Newland K, Roethig HJ. Evaluation of biomarkers of exposure in adult cigarette smokers using Marlboro snus. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 12:105-16. [PMID: 20026503 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been reported that adult smokers (AS) may be considering smokeless tobacco products as an alternative to smoking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the change in exposure in AS using Marlboro snus (MSNUS) (a tobacco pouch product in test market in June 2007). METHODS AS were randomized into the following groups--CS: subjects (n = 30) continue smoking their own brand; DU: subjects (n = 60) reduced their daily cigarette consumption by >or=50% and were allowed to use MSNUS; SN: subjects (n = 15) stopped smoking their cigarettes but were allowed to use MSNUS; NT: subjects (n = 15) were not allowed to use any tobacco products for the entire duration of the 8-day study. Biomarkers of smoke exposure (BOE) measured at baseline and postbaseline were 24-hr urinary excretion of metabolites of N-nitrosamines, nicotine (urine and plasma), aromatic amines, benzene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; urine mutagenicity; and carboxyhemoglobin at various timepoints. RESULTS Statistically significant (p < .05) reductions in all the urinary BOE were observed in the DU group compared with the CS group. After correcting for the residual effect, a proportionate reduction (approximately 50%) in most of the biomarkers was observed. Even larger reductions, similar to the NT group, were observed in the SN group. DISCUSSION The proportionate reduction in exposure when reducing the number of cigarettes by 50% and using MSNUS, under the consumption patterns observed, suggest that the AS did not appear to alter their smoking behavior. The added exposure from MSNUS usage in this group was minimal. The AS sustained substantial reductions in exposure when using MSNUS exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadi Sarkar
- Altria Client Services, Center for Research and Technology, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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Hydroxypyrene in urine of football players after playing on artificial sports field with tire crumb infill. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2009; 83:105-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-009-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Pandya GH, Chatterjee N, Singh R, Kashyap S, Pentu Saheb S, Wate SR. Assaying baseline status of particulate laden polyaromatic hydrocarbon for a grass root level industrial project. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 82:185-188. [PMID: 18974916 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A study of particulate laden polyaromatic hydrocarbon was conducted at 13 selected locations in a 10 km radial distance of a proposed site for a grass root level industry. Suspended particulate matter samples were continuously monitored for 24 h over a period of 3 months. The Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were extracted from the particulate samples and analysed using Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer. Limit of Quantification was also established for individual PAHs. Coal combustion and traffic emission were the major contributors for PAHs in the region. The relative contribution of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 ring PAHs in particulates of different sampling sites was also investigated and it is observed that 4 ring (29.76%) and 5 ring (29.06%) compounds are prominent in the particulates measured in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Himatlal Pandya
- Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India.
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30
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Ragin AD, Crawford KE, Davies C, Hallett M, Etheredge AA, Grainger J, Patterson DG. AN ISOTOPE DILUTION HIGH-RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF ISOMERIC BENZO[A]PYRENE TETROL METABOLITES DERIVED FROM ALBUMIN-BAPDE ADDUCTS AS INDICATORS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630802378243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Evaluation of urinary biomarkers of exposure to benzene: correlation with blood benzene and influence of confounding factors. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2008; 82:985-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-008-0381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Lin LC, Chen WJ, Chiung YM, Shih TS, Liao PC. Association between GST genetic polymorphism and dose-related production of urinary benzene metabolite markers, trans, trans-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1460-9. [PMID: 18559562 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The urinary benzene metabolites, trans, trans-muconic acid (ttMA) and S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), are widely used as benzene exposure biomarkers. The influence of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) genetic polymorphism on the excretion levels of urinary ttMA and/or SPMA has been investigated. The association between dose-related production of urinary benzene metabolites and benzene exposure level was also reported. However, the association between the dose-related productions of urinary benzene metabolites and GST genetic polymorphism was not described in the literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the GST genetic polymorphism and dose-related production of the two widely used biomarkers, urinary ttMA and SPMA. Seventy male workers in a chemical factory were measured for their benzene exposure levels and provided blood and urine specimens at the end of work-shift. The atmospheric benzene exposure levels of these workers were determined by passive samplers with gas chromatograph mass spectrometer. The urinary ttMA and SPMA levels were quantitated by an online dual-loop cleanup device with an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer. The analyses of GST genotypes, including M(1), T(1), and P(1), were done using PCR. Mean (+/- SD) of benzene exposure levels in participants was 7.2 +/- 15 ppm. The ttMA and SPMA levels in the high benzene exposure group (> or =1 ppm) were higher than those in the low benzene exposure group (<1 ppm; P < 0.001). Among the GST genotypes investigated in this study, the results showed that only the GSTT1 genotype was related to the level and dose-related production of SPMA. Using SPMA for evaluating benzene exposure, the results suggest that the GSTT1 genetic polymorphism, especially in a comparison study between two populations with different GSTT1 genotype frequencies, should be considered. Additionally, the biological exposure index value of SPMA should be set based on the levels of subjects with GSTT1-deficient genotypes for protection of all subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Cheng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Slotnick MJ, Meliker JR, Kannan S, Nriagu JO. Effects of nutritional measures on toenail arsenic concentration as a biomarker of arsenic exposure. Biomarkers 2008; 13:451-66. [DOI: 10.1080/13547500802029050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Feng S, Roethig HJ, Liang Q, Kinser R, Jin Y, Scherer G, Urban M, Engl J, Riedel K. Evaluation of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene,S-phenylmercapturic acid,trans,trans-muconic acid, 3-methyladenine, 3-ethyladenine, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and thioethers as biomarkers of exposure to cigarette smoke. Biomarkers 2008; 11:28-52. [PMID: 16484135 DOI: 10.1080/13547500500399730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the utility of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA), trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), 3-methyladenine (3-MeAd), 3-ethyladenine (3-EtAd), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and thioethers as biomarkers for assessing the exposure in adult smokers who switched from smoking conventional cigarettes to candidate potential reduced exposure products (PREP) or who stopped smoking. Two electrically heated smoking systems (EHCSS) were used as prototype cigarettes that have significant reductions in a number of mainstream smoke constituents as measured by smoking machines relative to those from conventional cigarettes. Urine samples were collected from a randomized, controlled, forced-switching study in which 110 adult smokers of a conventional cigarette brand (CC1) were randomly assigned to five study groups. The groups included the CC1 smoking group, a lower-tar conventional cigarette (CC2) smoking group, EHCSS1 group, EHCSS2 group and a no smoking group that were monitored for 8 days. Biomarkers were measured at baseline and day 8. The daily excretion levels of these biomarkers were compared among the groups before and after switching, and the relationships between the daily excretion levels of these biomarkers and cigarette smoking-related exposure were investigated using Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple regression analyses. It was concluded that under controlled study conditions: (1) 1-OHP, S-PMA and t,t-MA are useful biomarkers that could differentiate exposure between smoking conventional and EHCSS cigarettes or between smoking conventional cigarettes and no smoking; between S-PMA and t,t-MA, the former appeared to be more sensitive; (2) 3-MeAd could only differentiate between smoking conventional cigarettes and no smoking; the results for 3-EtAd were not conclusive because contradictory results were observed; (3) 8-OHdG had a questionable association with smoking and therefore the utility of this biomarker for smoking-related exposure could not be established; and (4) urinary excretion of thioethers as a biomarker lacked sensitivity to demonstrate a clear dose-response relationship in conventional cigarette smokers, although it could differentiate the excretion levels between those subjects who smoked a conventional cigarette and those who stopped smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Feng
- Philip Morris USA, Research Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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35
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Watson WP, Mutti A. Role of biomarkers in monitoring exposures to chemicals: present position, future prospects. Biomarkers 2008; 9:211-42. [PMID: 15764289 DOI: 10.1080/13547500400015642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are becoming increasingly important in toxicology and human health. Many research groups are carrying out studies to develop biomarkers of exposure to chemicals and apply these for human monitoring. There is considerable interest in the use and application of biomarkers to identify the nature and amounts of chemical exposures in occupational and environmental situations. Major research goals are to develop and validate biomarkers that reflect specific exposures and permit the prediction of the risk of disease in individuals and groups. One important objective is to prevent human cancer. This review presents a commentary and consensus views about the major developments on biomarkers for monitoring human exposure to chemicals. A particular emphasis is on monitoring exposures to carcinogens. Significant developments in the areas of new and existing biomarkers, analytical methodologies, validation studies and field trials together with auditing and quality assessment of data are discussed. New developments in the relatively young field of toxicogenomics possibly leading to the identification of individual susceptibility to both cancer and non-cancer endpoints are also considered. The construction and development of reliable databases that integrate information from genomic and proteomic research programmes should offer a promising future for the application of these technologies in the prediction of risks and prevention of diseases related to chemical exposures. Currently adducts of chemicals with macromolecules are important and useful biomarkers especially for certain individual chemicals where there are incidences of occupational exposure. For monitoring exposure to genotoxic compounds protein adducts, such as those formed with haemoglobin, are considered effective biomarkers for determining individual exposure doses of reactive chemicals. For other organic chemicals, the excreted urinary metabolites can also give a useful and complementary indication of exposure for acute exposures. These methods have revealed 'backgrounds' in people not knowingly exposed to chemicals and the sources and significance of these need to be determined, particularly in the context of their contribution to background health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Watson
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TJ, UK.
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36
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Berthoin K, Broeckaert F, Robin M, Haufroid V, De Burbure C, Bernard A. Serum pneumoproteins and biomarkers of exposure to urban air pollution: a cross-sectional comparison of policemen and foresters. Biomarkers 2008; 9:341-52. [PMID: 15764297 DOI: 10.1080/13547500400018646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Very few biomarkers are available for the non-invasive detection of effects of urban air pollution on the respiratory tract. The objective was to evaluate whether Clara cell protein (CC16) and surfactant-associated protein-A (SP-A), two pulmonary secretory proteins, were useful in the detection of effects of urban air pollutants on the pulmonary epithelium. These proteins were determined in the serum of 53 policemen working in Brussels, Belgium, and a control group of 59 foresters working in the countryside. Except for ozone (O(3)), annual concentrations of the main air pollutants (PM(10), NO(2), CO, SO(2) and benzene) were significantly higher in Brussels than in the country. The proportion of smokers was lower in urban policemen compared with foresters, but they smoked on average a similar number of cigarettes per day as confirmed by their urinary excretion of cotinine. Muconic acid, a marker of benzene exposure, was significantly higher in urban policemen than in foresters, in both smokers and non-smokers. Multiple regression analysis showed that the type of work, smoking habits and time spent outdoors and in a car were significant determinants of benzene uptake. Tobacco smoking impaired lung function to a similar extent in urban policemen and foresters. The serum levels of SP-A were significantly increased in smokers but were not different between policemen and foresters. Serum CC16 was significantly reduced by tobacco smoking and slightly decreased in policemen compared with foresters. Interestingly, the reduction of serum CC16 was more pronounced in the subgroup of traffic compared with survey policemen, the latter being also less exposed to benzene. The results suggest that serum pneumoproteins and especially serum CC16 could be useful in the detection of chronic effects of urban air pollutants on the respiratory epithelium of populations particularly at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Berthoin
- Unit of Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Louvain, B-12 Brussels, Belgium
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37
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Elbekai RH, El-Kadi AO. Arsenite and cadmium, but not chromium, induce NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 through transcriptional mechanisms, in spite of post-transcriptional modifications. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1184-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Jönsson LS, Broberg K, Axmon A, Bergendorf U, Littorin M, Jönsson BAG. Levels of 1-hydroxypyrene, symptoms and immunologic markers in vulcanization workers in the southern Sweden rubber industries. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2008; 82:131-7. [PMID: 18425528 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-008-0310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) levels in contemporary Swedish vulcanization workers and in controls. These levels were used as an index substance for vulcanization fumes, as well as a biomarker for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The risk of symptoms and changed levels of immunologic markers were investigated in relation to the 1-HP levels. METHODS Included in the study were 163 exposed workers and 106 controls. Medical and occupational histories were obtained by structured interviews. Symptoms were recorded and immunologic markers analysed in blood by routine analysis methods. Levels of 1-HP were determined by liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. RESULTS The highest levels of 1-HP were found among exposed workers using injection and compression vulcanization and lower levels were found among exposed workers vulcanizing with salt bath, hot air, microwaves or fluid-bed. Compared to controls, exposed workers had increased risks of eye symptoms, nosebleeds, burning and dry throat, hoarseness, severe dry cough, nausea and headache. Furthermore, exposed workers had elevated levels of neutrophils and total IgG (immunoglobulin subclass G). However, only for severe dry cough an evident exposure-response relationship with urinary 1-HP levels was found. CONCLUSIONS This work clearly shows increased levels of urinary 1-HP in Swedish vulcanization workers. Furthermore, it demonstrates an increased risk of several symptoms and elevated levels of some immunologic markers in these workers. However, no obvious exposure-response relationships were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena S Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Oleszczuk P. Phytotoxicity of municipal sewage sludge composts related to physico-chemical properties, PAHs and heavy metals. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 69:496-505. [PMID: 17532468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the composting on the phytotoxicity of sewage sludge in relation to their physical-chemical properties, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content. Four municipal sewage sludges were composted for 76 days. A Phytotoxkit Test and pot experiment with Lepidium sativum were used for bioassay. The total PAH content in sludges ranged from 3674.1 to 11236.3 microg kg(-1). Heavy metals content was in the range Cd (1.9-76 mg kg(-1)), Cr (27.6-120 mg kg(-1)), Cu (156-335 mg kg(-1)), Pb (37.5-59.5 mg kg(-1)), Ni (21.7-155 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (1015-1385 mg kg(-1)). The results showed a varied toxicity of sewage sludge in relation to the plant tested. In the case of two sludges a 100% inhibition of seed germination were noted. Sludge composting limited their negative influence on most of the phytotoxicity parameters. Only chlorophyll concentration was often lower than in the plant bred on compost obtained from sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Laboratory of Soil Reclamation and Waste Management, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Management, University of Agriculture, Lublin, Poland.
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Slotnick MJ, Meliker JR, Nriagu JO. Intra-individual variability in toenail arsenic concentrations in a Michigan population, USA. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2008; 18:149-57. [PMID: 17426735 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic concentration in toenail clippings is used as a biomarker of exposure in epidemiological studies, often under the assumption that a single measurement represents long-term exposure. For this assumption to hold, the measured arsenic concentrations must be stable over time, yet temporal variability has not been adequately assessed. This study aims to evaluate temporal variability in multiple toenail samples collected from a population exposed to drinking water arsenic levels <100 microg/l. Our objectives are to investigate factors responsible for biomarker variability and to assess the suitability of single versus multiple measurements for determining exposure in epidemiological studies. Multiple toenail and drinking water samples were collected from 254 participants enrolled in a case-control study of arsenic exposure and bladder cancer in Michigan, USA; participants also answered questions on water consumption. Toenail samples collected an average of 14 months apart were positively correlated, although a substantial amount of variability was detected (r=0.43, P<0.0001, n=236). Arsenic concentration in drinking water was stable and small changes in drinking water arsenic concentration did not explain variability in toenail arsenic concentration. Change in drinking water consumption, however, was significant in predicting differences in toenail arsenic concentration. Stronger correlations between drinking water arsenic concentration and intake and toenail arsenic concentration were observed when two toenail samples were averaged, suggesting that multiple measurements may more accurately reflect exposure. When exposure was categorized into tertiles and other pre-determined categories, 25-40% of exposures were differentially classified. Only a small percentage (<4%), however, were classified as having low exposure using a single measurement and high exposure when an average of two measurements was used. These results suggest that the use of multiple measurements is unlikely to affect exposure classification of individuals into high- or low-exposure groups; however, collection of multiple samples may be advantageous for more refined exposure classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Slotnick
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Oleszczuk P. The toxicity of composts from sewage sludges evaluated by the direct contact tests phytotoxkit and ostracodtoxkit. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 28:1645-53. [PMID: 17845844 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Limitations relating to permissible standards of undesirable substances in sewage sludges make it necessary to optimize sludge properties. One of the methods to achieve the above goal is the use of a composting process. The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of composts obtained from sewage sludges composted for 76 days. Dewatered sewage sludges were collected from the four wastewater treatment plants located in the south-eastern part of Poland (Kraśnik, Lublin, Biłgoraj and Zamość). The sludges were mixed with standard OECD soil at doses of 6% and 24%. Phytotoxkit (with Lepidium sativum) and ostracodtoxkit (with Heterocypris incongruens) tests were used to evaluate toxicity. The results obtained showed different toxicity of sewage sludge depending on the sludge dose and bioassay used. H. incongruens mortality ranged from 0% to 90% and depended on the sewage sludge. The greatest inhibition of test organism growth was noted at a level of 55%. In the case of the Phytotoxkit test, a clearly negative influence of the sewage sludges on seed germination was observed at a dose of 24%. Root growth inhibition was noted in the case of most sewage sludges and was at a level of 20-100%. The influence of the composting on the toxicity of biosolids also showed various trends depending on the sludge type. Sludge composting often resulted in a toxicity increase in relation to H. incongruens. In the case of plants (Phytotoxkit test) and most sewage sludges, however, the composting process influenced both the seed germination and root growth in a positive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Laboratory of Soil Reclamation and Waste Management, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Management, University of Agriculture, ul. Leszczyńskiego 7, Lublin, Poland.
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Zhang W, Xu D, Zhuang G, Ding C, Wang G, Chang J, Ren G. A pilot study on using urinary 1-hydroxypyrene biomarker for exposure to PAHs in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 131:387-94. [PMID: 17171262 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To study whether the urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) could be the biomarker of atmospheric PAHs, a small-scale pilot study was carried out on the relation of 1-OHP vs PAHs with the traffic policemen in Beijing of smokers and nonsmokers to be subgroups in both the exposure and control groups. Both the PAHs and 1-OHP were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ambient concentrations of PAHs were different at the different sites (the average sum of PAHs (TPAH) were 12.36, 16.27, 18.37 ng/m(3) at the suburban residential, police station and high traffic area, respectively.), but considerably lower than the personal-exposure concentrations (the average TPAH were 65.84 and 47.28 ng/m(3) for patrol cars and inspection station, respectively). Pyrene was correlated well with BaP and the summed PAHs (TPAH), with the correlation coefficients (R) of 0.79, 0.87 for ambient level and 0.92, 0.96 for personal exposure, respectively. The average of 1-hydroxypyrene of smokers and nonsmokers were 0.39, 0.15 mumol/mol creatinine in control group and 0.57, 0.33 mumol/mol creatinine in exposure group, respectively. The better correlation of pyrene to BaP and TPAH especially for personal exposure samples indicated that the probability of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, the metabolite of pyrene, to be the biomarker of total PAH. Nonsmokers in the exposure and control groups had indistinguishable levels of 1-OHP, presumably because the ambient levels of pyrene were so similar (the average were 3.25, 3.20 ng/m(3) at the police station and high traffic area, respectively.). Smokers in the control group had significantly higher 1-OHP than that of the nonsmokers, but showed indistinguishable differences in the exposure group. These results suggested that urinary 1-OHP could be a biomarker of PAHs only when the level of PAHs was at a relatively higher level. Smoking as an important influencing factor need to be controlled carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- Center for Atmospheric Environmental Study, Chemistry Department, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Chuang CY, Chang CC. Urinary 1‐Hydroxypyrene Level Relative to Vehicle Exhaust Exposure Mediated by Metabolic Enzyme Polymorphisms. J Occup Health 2007; 49:140-51. [PMID: 17429172 DOI: 10.1539/joh.49.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are common air pollutants generated from incomplete combustion. The inhalation of exhaust fumes in urban areas has been suggested to be an additional contributing factor. This study investigated the influence of urban traffic exposure, personal lifestyle factors and metabolic enzyme polymorphisms on the urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) level, approximating exposure to PAH. With consents, 95 male taxi drivers exposed to vehicle exhaust in traffic and 75 male office employees received health interviews and provided urine samples. The results showed taxi drivers had higher urinary 1-OHP than the office employees (mean +/- standard deviation were 0.17 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.10 +/- 0.07 mol/mol creatinine, p<0.001). The average urinary 1-OHP level increased from 0.07 micromol/mol creatinine for non-smoking office employees to 0.17 micromol/mol creatinine for those who smoked more than 20 cigarettes daily. The values for taxi drivers with similar smoking statuses were 0.12 and 0.25 micromol/mol creatinine, respectively. Among non-smokers, taxi drivers still had higher 1-OHP level than office employees (0.12 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.07 +/- 0.03 micromol/mol creatinine). The subjects with the m1/m2 or m2/m2 genotype of CYP1A1 MspI or GSTM1 deficiency had significantly higher urinary 1-OHP levels than those with other CYP1A1 MspI and GSTM1 genotypes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that taxi drivers (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=5.1, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.1-13.6), smokers (OR=5.5, 95% CI=1.6-18.4) and subjects with the m1/m2 or m2/m2 genotype of CYP1A1 MspI (OR=9.7, 95% CI=2.7-35.0) had elevated urinary 1-OHP (greater than the overall median value, 0.11 micromol/mol creatinine). The results of this study suggest smoking contributes to the elevated urinary 1-OHP levels in taxi drivers in addition to taxi driving, and the excess level contributed from traffic exhaust and smoke was regulated by the CYP1A1 MspI genotype. Traffic exhaust exposure, smoking and CYP1A1 MspI genotype contributed to the variation in levels of urinary 1-OHP excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Cocco P, Moore PS, Ennas MG, Tocco MG, Ibba A, Mattuzzi S, Meloni M, Monne M, Piras G, Collu S, Satta G, Zucca M, Scarpa A, Flore C. Effect of Urban Traffic, Individual Habits, and Genetic Polymorphisms on Background Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene Excretion. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17:1-8. [PMID: 16406813 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Potential sources of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and genetic polymorphisms were investigated in relation to their contribution to interindividual variation in baseline levels of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) excretion in subjects without occupational exposure to PAHs. METHODS Urinary excretion of 1-OHP was measured in 114 subjects, including 48 women and 66 men. Questionnaire information was collected on possible environmental and individual sources of PAH exposure. A subset of 70 individuals also was evaluated for a single-nucleotide polymorphism (Ex7+295C-->T) in the cytochrome P-450 1A2 (CYP1A2) gene, and 61 of these also were evaluated for the glutathione transferase T1 (GSTT1) gene polymorphism. RESULTS 1-OHP values did not show a significant seasonal variability and were unaffected by age; education; body mass index; smoking status, including passive smoking; or the C-->T base substitution in position 295 of exon 7 of the CYP1A2 gene. After reciprocal adjustment with logistic regression, living in a heavily trafficked urban area (odds ratio, 4.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-24.9), and frequent intake of grilled meat (odds ratio, 6.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-43.5) were significant predictors of background urinary 1-OHP levels of 0.50 microg/g creatinine or greater. Elevated risks also were associated with daily alcohol intake greater than 65 g and the nonnull GSTT1 genotype. CONCLUSION Our study shows that exposure to urban traffic, dietary habits, and the nonnull GSTT1 genotype may contribute to interindividual variation in background levels of 1-OHP urinary excretion in subjects without occupational exposure to PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Cocco
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, and Divisione di Ematologia, Ospedale San Francesco, ASL 3, Nuoro, Italy.
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Fustinoni S, Mercadante R, Campo L, Scibetta L, Valla C, Consonni D, Foà V. Comparison between urinary o-cresol and toluene as biomarkers of toluene exposure. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2007; 4:1-9. [PMID: 17162475 DOI: 10.1080/15459620601044844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of urinary o-cresol (o-C) and urinary toluene (TOL-U) as biomarkers of occupational exposure to toluene were comparatively evaluated. One hundred healthy male rotogravure printing workers and 161 male and female control subjects were studied. Personal exposure to airborne toluene (TOL-A) during the shift was determined as a time-weighted average. Simple analytical procedures based on solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectometry analysis were applied to the determination of end-shift o-C and TOL-U. Median TOL-A was 48 (6.0-162.0) mg/m3 in printers and 0.021 (<0.003-0.137) mg/m3 in controls. o-C was 0.185 (0.032-0.948) mg/g creatinine in printers and 0.027 (<0.006-0.330) mg/g creatinine in the controls. TOL-U was 7.6 (1.8-23.9) microg/L in printers and 0.140 (0.094-0.593) microg/L in the controls. According to all indices, exposure to toluene was higher in printers than in the controls. Nevertheless, the distribution of o-C in the two groups partially overlapped, whereas such behavior was not found in TOL-U. Both o-C and TOL-U in printers were correlated with TOL-A (Pearson's on log10-transformed variables r = 0.704 and 0.844, respectively) and with each other (r = 0.683). Smoking habits significantly increased the excretion of o-C but not of TOL-U. From the point of view of sampling conditions and analytical requirements, TOL-U and o-C showed similar properties, but comparison of their intrinsic characteristics showed that TOL-U had higher specificity and sensitivity, lower background values, was better correlated with airborne exposure, and was not influenced by cigarette smoking. Therefore TOL-U may be considered superior to o-C as a biomarker of occupational exposure to toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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Relationship between machine-derived smoke yields and biomarkers in cigarette smokers in Germany. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 47:171-83. [PMID: 17034917 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine whether smokers of cigarettes in the contemporary yield ranges of the German market (0.1-1.0mg nicotine, 1-10mg tar) differ in their actual exposure to various smoke constituents, we performed a field study with 274 smokers and 100 non-smokers. The following biomarkers were determined: In 24-h urine: Nicotine equivalents (molar sum of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and their respective glucuronides), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL, metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, NNK), 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (metabolite of acrolein), trans,trans-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid (metabolites of benzene), 1-hydroxypyrene (metabolite of pyrene); in saliva: Cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine; in exhaled air: Carbon monoxide; in blood: Methyl-, hydroxyethyl-, cyanoethyl- (biomarker of acrylonitrile) and carbamoylethylvaline (biomarker of acrylamide) hemoglobin adducts. All biomarkers were found to be significantly higher in smokers compared to non-smokers and showed strong correlations with the daily cigarette consumption. Biomarker levels and per cigarette increases in smokers were at most weakly related to the machine-derived smoke yields. It is concluded that machine-derived yields of cigarettes from the contemporary German cigarette market have little or no impact on the actual smoking-related exposure determined by suitable biomarkers.
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Slotnick MJ, Nriagu JO. Validity of human nails as a biomarker of arsenic and selenium exposure: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 102:125-39. [PMID: 16442520 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Human nail clippings have been used in recent epidemiological studies as a routine bioindicator of arsenic and selenium exposure. To ensure sound application of this biomarker, however, it is important to consider properties and scientific knowledge pertaining to validation of this particular tool. In this review, the use of human nails to measure exposure to arsenic and selenium is discussed in the context of the biomarker validation framework. Literature related to both analytical procedures and intrinsic characteristics of the biomarker is reviewed. Specifically, the followings are addressed: sample collection and preparation methods, establishment of the exposure-biomarker relationship, intraindividual variability and reproducibility of measurements, and biomarker-disease investigations. Drawing from a rapidly growing body of literature, current knowledge of these biomarker validation steps is assessed. Therefore, this review brings attention to the important issue of biomarker validation, laying the framework for future studies measuring elemental composition of nails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Slotnick
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 109 Observatory Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Cho CW, Kim CW. Toxicoproteomics in the study of aromatic hydrocarbon toxicity. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA, Garg R, Hansch C. Utility of the mouse dermal promotion assay in comparing the tumorigenic potential of cigarette mainstream smoke. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1699-706. [PMID: 16814916 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified a number of the chemical constituents reported in cigarette mainstream smoke (MS) as carcinogens. In the international literature, 81 IARC classified carcinogens have been reported historically in MS. Cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol of minute liquid droplets (termed the particulate phase) suspended within a mixture of gases (CO(2), CO, NO(x), etc.) and semi-volatile compounds. The gases and semi-volatiles are termed the vapor phase. Due to early difficulties in inducing carcinomas in laboratory animals following inhalation exposure to MS, the mouse dermal promotion assay became the standard method of comparing the tumorigenic potential of cigarette smoke condensates (the particulate phase of MS nearly devoid of MS gases and having a significant reduction of the semi-volatile components of the vapor phase). Of the 81 IARC carcinogens reported in MS, 48 are found exclusively in the particulate phase, 29 in the vapor phase only, and four IARC carcinogens in both phases. A general comparison of the quantity and potency of the individual carcinogenic constituents of the MS vapor and particulate phases illustrates that the potential carcinogenic contribution from the vapor phase might be significant. Therefore, the mouse dermal promotion assay may not be a sensitive comparator of the tumorigenic potential of different MSs displaying a diversity of vapor phase components. However, when used in a weight-of-the-evidence approach that includes smoke chemistry, in vitro studies using whole smoke and human exposure studies evaluating both vapor and particulate phase smoke constituents, the mouse dermal promotion assay remains an important risk assessment tool as the only test that reproducibly measures the tumorigenic potential of cigarette smoke condensate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, 36617-2293, USA.
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Lin LC, Chiung YM, Shih JF, Shih TS, Liao PC. Validation of an online dual-loop cleanup device with an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry-based system for simultaneous quantitative analysis of urinary benzene exposure biomarkers trans, trans-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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