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Naseri M, Sultanbekovna AA, Malekipirbazari M, Kenzhegaliyeva E, Buonanno G, Stabile L, Hopke PK, Cassee F, Crape B, Sabanov S, Zhumambayeva S, Ozturk F, Tadi MJ, Torkmahalleh MA, Shah D. Human exposure to aerosol from indoor gas stove cooking and the resulting cardiovascular system responses. Toxicol Rep 2024; 13:101716. [PMID: 39262849 PMCID: PMC11387595 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of cooking aerosol on the human heart was investigated in this study. The heart rate and blood pressure of 33 healthy adults were monitored before, exactly after, and two hours post-exposure (30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes after cooking). One hundred twenty grams of ground beef was fried in sunflower oil for twenty minutes using a gas stove without ventilation. Ultrafine particles, indoor temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, oil, and meat temperatures were monitored during the experiment. The average particle emission rate (S) and average decay rate (a+k) for meat frying were found to be 2.09×1013 (SD=3.94 ×1013, R2=0.98, P <0.0001) particles/min, and 0.055 (SD=0.019, R2=0.91, P <0.0001) particles/min, respectively. No statistically significant changes in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were observed. The average systolic blood pressure (SBP) statistically significantly increased from 98 mmHg (before the exposure) to 106 mmHg 60 minutes after the exposure. The results suggested that frying emission statistically significantly impacted blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Naseri
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Aigerim Abilova Sultanbekovna
- Clinical Academic Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pathology and Genetics, University Medical Center, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Milad Malekipirbazari
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE41296, Sweden
| | - Elzira Kenzhegaliyeva
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, Cassino 03043, Italy
| | - Luca Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, Cassino 03043, Italy
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Flemming Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Byron Crape
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergei Sabanov
- Department of mining, School of Mining and Geosciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Saule Zhumambayeva
- Department of children diseases with courses in allergy hematology and endocrinology, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Fatma Ozturk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University (BAIBU), Golkoy Campus, Bolu 14030, Turkey
| | - Mehrdad Jafari Tadi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dhawal Shah
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
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2
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Lunderberg DM, Liang Y, Singer BC, Apte JS, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Assessing residential PM 2.5 concentrations and infiltration factors with high spatiotemporal resolution using crowdsourced sensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308832120. [PMID: 38048461 PMCID: PMC10723120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308832120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Building conditions, outdoor climate, and human behavior influence residential concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). To study PM2.5 spatiotemporal variability in residences, we acquired paired indoor and outdoor PM2.5 measurements at 3,977 residences across the United States totaling >10,000 monitor-years of time-resolved data (10-min resolution) from the PurpleAir network. Time-series analysis and statistical modeling apportioned residential PM2.5 concentrations to outdoor sources (median residential contribution = 52% of total, coefficient of variation = 69%), episodic indoor emission events such as cooking (28%, CV = 210%) and persistent indoor sources (20%, CV = 112%). Residences in the temperate marine climate zone experienced higher infiltration factors, consistent with expectations for more time with open windows in milder climates. Likewise, for all climate zones, infiltration factors were highest in summer and lowest in winter, decreasing by approximately half in most climate zones. Large outdoor-indoor temperature differences were associated with lower infiltration factors, suggesting particle losses from active filtration occurred during heating and cooling. Absolute contributions from both outdoor and indoor sources increased during wildfire events. Infiltration factors decreased during periods of high outdoor PM2.5, such as during wildfires, reducing potential exposures from outdoor-origin particles but increasing potential exposures to indoor-origin particles. Time-of-day analysis reveals that episodic emission events are most frequent during mealtimes as well as on holidays (Thanksgiving and Christmas), indicating that cooking-related activities are a strong episodic emission source of indoor PM2.5 in monitored residences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Lunderberg
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Yutong Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- College of Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332
| | - Brett C. Singer
- Indoor Environment Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Joshua S. Apte
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - William W. Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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3
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Wang X, Chan AWH. Particulate Matter and Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Generated from a Domestic Air Fryer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17384-17392. [PMID: 37927234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Air frying has become a popular cooking method for domestic cooking, but the level of released indoor air pollutants is poorly understood. In this work, we compared particle and gas phase emission factors (EF) and particle size distributions between cooking with a domestic air fryer and a pan for a variety of foods. The PM10 EFs of air frying chicken wings and breast were higher than pan cooking by a factor of 2.1 and 5.4, respectively. On the other hand, a higher PM10 emission factor from air frying can be achieved by increasing the amount of oil to levels similar to or above those from pan-frying for French fries and asparagus. We propose that higher temperature and greater turbulence lead to higher PM10 EFs for cooking with the air fryer compared with the pan for the same mass of oil added. EFs of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also generally higher for cooking with the air fryer compared with the pan: 2.5 times higher for French fries and 4.8 times higher for chicken breast. Our study highlights the potential risk of higher indoor PM10 levels associated with domestic air frying under certain cases and proposes possible mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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4
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Koehler K, Wilks M, Green T, Rule AM, Zamora ML, Buehler C, Datta A, Gentner DR, Putcha N, Hansel NN, Kirk GD, Raju S, McCormack M. Evaluation of Calibration Approaches for Indoor Deployments of PurpleAir Monitors. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2023; 310:119944. [PMID: 37901719 PMCID: PMC10609655 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost air quality monitors are growing in popularity among both researchers and community members to understand variability in pollutant concentrations. Several studies have produced calibration approaches for these sensors for ambient air. These calibrations have been shown to depend primarily on relative humidity, particle size distribution, and particle composition, which may be different in indoor environments. However, despite the fact that most people spend the majority of their time indoors, little is known about the accuracy of commonly used devices indoors. This stems from the fact that calibration data for sensors operating in indoor environments are rare. In this study, we sought to evaluate the accuracy of the raw data from PurpleAir fine particulate matter monitors and for published calibration approaches that vary in complexity, ranging from simply applying linear corrections to those requiring co-locating a filter sample for correction with a gravimetric concentration during a baseline visit. Our data includes PurpleAir devices that were co-located in each home with a gravimetric sample for 1-week periods (265 samples from 151 homes). Weekly-averaged gravimetric concentrations ranged between the limit of detection (3 μg/m3) and 330 μg/m3. We found a strong correlation between the PurpleAir monitor and the gravimetric concentration (R>0.91) using internal calibrations provided by the manufacturer. However, the PurpleAir data substantially overestimated indoor concentrations compared to the gravimetric concentration (mean bias error ≥ 23.6 μg/m3 using internal calibrations provided by the manufacturer). Calibrations based on ambient air data maintained high correlations (R ≥ 0.92) and substantially reduced bias (e.g. mean bias error = 10.1 μg/m3 using a US-wide calibration approach). Using a gravimetric sample from a baseline visit to calibrate data for later visits led to an improvement over the internal calibrations, but performed worse than the simpler calibration approaches based on ambient air pollution data. Furthermore, calibrations based on ambient air pollution data performed best when weekly-averaged concentrations did not exceed 30 μg/m3, likely because the majority of the data used to train these models were below this concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Megan Wilks
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tim Green
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ana M Rule
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Misti L Zamora
- Department of Public Health Sciences UConn School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Colby Buehler
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Abhirup Datta
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Drew R Gentner
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nirupama Putcha
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nadia N Hansel
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gregory D Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarath Raju
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meredith McCormack
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Xu Y, Yi L, Cabison J, Rosales M, O'Sharkey K, Chavez TA, Johnson M, Lurmann F, Pavlovic N, Bastain TM, Breton CV, Wilson JP, Habre R. The impact of GPS-derived activity spaces on personal PM 2.5 exposures in the MADRES cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114029. [PMID: 35932832 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In-utero exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is associated with low birth weight and health risks later in life. Pregnant women are mobile and locations they spend time in contribute to their personal PM2.5 exposures. Therefore, it is important to understand how mobility and exposures encountered within activity spaces contribute to personal PM2.5 exposures during pregnancy. METHODS We collected 48-h integrated personal PM2.5 samples and continuous geolocation (GPS) data for 213 predominantly Hispanic/Latina pregnant women in their 3rd trimester in Los Angeles, CA. We also collected questionnaires and modeled outdoor air pollution and meteorology in their residential neighborhood. We calculated three GPS-derived activity space measures of exposure to road networks, greenness (NDVI), parks, traffic volume, walkability, and outdoor PM2.5 and temperature. We used bivariate analyses to screen variables (GPS-extracted exposures in activity spaces, individual characteristics, and residential neighborhood exposures) based on their relationship with personal, 48-h integrated PM2.5 concentrations. We then built a generalized linear model to explain the variability in personal PM2.5 exposure and identify key contributing factors. RESULTS Indoor PM2.5 sources, parity, and home ventilation were significantly associated with personal exposure. Activity-space based exposure to roads was associated with significantly higher personal PM2.5 exposure, while greenness was associated with lower personal PM2.5 exposure (β = -3.09 μg/m3 per SD increase in NDVI, p-value = 0.018). The contribution of outdoor PM2.5 to personal exposure was positive but relatively lower (β = 2.05 μg/m3 per SD increase, p-value = 0.016) than exposures in activity spaces and the indoor environment. The final model explained 34% of the variability in personal PM2.5 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of activity spaces and the indoor environment on personal PM2.5 exposures of pregnant women living in Los Angeles, CA. This work also showcases the multiple, complex factors that contribute to total personal PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Li Yi
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Jane Cabison
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Marisela Rosales
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Karl O'Sharkey
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Thomas A Chavez
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, USA.
| | | | | | - Theresa M Bastain
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Carrie V Breton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - John P Wilson
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, USA; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Computer Science, and Sociology, University of Southern California, USA.
| | - Rima Habre
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, USA; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, USA.
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6
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Zhou Y, Yang G. A predictive model of indoor PM 2.5 considering occupancy level in a hospital outpatient hall. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157233. [PMID: 35810912 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hospital outpatient hall is more complex and sensitive than other indoor places because of its high density, flow of patients, and risk of infection. The prediction of indoor pollutants, such as PM2.5, is a critical health risk factor and an important topic in the study of indoor air quality. Numerous black-box models have been built to predict PM2.5, which are prone to overfitting and low precision in long sequence time prediction due to their limited weighting calculation and factors considered In this study, subject-object weighting incorporates a long sequence time-series model that considers occupancy (SO-LSTS) to predict PM2.5 concentrations in a hospital outpatient hall. First, the occupancy level was obtained using image recognition technology. Second, both the subjective (improved AHP) and objective (entropy weight) information were coupled by a distance function and then integrated into the LSTS model. Finally, the model performance was compared to six traditional models and the impact on the output length and hyper-parameter confirmation was assessed. The results demonstrate that the occupancy factor can improve the model performance by 54 %, and the model accuracy is improved by 89 % compared to the traditional Informer method. Our study considers real-time environmental and occupancy levels, which can compensate for the difficulty of interpreting the black-box model and identifying an accurate and resource-efficient proactive control model for hospital environmental management compared to conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Zhou
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Guangfei Yang
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
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7
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Milando CW, Carnes F, Vermeer K, Levy JI, Fabian MP. Sensitivity of modeled residential fine particulate matter exposure to select building and source characteristics: A case study using public data in Boston, MA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 840:156625. [PMID: 35691344 PMCID: PMC9272360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many techniques for estimating exposure to airborne contaminants do not account for building characteristics that can magnify contaminant contributions from indoor and outdoor sources. Building characteristics that influence exposure can be challenging to obtain at scale, but some may be incorporated into exposure assessments using public datasets. We present a methodology for using public datasets to generate housing models for a test cohort, and examined sensitivity of predicted fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures to selected building and source characteristics. We used addresses of a cohort of children with asthma and public tax assessor's data to guide selection of floorplans of US residences from a public database. This in turn guided generation of coupled multi-zone models (CONTAM and EnergyPlus) that estimated indoor PM2.5 exposure profiles. To examine sensitivity to model parameters, we varied building floors and floorplan, heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) type, room or floor-level model resolution, and indoor source strength and schedule (for hypothesized gas stove cooking and tobacco smoking). Occupant time-activity and ambient pollutant levels were held constant. Our address matching methodology identified two multi-family house templates and one single-family house template that had similar characteristics to 60 % of test addresses. Exposure to infiltrated ambient PM2.5 was similar across selected building characteristics, HVAC types, and model resolutions (holding all else equal). By comparison, exposures to indoor-sourced PM2.5 were higher in the two multi-family residences than the single family residence (e.g., for cooking PM2.5 exposure, by 26 % and 47 % respectively) and were sensitive to HVAC type and model resolution. We derived the influence of building characteristics and HVAC type on PM2.5 exposure indoors using public data sources and coupled multi-zone models. With the important inclusion of individualized resident behavior data, similar housing modeling can be used to incorporate exposure variability in health studies of the indoor residential environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad W Milando
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Fei Carnes
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kimberly Vermeer
- Urban Habitat Initiatives Inc., 328A Tremont Street, Boston, MA 02116, USA
| | - Jonathan I Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - M Patricia Fabian
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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8
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Leite ADS, Rousse S, Léon J, Trindade RIF, Haoues‐Jouve S, Carvallo C, Dias‐Alves M, Proietti A, Nardin E, Macouin M. Barking up the Right Tree: Using Tree Bark to Track Airborne Particles in School Environment and Link Science to Society. GEOHEALTH 2022; 6:e2022GH000633. [PMID: 36089983 PMCID: PMC9432803 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Children's exposure to air pollution affects both their health and learning skills. Fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM2.5, PM1), notably issued from traffic sources in urban centers, belong to the most potential harmful health hazards. However their monitoring and the society's awareness on their dangers need to be consolidated. In this study, raising teacher and pupil involvement for air quality improvement in their schools environment is reached through developing a passive monitoring technique (bio-sensors made of tree bark). The experiment was implemented in two urban elementary schools situated close to a main traffic road of the city of Toulouse (South of France). Magnetic properties, carbonaceous fraction measurements, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM-EDX) investigations were realized both on passive bio-sensors and filters issued from active sampling. We find that traffic is the main PM1 source for both outdoors and indoors at schools. Higher levels of outdoor PM in the school's environments compared to urban background are reached especially in the cold period. The schools proximity to a main traffic source and lack of ventilation are the main causes for observed PM1 accumulation in classrooms. The co-working experiment with educational teams and pupils shows that the use of bio-sensors is a driver for children empowerment to air pollution and therefore represents a potential key tool for the teachers though limiting eco-anxiety. As PM accumulation is observed in many scholar environments across Europe, the proposed methodology is a step toward a better assessment of PM impact on pupil's health and learning skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. d. S. Leite
- Géosciences Environnement ToulouseCNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse 3CNESToulouseFrance
| | - S. Rousse
- Géosciences Environnement ToulouseCNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse 3CNESToulouseFrance
| | - J.‐F. Léon
- Laboratoire d’AérologieCNRSUniversité Toulouse 3ToulouseFrance
| | - R. I. F. Trindade
- Departamento de GeofísicaInstituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências AtmosféricasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - S. Haoues‐Jouve
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités Sociétés TerritoiresCNRSUniversité Toulouse 2EHESSENSFEAToulouseFrance
| | - C. Carvallo
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de CosmochimieUMR 7590Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - M. Dias‐Alves
- Laboratoire d’AérologieCNRSUniversité Toulouse 3ToulouseFrance
| | - A. Proietti
- Centre de Microcaractérisation Raimond CastaingUniversité Toulouse 3ToulouseFrance
| | - E. Nardin
- Géosciences Environnement ToulouseCNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse 3CNESToulouseFrance
| | - M. Macouin
- Géosciences Environnement ToulouseCNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse 3CNESToulouseFrance
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9
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Amouei Torkmahalleh M, Turganova K, Zhigulina Z, Madiyarova T, Adotey EK, Malekipirbazari M, Buonanno G, Stabile L. Formation of cluster mode particles (1-3 nm) in preschools. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151756. [PMID: 34822884 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first study that reports the cluster particle (1-3 nm) formation (CPF) in two modern preschools located in Nur-Sultan city of Kazakhstan from October 28 to November 27, 2019. The average particle number concentration and mode diameter values during major CPF events in Preschool I and Preschool II were found to be 1.90 × 106 (SD 6.43 × 106) particles/cm3 and 1.60 (SD 0.85) nm, and 1.11 × 109 (SD 5.46 × 109) particles/cm3 and 2.16 (SD 1.47) nm, respectively. The ultraviolet PM concentration reached as high as 7 μg/m3 in one of the measurement days. The estimated emission rate in Preschool I for CPF events was 9.57 × 109 (SD 1.92 × 109) particles/min. For Preschool II, the emission rate was 7.25 × 109 (SD 12.4 × 109) particles/min. We identified primary cluster particles (CPs) emitted directly from the sources such as candle burning, and secondary CPs formed as a result of the oxidation of indoor VOCs or smoking VOCs. The secondary CPs are likely to be SOA. Indoor VOCs were mainly emitted during cleaning activities as well as during painting and gluing. Indoor VOCs are the controlling factors in the CPF events. Changes in the training and cleaning programs may result in significant reductions in the exposure of the children to CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Kamila Turganova
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhuldyz Zhigulina
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Tomiris Madiyarova
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Enoch Kwasi Adotey
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Milad Malekipirbazari
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, Cassino 03043, Italy
| | - Luca Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, Cassino 03043, Italy
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10
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Boomhower SR, Long CM, Li W, Manidis TD, Bhatia A, Goodman JE. A review and analysis of personal and ambient PM 2.5 measurements: Implications for epidemiology studies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112019. [PMID: 34534524 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In epidemiology studies, ambient measurements of PM2.5 are often used as surrogates for personal exposures. However, it is unclear the degree to which ambient PM2.5 reflects personal exposures. OBJECTIVE In order to examine potential sources of bias in epidemiology studies, we conducted a review and meta-analysis of studies to determine the extent to which short-term measurements of ambient PM2.5 levels are related to short-term measurements of personal PM2.5 levels. METHODS We conducted a literature search of studies reporting both personal and ambient measurements of PM2.5 published in the last 10 years (2009-2019) and incorporated studies published prior to 2009 from reviews. RESULTS Seventy-one studies were identified. Based on 17 studies reporting slopes, a meta-analysis revealed an overall slope of 0.56 μg/m3 (95% CI: [0.39, 0.73]) personal PM2.5 per μg/m3 increase in ambient PM2.5. Slopes for summer months were higher (slope = 0.73, 95% CI: [0.64, 0.81]) than for winter (slope = 0.46, 95% CI: [0.36, 0.57]). Based on 44 studies reporting correlations, we calculated an overall personal-ambient PM2.5 correlation of 0.63 (95% CI: [0.55, 0.71]). Correlations were stronger in studies conducted in Canada (r = 0.86, 95% CI: [0.67, 0.94]) compared to the USA (r = 0.60, 95% CI: [0.49, 0.70]) and China (r = 0.60, 95% CI: [0.46, 0.71]). Correlations also were stronger in urban areas (r = 0.53, 95% CI: [0.43, 0.62]) vs. suburban areas (r = 0.36, 95% CI: [0.21, 0.49]). SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest a large degree of variability in the personal-ambient PM2.5 association and the potential for exposure misclassification and measurement error in PM2.5 epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Boomhower
- Gradient, One Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA; Harvard Division of Continuing Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - Wenchao Li
- Gradient, One Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA
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11
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Faria T, Martins V, Canha N, Diapouli E, Manousakas M, Fetfatzis P, Gini MI, Almeida SM. Assessment of children's exposure to carbonaceous matter and to PM major and trace elements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151021. [PMID: 34662608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) pollution is one of the major environmental concerns due to its harmful effects on human health. As children are particularly vulnerable to particle exposure, this study integrates the concentration of PM chemical compounds measured in the micro-environments (MEs) where children spend most of their time to assess the daily exposure and inhaled dose. PM samples were analysed for organic and elemental carbon and for major and trace elements. Results showed that the MEs that contribute most to the children's daily exposure (80%) and inhaled dose (65%) were homes and schools. Results indicated that the high contribution of particulate organic matter (POM) indoors indicate high contributions of indoor sources to the organic fraction of the particles. The highest concentrations of PM chemical compounds and the highest Indoor/Outdoor ratios were measured in schools, where the contribution of mineral elements stands out due to the resuspension of dust caused by the students and to the chalk used in blackboards. The contribution of the outdoor particles to inhaled dose (24%) was higher than to the exposure (12%), due to the highest inhalation rates associated with the activities performed outdoor. This study indicates the importance of indoor air quality for the children's exposure and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Faria
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
| | - V Martins
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - N Canha
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - E Diapouli
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - M Manousakas
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - P Fetfatzis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - M I Gini
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - S M Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
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12
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Omelekhina Y, Nordquist B, Alce G, Caltenco H, Wallenten P, Borell J, Wierzbicka A. Effect of energy renovation and occupants' activities on airborne particle concentrations in Swedish rental apartments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:149995. [PMID: 34844298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne particles causes detrimental health effects, hence their assessment in indoor environments, where people spend most of the time, is important. The influence of energy renovation and occupants' activities on airborne particle concentrations was assessed in seven occupied Swedish residences. Ultrafine particle (UFP, <100 nm) number concentrations, PM2.5 (<2.5 μm) and black carbon (BC, <900 nm) mass concentrations were simultaneously measured inside and outside before, after renovation, and during follow-up. The average indoor UFP number concentrations increased from 6200 (±4070) cm-3 before renovation to 12,700 (±6040) cm-3 during the follow up, as the number of indoor activities doubled. Indoor UFP number concentrations depended mainly on frequency and type of occupants' activities in studied residences (e.g., cooking, candle burning). The average indoor PM2.5 concentration decreased from 8.6 (±5.8) μg m-3 before renovation to 2.5 (±1.3) μg m-3 during follow up, as the activities that generated PM2.5 decreased, and infiltration of outdoor particles could have been decreased due to renovation measures. However, the indication of infiltration decrease during the follow up, assessed on the basis of indoor to outdoor ratios during non-activity times (with no influence of occupants' activities), was not observed after the renovation and should be treated with caution. In this study indoor PM2.5 and BC were influenced by activities and outdoor concentrations. Reduction of exposure to indoor UFP, might be obtained by optimization of kitchen exhaust flows. An improved design of supply air inlets in mechanical exhaust ventilation systems may reduce PM2.5 infiltration. Occupants' logbook records, needed for identification of sources contributing to particle exposure, proved useful but not always accurate compared to technical measurements of activities and UFP concentrations. Development of simple and reliable activity detection systems is needed to complement logbooks and allow accurate assessment of source contribution to particle exposure in homes and associated health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Günter Alce
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Petter Wallenten
- Dept. of Building and Environmental Technology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Jonas Borell
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Sweden
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13
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Riederer AM, Krenz JE, Tchong-French MI, Torres E, Perez A, Younglove LR, Jansen KL, Hardie DC, Farquhar SA, Sampson PD, Metwali N, Thorne PS, Karr CJ. Effectiveness of portable HEPA air cleaners on reducing indoor endotoxin, PM 10, and coarse particulate matter in an agricultural cohort of children with asthma: A randomized intervention trial. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1926-1939. [PMID: 34288127 PMCID: PMC8577577 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a randomized trial of portable HEPA air cleaners in the homes of children age 6-12 years with asthma in the Yakima Valley, Washington. All families received asthma education while intervention families also received two HEPA cleaners (child's bedroom, living room). We collected 14-day integrated samples of endotoxin in settled dust and PM10 and PM10-2.5 in the air of the children's bedrooms at baseline and one-year follow-up, and used linear regression to compare follow-up levels, adjusting for baseline. Seventy-one families (36 HEPA, 35 control) completed the study. Baseline geometric mean (GSD) endotoxin loadings were 1565 (6.3) EU/m2 and 2110 (4.9) EU/m2 , respectively, in HEPA vs. control homes while PM10 and PM10-2.5 were 22.5 (1.9) μg/m3 and 9.5 (2.9) μg/m3 , respectively, in HEPA homes, and 19.8 (1.8) μg/m3 and 7.7 (2.0) μg/m3 , respectively, in control homes. At follow-up, HEPA families had 46% lower (95% CI, 31%-57%) PM10 on average than control families, consistent with prior studies. In the best-fit heterogeneous slopes model, HEPA families had 49% (95% CI, 6%-110%) and 89% lower (95% CI, 28%-177%) PM10-2.5 at follow-up, respectively, at 50th and 75th percentile baseline concentrations. Endotoxin loadings did not differ significantly at follow-up (4% lower, HEPA homes; 95% CI, -87% to 50%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Riederer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Krenz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria I. Tchong-French
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Torres
- Northwest Communities Education Center, Radio KDNA, Granger, WA, USA
| | - Adriana Perez
- Yakima Valley Farm Workers Clinic, Toppenish, WA, USA
| | - Lisa R. Younglove
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen L. Jansen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David C. Hardie
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Farquhar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul D. Sampson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nervana Metwali
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Catherine J. Karr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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14
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Rivera-Rios JC, Joo T, Takeuchi M, Orlando TM, Bevington T, Mathis JW, Pert CD, Tyson BA, Anderson-Lennert TM, Smith JA, Ng NL. In-flight particulate matter concentrations in commercial flights are likely lower than other indoor environments. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1484-1494. [PMID: 33647175 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in indoor environments can have significant impacts on people's health, comfort, and productivity. Particulate matter (PM; also referred to as aerosols) is an important type of air pollutant, and exposure to outdoor PM has been associated with a variety of diseases. In addition, there is increasing recognition and concern of airborne transmission of viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), especially in indoor environments. Despite its importance, indoor PM data during the COVID-19 pandemic are scarce. In this work, we measured and compared particle number and mass concentrations in aircraft cabins during commercial flights with various indoor environments in Atlanta, GA, during July 2020, including retail stores, grocery stores, restaurants, offices, transportation, and homes. Restaurants had the highest particle number and mass concentrations, dominated by cooking emissions, while in-flight aircraft cabins had the lowest observed concentrations out of all surveyed spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Rivera-Rios
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taekyu Joo
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas M Orlando
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Jeong SG, Wallace L, Rim D. Contributions of Coagulation, Deposition, and Ventilation to the Removal of Airborne Nanoparticles in Indoor Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9730-9739. [PMID: 34213881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Airborne nanoparticles are frequently released in occupied spaces due to episodic indoor source activities. Once generated, nanoparticles undergo aerosol transformation processes such as coagulation and deposition. These aerosol processes lead to changes in particle concentration and size distribution over time and accordingly affect human exposure to nanoparticles. The present study establishes a framework for an indoor particle dynamic model that can predict time- and size-dependent particle concentrations after episodic indoor emission events. The model was evaluated with six experimental data sets obtained from previous measurement studies in the literature. The indoor particle dynamic model quantified the relative contributions of three particle loss mechanisms (i.e., coagulation, deposition, and ventilation) to the total reduction in number concentration. The results show that particle coagulation and indoor surface deposition are two dominant processes responsible for temporal changes in particle size and concentration following indoor emission events. The first-order equivalent coagulation loss rate notably varies with indoor emission source and accounts for up to 59% of the total particle loss for burning a candle, 42% for broiling a fish, and 10% for burning incense. The results reveal that while the coagulation loss rate changes markedly with the particle concentration and source type, the deposition loss rate is more dependent on particle size. Compared to coagulation and deposition, the effect of ventilation is marginal for most of the nanoparticle emission events indoors; however, ventilation loss becomes pronounced with the decrease of particle concentration below 5 × 104 cm-3, especially for particles larger than 100 nm in aerodynamic diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Gwang Jeong
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Lance Wallace
- Wallace Research, Santa Rosa, California 95409, United States
| | - Donghyun Rim
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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16
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The Challenge of Indoor Air Quality Management: A Case Study in the Hospitality Industry at the Time of the Pandemic. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12070880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Air quality management represents a reason for concern in indoor environments, especially now that the COVID-19 pandemic has shown how microbial aerosols pose a threat to human health, requiring proper monitoring. This is particularly true in public and working environments, where the turnover of occupants is high. The hospitality sector, in particular, has been severely affected by limitations related to emergency containment, and it needs to redefine its operations in the perspective of a “new normal” in the post-COVID-19 era. Considering the necessity to provide consistent information about indoor air quality, promote adequate management and increase safety, we developed a case study in cooperation with a major hotel in Turin. A sensing network has been implemented based on corporate-grade monitoring devices, compliant with the RESET standards, recently proposed and applied here to the hospitality sector for the first time. The network is able to detect the concentration of gaseous contaminants and fine particulate matter in semi-continuous mode. The study involved areas of the hotel with different purposes, such as guestrooms, hall, kitchen, restaurant and fitness center. Several valuable insights emerged in support of air quality management and pathways for future research can be outlined, based on the innovative dataset developed.
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17
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Abdel-Salam MMM. Seasonal variation in indoor concentrations of air pollutants in residential buildings. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:761-777. [PMID: 33625321 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1895367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Indoor concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, CO, and CO2 were measured in 25 naturally ventilated urban residences during the winter and summer seasons in Alexandria, Egypt. Ambient air samples were also collected simultaneously for comparison to indoor measurements. Furthermore, data for air exchange rates, home characteristics, and indoor activities during sampling were collected. It was found that the average indoor PM10, PM2.5, CO, and CO2 concentrations for all homes in winter were 119.4 ± 30.9 μg/m3, 85.2 ± 25.8 μg/m3, 1.6 ± 0.8 ppm, and 692.4 ± 144.6 ppm, respectively. During summer, the average indoor levels were 98.8 ± 21.8 μg/m3, 67.8 ± 14.9 μg/m3, 0.5 ± 0.5 ppm, and 558.2 ± 66.2 ppm, respectively. The results indicate that the indoor daily averages of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for all selected homes in the two sampling periods. For CO and CO2 levels, the indoor daily averages for all monitored homes were less than the WHO guideline and the American National Standards Institute/American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ANSI/ASHRAE) Standard 62.1, respectively. A strong seasonal variability was observed, with air quality being particularly poor in winter. Due to increased ventilation rates in summer, indoor levels of air pollutants were strongly dependent on ambient levels, while in winter the indoor concentrations were more strongly affected by indoor sources due to increased human activities and poor ventilation. In addition, stronger indoor/outdoor correlation of air pollutants' levels was found in summer than in winter probably due to higher ventilation and infiltration in the summer. The study also attempted to understand the potential sources and the various determinants that influence indoor PM, CO, and CO2 concentrations in the two seasons. The findings can assist policymakers to better understand the indoor air pollution problem and to provide a sound basis for the development of proper national IAQ standards in Egypt.Implications: Personal exposure is considerably influenced by indoor air pollution which increases health risks. Assessment of indoor air quality has become a more significant issue in Egypt as people tend to spend most of their time inside buildings, especially in their homes. Currently, there is a lack of research on residential indoor air quality in Egyptian cities in terms of the spatial and temporal variation which prevents an accurate assessment of the current situation to develop effective mitigation measures and to establish national indoor air quality standards. This article is considered the first research studying the effect of seasonality on indoor concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, CO, and CO2 in urban residences in Alexandria. It also studies the indoor/outdoor relationship of air pollutants' levels and identifies their major sources as well as the various determinants that influence their indoor concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M M Abdel-Salam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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18
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Matthaios VN, Liu M, Li L, Kang CM, Vieira CLZ, Gold DR, Koutrakis P. Sources of indoor PM 2.5 gross α and β activities measured in 340 homes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111114. [PMID: 33812873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particle radioactivity (PR) exposure has been linked to adverse health effects. PR refers to the presence of α- and β-emitting radioisotopes attached to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). This study investigated sources contributing to indoor PM2.5 gross α- and β-radioactivity levels. We measured activity from long-lived radon progeny radionuclides from archived PM2.5 samples collected in 340 homes in Massachusetts during the period 2006-2010. We analyzed the data using linear mixed effects models and positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis. Indoor PM2.5 gross α-activity levels were correlated with sulfur (S), iron (Fe), bromine (Br), vanadium (V), sodium (Na), lead (Pb), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), titanium (Ti), radon (222Rn) and black carbon (BC) concentrations (p <0.05). Indoor PM2.5 β-activity was correlated with S, As, antimony (Sb), Pb, Br and BC. We identified four indoor PM2.5 sources: outdoor air pollution (62%), salt aerosol source (14%), fireworks and environmental tobacco smoke (7%) and indoor mixed dust (17%). Outdoor air pollution was the most significant contributor to indoor PM2.5 α- and β-activity levels. The contributions of this source were during the summer months and when windows were open. Indoor mixed dust was also found to contribute to PM2.5 α-activity. PM2.5 α-activity was further associated with radon during winter months, showing radon's important role as an indoor source of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios N Matthaios
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Also at: School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, UK.
| | - Man Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Longxiang Li
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolina L Z Vieira
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane R Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Chang HS, Capuozzo B, Okumus B, Cho M. Why cleaning the invisible in restaurants is important during COVID-19: A case study of indoor air quality of an open-kitchen restaurant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT 2021; 94:102854. [PMID: 33776189 PMCID: PMC7979638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, restaurant sanitation and disinfection have become more important than ever although customers can hardly check visually. The most recent research argues that one invisible element leaving people vulnerable to the health effects of COVID-19 is particulate matter (PM), micron-sized particles known to cause acute or chronic respiratory illnesses, including lung cancer. While research shows PM is emitted from cooking, this study examines indoor PM pollution of an open-kitchen full-service chain restaurant, where commercial cooking occurs in the dining room, as a case study. The results of a week-long field test showed offensively harmful levels of PM10 and PM2.5, far beyond US EPA and WHO standards, while ambient outdoor PM associated with the sample restaurant was safe. The study reveals that working or frequently dining in an open-kitchen restaurant where grilling or frying takes place is likely to cause respiratory health problems and elevate susceptibility to COVID-19 unless surveillance and preventative measures are taken. Based on our findings, implications and recommendations for the industry are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howook Sean Chang
- Chaplin School of Hospitality & Tourism Management, Florida International University, USA
| | - Bradford Capuozzo
- Chaplin School of Hospitality & Tourism Management, Florida International University, USA
| | - Bendegul Okumus
- Rosen College of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida, USA
| | - Meehee Cho
- College of Hotel and Tourism Management, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
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20
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Chu MT, Gillooly SE, Levy JI, Vallarino J, Reyna LN, Cedeño Laurent JG, Coull BA, Adamkiewicz G. Real-time indoor PM 2.5 monitoring in an urban cohort: Implications for exposure disparities and source control. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110561. [PMID: 33275921 PMCID: PMC7856294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations are highly variable indoors, with evidence for exposure disparities. Real-time monitoring coupled with novel statistical approaches can better characterize drivers of elevated PM2.5 indoors. We collected real-time PM2.5 data in 71 homes in an urban community of Greater Boston, Massachusetts using Alphasense OPC-N2 monitors. We estimated indoor PM2.5 concentrations of non-ambient origin using mass balance principles, and investigated their associations with indoor source activities at the 0.50 to 0.95 exposure quantiles using mixed effects quantile regressions, overall and by homeownership. On average, the majority of indoor PM2.5 concentrations were of non-ambient origin (≥77%), with a higher proportion at increasing quantiles of the exposure distribution. Major source predictors of non-ambient PM2.5 concentrations at the upper quantile (0.95) were cooking (1.4-23 μg/m3) and smoking (15 μg/m3, only among renters), with concentrations also increasing with range hood use (3.6 μg/m3) and during the heating season (5.6 μg/m3). Across quantiles, renters in multifamily housing experienced a higher proportion of PM2.5 concentrations from non-ambient sources than homeowners in single- and multifamily housing. Renters also more frequently reported cooking, smoking, spray air freshener use, and second-hand smoke exposure, and lived in units with higher air exchange rate and building density. Accounting for these factors explained observed PM2.5 exposure disparities by homeownership, particularly in the upper exposure quantiles. Our results suggest that renters in multifamily housing may experience higher PM2.5 exposures due to a combination of behavioral and building factors that are amenable to intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- MyDzung T Chu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Sara E Gillooly
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan I Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot T4W, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jose Vallarino
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lacy N Reyna
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jose Guillermo Cedeño Laurent
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Building II, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gary Adamkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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21
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Brown WL, Day DA, Stark H, Pagonis D, Krechmer JE, Liu X, Price DJ, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Masoud CG, Wang DS, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Arata C, Lunderberg DM, Goldstein AH, Farmer DK, Vance ME, Jimenez JL. Real-time organic aerosol chemical speciation in the indoor environment using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:141-155. [PMID: 32696534 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sources and composition of organic aerosol (OA) in indoor environments requires rapid measurements, since many emissions and processes have short timescales. However, real-time molecular-level OA measurements have not been reported indoors. Here, we present quantitative measurements, at a time resolution of five seconds, of molecular ions corresponding to diverse aerosol-phase species, by applying extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) to indoor air analysis for the first time, as part of the highly instrumented HOMEChem field study. We demonstrate how the complex spectra of EESI-MS are screened in order to extract chemical information and investigate the possibility of interference from gas-phase semivolatile species. During experiments that simulated the Thanksgiving US holiday meal preparation, EESI-MS quantified multiple species, including fatty acids, carbohydrates, siloxanes, and phthalates. Intercomparisons with Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer suggest that EESI-MS quantified a large fraction of OA. Comparisons with FIGAERO-CIMS shows similar signal levels and good correlation, with a range of 100 for the relative sensitivities. Comparisons with SV-TAG for phthalates and with SV-TAG and AMS for total siloxanes also show strong correlation. EESI-MS observations can be used with gas-phase measurements to identify co-emitted gas- and aerosol-phase species, and this is demonstrated using complementary gas-phase PTR-MS observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt L Brown
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Harald Stark
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Demetrios Pagonis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Derek J Price
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine G Masoud
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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22
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Chemical Composition and Source Apportionment of PM10 in a Green-Roof Primary School Building. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10238464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Research on air quality issues in recently refurbished educational buildings is relatively limited. However, it is an important topic as students are often exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants, especially in urban environments. This study presents the results of a 25-day experimental campaign that took place in a primary school located in a densely built-up area, which retains a green roof system (GRS). All measurements refer to mass concentrations and chemical analysis of PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 micrometers), and they were implemented simultaneously on the GRS and within the classroom (C3) below during different periods of the year. The results demonstrated relatively low levels of PM10 in both experimental points, with the highest mean value of 72.02 μg m−3 observed outdoors during the cold period. Elemental carbon (EC) was also found be higher in the ambient environment (with a mean value of 2.78 μg m−3), while organic carbon (OC) was relatively balanced between the two monitoring sites. Moreover, sulfate was found to be the most abundant water soluble anion (2.57 μg m−3), mainly originating from ambient primary SO2 and penetrating into the classroom from windows. Additionally, the crustal origin of particles was shown in trace metals, where Al and Fe prevailed (9.55% and 8.68%, respectively, of the total PM10). Nevertheless, infiltration of outdoor particles within the classroom was found to affect indoor sources of metals. Finally, source apportionment using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model demonstrated six main factors of emissions, the most important of which were vehicles and biomass burning (30.30% contribution), along with resuspension of PM10 within the classroom from human activities (29.89% contribution). Seasonal variations seem to play a key role in the results.
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23
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Zamora ML, Rice J, Koehler K. One Year Evaluation of Three Low-Cost PM 2.5 Monitors. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2020; 235:117615. [PMID: 32647492 PMCID: PMC7347290 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The availability of low-cost monitors marketed for use in homes has increased rapidly over the past few years due to the advancement of sensing technologies, increased awareness of urban pollution, and the rise of citizen science. The user-friendly packages can make them appealing for use in research grade indoor exposure assessments, but a rigorous scientific evaluation has not been conducted for many monitors on the open market, which leads to uncertainty about the validity of the data. Furthermore, many previous sensor studies were conducted for a relatively short period of time, which may not capture the changes this type of instrument may exhibit over time (known as sensor aging). We evaluated three monitors (AirVisual Pro, Speck, and AirThinx) in an occupied, non-smoking residence over a 12-month period in order to assess the sensors, the built-in calibrations, and the need for additional data to achieve high accuracy for long deployments. Two units of each type of monitor were evaluated in order to assess the precision between units, and a personal DataRAM (pDR-1200) with a filter was placed in the home for about 20% of the sampling period (e.g., about a week each month) to evaluate the accuracy over time. The average PM2.5 mass concentration from the periods of colocation with the pDR were 5.31 μg/m3 for the gravimetric-corrected pDR (hereafter pDR-corrected), 5.11 and 5.03 μg/m3 for the AirVisual Pro units, 13.58 and 22.68 μg/m3 for the Speck units, and 7.56 and 7.57 μg/m3 for the AirThinx units. The AirVisual Pros exhibited the best accuracy compared to the filter at about 86%, which was slightly better than the nephelometric component of the pDR compared to the filter weight (84%). The accuracies of the Speck (-174 and -405%) and AirThinx (42 and 40%) monitors were much lower. When the 1-minute averaged PM2.5 mass concentrations were categorized by air quality index (AQI), the pDR-corrected matched the AirVisual Pro, Speck, and AirThinx bins about 97, 40, and 87% of the time, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients (R2) between the unit pairs and the pDR were 0.90/0.90, 0.50/0.27, and 0.92/0.93 for the AirVisual Pro, Speck, and AirThinx units, respectively. The R2 between units of the same type were 0.99, 0.17, and 1.00 for the AirVisual Pro, Speck, and AirThinx, respectively. All of the monitors could achieve better accuracy by adding filter corrections and post-processing to correct for known biases in addition to the manufacturer's correction routine. Monthly calibrations yielded the highest accuracies, but nearly as high of accuracies could be achieved with only one or two calibrations for the Air Visual Pro and the AirThinx for many applications. In general, this type of new low-cost monitor shows exciting potential for use in scientific research. However, only one of the three monitors exhibited high accuracy (within 20% of the true mass concentration) without any post processing or additional measurements, so an evaluation of each monitor is essential before the data can be used to confidently evaluate residential exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misti Levy Zamora
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jessica Rice
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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24
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Omelekhina Y, Eriksson A, Canonaco F, Prevot ASH, Nilsson P, Isaxon C, Pagels J, Wierzbicka A. Cooking and electronic cigarettes leading to large differences between indoor and outdoor particle composition and concentration measured by aerosol mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1382-1396. [PMID: 32412028 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We spend about two thirds of our time in private homes where airborne particles of indoor and outdoor origins are present. The negative health effects of exposure to outdoor particles are known. The characteristics of indoor airborne particles, though, are not well understood. This study assesses the differences in chemical composition of PM1 (<1 μm) inside and outside of an occupied Swedish residence in real time with a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and an Aethalometer. The chemical composition and concentration of particles indoors showed large differences compared to outdoors. The average indoor concentration was 15 μg m-3 and was higher than the outdoor 7 μg m-3. Organics dominated indoor particle composition (86% of the total mass) and originated from indoor sources (cooking, e-cigarette vaping). The average indoor to outdoor ratios were 5.5 for organic matter, 1.0 for black carbon, 0.6 for sulphate, 0.1 for nitrate, 0.2 for ammonium and 0.2 for chloride. The occupancy time accounted for 97% of the total measured period. Four factors were identified in the source apportionment of organic particle fraction by applying positive matrix factorization (PMF): two cooking factors, one e-cigarette factor and one outdoor contribution (OOA) organic factor penetrated from outside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Omelekhina
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Axel Eriksson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden. and Nuclear Physics Department, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Nilsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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25
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Patel S, Sankhyan S, Boedicker EK, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Goldstein AH, Katz EF, Nazaroff WW, Tian Y, Vanhanen J, Vance ME. Indoor Particulate Matter during HOMEChem: Concentrations, Size Distributions, and Exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7107-7116. [PMID: 32391692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is important to improve our understanding of exposure to particulate matter (PM) in residences because of associated health risks. The HOMEChem campaign was conducted to investigate indoor chemistry in a manufactured test house during prescribed everyday activities, such as cooking, cleaning, and opening doors and windows. This paper focuses on measured size distributions of PM (0.001-20 μm), along with estimated exposures and respiratory-tract deposition. Number concentrations were highest for sub-10 nm particles during cooking using a propane-fueled stovetop. During some cooking activities, calculated PM2.5 mass concentrations (assuming a density of 1 g cm-3) exceeded 250 μg m-3, and exposure during the postcooking decay phase exceeded that of the cooking period itself. The modeled PM respiratory deposition for an adult residing in the test house kitchen for 12 h varied from 7 μg on a day with no indoor activities to 68 μg during a simulated day (including breakfast, lunch, and dinner preparation interspersed by cleaning activities) and rose to 149 μg during a simulated Thanksgiving day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sumit Sankhyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Erin K Boedicker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joonas Vanhanen
- Airmodus Oy, Erik Palménin aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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26
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Angulo Milhem S, Verriele M, Nicolas M, Thevenet F. Does the ubiquitous use of essential oil-based products promote indoor air quality? A critical literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:14365-14411. [PMID: 32162221 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils are frequently used as natural fragrances in housecleaning products and air fresheners marketed as green and healthy. However, these substances are volatile and reactive chemical species. This review focuses on the impact of essential oil-based household products on indoor air quality. First, housecleaning products containing essential oils are explored in terms of composition and existing regulations. Specific insight is provided regarding terpenes in fragranced housecleaning products, air fresheners, and pure essential oils. Second, experimental methodologies for terpene monitoring, from sampling to experimental chambers and analytical methods, are addressed, emphasizing the experimental issues in monitoring terpenes in indoor air. Third, the temporal dynamics of terpene emissions reported in the literature are discussed. Despite experimental discrepancies, essential oil-based products are significant sources of terpenes in indoor air, inducing a high exposure of occupants to terpenes. Finally, the fate of terpenes is explored from sorptive and reactive points of view. In addition to terpene deposition on surfaces, indoor oxidants may induce homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, resulting in secondary pollutants, such as formaldehyde and secondary organic aerosols. Overall, essential oil-based products can negatively impact indoor air quality; therefore, standard protocols and real-scale approaches are needed to explore the indoor physics and chemistry of terpenes, from emissions to reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadia Angulo Milhem
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE, Université de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Verriele
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE, Université de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Melanie Nicolas
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), 38000, Grenoble, France
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27
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Pantelic J, Liu S, Pistore L, Licina D, Vannucci M, Sadrizadeh S, Ghahramani A, Gilligan B, Sternberg E, Kampschroer K, Schiavon S. Personal CO 2 cloud: laboratory measurements of metabolic CO 2 inhalation zone concentration and dispersion in a typical office desk setting. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:328-337. [PMID: 31636369 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to pure and metabolic elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has been associated with impaired work performance, lower perceived air quality, and increased health symptoms. In this study, the concentration of metabolic CO2 was continuously measured in the inhalation zone of 41 subjects performing simulated office work. The measurements took place in an environmental chamber with well-controlled mechanical ventilation arranged as an office environment. The results showed the existence of a personal CO2 cloud in the inhalation zone of all test subjects, characterized by the excess of metabolic CO2 beyond the room background levels. For seated occupants, the median CO2 inhalation zone concentration levels were between 200 and 500 ppm above the background, and the third quartile up to 800 ppm above the background. Each study subject had distinct magnitude of the personal CO2 cloud owing to differences in metabolic CO2 generation, posture, nose geometry, and breathing pattern. A small desktop oscillating fan proved to be suitable for dispersing much of the personal CO2 cloud, thus reducing the inhalation zone concentration to background level. The results suggest that background measurements cannot capture the significant personal CO2 cloud effect in human microclimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Pantelic
- Center for the Built Environment, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Shichao Liu
- Center for the Built Environment, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, WPI - Kaven Hall, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Lorenza Pistore
- Center for the Built Environment, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università, 5, 39100, Bolzano, BZ, Italy
| | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Vannucci
- Center for the Built Environment, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sasan Sadrizadeh
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ali Ghahramani
- Center for the Built Environment, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brian Gilligan
- General Services Administration, 1800 F St NW, Washington, DC, 20405, USA
| | - Esther Sternberg
- Institute on Place, Wellbeing and Performance, University of Arizona College of Medicine, P.O. Box 245153, Tuscon, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Kevin Kampschroer
- General Services Administration, 1800 F St NW, Washington, DC, 20405, USA
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Center for the Built Environment, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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28
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Vicente ED, Vicente AM, Evtyugina M, Oduber FI, Amato F, Querol X, Alves C. Impact of wood combustion on indoor air quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135769. [PMID: 31818582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The incomplete wood combustion in appliances operated in batch mode is a recognised source of both in- and outdoor airborne pollutants, especially particulate matter (PM). Data on pollutant levels and PM characteristics in households with wood burning devices in developed countries are scarce with most studies describing stove change out programmes or other intervention measures. The aim of the present study was to simultaneously evaluate indoor and outdoor concentrations of CO, CO2 and PM10 during the operation of wood burning appliances (open fireplace and woodstove) in unoccupied rural households. PM10 samples were analysed for water soluble inorganic ions, major and trace elements, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and detailed organic speciation. The CO 8-hour average concentrations did not exceed the protection limit despite the sharp increases observed in relation to background levels. During the open fireplace operation, PM10 levels rose up 12 times compared to background concentrations, while the airtight stove resulted in a 2-fold increase. The inhalation cancer risk of particulate bound PAHs in the room equipped with woodstove was estimated to be negligible while the long-term exposure to PAH levels measured in the fireplace room may contribute to the development of cancer. The excess lifetime cancer risk resulting from the particle-bound Cr(VI) exposure during the fireplace and woodstove operation was higher than 1.0 × 10-6 and 1.0 × 10-5, respectively. Levoglucosan was one of the most abundant individual species both indoors and outdoors. This study underlines air pollution hazards and risks arising from the operation of traditional wood burning appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Vicente
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - A M Vicente
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Evtyugina
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F I Oduber
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - F Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council (IDÆA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council (IDÆA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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29
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García-Hernández C, Ferrero A, Estarlich M, Ballester F. Exposure to ultrafine particles in children until 18 years of age: A systematic review. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:7-23. [PMID: 31692140 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Airborne ultrafine particles (UFP) have been related to adverse health effects, but exposure in vulnerable population groups such as children is still not well understood. We aim to review the scientific literature regarding personal exposure to UFP in different microenvironments in populations until 18 years of age. The bibliographical search was carried out in July 2019 using the online database PubMed and was completed with references in articles found in the search. We selected the studies that used continuous counters and measured UFP levels in both specific microenvironment (houses, schools, transport, etc) and personal exposure. Finally, 32 studies fulfilled the criteria: of these, 10 analyzed personal exposure and 22 examined UFP levels in the microenvironment (especially in schools or nurseries (18/22)) and five in various microenvironments (including dwellings and means of transport, where exposure levels were higher). The characteristics of the microenvironments with the greatest levels of UFP were being close to heavy traffic or near cooking and cleaning activities. This review revealed the wide differences in exposure assessment methodologies that could lead to a lack of uniform and comparable information about the real UFP exposure in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia García-Hernández
- FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Ferrero
- FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Estarlich
- FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Nursing School, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ferran Ballester
- FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Nursing School, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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30
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Niu X, Ho KF, Hu T, Sun J, Duan J, Huang Y, Lui KH, Cao J. Characterization of chemical components and cytotoxicity effects of indoor and outdoor fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:31913-31923. [PMID: 31489544 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemical and cytotoxicity properties of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at indoor and outdoor environment were characterized in Xi'an, China. The mass concentrations of PM2.5 in urban areas (93.29~96.13 μg m-3 for indoor and 124.37~154.52 μg m-3 for outdoor) were higher than suburban (68.40 μg m-3 for indoor and 96.18 μg m-3 for outdoor). The PM2.5 concentrations from outdoor environment due to fossil fuel combustion were higher than indoor environment. An indoor environment without central heating demonstrated higher organic carbon-to-elemental carbon (OC / EC) ratios and n-alkanes values that potentially attributed to residential coal combustion activities. The cell viability of human epithelial lung cells showed dose-dependent decrease, while nitric oxide (NO) and oxidative potential showed dose-dependent increase under exposure to PM2.5. The variations of bioreactivities could be possibly related to different chemical components from different sources. Moderate (0.4 < R < 0.6) to strong (R > 0.6) correlations were observed between bioreactivities and elemental carbon (EC)/secondary aerosols (NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+)/heavy metals (Ni, Cu, and Pb). The findings suggest PM2.5 is associated with particle induced oxidative potential, which are further responsible for respiratory diseases under chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Niu
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tafeng Hu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Duan
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Ka Hei Lui
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
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Naseri M, Jouzizadeh M, Tabesh M, Malekipirbazari M, Gabdrashova R, Nurzhan S, Farrokhi H, Khanbabaie R, Mehri-Dehnavi H, Bekezhankyzy Z, Gimnkhan A, Dareini M, Kurmangaliyeva A, Islam N, Crape B, Buonanno G, Cassee F, Amouei Torkmahalleh M. The impact of frying aerosol on human brain activity. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:149-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Effect of colloidal nanoparticle concentration on sizing analysis with an electrospray scanning mobility particle sizer. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-01115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Rivas I, Fussell JC, Kelly FJ, Querol X. Indoor Sources of Air Pollutants. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
People spend an average of 90% of their time in indoor environments. There is a long list of indoor sources that can contribute to increased pollutant concentrations, some of them related to human activities (e.g. people's movement, cooking, cleaning, smoking), but also to surface chemistry reactions with human skin and building and furniture surfaces. The result of all these emissions is a heterogeneous cocktail of pollutants with varying degrees of toxicity, which makes indoor air quality a complex system. Good characterization of the sources that affect indoor air pollution levels is of major importance for quantifying (and reducing) the associated health risks. This chapter reviews some of the more significant indoor sources that can be found in the most common non-occupational indoor environments.
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Salthammer T, Goss KU. Predicting the Gas/Particle Distribution of SVOCs in the Indoor Environment Using Poly Parameter Linear Free Energy Relationships. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2491-2499. [PMID: 30688443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the partitioning of semi volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) between gas phase and particle phase is essential for exposure analysis and risk assessment in the indoor environment. Numerous attempts have been made to calculate gas/particle partitioning coefficients Kip. Single-parameter adsorption and absorption models, which relate Kip to the vapor pressure Ps or the octanol/air distribution coefficient KOA are usually applied. In this work we use poly parameter Linear Free Energy Relationships (pp-LFER) to describe the partitioning behavior of 14 SVOCs with high relevance for the indoor environment. The pp-LFER concept is based on Abraham descriptors and considers interactions between molecule and particle by separate parameters. van der Waals interactions can be approximated by the logarithm of the hexadecane/air partitioning coefficient (log KHdA = L), which is a key parameter for the 14 polar but nonionizable organic esters being studied here. For many of the examined compounds experimentally determined L-values were not available and had to be measured using gas chromatography. It is shown that the pp-LFER method is a strong alternative to single-parameter approaches and gives reliable coefficients for gas/particle distribution in the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI , Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry , Bienroder Weg 54E , 38108 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Goss
- Department Analytical Environmental Chemistry , Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
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35
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Lai AM, Carter E, Shan M, Ni K, Clark S, Ezzati M, Wiedinmyer C, Yang X, Baumgartner J, Schauer JJ. Chemical composition and source apportionment of ambient, household, and personal exposures to PM 2.5 in communities using biomass stoves in rural China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:309-319. [PMID: 30055493 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has health effects that may depend on its sources and chemical composition. Few studies have quantified the composition of personal and area PM2.5 in rural settings over the same time period. Yet, this information would shed important light on the sources influencing personal PM2.5 exposures. This study investigated the sources and chemical composition of 40 personal exposure, 40 household, and 36 ambient PM2.5 samples collected in the non-heating and heating seasons in rural southwestern China. Chemical analysis included black carbon (BC), water-soluble components (ions, organic carbon), elements, and organic tracers. Source apportionment was conducted using organic tracer concentrations in a Chemical Mass Balance model. Biomass burning was the largest identified PM2.5 source contributor to household (average, SD: 48 ± 11%) and exposures (31 ± 6%) in both seasons, and ambient PM2.5 in winter (20 ± 4%). Food cooking also contributed to household and personal PM, reaching approximately half of the biomass contributions. Secondary inorganic aerosol was the major identified source in summertime ambient PM2.5 (32 ± 14%), but was present in all samples (summer: 10 ± 3% [household], 13 ± 6% [exposures]; winter: 18 ± 2% [ambient], 7 ± 2% [household], 8 ± 2% [exposures]). Dust concentrations and fractional contribution to total PM2.5 were higher in summer exposure samples (7 ± 4%) than in ambient or household samples (6 ± 1% and 2 ± 1%, respectively). Indoor sources comprised up to one-fifth of ambient PM2.5, and outdoor sources (vehicles, secondary aerosols) contributed up to 15% of household PM2.5. While household sources were the main contributors to PM2.5 exposures in terms of mass, inorganic components of personal exposures differed from household samples. Based on these findings, health-focused initiatives to reduce harmful PM2.5 exposures may consider a coordinated approach to address both indoor and outdoor PM2.5 source contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Lai
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Ni
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sierra Clark
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Majid Ezzati
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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36
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Cong XC, Zhao JJ, Jing Z, Wang QG, Ni PF. Indoor particle dynamics in a school office: determination of particle concentrations, deposition rates and penetration factors under naturally ventilated conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:2511-2524. [PMID: 29744699 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the problem of indoor particulate matter pollution has received much attention. An increasing number of epidemiological studies show that the concentration of atmospheric particulate matter has a significant effect on human health, even at very low concentrations. Most of these investigations have relied upon outdoor particle concentrations as surrogates of human exposures. However, considering that the concentration distribution of the indoor particulate matter is largely dependent on the extent to which these particles penetrate the building and on the degree of suspension in the indoor air, human exposures to particles of outdoor origin may not be equal to outdoor particle concentration levels. Therefore, it is critical to understand the relationship between the particle concentrations found outdoors and those found in indoor micro-environments. In this study, experiments were conducted using a naturally ventilated office located in Qingdao, China. The indoor and outdoor particle concentrations were measured at the same time using an optical counter with four size ranges. The particle size distribution ranged from 0.3 to 2.5 μm, and the experimental period was from April to September, 2016. Based on the experimental data, the dynamic and mass balance model based on time was used to estimate the penetration rate and deposition rate at air exchange rates of 0.03-0.25 h-1. The values of the penetration rate and deposition velocity of indoor particles were determined to range from 0.45 to 0.82 h-1 and 1.71 to 2.82 m/h, respectively. In addition, the particulate pollution exposure in the indoor environment was analyzed to estimate the exposure hazard from indoor particulate matter pollution, which is important for human exposure to particles and associated health effects. The conclusions from this study can serve to provide a better understanding the dynamics and behaviors of airborne particle entering into buildings. And they will also highlight effective methods to reduce exposure to particles in office buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- X C Cong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
| | - J J Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Z Jing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Q G Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - P F Ni
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
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37
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Pettit T, Irga PJ, Torpy FR. Towards practical indoor air phytoremediation: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:960-974. [PMID: 30068040 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air quality has become a growing concern due to the increasing proportion of time people spend indoors, combined with reduced building ventilation rates resulting from an increasing awareness of building energy use. It has been well established that potted-plants can help to phytoremediate a diverse range of indoor air pollutants. In particular, a substantial body of literature has demonstrated the ability of the potted-plant system to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor air. These findings have largely originated from laboratory scale chamber experiments, with several studies drawing different conclusions regarding the primary VOC removal mechanism, and removal efficiencies. Advancements in indoor air phytoremediation technology, notably active botanical biofilters, can more effectively reduce the concentrations of multiple indoor air pollutants through the action of active airflow through a plant growing medium, along with vertically aligned plants which achieve a high leaf area density per unit of floor space. Despite variable system designs, systems available have clear potential to assist or replace existing mechanical ventilation systems for indoor air pollutant removal. Further research is needed to develop, test and confirm their effectiveness and safety before they can be functionally integrated in the broader built environment. The current article reviews the current state of active air phytoremediation technology, discusses the available botanical biofiltration systems, and identifies areas in need of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pettit
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - P J Irga
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
| | - F R Torpy
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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38
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Singer BC, Delp WW. Response of consumer and research grade indoor air quality monitors to residential sources of fine particles. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:624-639. [PMID: 29683219 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to inexpensively monitor PM2.5 to identify sources and enable controls would advance residential indoor air quality (IAQ) management. Consumer IAQ monitors incorporating low-cost optical particle sensors and connections with smart home platforms could provide this service if they reliably detect PM2.5 in homes. In this study, particles from typical residential sources were generated in a 120 m3 laboratory and time-concentration profiles were measured with 7 consumer monitors (2-3 units each), 2 research monitors (Thermo pDR-1500, MetOne BT-645), a Grimm Mini Wide-Range Aerosol Spectrometer (GRM), and a Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance with Filter Dynamic Measurement System (FDMS), a Federal Equivalent Method for PM2.5 . Sources included recreational combustion (candles, cigarettes, incense), cooking activities, an unfiltered ultrasonic humidifier, and dust. FDMS measurements, filter samples, and known densities were used to adjust the GRM to obtain time-resolved mass concentrations. Data from the research monitors and 4 of the consumer monitors-AirBeam, AirVisual, Foobot, Purple Air-were time correlated and within a factor of 2 of the estimated mass concentrations for most sources. All 7 of the consumer and both research monitors substantially under-reported or missed events for which the emitted mass was comprised of particles smaller than 0.3 μm diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Singer
- Indoor Environment Group and Residential Building Systems Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - W W Delp
- Indoor Environment Group and Residential Building Systems Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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39
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Idayat Apanpa-Qasim AF, Adeyi AA. Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds (Anti-freezing Agents) in Decorative Water-based Paints Marketed in Nigeria. J Health Pollut 2018; 8:180606. [PMID: 30524855 PMCID: PMC6239063 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-8.18.180606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumer products such as paints are a potentially significant source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxygenated VOCs. Paints for construction and household use have been rapidly changing from oil-based to water-based paints and are one of the commonly identified sources of oxygenated VOCs in indoor environments. OBJECTIVES Four different anti-freezing agents were identified and analyzed in 174 waterbased paint samples, purchased from popular paint markets in two metropolitan cities in Nigeria, Lagos and Ibadan. METHODS Paint samples were solvent extracted using acetonitrile and milli-Q water. Antifreezing agents in the extracts were identified and quantified using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry and a GC-flame ionization detector, respectively. DISCUSSION Four different anti-freezing agents were identified in the samples, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Their levels ranged from 1,000-1,980 ppm, diethylene glycol; 1,000-3,900 ppm, triethylene glycol; 1,090-2,510 ppm, propylene glycol and 1,350-2,710 ppm, ethylene glycol. Levels of anti-freezing agents in all of the paint samples were above the permissible limits of the European Union for VOCs in paints of 500 ppm. Results of multivariate statistical analyses clearly showed that triethylene glycol was the most commonly used anti-freezing agent in paints despite its numerous harmful health effects. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that water-based paints marketed in Nigeria contain high concentrations of anti-freezing agents, which have harmful environmental and human health effects, especially to sensitive individuals such as children. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoke F. Idayat Apanpa-Qasim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan-Nigeria
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering and Research Institute, Nagpur, India
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40
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Yuan Y, Luo Z, Liu J, Wang Y, Lin Y. Health and economic benefits of building ventilation interventions for reducing indoor PM 2.5 exposure from both indoor and outdoor origins in urban Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:546-554. [PMID: 29353793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
China is confronted with serious PM2.5 pollution, especially in the capital city of Beijing. Exposure to PM2.5 could lead to various negative health impacts including premature mortality. As people spend most of their time indoors, the indoor exposure to PM2.5 from both indoor and outdoor origins constitutes the majority of personal exposure to PM2.5 pollution. Different building interventions have been introduced to mitigate indoor PM2.5 exposure, but always at the cost of energy expenditure. In this study, the health and economic benefits of different ventilation intervention strategies for reducing indoor PM2.5 exposure are modeled using a representative urban residence in Beijing, with consideration of different indoor PM2.5 emission strengths and outdoor pollution. Our modeling results show that the increase of envelope air-tightness can achieve significant economic benefits when indoor PM2.5 emissions are absent; however, if an indoor PM2.5 source is present, the benefits only increase slightly in mechanically ventilated buildings, but may show negative benefit without mechanical ventilation. Installing mechanical ventilation in Beijing can achieve annual economic benefits ranging from 200yuan/capita to 800yuan/capita if indoor PM2.5 sources exist. If there is no indoor emission, the annual benefits above 200yuan/capita can be achieved only when the PM2.5 filtration efficiency is no <90% and the envelope air-tightness is above Chinese National Standard Level 7. Introducing mechanical ventilation with low PM2.5 filtration efficiency to current residences in urban Beijing will increase the indoor PM2.5 exposure and result in excess costs to the residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China; School of the Built Environment, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiwen Luo
- School of the Built Environment, University of Reading, United Kingdom.
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Yaowu Wang
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaoyu Lin
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
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41
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Johnson TR, Langstaff JE, Graham S, Fujita EM, Campbell DE. A multipollutant evaluation of APEX using microenvironmental ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter (PM 2.5) concentrations measured in Los Angeles by the exposure classification project. COGENT ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:1453022. [PMID: 30246054 PMCID: PMC6145485 DOI: 10.1080/23311843.2018.1453022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an operational evaluation of the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Air Pollution Exposure Model (APEX). APEX simulations for a multipollutant ambient air mixture, i.e. ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter 2.5 microns in diameter or less (PM2.5), were performed for two seasons in three study areas in central Los Angeles. APEX predicted microenvironmental concentrations were compared with concentrations of these three pollutants monitored in the Exposure Classification Project (ECP) study during the same periods. The ECP was designed expressly for evaluating exposure models and measured concentrations inside and outside 40 microenvironments. This evaluation study identifies important uncertainties in APEX inputs and model predictions useful for guiding further exposure model input data and algorithm development efforts. This paper also presents summaries of the concentrations in the different microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted R. Johnson
- TRJ Environmental, Inc., 713 Shadylawn Rd, Chapel Hill NC 27514, USA
| | - John E. Langstaff
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Stephen Graham
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Eric M. Fujita
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - David E. Campbell
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
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Sturm R. Theoretical and experimental approaches to the deposition and clearance of ultrafine carcinogens in the human respiratory tract. Thorac Cancer 2018; 2:61-68. [PMID: 27755809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-7714.2011.00042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although inhaled ultrafine particles (UFPs) represent serious lung burdens and are thus responsible for a remarkable number of respiratory diseases (including cancer), only limited information on their deposition and clearance in the lung compartments is available. The study presented here tries to overcome this deficit by using a detailed theoretical approach to UFP behavior in the lungs. METHODS The deposition model used in this context is based upon a stochastic lung geometry and the generation of single-particle trajectories in the tracheobronchial tree according to the random walk algorithm. Simulation of UFP clearance is conducted with the help of a multi-compartment model that considers cellular/non-cellular sites of temporary particle storage as separate compartments. RESULTS As predicted by the models and confirmed by experimental findings, deposition of UFPs by Brownian motion takes place in both the upper and lower compartments of the respiratory tract. Alveolar accumulation of particulate mass increases proportionally with the inhalative flow rate. Clearance of UFPs is chiefly dominated by slow mechanisms with respective half-times ranging from several days to months. DISCUSSION Modeling of UFP behavior in the respiratory tract represents an appropriate tool for forthcoming medical studies on this particle class, but it needs to be subjected to further refinements. • As outlined by this study, alveolar deposition of UFPs, correlating with a noticeable risk of malignant transformations and cancer development, is determined by a number of factors, including effective particle size and velocity of particle transport in the conducting airways. • With the help of appropriately validated models, respective predictions on the pulmonary burdens of UFP after short-term or long-term exposure can be made. In the case of subjects suffering from bronchial and/or alveolar UFP overloads, respective clearance approaches may be applied to simulate particle removal scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sturm
- Division of Physics and Biophysics, Department of Material Science and Physics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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43
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Neghab M, Delikhoon M, Norouzian Baghani A, Hassanzadeh J. Exposure to Cooking Fumes and Acute Reversible Decrement in Lung Functional Capacity. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2018; 8:207-216. [PMID: 28970595 PMCID: PMC6679607 DOI: 10.15171/ijoem.2017.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Being exposed to cooking fumes, kitchen workers are occupationally at risk of multiple respiratory hazards. No conclusive evidence exists as to whether occupational exposure to these fumes is associated with acute and chronic pulmonary effects and symptoms of respiratory diseases. Objective: To quantify the exposure levels and evaluate possible chronic and acute pulmonary effects associated with exposure to cooking fumes. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 60 kitchen workers exposed to cooking fumes and 60 unexposed employees were investigated. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms among these groups was determined through completion of a standard questionnaire. Pulmonary function parameters were also measured before and after participants' work shift. Moreover, air samples were collected and analyzed to quantify their aldehyde, particle, and volatile organic contents. Results:
The mean airborne concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein was 0.45 (SD 0.41), 0.13 (0.1), and 1.56 (0.41) mg/m3, respectively. The mean atmospheric concentrations of PM1, PM2.5, PM7, PM10, and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) was 3.31 (2.6), 12.21 (5.9), 44.16 (16.6), 57 (21.55) µg/m3, and 1.31 (1.11) mg/m3, respectively. All respiratory symptoms were significantly (p<0.05) more prevalent in exposed group. No significant difference was noted between the pre-shift mean of spirometry parameters of exposed and unexposed group. However, exposed workers showed cross-shift decrease in most spirometry parameters, significantly lower than the pre-shift values and those of the comparison group.
Conclusion: Exposure to cooking fumes is associated with a significant increase in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms as well as acute reversible decrease in lung functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Neghab
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Delikhoon
- Student's Research Committee, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jafar Hassanzadeh
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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44
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Chan WR, Logue JM, Wu X, Klepeis NE, Fisk WJ, Noris F, Singer BC. Quantifying fine particle emission events from time-resolved measurements: Method description and application to 18 California low-income apartments. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:89-101. [PMID: 28892568 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 exposure is associated with significant health risk. Exposures in homes derive from both outdoor and indoor sources, with emissions occurring primarily in discrete events. Data on emission event magnitudes and schedules are needed to support simulation-based studies of exposures and mitigations. This study applied an identification and characterization algorithm to quantify time-resolved PM2.5 emission events from data collected during 224 days of monitoring in 18 California apartments with low-income residents. We identified and characterized 836 distinct events with median and mean values of 12 and 30 mg emitted mass, 16 and 23 minutes emission duration, 37 and 103 mg/h emission rates, and pseudo-first-order decay rates of 1.3 and 2.0/h. Mean event-averaged concentrations calculated using the determined event characteristics agreed to within 6% of measured values for 14 of the apartments. There were variations in event schedules and emitted mass across homes, with few events overnight and most emissions occurring during late afternoons and evenings. Event characteristics were similar during weekdays and weekends. Emitted mass was positively correlated with number of residents (Spearman coefficient, ρ=.10), bedrooms (ρ=.08), house volume (ρ=.29), and indoor-outdoor CO2 difference (ρ=.27). The event schedules can be used in probabilistic modeling of PM2.5 in low-income apartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Chan
- Indoor Environment Group, Sustainable Energy and Environmental Systems Department, Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Whole Building Systems Department, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J M Logue
- Indoor Environment Group, Sustainable Energy and Environmental Systems Department, Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Whole Building Systems Department, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - X Wu
- Whole Building Systems Department, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - N E Klepeis
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (C-BEACH), Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - W J Fisk
- Indoor Environment Group, Sustainable Energy and Environmental Systems Department, Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - F Noris
- R2M Solution Srl, Pavia, Italy
| | - B C Singer
- Indoor Environment Group, Sustainable Energy and Environmental Systems Department, Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Whole Building Systems Department, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Schumacher S, Spiegelhoff D, Schneiderwind U, Finger H, Asbach C. Performance of New and Artificially Aged Electret Filters in Indoor Air Cleaners. Chem Eng Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schumacher
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA); Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60 47229 Duisburg Germany
| | - Daniel Spiegelhoff
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA); Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60 47229 Duisburg Germany
| | - Ute Schneiderwind
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA); Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60 47229 Duisburg Germany
| | - Hartmut Finger
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA); Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60 47229 Duisburg Germany
| | - Christof Asbach
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA); Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60 47229 Duisburg Germany
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Matawle JL, Pervez S, Shrivastava A, Tiwari S, Pant P, Deb MK, Bisht DS, Pervez YF. PM 2.5 pollution from household solid fuel burning practices in central India: 1. Impact on indoor air quality and associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:1045-1058. [PMID: 27614876 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 concentrations were measured in residential indoor environment in slums of central India during 2012-2013. In addition, a suite of chemical components including metals (Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Mo, Se, Sb, Na, Mg, K and Hg), ions (Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, F-, Cl-, NH4+, NO3- and SO42-) and carbon (OC and EC) were analyzed for all samples. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were found to be several folds higher than the 24-h national ambient air quality standard (60 µg/m3) for PM2.5 in India, and the concentrations were found to vary from season to season. Mass closure was attempted for PM2.5 data, and close to 100 % mass was accounted for by organic matter, crustal material, secondary organic and inorganic aerosols and elemental carbon. Additionally, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with exposure to indoor PM2.5 (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) were estimated and while exposures associated with dermal contact and ingestion were found to be within the acceptable limits, risk associated with inhalation exposure was found to be high for children and adults. Elements including Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, As and Pb were present in high concentrations and contributed to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for residents' health. Results from this study highlight the need for efforts to reduce air pollution exposure in slum areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan Lal Matawle
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chattisgarh, 492010, India
- Regional Laboratory, Directorate of Geology and Mining, Chhattisgarh, Jagdalpur, Chattisgarh, 494001, India
| | - Shamsh Pervez
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chattisgarh, 492010, India.
| | - Anjali Shrivastava
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440020, India
| | - Suresh Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical and Meteorology (IITM), New Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Pant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Diwan Singh Bisht
- Indian Institute of Tropical and Meteorology (IITM), New Delhi, India
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An Exposure-Mortality Relationship for Residential Indoor PM2.5 Exposure from Outdoor Sources. CLIMATE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cli5030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Fantke P, Jolliet O, Apte JS, Hodas N, Evans J, Weschler CJ, Stylianou KS, Jantunen M, McKone TE. Characterizing Aggregated Exposure to Primary Particulate Matter: Recommended Intake Fractions for Indoor and Outdoor Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9089-9100. [PMID: 28682605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from indoor and outdoor sources is a leading environmental contributor to global disease burden. In response, we established under the auspices of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative a coupled indoor-outdoor emission-to-exposure framework to provide a set of consistent primary PM2.5 aggregated exposure factors. We followed a matrix-based mass balance approach for quantifying exposure from indoor and ground-level urban and rural outdoor sources using an effective indoor-outdoor population intake fraction and a system of archetypes to represent different levels of spatial detail. Emission-to-exposure archetypes range from global indoor and outdoor averages, via archetypal urban and indoor settings, to 3646 real-world cities in 16 parametrized subcontinental regions. Population intake fractions from urban and rural outdoor sources are lowest in Northern regions and Oceania and highest in Southeast Asia with population-weighted means across 3646 cities and 16 subcontinental regions of, respectively, 39 ppm (95% confidence interval: 4.3-160 ppm) and 2 ppm (95% confidence interval: 0.2-6.3 ppm). Intake fractions from residential and occupational indoor sources range from 470 ppm to 62 000 ppm, mainly as a function of air exchange rate and occupancy. Indoor exposure typically contributes 80-90% to overall exposure from outdoor sources. Our framework facilitates improvements in air pollution reduction strategies and life cycle impact assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet 116B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joshua S Apte
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Natasha Hodas
- Division of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John Evans
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Cyprus International Institute for Environment and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology , 3041 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katerina S Stylianou
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matti Jantunen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare , 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Thomas E McKone
- School of Public Health, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Zheng HL, Deng WJ, Cheng Y, Guo W. Characteristics of PM 2.5, CO 2 and particle-number concentration in mass transit railway carriages in Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:739-750. [PMID: 27325017 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and particle-number concentrations (PNC) were monitored in train carriages on seven routes of the mass transit railway in Hong Kong between March and May 2014, using real-time monitoring instruments. The 8-h average PM2.5 levels in carriages on the seven routes ranged from 24.1 to 49.8 µg/m3, higher than levels in Finland and similar to those in New York, and in most cases exceeding the standard set by the World Health Organisation (25 µg/m3). The CO2 concentration ranged from 714 to 1801 ppm on four of the routes, generally exceeding indoor air quality guidelines (1000 ppm over 8 h) and reaching levels as high as those in Beijing. PNC ranged from 1506 to 11,570 particles/cm3, lower than readings in Sydney and higher than readings in Taipei. Correlation analysis indicated that the number of passengers in a given carriage did not affect the PM2.5 concentration or PNC in the carriage. However, a significant positive correlation (p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.834) was observed between passenger numbers and CO2 levels, with each passenger contributing approximately 7.7-9.8 ppm of CO2. The real-time measurements of PM2.5 and PNC varied considerably, rising when carriage doors opened on arrival at a station and when passengers inside the carriage were more active. This suggests that air pollutants outside the train and passenger movements may contribute to PM2.5 levels and PNC. Assessment of the risk associated with PM2.5 exposure revealed that children are most severely affected by PM2.5 pollution, followed in order by juveniles, adults and the elderly. In addition, females were found to be more vulnerable to PM2.5 pollution than males (p < 0.001), and different subway lines were associated with different levels of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Zheng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Jing Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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