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Rios B, Díaz-Esteban Y, Raga GB. Smoke emissions from biomass burning in Central Mexico and their impact on air quality in Mexico City: May 2019 case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166912. [PMID: 37704138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Smoke emissions from biomass burning considerably influence regional and local air quality. Many natural wildfires and agricultural burns occur annually in Central Mexico during the hot, dry season (March to May), potentially leading to air quality problems. Nevertheless, the impact of these biomass burning emissions on Mexico City's air quality has not been investigated in depth. This study examines a severely deteriorated air quality case from 11 to 16 May 2019, during which fine particle concentrations (PM2.5) exceeded the 99th percentile of the available official dataset (2005-2019). Specifically, this work aims to highlight the role of fires and regional pollution in the severe episode observed in Mexico City, identifying the fires that were the sources of regional pollution, the type of fuel burned in those fires, and the dominant atmospheric transport pattern. Biomass burning emissions were calculated for different land cover types using satellite data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). PM2.5 increased by a factor of 2 at some monitoring sites, and ozone concentration increased to 40 % in Mexico City during the poor air quality episode. Our results indicate that over 50 % of the fire activity observed during the 2019 fire season was concentrated in May in Central Mexico. The burning activity was mainly seen over shrubland and forest between 10 and 15 May. Moreover, the fire radiative power analysis indicates that most energy was associated with burning shrubland and forests. Organic carbon emissions were estimated highest on 14 and 15 May, coinciding with the largest number of fires. Back trajectory analysis indicates that enhanced concentration of air pollutants in Mexico City originated from biomass burning detected in neighboring states: Guerrero, Michoacán, and the State of Mexico. Smoke from fires on the specific vegetation cover was advected into Mexico City and contributed to the bad air quality episode. Further meteorological analysis evidenced that the fire intensity and emissions were worsened by low humidity and the late onset of the rainy season in Central Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Rios
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, México.
| | - Yanet Díaz-Esteban
- Center for International Development and Environmental Research (ZEU), Germany
| | - Graciela B Raga
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, México
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Oral Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Mortality-to-Incidence Ratio Are Associated with Human Development Index in China, 1990–2019. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6457840. [PMID: 35800221 PMCID: PMC9256441 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6457840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The burden of oral cancer (OC) is closely related to economic development. We aimed to evaluate the burden of OC at different stages of economic development in China in terms of incidence, mortality, and mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) from 1990 to 2019. Data on cancer in China from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. Based on human development index (HDI), Chinese economic development was divided into three stages: low, medium, and high HDI stages. Mann–Whitney U-test was used to evaluate the differences in age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR), and MIR at various stages of HDI. Correlation and regression tests were conducted to examine the association amongst ASIR, ASMR, MIR, and HDI in OC. The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to assess the trend of ASIR, ASMR, and MIR. Significant differences were observed in terms of ASIR, ASMR, and MIR between groups (P < 0.001). The values of both sexes in the low HDI stage were lower than those of the medium and high HDI stages, except for MIR, in which the low HDI stage was the highest (P < 0.05). ASIR and ASMR of OC in males at the medium HDI stage showed the fastest growth rate with EAPC values of 5.64 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 5.20 to 6.08) and 4.42 (95% CI, 4.01 to 4.82), respectively. A strong positive correlation exists between HDI and ASIR (r = 0.96) and ASMR (r = 0.91) in both sexes from 1990 to 2019. During the high HDI stage, the ASIR and ASMR of OC were at a high level, but the ASIR halted the uptrend trend and ASMR showed a decreasing trend. Therefore, the HDI index has been positively correlated with the ASIR and ASMR of OC in China in the past 30 years, but this relationship may not be sustained as the economy develops. The health department should continue to allocate additional resources for the prevention and treatment of OC.
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Characteristics of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)-Bound n-Alkanes and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a Hong Kong Suburban Area. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected at Tung Chung (TC), Hong Kong, during four nonconsecutive months in 2011/2012 to determine the concentrations, seasonal variations, and potential sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes (n-C15-n-C35). Samples were analyzed using the thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) method. The concentrations of particulate PAHs ranged from 1.26–13.93 ng/m3 with a mean value of 2.57 ng/m3, dominated by 4-ring species. Phenanthrene (Phe) and fluoranthene (Flu) were the two most abundant species, accounting for 13% and 18%, respectively. The dominant sources of PAHs were coal and biomass burning. The inhalation cancer risk value in our study exceeded 1 × 10−6 but was below 1 × 10−4, implying that the inhalation cancer risk of PAHs at the TC site is acceptable. The average concertation of n-alkanes was 103.21 ng/m3 (ranging from 38.58 to 191.44 ng/m3), and C25 was the most abundant species. Both PAHs and n-alkanes showed higher concentrations in autumn and winter whilst these values were lowest in summer. The carbon preference index (CPI) and percent contribution of wax n-alkanes showed that biogenic sources were the major sources. The annual average contributions of higher plant wax to n-alkanes at TC were over 40%.
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Méndez-García CG, Rojas-López G, Padilla S, Solís C, Chávez E, Acosta L, Huerta A. The impact of stable 27Al in 26Al/ 10Be meteoric ratio in PM 2.5 from an urban area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 246:106832. [PMID: 35183925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Meteoric 10Be and 26Al radionuclides are produced in the atmosphere, and the relationship between them has potential applications in atmospheric and climate research. In particular, the meteoric 26Al/10Be ratio has potential applications such as a chronometer for old ice, a tracer for the air exchange between the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, production and distribution in the atmosphere of both radionuclides, and the study on solar activity. In this work, their concentrations in the fine fraction of airborne particulate matter from an urban area have been precisely determined using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). To obtain new data about the 26Al/10Be ratio and its subsequent applications, PM2.5 in aerosol samples has been analyzed. The average ratio in samples from Mexico City was significantly higher than those previously reported by other authors. The high enrichment factors for stable Aluminum indicate that both resuspended and anthropogenic 27Al content in PM2.5 contributes significantly to the high values of 26Al in the 26Al/10Be ratio. An adjustment of 27Al concentrations from external contributions was carried out, and the corrected 26Al/10Be ratios were similar to those previously reported. In this study, a precise assessment of the possible contribution of other Aluminum sources to the aerosol samples has been carried out. Finally, the obtained ratios indicate the possibility of its future use in applications such as the dating of glaciers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Méndez-García
- CÁTEDRAS CONACYT - Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 20-364, Cd.Mx, 01000, Mexico; Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 20-364, Cd.Mx, 01000, Mexico.
| | - G Rojas-López
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - S Padilla
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 20-364, Cd.Mx, 01000, Mexico.
| | - C Solís
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 20-364, Cd.Mx, 01000, Mexico.
| | - E Chávez
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 20-364, Cd.Mx, 01000, Mexico.
| | - L Acosta
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 20-364, Cd.Mx, 01000, Mexico.
| | - A Huerta
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 20-364, Cd.Mx, 01000, Mexico.
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Muñoz-Rodríguez A, Maciel-Ruiz JA, Salazar AM, Sordo M, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Limón-Pacheco JH, Nepomuceno-Hernández AE, Ayala-Yáñez R, Gonsebatt ME, Osorio-Yáñez C. Prenatal Particulate Matter (PM) Exposure and Natriuretic Peptides in Newborns from Mexico City. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126546. [PMID: 34206994 PMCID: PMC8296353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of this study was to assess associations between particulate matter (PM) exposure and natriuretic peptide concentrations in cord blood from newborns. (2) Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study in Mexico City with 101 pregnant women from CIMIGEN Hospital. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) were measured in plasma from cord blood in 51 newborns by ELISA. We estimated PM exposure (PM2.5 and PM10) at first, second and third trimester of pregnancy. (3) Results: The median and interquartile range for ANP, BNP and CNP plasma concentrations were 66.71 (46.92-80.23), 98.23 (73.64-112.30) and 1129.11 (944.10-1452.02) pg/mL, respectively. PM2.5 and PM10 levels for the whole pregnancy period were 22.2 µg/m3 and 41.63 µg/m3, respectively. Employing multivariable linear regression models adjusted for maternal age, newborn sex, smoking before pregnancy, maternal occupation and newborns' length and height, we observed a 2.47 pg/mL (95%CI: -4.67, -0.27) decrease in BNP associated with PM2.5 exposure during second trimester. Adjusted for the same set of confounders, third trimester PM10 exposure was inversely associated with ANP concentrations (beta estimate: -0.90; 95% CI: -1.80, -0.03). Neither PM10 nor PM2.5 were associated with CNP at any trimester of pregnancy. (4) Conclusions: Prenatal exposure to particulate matter was associated with ANP and BNP decrease in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Muñoz-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (A.M.S.); (M.S.); (P.O.-W.); (J.H.L.-P.); (M.E.G.)
| | - Jorge Alfonso Maciel-Ruiz
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Ana María Salazar
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (A.M.S.); (M.S.); (P.O.-W.); (J.H.L.-P.); (M.E.G.)
| | - Monserrat Sordo
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (A.M.S.); (M.S.); (P.O.-W.); (J.H.L.-P.); (M.E.G.)
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (A.M.S.); (M.S.); (P.O.-W.); (J.H.L.-P.); (M.E.G.)
| | - Jorge H. Limón-Pacheco
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (A.M.S.); (M.S.); (P.O.-W.); (J.H.L.-P.); (M.E.G.)
| | - Andrés Eduardo Nepomuceno-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Materno Infantil del Grupo de Estudios al Nacimiento, Asociación Hispano Mexicana, Ciudad de México 09880, Mexico; (A.E.N.-H.); (R.A.-Y.)
| | - Rodrigo Ayala-Yáñez
- Centro de Investigación Materno Infantil del Grupo de Estudios al Nacimiento, Asociación Hispano Mexicana, Ciudad de México 09880, Mexico; (A.E.N.-H.); (R.A.-Y.)
| | - María Eugenia Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (A.M.S.); (M.S.); (P.O.-W.); (J.H.L.-P.); (M.E.G.)
| | - Citlalli Osorio-Yáñez
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (A.M.S.); (M.S.); (P.O.-W.); (J.H.L.-P.); (M.E.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-5622-3159
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Mancilla Y, Hernandez Paniagua IY, Mendoza A. Spatial differences in ambient coarse and fine particles in the Monterrey metropolitan area, Mexico: Implications for source contribution. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:548-564. [PMID: 30513261 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1549121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ambient air of the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA) in Mexico frequently exhibits high levels of PM10 and PM2.5. However, no information exists on the chemical composition of coarse particles (PMc = PM10 - PM2.5). A monitoring campaign was conducted during the summer of 2015, during which 24-hr average PM10 and PM2.5 samples were collected using high-volume filter-based instruments to chemically characterize the fine and coarse fractions of the PM. The collected samples were analyzed for anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-), cations (Na+, NH4+, K+), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and 35 trace elements (Al to Pb). During the campaign, the average PM2.5 concentrations did not showed significance differences among sampling sites, whereas the average PMc concentrations did. In addition, the PMc accounted for 75% to 90% of the PM10 across the MMA. The average contribution of the main chemical species to the total mass indicated that geological material including Ca, Fe, Si, and Al (45%) and sulfates (11%) were the principal components of PMc, whereas sulfates (54%) and organic matter (30%) were the principal components of PM2.5. The OC-to-EC ratio for PMc ranged from 4.4 to 13, whereas that for PM2.5 ranged from 3.97 to 6.08. The estimated contribution of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) to the total mass of organic aerosol in PM2.5 was estimated to be around 70-80%; for PMc, the contribution was lower (20-50%). The enrichment factors (EF) for most of the trace elements exhibited high values for PM2.5 (EF: 10-1000) and low values for PMc (EF: 1-10). Given the high contribution of crustal elements and the high values of EFs, PMc is heavily influenced by soil resuspension and PM2.5 by anthropogenic sources. Finally, the airborne particles found in the eastern region of the MMA were chemically distinguishable from those in its western region. Implications: Concentration and chemical composition patterns of fine and coarse particles can vary significantly across the MMA. Public policy solutions have to be built based on these observations. There is clear evidence that the spatial variations in the MMA's coarse fractions are influenced by clearly recognizable primary emission sources, while fine particles exhibit a homogeneous concentration field and a clear spatial pattern of increasing secondary contributions. Important reductions in the coarse fraction can come from primary particles' emission controls; for fine particles, control of gaseous precursors-particularly sulfur-containing species and organic compounds-should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mancilla
- a Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias , Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Nuevo León , México
| | | | - A Mendoza
- a Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias , Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Nuevo León , México
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Torres-Sánchez L, Vázquez-Salas RA, Vite A, Galván-Portillo M, Cebrián ME, Macias-Jiménez AP, Ríos C, Montes S. Blood cadmium determinants among males over forty living in Mexico City. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:686-694. [PMID: 29758425 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexico City has air, water and food pollution problems; however, human exposure to cadmium and its sources have not been described. OBJECTIVES To determine the blood cadmium (BCd) level and its main exposure sources among males aged 40 years or older living in different areas of Mexico City. METHODS After receiving informed consent, we interviewed 702 males aged ≥40 years to collect data on their sociodemographic characteristics, lifetime occupation, smoking history, and dietary habits, using a validated questionnaire. The BCd level (μg/L) was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS The BCd mean level ± SD was 2.61 ± 0.82 μg/L, and 20% of men reported a potential cadmium occupational exposure. After adjusting for age and other potential confounders, the main determinants of the BCd level were the current smoking status at interview, with low (β≤8.5packs/year vs. non-smoker = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.28-0.64 μg/L; p < 0.01) and high (β> 8.5 packs/year vs. non-smoker = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.56-0.87 μg/L; p < 0.01) smoking intensity, and living in the Center (βCenter vs. South = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.02-0.37 μg/L; p = 0.02) or West area of the city (βWest vs. South = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.21-0.58 μg/L; p < 0.001). Moreover, the potential dietary sources of BCd included: liver (βYes vs. No = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03-0.23 μg/L; p = 0.01), "Chorizo" (β>1-3servings/month vs. No = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.01-0.26 μg/L; p < 0.001), sausage and ham. CONCLUSIONS The BCd levels observed in this population are high and only similar to those observed in workers from a sanitary landfill area in Southern Thailand. Potential environmental Cd exposure sources, such as industrial activity and previous land use, in the West and Center areas of the city should be explored in detail, especially in vulnerable population groups, such as children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Torres-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta María Ahuacatitlán, CP 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ruth A Vázquez-Salas
- CONACYT, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Adylenne Vite
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Col. La Fama, Del. Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP. 14269, Mexico
| | - Marcia Galván-Portillo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta María Ahuacatitlán, CP 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mariano E Cebrián
- Departamento de Toxicología, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Gustavo A. Madero, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ana Perla Macias-Jiménez
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Col. La Fama, Del. Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP. 14269, Mexico
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Col. La Fama, Del. Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP. 14269, Mexico
| | - Sergio Montes
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Col. La Fama, Del. Tlalpan, Ciudad de México CP. 14269, Mexico.
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Méndez-García CG, Romero-Guzmán ET, Hernández-Mendoza H, Solís-Rosales C, Chávez-Lomelí ER. Assessment of the concentrations of U and Th in PM2.5 from Mexico City and their potential human health risk. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Huang C, Moran AE, Coxson PG, Yang X, Liu F, Cao J, Chen K, Wang M, He J, Goldman L, Zhao D, Kinney PL, Gu D. Potential Cardiovascular and Total Mortality Benefits of Air Pollution Control in Urban China. Circulation 2017; 136:1575-1584. [PMID: 28882886 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.026487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outdoor air pollution ranks fourth among preventable causes of China's burden of disease. We hypothesized that the magnitude of health gains from air quality improvement in urban China could compare with achieving recommended blood pressure or smoking control goals. METHODS The Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model-China projected coronary heart disease, stroke, and all-cause deaths in urban Chinese adults 35 to 84 years of age from 2017 to 2030 if recent air quality (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm, PM2.5) and traditional cardiovascular risk factor trends continue. We projected life-years gained if urban China were to reach 1 of 3 air quality goals: Beijing Olympic Games level (mean PM2.5, 55 μg/m3), China Class II standard (35 μg/m3), or World Health Organization standard (10 μg/m3). We compared projected air pollution reduction control benefits with potential benefits of reaching World Health Organization hypertension and tobacco control goals. RESULTS Mean PM2.5 reduction to Beijing Olympic levels by 2030 would gain ≈241,000 (95% uncertainty interval, 189 000-293 000) life-years annually. Achieving either the China Class II or World Health Organization PM2.5 standard would yield greater health benefits (992 000 [95% uncertainty interval, 790 000-1 180 000] or 1 827 000 [95% uncertainty interval, 1 481 00-2 129 000] annual life-years gained, respectively) than World Health Organization-recommended goals of 25% improvement in systolic hypertension control and 30% reduction in smoking combined (928 000 [95% uncertainty interval, 830 000-1 033 000] life-years). CONCLUSIONS Air quality improvement in different scenarios could lead to graded health benefits ranging from 241 000 life-years gained to much greater benefits equal to or greater than the combined benefits of 25% improvement in systolic hypertension control and 30% smoking reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- From Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medicine Science, Beijing (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.E.M.); Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (A.E.M., L.G.); Division of General Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (P.G.C.); Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (K.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (M.W., D.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York (P.L.K.)
| | - Andrew E Moran
- From Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medicine Science, Beijing (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.E.M.); Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (A.E.M., L.G.); Division of General Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (P.G.C.); Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (K.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (M.W., D.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York (P.L.K.)
| | - Pamela G Coxson
- From Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medicine Science, Beijing (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.E.M.); Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (A.E.M., L.G.); Division of General Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (P.G.C.); Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (K.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (M.W., D.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York (P.L.K.)
| | - Xueli Yang
- From Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medicine Science, Beijing (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.E.M.); Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (A.E.M., L.G.); Division of General Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (P.G.C.); Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (K.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (M.W., D.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York (P.L.K.)
| | - Fangchao Liu
- From Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medicine Science, Beijing (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.E.M.); Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (A.E.M., L.G.); Division of General Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (P.G.C.); Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (K.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (M.W., D.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York (P.L.K.)
| | - Jie Cao
- From Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medicine Science, Beijing (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.E.M.); Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (A.E.M., L.G.); Division of General Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (P.G.C.); Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (K.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (M.W., D.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York (P.L.K.)
| | - Kai Chen
- From Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medicine Science, Beijing (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.E.M.); Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (A.E.M., L.G.); Division of General Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (P.G.C.); Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (K.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (M.W., D.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York (P.L.K.)
| | - Miao Wang
- From Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medicine Science, Beijing (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.E.M.); Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (A.E.M., L.G.); Division of General Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (P.G.C.); Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (K.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (M.W., D.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York (P.L.K.)
| | - Jiang He
- From Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medicine Science, Beijing (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.E.M.); Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (A.E.M., L.G.); Division of General Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (P.G.C.); Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (K.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (M.W., D.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York (P.L.K.)
| | - Lee Goldman
- From Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medicine Science, Beijing (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.E.M.); Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (A.E.M., L.G.); Division of General Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (P.G.C.); Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (K.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (M.W., D.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York (P.L.K.)
| | - Dong Zhao
- From Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medicine Science, Beijing (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.E.M.); Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (A.E.M., L.G.); Division of General Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (P.G.C.); Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (K.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (M.W., D.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York (P.L.K.)
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- From Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medicine Science, Beijing (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.E.M.); Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (A.E.M., L.G.); Division of General Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (P.G.C.); Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (K.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (M.W., D.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York (P.L.K.)
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- From Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medicine Science, Beijing (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China (C.H., X.Y., F.L., J.C., D.G.); Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.E.M.); Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (A.E.M., L.G.); Division of General Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (P.G.C.); Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (K.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, China (M.W., D.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York (P.L.K.).
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10
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Alvarado-Cruz I, Sánchez-Guerra M, Hernández-Cadena L, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Mugica V, Pelallo-Martínez NA, Solís-Heredia MDJ, Byun HM, Baccarelli A, Quintanilla-Vega B. Increased methylation of repetitive elements and DNA repair genes is associated with higher DNA oxidation in children in an urbanized, industrial environment. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 813:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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11
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Wang P, Cao JJ, Shen ZX, Han YM, Lee SC, Huang Y, Zhu CS, Wang QY, Xu HM, Huang RJ. Spatial and seasonal variations of PM2.5 mass and species during 2010 in Xi'an, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 508:477-487. [PMID: 25514763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 mass and selected chemical species are measured in 24-h integrated PM2.5 samples collected simultaneously at the urban and rural regions of Xi'an (six sites in total), China in the four seasons of 2010. The analytes include organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC+EC = total carbon, TC), seven water-soluble inorganic ions (NH4(+), K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Cl(-), SO4(2-), NO3(-)) and six trace elements (Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn, As, Pb). The average PM2.5 mass for the entire measurement period is 142.6 ± 102.7 μg m(-3), which is more than four times that of the Chinese national ambient air quality standard. Spatial variations in PM2.5 mass are not pronounced. The PM2.5 mass and those species measured show a similar seasonal pattern in all six measurement sites, i.e., in the order of winter > autumn > spring > summer. The dominant PM2.5 composition is OC in winter, soil dust in spring, and sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium in summer and autumn. Seasonal variations of TC/PM2.5 and OC/EC ratios follow the PM2.5 changes. Seasonal distributions of (SO4(2-)+NO3(-)+NH4(+))/PM2.5 showed increase in autumn and decrease in winter, while NO3(-)/SO4(2-) ratios increased in autumn and decreased in summer. Eight main PM2.5 sources are identified based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis and emissions from fossil fuel combustion (traffic and coal burning) are founded to be the main source responsible for the fine particle pollution in Xi'an. In addition, a decreasing trend in OC/PM2.5 is observed in comparison with previous studies in Xi'an.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-ji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhen-xing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong-ming Han
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Shun-cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Chong-shu Zhu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi-yuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-mei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ru-jin Huang
- Lab of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) Villigen, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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12
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Morales-García SS, Rodríguez-Espinosa PF, Jonathan MP, Navarrete-López M, Herrera-García MA, Muñoz-Sevilla NP. Characterization of As and trace metals embedded in PM10 particles in Puebla City, México. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:55-67. [PMID: 23892717 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Forty-eight air-filter samples (PM10) were analysed to identify the concentration level of partially leached metals (PLMs; As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and V) from Puebla City, México. Samples were collected during 2008 from four monitoring sites: (1) Tecnológico (TEC), (2) Ninfas (NIN), (3) Hermanos Serdán (HS) and (4) Agua Santa (AS). The results indicate that in TEC, As (avg. 424 ng m(-3)), V (avg. 19.2 ng m(-3)), Fe (avg. 1,202 ng m(-3)), Cu (avg. 86.6 ng m(-3)), Cr (41.9 ng m(-3)) and Ni (18.6 ng m(-3)) are on the higher side than other populated regions around the world. The enrichment of PLMs is due to the industrial complexes generating huge dust particles involving various operations. The results are supported by the correlation of metals (Mn, Cd and Co) with Fe indicating its anthropogenic origin and likewise, As with Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Pb and V. The separate cluster of As, Fe and Mn clearly signifies that it is due to continuous eruption of fumaroles from the active volcano Popocatépetl in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Morales-García
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo (CIIEMAD), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Calle 30 de Junio de 1520, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, 07340, México, DF, México,
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13
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Snow SJ, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Osornio-Vargas A, Thomas RF, Schladweiler MC, McGee J, Kodavanti UP. The effect of composition, size, and solubility on acute pulmonary injury in rats following exposure to Mexico city ambient particulate matter samples. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:1164-82. [PMID: 25119738 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.917445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM)-associated metals can contribute to adverse cardiopulmonary effects following exposure to air pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate how variation in the composition and size of ambient PM collected from two distinct regions in Mexico City relates to toxicity differences. Male Wistar Kyoto rats (14 wk) were intratracheally instilled with chemically characterized PM10 and PM2.5 from the north and PM10 from the south of Mexico City (3 mg/kg). Both water-soluble and acid-leachable fractions contained several metals, with levels generally higher in PM10 South. The insoluble and total, but not soluble, fractions of all PM induced pulmonary damage that was indicated by significant increases in neutrophilic inflammation, and several lung injury biomarkers including total protein, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and γ-glutamyl transferase activity 24 and 72 h postexposure. PM10 North and PM2.5 North also significantly decreased levels of the antioxidant ascorbic acid. Elevation in lung mRNA biomarkers of inflammation (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α and macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-2), oxidative stress (heme oxygenase [HO]-1, lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor [LOX]-1, and inducibile nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]), and thrombosis (tissue factor [TF] and plasminogen activator inhibitor [PAI]-1), as well as reduced levels of fibrinolytic protein tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), further indicated pulmonary injury following PM exposure. These responses were more pronounced with PM10 South (PM10 South > PM10 North > PM2.5 North), which contained higher levels of redox-active transition metals that may have contributed to specific differences in selected lung gene markers. These findings provide evidence that surface chemistry of the PM core and not the water-soluble fraction played an important role in regulating in vivo pulmonary toxicity responses to Mexico City PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Snow
- a Curriculum in Toxicology , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
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Bell ML, Zanobetti A, Dominici F. Evidence on vulnerability and susceptibility to health risks associated with short-term exposure to particulate matter: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:865-76. [PMID: 23887042 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there is strong evidence that short-term exposure to particulate matter is associated with health risks, less is known about whether some subpopulations face higher risks. We identified 108 papers published after 1995 and summarized the scientific evidence regarding effect modification of associations between short-term exposure to particulate matter and the risk of death or hospitalization. We performed a meta-analysis of estimated mortality associations by age and sex. We found strong, consistent evidence that the elderly experience higher risk of particular matter--associated hospitalization and death, weak evidence that women have higher risks of hospitalization and death, and suggestive evidence that those with lower education, income, or employment status have higher risk of death. Meta-analysis showed a statistically higher risk of death of 0.64% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.50, 0.78) for older populations compared with 0.34% (95% CI: 0.25, 0.42) for younger populations per 10 μg/m3 increase of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm. Women had a slightly higher risk of death of 0.55% (95% CI: 0.41, 0.70) compared with 0.50% (95% CI: 0.34, 0.54) for men, but these 2 risks were not statistically different. Our synthesis on modifiers for risks associated with particulate matter can aid the design of air quality policies and suggest directions for future research. Studies of biological mechanisms could be informed by evidence of differential risks by population, such as by sex and preexisting conditions.
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15
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Manzano-León N, Quintana R, Sánchez B, Serrano J, Vega E, Vázquez-López I, Rojas-Bracho L, López-Villegas T, O'Neill MS, Vadillo-Ortega F, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Rosas I, Osornio-Vargas AR. Variation in the composition and in vitro proinflammatory effect of urban particulate matter from different sites. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:87-97. [PMID: 23335408 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spatial variation in particulate matter-related health and toxicological outcomes is partly due to its composition. We studied spatial variability in particle composition and induced cellular responses in Mexico City to complement an ongoing epidemiologic study. We measured elements, endotoxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two particle size fractions collected in five sites. We compared the in vitro proinflammatory response of J774A.1 and THP-1 cells after exposure to particles, measuring subsequent TNFα and IL-6 secretion. Particle composition varied by site and size. Particle constituents were subjected to principal component analysis, identifying three components: C(1) (Si, Sr, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, endotoxin), C(2) (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and C(3) (Zn, S, Sb, Ni, Cu, Pb). Induced TNFα levels were higher and more heterogeneous than IL-6 levels. Cytokines produced by both cell lines only correlated with C(1) , suggesting that constituents associated with soil induced the inflammatory response and explain observed spatial differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Manzano-León
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando 22, Col. Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, México, D.F., México
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Air pollutant characterization in Tula industrial corridor, Central Mexico, during the MILAGRO study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:521728. [PMID: 23484131 PMCID: PMC3581275 DOI: 10.1155/2013/521728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pollutant emissions and their contribution to local and regional air quality at the industrial area of Tula were studied during a four-week period as part of the MILAGRO initiative. A recurrent shallow stable layer was observed in the morning favoring air pollutants accumulation in the lower 100 m atmospheric layer. In the afternoon the mixing layer height reached 3000 m, along with a featuring low level jet which was responsible of transporting air pollutants at regional scales. Average PM10 at Jasso (JAS) and Tepeji (TEP) was 75.1 and 36.8 μg/m3, respectively while average PM2.5 was 31.0 and 25.7 μg/m3. JAS was highly impacted by local limestone dust, while TEP was a receptor of major sources of combustion emissions with 70% of the PM10 constituted by PM2.5. Average hourly aerosol light absorption was 22 Mm−1, while aerosol scattering (76 Mm−1) was higher compared to a rural site but much lower than at Mexico City. δ13C values in the epiphyte Tillandsia recurvata show that the emission plume directly affects the SW sector of Mezquital Valley and is then constrained by a mountain range preventing its dispersion. Air pollutants may exacerbate acute and chronic adverse health effects in this region.
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Cao JJ, Shen ZX, Chow JC, Watson JG, Lee SC, Tie XX, Ho KF, Wang GH, Han YM. Winter and summer PM2.5 chemical compositions in fourteen Chinese cities. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2012; 62:1214-26. [PMID: 23155868 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2012.701193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED PM2.5 in 14 of China's large cities achieves high concentrations in both winter and summer with averages > 100 microg m(-3) being common occurrences. A grand average of 15 microg m(-3) was found for all cities, with a minimum of 27 microg m(-3) measured at Qingdao during summer and a maximum of 356 microg m(-3) at Xi 'an during winter. Both primary and secondary PM2.5 are important contributors at all of the cities and during both winter and summer. While ammonium sulfate is a large contributor during both seasons, ammonium nitrate contributions are much larger during winter. Lead levels are still high in several cities, reaching an average of 1.68 microg m(-3) in Xi 'an. High correlations of lead with arsenic and sulfate concentrations indicate that much of it derives from coal combustion, rather than leaded fuels, which were phased out by calendar year 2000. Although limited fugitive dust markers were available, scaling of iron by its ratios in source profiles shows -20% of PM2.5 deriving from fugitive dust in most of the cities. Multipollutant control strategies will be needed that address incomplete combustion of coal and biomass, engine exhaust, and fugitive dust, as well as sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and ammonia gaseous precursors for ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate. IMPLICATIONS PM2.5 mass and chemical composition show large contributions from carbon, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and fugitive dust during winter and summer and across fourteen large cities. Multipollutant control strategies will be needed that address both primary PM2.5 emissions and gaseous precursors to attain China's recently adopted PM2.5 national air quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi 'an, China.
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Martinez MA, Caballero P, Carrillo O, Mendoza A, Mejia GM. Chemical characterization and factor analysis of PM2.5 in two sites of Monterrey, Mexico. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2012; 62:817-827. [PMID: 22866583 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2012.681421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA) has shown a high concentration of PM2.5 in its atmosphere since 2003. The contribution of possible sources of primary PM2.5 and its precursors is not known. In this paper we present the results of analyzing the chemical composition of sixty 24-hr samples of PM2.5 to determine possible sources of PM2.5 in the MMA. The samples were collected at the northeast and southeast of the MMA between November 22 and December 12, 2007, using low-volume devices. Teflon and quartz filters were used to collect the samples. The concentrations of 16 airborne trace elements were determined using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Anions and cations were determined using ion chromatography. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were determined by thermal optical analysis. The results show that Ca had the maximum mean concentration of all elements studied, followed by S. Enrichment factors above 50 were calculated for S, Cl, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb. This indicates that these elements may come from anthropogenic sources. Overall, the major average components of PM2.5 were OC (41.7%), SO4(2-) (22.9%), EC (7.4%), crustal material (11.4%), and NO3- (12.6%), which altogether accounted for 96% of the mass. Statistically, we did not find any difference in SO4(2-) concentrations between the two sites. The fraction of secondary organic carbon was between 24% and 34%. The results of the factor analysis performed over 10 metals and OC and EC show that there are three main sources of PM2.5: crustal material and vehicle exhaust; industrial activity; and fuel oil burning. The results show that SO4(2-), OC, and crustal material are important components of PM2.5 in MMA. Further work is necessary to evaluate the proportion of secondary inorganic and organic aerosol in order to have a better understanding of the sources and precursors of aerosols in the MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Martinez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacan, Mexico
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Quintana R, Serrano J, Gómez V, de Foy B, Miranda J, Garcia-Cuellar C, Vega E, Vázquez-López I, Molina LT, Manzano-León N, Rosas I, Osornio-Vargas AR. The oxidative potential and biological effects induced by PM10 obtained in Mexico City and at a receptor site during the MILAGRO Campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:3446-3454. [PMID: 21899937 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As part of a field campaign that studied the impact of Mexico City pollution plume at the local, sub-regional and regional levels, we studied transport-related changes in PM(10) composition, oxidative potential and in vitro toxicological patterns (hemolysis, DNA degradation). We collected PM(10) in Mexico City (T(0)) and at a suburban-receptor site (T(1)), pooled according to two observed ventilation patterns (T(0) → T(1) influence and non-influence). T(0) samples contained more Cu, Zn, and carbon whereas; T(1) samples contained more of Al, Si, P, S, and K (p < 0.05). Only SO(4)(-2) increased in T(1) during the influence periods. Oxidative potential correlated with Cu/Zn content (r = 0.74; p < 0.05) but not with biological effects. T(1) PM(10) induced greater hemolysis and T(0) PM(10) induced greater DNA degradation. Influence/non-influence did not affect oxidative potential nor biological effects. Results indicate that ventilation patterns had little effect on intrinsic PM(10) composition and toxicological potential, which suggests a significant involvement of local sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Quintana
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Franco-Lira M, Henríquez-Roldán C, Osnaya N, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Villarreal-Calderon R, Herritt L, Brooks D, Keefe S, Palacios-Moreno J, Villarreal-Calderon R, Torres-Jardón R, Medina-Cortina H, Delgado-Chávez R, Aiello-Mora M, Maronpot RR, Doty RL. Urban air pollution: influences on olfactory function and pathology in exposed children and young adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 62:91-102. [PMID: 19297138 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mexico City (MC) residents are exposed to severe air pollution and exhibit olfactory bulb inflammation. We compared the olfactory function of individuals living under conditions of extreme air pollution to that of controls from a relatively clean environment and explore associations between olfaction scores, apolipoprotein E (APOE) status, and pollution exposure. The olfactory bulbs (OBs) of 35 MC and 9 controls 20.8+/-8.5 years were assessed by light and electron microscopy. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was administered to 62 MC/25 controls 21.2+/-2.7 years. MC subjects had significantly lower UPSIT scores: 34.24+/-0.42 versus controls 35.76+/-0.40, p=0.03. Olfaction deficits were present in 35.5% MC and 12% of controls. MC APOE epsilon 4 carriers failed 2.4+/-0.54 items in the 10-item smell identification scale from the UPSIT related to Alzheimer's disease, while APOE 2/3 and 3/3 subjects failed 1.36+/-0.16 items, p=0.01. MC residents exhibited OB endothelial hyperplasia, neuronal accumulation of particles (2/35), and immunoreactivity to beta amyloid betaA(42) (29/35) and/or alpha-synuclein (4/35) in neurons, glial cells and/or blood vessels. Ultrafine particles were present in OBs endothelial cytoplasm and basement membranes. Control OBs were unremarkable. Air pollution exposure is associated with olfactory dysfunction and OB pathology, APOE 4 may confer greater susceptibility to such abnormalities, and ultrafine particles could play a key role in the OB pathology. This study contributes to our understanding of the influences of air pollution on olfaction and its potential contribution to neurodegeneration.
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Macías-Parra M, Hoffmann HJ, Valencia-Salazar G, Henríquez-Roldán C, Osnaya N, Monte OCD, Barragán-Mejía G, Villarreal-Calderon R, Romero L, Granada-Macías M, Torres-Jardón R, Medina-Cortina H, Maronpot RR. Immunotoxicity and Environment: Immunodysregulation and Systemic Inflammation in Children. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:161-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623308329340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants, chemicals, and drugs have an impact on children’s immune system development. Mexico City (MC) children exposed to significant concentrations of air pollutants exhibit chronic respiratory inflammation, systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to severe air pollution plays a role in the immune responses of asymptomatic, apparently healthy children. Blood measurements for markers of immune function, inflammatory mediators, and molecules interacting with the lipopolysaccharide recognition complex were obtained from two cohorts of matched children (aged 9.7 ± 1.2 years) from southwest Mexico City (SWMC) (n = 66) and from a control city (n = 93) with criteria pollutant levels below current standards. MC children exhibited significant decreases in the numbers of natural killer cells ( p = .003) and increased numbers of mCD14+ monocytes ( p < .001) and CD8+ cells ( p = .02). Lower concentrations of interferon γ ( p = .009) and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( p < .001), an endotoxin tolerance-like state, systemic inflammation, and an anti-inflammatory response were also present in the highly exposed children. C-reactive protein and the prostaglandin E metabolite levels were positively correlated with twenty-four- and forty-eight-hour cumulative concentrations of PM2.5. Exposure to urban air pollution is associated with immunodysregulation and systemic inflammation in children and is a major health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | | | - Hans J. Hoffmann
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Norma Osnaya
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Villarreal-Calderon
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Lina Romero
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita Granada-Macías
- Postgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Robert R. Maronpot
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Romieu I, Barraza-Villarreal A, Escamilla-Nuñez C, Almstrand AC, Diaz-Sanchez D, Sly PD, Olin AC. Exhaled breath malondialdehyde as a marker of effect of exposure to air pollution in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:903-9.e6. [PMID: 18234317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of the adverse effects of oxidative stress related to air pollution is limited by the lack of biological markers of dose to the lungs. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the use of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) malondialdehyde as a biomarker of exposure to traffic-related pollution in children with asthma as part of a panel study in Mexico City. METHODS Standard spirometry and collection of EBC and nasal lavage were performed. Environmental monitoring sites were located within 5 km of the children's homes and schools. Data were analyzed by using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS A total of 480 samples of malondialdehyde were obtained from 107 patients with asthma, with a median level of 18.7 (interquartile range [IQR], 12.4-28.7) nmol. Ambient particulates less than 2.5 microg/m(3) and ozone levels on the day of sampling were significantly associated with higher malondialdehyde levels. A 14.2-microg/m(3) (IQR) increase in 8-hour moving average particulates less than 2.5 microg/m(3) in size was associated with a 1.12-nmol increase in malondialdehyde and a 15.9-ppb (IQR) increase in 8-hour moving average ozone with a 1.16-nmol increase in malondialdehyde. Malondialdehyde levels were inversely associated with forced vital capacity and FEV(1) and positively associated with IL-8 levels in nasal lavage. CONCLUSION Exhaled breath condensate malondialdehyde was related to both air pollution exposure and changes in lung function and inflammatory markers.
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Moreno T, Querol X, Pey J, Minguillón MC, Pérez N, Alastuey A, Bernabé RM, Blanco S, Cárdenas B, Eichinger W, Salcido A, Gibbons W. Spatial and temporal variations in inhalable CuZnPb aerosols within the Mexico City pollution plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:370-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b716507b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rosas Pérez I, Serrano J, Alfaro-Moreno E, Baumgardner D, García-Cuellar C, Martín Del Campo JM, Raga GB, Castillejos M, Colín RD, Osornio Vargas AR. Relations between PM10 composition and cell toxicity: a multivariate and graphical approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:1218-28. [PMID: 17188738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have used particle mass and size as metrics to link airborne particles with deleterious health effects. Recent evidence suggests that particle composition can play an important role in PM-toxicity; however, little is known about the specific participation of components (individually or acting in groups) present in such a complex mixture that accounts for toxicity. This work explores relationships among PM(10) components in order to identify their covariant structure and how they vary in three sites in Mexico City. Relationships between PM(10) with cell toxicity and geographical location were also explored. PM(10) was analyzed for elemental composition, organic and elemental carbon, endotoxins and the induction of inhibition of cell proliferation, IL-6, TNFalpha and p53. PM(10) variables were evaluated with principal component analysis and one-way ANOVA. The inhibition of cell proliferation, IL-6 and TNFalpha were evaluated with factorial ANOVA and p53 with the Welch test. The results indicate that there is heterogeneity in particle mass, composition and toxicity in samples collected at different sites. Multivariate analysis identified three major groups: (1) S/K/Ca/Ti/Mn/Fe/Zn/Pb; (2) Cl/Cr/Ni/Cu; and (3) endotoxins, organic and elemental carbon. Groups 1 and 3 showed significant differences among sites. Factorial ANOVA modeling indicated that cell proliferation was affected by PM concentration; TNFalpha and IL-6 by the interaction of concentration and site, and p53 was different by site. Radial plots suggest the existence of complex interactions between components, resulting in characteristic patterns of toxicity by site. We conclude that interactions of PM(10) components determine specific cellular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Rosas Pérez
- Laboratorio de Aerobiología, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF, México
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Bell ML, Davis DL, Gouveia N, Borja-Aburto VH, Cifuentes LA. The avoidable health effects of air pollution in three Latin American cities: Santiago, São Paulo, and Mexico City. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 100:431-40. [PMID: 16181621 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 07/31/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Urban centers in Latin American often face high levels of air pollution as a result of economic and industrial growth. Decisions with regard to industry, transportation, and development will affect air pollution and health both in the short term and in the far future through climate change. We investigated the pollution health consequences of modest changes in fossil fuel use for three case study cities in Latin American: Mexico City, Mexico; Santiago, Chile; and São Paulo, Brazil. Annual levels of ozone and particulate matter were estimated from 2000 to 2020 for two emissions scenarios: (1) business-as-usual based on current emissions patterns and regulatory trends and (2) a control policy aimed at lowering air pollution emissions. The resulting air pollution levels were linked to health endpoints through concentration-response functions derived from epidemiological studies, using local studies where available. Results indicate that the air pollution control policy would have vast health benefits for each of the three cities, averting numerous adverse health outcomes including over 156,000 deaths, 4 million asthma attacks, 300,000 children's medical visits, and almost 48,000 cases of chronic bronchitis in the three cities over the 20-year period. The economic value of the avoided health impacts is roughly 21 to 165 billion Dollars (US). Sensitivity analysis shows that the control policy yields significant health and economic benefits even with relaxed assumptions with regard to population growth, pollutant concentrations for the control policy, concentration-response functions, and economic value of health outcomes. This research demonstrates the health and economic burden from air pollution in Latin American urban centers and the magnitude of health benefits from control policies.
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