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Chang CC, Coyle SM. Regulatable assembly of synthetic microtubule architectures using engineered MAP-IDR condensates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532644. [PMID: 38105997 PMCID: PMC10723337 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules filaments are assembled into higher-order structures and machines critical for cellular processes using microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). However, the design of synthetic MAPs that direct the formation of new structures in cells is challenging, as nanoscale biochemical activities must be organized across micron length-scales. Here we develop synthetic MAP-IDR condensates (synMAPs) that provide tunable and regulatable assembly of higher-order microtubule structures in vitro and in mammalian cells. synMAPs harness a small microtubule-binding domain from oligodendrocytes (TPPP) whose activity can be synthetically rewired by interaction with condensate-forming IDR sequences. This combination allows synMAPs to self-organize multivalent structures that bind and bridge microtubules into synthetic architectures. Regulating the connection between the microtubule-binding and condensate-forming components allows synMAPs to act as nodes in more complex cytoskeletal circuits in which the formation and dynamics of the microtubule structure can be controlled by small molecules or cell-signaling inputs. By systematically testing a panel of synMAP circuit designs, we define a two-level control scheme for dynamic assembly of microtubule architectures at the nanoscale (via microtubule-binding) and microscale (via condensate formation). synMAPs provide a compact and rationally engineerable starting point for the design of more complex microtubule architectures and cellular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Chang
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Scott M. Coyle
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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2
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Norris V, Oláh J, Krylov SN, Uversky VN, Ovádi J. The Sherpa hypothesis: Phenotype-Preserving Disordered Proteins stabilize the phenotypes of neurons and oligodendrocytes. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:31. [PMID: 37433867 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), which can interact with many partner proteins, are central to many physiological functions and to various pathologies that include neurodegeneration. Here, we introduce the Sherpa hypothesis, according to which a subset of stable IDPs that we term Phenotype-Preserving Disordered Proteins (PPDP) play a central role in protecting cell phenotypes from perturbations. To illustrate and test this hypothesis, we computer-simulate some salient features of how cells evolve and differentiate in the presence of either a single PPDP or two incompatible PPDPs. We relate this virtual experiment to the pathological interactions between two PPDPs, α-synuclein and Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein/p25, in neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, we discuss the implications of the Sherpa hypothesis for aptamer-based therapies of such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vic Norris
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment, University of Rouen, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan, France.
| | - Judit Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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3
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Kabir F, Atkinson R, Cook AL, Phipps AJ, King AE. The role of altered protein acetylation in neurodegenerative disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1025473. [PMID: 36688174 PMCID: PMC9845957 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1025473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylation is a key post-translational modification (PTM) involved in the regulation of both histone and non-histone proteins. It controls cellular processes such as DNA transcription, RNA modifications, proteostasis, aging, autophagy, regulation of cytoskeletal structures, and metabolism. Acetylation is essential to maintain neuronal plasticity and therefore essential for memory and learning. Homeostasis of acetylation is maintained through the activities of histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, with alterations to these tightly regulated processes reported in several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Both hyperacetylation and hypoacetylation can impair neuronal physiological homeostasis and increase the accumulation of pathophysiological proteins such as tau, α-synuclein, and Huntingtin protein implicated in AD, PD, and HD, respectively. Additionally, dysregulation of acetylation is linked to impaired axonal transport, a key pathological mechanism in ALS. This review article will discuss the physiological roles of protein acetylation and examine the current literature that describes altered protein acetylation in neurodegenerative disorders.
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In vitro study of ochratoxin A in the expression of genes associated with neuron survival and viability. Toxicology 2023; 483:153376. [PMID: 36400265 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a common mycotoxin and known contaminant of crops, foods and drinks. As OTA crosses the blood-brain barrier, this study investigated the role of OTA, as an environmental hazard, on neuronal survival and viability. The impact of a range of OTA concentrations on the expression of MAPT, BAX, P53, BDNF and TPPP genes was investigated using human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. The absence of altered gene expression determined using reverse transcription quantitative PCR demonstrated that exposure to a typical daily dose of OTA delivered to the brain (2 fM), may not trigger neuronal dysfunction. However, a dose of OTA (2 pM) decreased BDNF expression. BDNF and TPPP expression were significantly reduced after 1 day and significantly increased after 2 days of exposure to 1 µM OTA. The expression of P53, MAPT, and BAX was reduced at both days. Thus, despite OTA cytotoxicity, SH-SY5Y cells entered a survival state following a strong toxic insult. A typical daily environmental OTA exposure does not appear to carry an increased risk of neurodegenerative disease. However, BDNF dysfunction may occur through prolonged exposure to a dose one thousand times higher than the typical daily consumed OTA dose potentially causing adverse effects on neuronal health.
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Srinivasan E, Chandrasekhar G, Chandrasekar P, Anbarasu K, Vickram AS, Karunakaran R, Rajasekaran R, Srikumar PS. Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:736978. [PMID: 34733860 PMCID: PMC8558257 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.736978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by distinct aging-independent loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region urging toward neuronal loss. Over the decade, various key findings from clinical perspective to molecular pathogenesis have aided in understanding the genetics with assorted genes related with PD. Subsequently, several pathways have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of PD, involving mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, and misfolding. On the other hand, the sporadic form of PD cases is found with no genetic linkage, which still remain an unanswered question? The exertion in ascertaining vulnerability factors in PD considering the genetic factors are to be further dissevered in the forthcoming decades with advancement in research studies. One of the major proponents behind the prognosis of PD is the pathogenic transmutation of aberrant alpha-synuclein protein into amyloid fibrillar structures, which actuates neurodegeneration. Alpha-synuclein, transcribed by SNCA gene is a neuroprotein found predominantly in brain. It is implicated in the modulation of synaptic vesicle transport and eventual release of neurotransmitters. Due to genetic mutations and other elusive factors, the alpha-synuclein misfolds into its amyloid form. Therefore, this review aims in briefing the molecular understanding of the alpha-synuclein associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Srinivasan
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (Deemed to be University), Vellore, India.,Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - G Chandrasekhar
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (Deemed to be University), Vellore, India
| | - P Chandrasekar
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (Deemed to be University), Vellore, India
| | - K Anbarasu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - A S Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Rohini Karunakaran
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
| | - R Rajasekaran
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (Deemed to be University), Vellore, India
| | - P S Srikumar
- Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
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Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein Affects the Circadian Timing System in C57Bl/6 Mice. J Circadian Rhythms 2021; 19:5. [PMID: 34046074 PMCID: PMC8139294 DOI: 10.5334/jcr.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian timing system (CTS) is a complex set of cyclic cellular mechanisms which serve to synchronize discrete cell groups across multiple organ systems to adapt the bodys physiology to a (roughly) 24-hour clock. Many genes and hormones have been shown to be strongly associated with the CTS, some of which include the genes Bmal1, Period1, Period2, Cryptochrome1, and Cryptochrome2, and the hormone melatonin. Previous data suggest that microtubule dynamics play an important role in melatonin function as it relates to the CTS in vitro, though this relationship has never been explored in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine whether disruption of microtubule regulation in C57Bl/6 mice results in measurable changes to the CTS. To study the potential effects of microtubule dynamics on the CTS in vivo, we utilized a mouse model of microtubule instability, knocked out for the tubulin polymerization promoting protein gene (Tppp -/-), comparing them to their wild type (WT) littermates in three categories: locomotor activity (in light/dark and dark/dark photoperiods), serial clock gene expression, and serial serum melatonin concentration. These comparisons showed differences in all three categories, including significant differences in locomotor characteristics under dark/dark conditions. Our findings support and extend previous reports that microtubule dynamics are a modulator of circadian rhythm regulation likely through a mechanism involving melatonin induced phase shifting.
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Zanni G, Goto S, Fragopoulou AF, Gaudenzi G, Naidoo V, Di Martino E, Levy G, Dominguez CA, Dethlefsen O, Cedazo-Minguez A, Merino-Serrais P, Stamatakis A, Hermanson O, Blomgren K. Lithium treatment reverses irradiation-induced changes in rodent neural progenitors and rescues cognition. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:322-340. [PMID: 31723242 PMCID: PMC7815512 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cranial radiotherapy in children has detrimental effects on cognition, mood, and social competence in young cancer survivors. Treatments harnessing hippocampal neurogenesis are currently of great relevance in this context. Lithium, a well-known mood stabilizer, has both neuroprotective, pro-neurogenic as well as antitumor effects, and in the current study we introduced lithium treatment 4 weeks after irradiation. Female mice received a single 4 Gy whole-brain radiation dose on postnatal day (PND) 21 and were randomized to 0.24% Li2CO3 chow or normal chow from PND 49 to 77. Hippocampal neurogenesis was assessed on PND 77, 91, and 105. We found that lithium treatment had a pro-proliferative effect on neural progenitors, but neuronal integration occurred only after it was discontinued. Also, the treatment ameliorated deficits in spatial learning and memory retention observed in irradiated mice. Gene expression profiling and DNA methylation analysis identified two novel factors related to the observed effects, Tppp, associated with microtubule stabilization, and GAD2/65, associated with neuronal signaling. Our results show that lithium treatment reverses irradiation-induced loss of hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment even when introduced long after the injury. We propose that lithium treatment should be intermittent in order to first make neural progenitors proliferate and then, upon discontinuation, allow them to differentiate. Our findings suggest that pharmacological treatment of cognitive so-called late effects in childhood cancer survivors is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zanni
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J9:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Shinobu Goto
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J9:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 467-8601, 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Adamantia F Fragopoulou
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J9:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulia Gaudenzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Protein Science, Division of Nanobiotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vinogran Naidoo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J9:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road Observatory, 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elena Di Martino
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J9:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Levy
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J9:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Avenue Hippocrate 75, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cecilia A Dominguez
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J9:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Dethlefsen
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NIBIS), Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (DBB), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J9:20, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paula Merino-Serrais
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J9:20, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonios Stamatakis
- Biology-Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Ola Hermanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J9:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Eugeniavägen 23, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Oláh J, Lehotzky A, Szunyogh S, Szénási T, Orosz F, Ovádi J. Microtubule-Associated Proteins with Regulatory Functions by Day and Pathological Potency at Night. Cells 2020; 9:E357. [PMID: 32033023 PMCID: PMC7072251 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensing, integrating, and coordinating features of the eukaryotic cells are achieved by the complex ultrastructural arrays and multifarious functions of the cytoskeleton, including the microtubule network. Microtubules play crucial roles achieved by their decoration with proteins/enzymes as well as by posttranslational modifications. This review focuses on the Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25), a new microtubule associated protein, on its "regulatory functions by day and pathological functions at night". Physiologically, the moonlighting TPPP/p25 modulates the dynamics and stability of the microtubule network by bundling microtubules and enhancing the tubulin acetylation due to the inhibition of tubulin deacetylases. The optimal endogenous TPPP/p25 level is crucial for its physiological functions, to the differentiation of oligodendrocytes, which are the major constituents of the myelin sheath. Pathologically, TPPP/p25 forms toxic oligomers/aggregates with α-synuclein in neurons and oligodendrocytes in Parkinson's disease and Multiple System Atrophy, respectively; and their complex is a potential therapeutic drug target. TPPP/p25-derived microtubule hyperacetylation counteracts uncontrolled cell division. All these issues reveal the anti-mitotic and α-synuclein aggregation-promoting potency of TPPP/p25, consistent with the finding that Parkinson's disease patients have reduced risk for certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.O.); (A.L.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (F.O.)
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Interactions between two regulatory proteins of microtubule dynamics, HDAC6, TPPP/p25, and the hub protein, DYNLL/LC8. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118556. [PMID: 31505170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of unwanted proteins is important in protein quality control cooperating with the dynein/dynactin-mediated trafficking along the acetylated microtubule (MT) network. Proteins associated directly/indirectly with tubulin/MTs play crucial roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Our studies focus on the interrelationship of the tubulin deacetylase HDAC6, the MT-associated TPPP/p25 with its deacetylase inhibitory potency and the hub dynein light chain DYNLL/LC8, constituent of dynein and numerous other protein complexes. In this paper, evidence is provided for the direct interaction of DYNLL/LC8 with TPPP/p25 and HDAC6 and their assembly into binary/ternary complexes with functional potency. The in vitro binding data was obtained with recombinant proteins and used for mathematical modelling. These data and visualization of their localizations by bimolecular fluorescence complementation technology and immunofluorescence microscopy in HeLa cells revealed the promoting effect of TPPP/p25 on the interaction of DYNLL/LC8 with both tubulin and HDAC6. Localization of the LC8-2-TPPP/p25 complex was observed on the MT network in contrast to the LC8-2-HDAC6 complex, which was partly translocated to the nucleus. LC8-2 did not influence directly the acetylation of the MT network. However, the binding of TPPP/p25 to a new binding site of DYNLL/LC8, outside the canonical binding groove, counteracted the TPPP/p25-derived hyperacetylation of the MT network. Our data suggest that multiple associations of the regulatory proteins of the MT network could ensure fine tuning in the regulation of the intracellular trafficking process either by the complexation of DYNLL/LC8 with new partners or indirectly by the modulation of the acetylation level of the MT network.
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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Oláh J, Ovádi J. Pharmacological targeting of α-synuclein and TPPP/p25 in Parkinson's disease: challenges and opportunities in a Nutshell. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1641-1653. [PMID: 31148150 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
With the aging of population, neurological disorders, and especially disorders involving defects in protein conformation (also known as proteopathies) pose a serious socio-economic problem. So far there is no effective treatment for most proteopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The mechanism underlying PD pathogenesis is largely unknown, and the hallmark proteins, α-synuclein (SYN) and tubulin polymerization promoting protein (TPPP/p25) are challenging drug targets. These proteins are intrinsically disordered with high conformational plasticity, and have diverse physiological and pathological functions. In the healthy brain, SYN and TPPP/p25 occur in neurons and oligodendrocytes, respectively; however, in PD and multiple system atrophy, they are co-enriched and co-localized in both cell types, thereby marking pathogenesis. Although large inclusions appear at a late disease stage, small, soluble assemblies of SYN promoted by TPPP/p25 are pathogenic. In the light of these issues, we established a new innovative strategy for the validation of a specific drug target based upon the identification of contact surfaces of the pathological SYN-TPPP/p25 complex that may lead to the development of peptidomimetic foldamers suitable for pharmaceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Oláh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Meng F, Kurgan L. High‐throughput prediction of disordered moonlighting regions in protein sequences. Proteins 2018; 86:1097-1110. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanchi Meng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Lukasz Kurgan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
- Department of Computer Science Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
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13
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Coan M, Rampioni Vinciguerra GL, Cesaratto L, Gardenal E, Bianchet R, Dassi E, Vecchione A, Baldassarre G, Spizzo R, Nicoloso MS. Exploring the Role of Fallopian Ciliated Cells in the Pathogenesis of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092512. [PMID: 30149579 PMCID: PMC6163198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in women and the first among gynecological malignancies. Despite an initial response to standard chemotherapy, most HGSOC patients relapse. To improve treatment options, we must continue investigating tumor biology. Tumor characteristics (e.g., risk factors and epidemiology) are valuable clues to accomplish this task. The two most frequent risk factors for HGSOC are the lifetime number of ovulations, which is associated with increased oxidative stress in the pelvic area caused by ovulation fluid, and a positive family history due to genetic factors. In the attempt to identify novel genetic factors (i.e., genes) associated with HGSOC, we observed that several genes in linkage with HGSOC are expressed in the ciliated cells of the fallopian tube. This finding made us hypothesize that ciliated cells, despite not being the cell of origin for HGSOC, may take part in HGSOC tumor initiation. Specifically, malfunction of the ciliary beat impairs the laminar fluid flow above the fallopian tube epithelia, thus likely reducing the clearance of oxidative stress caused by follicular fluid. Herein, we review the up-to-date findings dealing with HGSOC predisposition with the hypothesis that fallopian ciliated cells take part in HGSOC onset. Finally, we review the up-to-date literature concerning genes that are located in genomic loci associated with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) predisposition that are expressed by the fallopian ciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Coan
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano PN, Italy.
| | - Gian Luca Rampioni Vinciguerra
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano PN, Italy.
| | - Laura Cesaratto
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano PN, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Gardenal
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Bianchet
- Scientific Direction, CRO Aviano Italy, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano, Italy.
| | - Erik Dassi
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy.
| | - Andrea Vecchione
- Department of clinical and molecular medicine, university of Rome "Sapienza", c/o sant andrea hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gustavo Baldassarre
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano PN, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Spizzo
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano PN, Italy.
| | - Milena Sabrina Nicoloso
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano PN, Italy.
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Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an orphan, fatal, adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain etiology that is clinically characterized by various combinations of parkinsonism, cerebellar, autonomic, and motor dysfunction. MSA is an α-synucleinopathy with specific glioneuronal degeneration involving striatonigral, olivopontocerebellar, and autonomic nervous systems but also other parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The major clinical variants correlate with the morphologic phenotypes of striatonigral degeneration (MSA-P) and olivopontocerebellar atrophy (MSA-C). While our knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of this devastating disease is still incomplete, updated consensus criteria and combined fluid and imaging biomarkers have increased its diagnostic accuracy. The neuropathologic hallmark of this unique proteinopathy is the deposition of aberrant α-synuclein in both glia (mainly oligodendroglia) and neurons forming glial and neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions that cause cell dysfunction and demise. In addition, there is widespread demyelination, the pathogenesis of which is not fully understood. The pathogenesis of MSA is characterized by propagation of misfolded α-synuclein from neurons to oligodendroglia and cell-to-cell spreading in a "prion-like" manner, oxidative stress, proteasomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of myelin lipids, decreased neurotrophic factors, neuroinflammation, and energy failure. The combination of these mechanisms finally results in a system-specific pattern of neurodegeneration and a multisystem involvement that are specific for MSA. Despite several pharmacological approaches in MSA models, addressing these pathogenic mechanisms, no effective neuroprotective nor disease-modifying therapeutic strategies are currently available. Multidisciplinary research to elucidate the genetic and molecular background of the deleterious cycle of noxious processes, to develop reliable biomarkers and targets for effective treatment of this hitherto incurable disorder is urgently needed.
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Modulation Of Microtubule Acetylation By The Interplay Of TPPP/p25, SIRT2 And New Anticancer Agents With Anti-SIRT2 Potency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17070. [PMID: 29213065 PMCID: PMC5719079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule network exerts multifarious functions controlled by its decoration with various proteins and post-translational modifications. The disordered microtubule associated Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25) and the NAD+-dependent tubulin deacetylase sirtuin-2 (SIRT2) play key roles in oligodendrocyte differentiation by acting as dominant factors in the organization of myelin proteome. Herein, we show that SIRT2 impedes the TPPP/p25-promoted microtubule assembly independently of NAD+; however, the TPPP/p25-assembled tubulin ultrastructures were resistant against SIRT2 activity. TPPP/p25 counteracts the SIRT2-derived tubulin deacetylation producing enhanced microtubule acetylation. The inhibition of the SIRT2 deacetylase activity by TPPP/p25 is evolved by the assembly of these tubulin binding proteins into a ternary complex, the concentration-dependent formation of which was quantified by experimental-based mathematical modelling. Co-localization of the SIRT2-TPPP/p25 complex on the microtubule network was visualized in HeLa cells by immunofluorescence microscopy using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation. We also revealed that a new potent SIRT2 inhibitor (MZ242) and its proteolysis targeting chimera (SH1) acting together with TPPP/p25 provoke microtubule hyperacetylation, which is coupled with process elongation only in the case of the degrader SH1. Both the structural and the functional effects manifesting themselves by this deacetylase proteome could lead to the fine-tuning of the regulation of microtubule dynamics and stability.
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16
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Jellinger KA. Potential clinical utility of multiple system atrophy biomarkers. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 17:1189-1208. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1392239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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