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Forsdike K, Giles F. Women's Experiences of Gender-Based Interpersonal Violence in Sport: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024:15248380241244397. [PMID: 38591233 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241244397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Violence against women in sport is pervasive. Prevalence rates of interpersonal violence range from 26% to 74% across psychological, physical, and sexual violence. This review synthesizes adult women's experiences of gender-based interpersonal violence in sport. A systematic review of qualitative studies was conducted. Five databases were searched, including CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts. In total, 1,617 records were retrieved and screened. Twenty-five records representing 24 studies were eligible for inclusion. Following a meta-ethnographic approach, both authors synthesized first- (participants) and second-(researcher) order constructs to create a new interpretation (third-order construct) beyond the individual studies reviewed. A feminist socio-ecological lens was applied. Five themes were constructed: women's safety work, the normalization of abusive behaviors in the sports context, sport family violence, organizational impotence and hostility, and women's status in a patriarchal system. Women's experiences of abuse are mapped within and across the individual, relational, organizational, and cultural levels of the socio-ecological model, with (lack of) power being a central factor within each level as well as flowing between the levels. A fifth socio-ecological level was developed pertaining to the unique context of sport-that of the sport family. This sits between the relational and organizational levels of the model and covers both intense familial relationships and patriarchal familial organizational structures in sport that facilitate and silence the abuse. Sporting bodies must co-design interventions encompassing all socio-ecological levels to address gender-based violence in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Giles
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Parent S, Radziszewski S, Gillard A, Bélanger-Gravel A, Gagné MH, St-Pierre E, Vertommen T, Woodburn A. Development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scale. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1355958. [PMID: 38476580 PMCID: PMC10927836 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1355958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction A growing body of research is looking into risk factors for interpersonal violence (IV) in sport. This research suggests the existence of several important risk factors, especially organizational and social factors. One of these factors is the beliefs regarding instrumental effects of violence. Coaches may want to drive performance, deter failure, test resilience and commitment, develop toughness, assure interpersonal control, and promote internal competition. In sum, available evidence suggests the risk of IV increases when coaches believe in the effectiveness of strategies involving IV to enhance athlete performance or perceive external approval for these practices. Methods The studies presented in this article seeks to develop and validate the Perceived Instrumental Effects of Violence in Sport (PIEVS) Scale in order to measure those beliefs in coaches. In study 1, item generation, expert consultation, cognitive interviews, pilot test and item reduction phases led to 25 items for the PIEVS around six dimensions. In study 2, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with 690 coaches in order to determine the PIEVS factorial structure and the convergent and divergent validity of the scale was tested (long and short form). Results Our results suggested a one-factor solution for the PIEVS (25 items). This one-factor model provided an excellent fit to the data and a very good internal consistency. The PIEVS and empowering motivational climate were negatively correlated, which supported divergent validity as expected. The PIEVS was positively correlated with the disempowering motivational climate and with sport ethic norms, which supported convergent validity as expected. Discussion These findings provide preliminary evidence for the appropriateness of the PIEVS Scale to measure perceived instrumental effects of violence in coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Parent
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- International Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, Belgium
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Radziszewski
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Allyson Gillard
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Elisabeth St-Pierre
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Tine Vertommen
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- International Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, Belgium
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Safe Sport Lab, Center of Expertise Care and Well-Being, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Physical Education, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrea Woodburn
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Zogg CK, Runquist EB, Amick M, Gilmer G, Milroy JJ, Wyrick DL, Grimm K, Tuakli-Wosornu YA. Experiences of Interpersonal Violence in Sport and Perceived Coaching Style Among College Athletes. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2350248. [PMID: 38227316 PMCID: PMC10792469 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.50248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Concern about interpersonal violence (IV) in sport is increasing, yet its implications remain poorly understood, particularly among currently competing college athletes. Objective To document the self-reported prevalence of IV in college sports; identify associated risk factors; examine potential consequences associated with athletes' psychosocial well-being, emotional connection to their sport, and willingness to seek help; and explore the associations between IV reporting and perceived variations in coaching styles. Design, Setting, and Participants This survey study analyzes results of the 2021 to 2022 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) myPlaybook survey, which was administered from July to December 2021 to 123 colleges and universities across the US. Participants were NCAA athletes aged 18 to 25 years who were current players on an NCAA-sanctioned team. Exposures Self-reported demographic characteristics (eg, athlete gender identity and sexual orientation) and perceived differences in supportive vs abusive coaching styles (eg, athlete autonomy, team culture, and extent of abusive supervision). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was self-reported experiences of IV in sport during the college sports career of currently competing college athletes. Types of IV considered were physical abuse, financial abuse, sexual abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and neglect or abandonment. Outcomes potentially affected by IV were assessed with 4 questionnaires. Results A total of 4119 athletes (mean [SD] age, 19.3 [1.5] years; 2302 males [55.9%]) completed the survey (response rate, 21.2%). One in 10 athletes (404 of 4119 [9.8%]) reported experiencing at least 1 type of IV during their college sports career, of whom two-thirds (267 [6.5%]) experienced IV within the past 6 weeks. On multivariable analysis, female gender identity (odds ratio [OR], 2.14; 95% CI, 1.46-3.13), nonheterosexual sexual orientation (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.01-2.42), increasing age beyond 18 years (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.30), increasing year of NCAA eligibility beyond the first year (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02-1.39), and participation in select sports (eg, volleyball: OR, 2.77 [95% CI, 1.34-5.72]; ice hockey: OR, 2.86 [95% CI, 1.17-6.95]) were independently associated with IV. When exposed to IV, college athletes reported experiencing consistently worse psychosocial outcomes, including increased burnout (mean difference on a 5-point Likert scale, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63-0.86; P < .001) and an expressed desire to consider quitting their sport (mean difference, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.92; P < .001). They were not, however, less willing to seek help. Differences in coaching style were associated with differences in IV reporting. In risk-adjusted linear regression models, having a more supportive coach was associated with a 7.4 (95% CI, 6.4-8.4) absolute percentage point decrease in athletes' probability of reporting experiencing IV. In contrast, having a more abusive coach was associated with up to a 15.4 (95% CI, 13.8-17.1) absolute percentage point increase in athletes' probability of reporting experiencing IV. Conclusions and Relevance Results of this survey study suggest that IV is associated with marked changes in the psychosocial health and emotional well-being of college athletes, particularly those who identify as female and with nonheterosexual sexual orientations. Variations in coaching style have the potential to alter these associations. Ongoing efforts are needed to leverage the unique position that coaches hold to help reduce IV and create safe places where all college athletes can thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl K Zogg
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Edward B Runquist
- Department of Sports Medicine, Drexel School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Amick
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gabrielle Gilmer
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffery J Milroy
- Institute to Promote Athlete Health & Wellness, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro
| | - David L Wyrick
- Institute to Promote Athlete Health & Wellness, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro
| | | | - Yetsa A Tuakli-Wosornu
- Sports Equity Lab, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
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Hartill M, Rulofs B, Allroggen M, Demarbaix S, Diketmüller R, Lang M, Martin M, Nanu I, Sage D, Stativa E, Kampen J, Vertommen T. Prevalence of interpersonal violence against children in sport in six European countries. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 146:106513. [PMID: 37931542 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigating prevalence of child abuse in sport is a relatively new field of research, born from the need for credible data on this phenomenon. OBJECTIVE To establish prevalence rates of interpersonal violence against children in sport in six European countries. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The sample (N = 10,302) consists of individuals aged 18-30 who had participated in organized sport prior to age 18 (49.3 % male, 50 % female). METHODS A self-report questionnaire was developed (the Interpersonal Violence Against Children in Sport Questionnaire or IVACS-Q) to measure prevalence of five categories of interpersonal violence (neglect, psychological violence, physical violence, non-contact sexual violence, and contact sexual violence) against children who participate in sport. Validation testing (published separately) showed reasonable levels of convergent and divergent validity. Prevalence rates are calculated by national context, whether inside or outside sport, and by sex (male/female). RESULTS Prevalence of IVACS inside sport differed by category: psychological violence (65 %, n = 6679), physical violence (44 %, n = 4514), neglect (37 %, n = 3796), non-contact sexual violence (35 %, n = 3565), and contact sexual violence (20 %, n = 2060). Relatively small geographical differences were found. Across all categories, males (79 %, n = 4018) reported significantly more experiences inside sport than females (71 %, n = 3653) (χ2(1) = 92.507, p < .000). Strong correlations were found between experiencing violence inside and outside sport. CONCLUSIONS Interpersonal violence against children in sport is widespread. The sector's approach to prevention must recognize the risks to female and male children (and all children) and the additional vulnerabilities of abused children. Further comparative and longitudinal research within sport is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hartill
- Centre for Child Protection & Safeguarding in Sport, Edge Hill University, United Kingdom; Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom.
| | - Bettina Rulofs
- Institute of Sociology and Gender Studies, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Allroggen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Demarbaix
- Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rosa Diketmüller
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Lang
- Centre for Child Protection & Safeguarding in Sport, Edge Hill University, United Kingdom; Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Montserrat Martin
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Group, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Ioana Nanu
- National Institute for Mother and Child Health "Alessandrescu-Rusescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Sage
- Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Ecaterina Stativa
- National Institute for Mother and Child Health "Alessandrescu-Rusescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jarl Kampen
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tine Vertommen
- Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; International Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport, Antwerp, Belgium; Safe Sport Lab, Center of Expertise Care and Well-being, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
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Willson E, Buono S, Kerr G, Stirling A. Maltreatment experiences and mental health indicators among elite athletes. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 69:102493. [PMID: 37665928 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the relationships between athletes' experiences of maltreatment and mental health indicators. Canadian National Team athletes completed an online, anonymous survey that assessed reported experiences of maltreatment (psychological, physical, sexual harm and neglect), and mental health indicators of well-being, eating disorders and self-harming behaviours. All forms of maltreatment had a significant, positive correlation with eating disorder and self-harming behaviours, and a negative correlation with well-being. The relationships between maltreatment and mental health indicators differed based on identity characteristics of the athletes. Further work is needed on the prevention and intervention of maltreatment in sport to reduce the behaviours associated with negative health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Willson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Stephanie Buono
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, 252 Bloor St. W, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gretchen Kerr
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley Stirling
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nuzzo JL, Powney D, Barry J. Comment on: "Gender-Based Violence is a Blind Spot for Sports and Exercise Medicine Professionals". Sports Med 2023; 53:1495-1497. [PMID: 37310671 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
| | - Deborah Powney
- School of Justice, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Greither T, Ohlert J. Empowering and disempowering climate and experiences of psychological violence in artistic gymnastics. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2023. [PMCID: PMC10266307 DOI: 10.1007/s12662-023-00886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
In light of the continuing debate about coach-perpetrated violence and the maltreatment of athletes in the elite sports context, empowering and ethical approaches to coaching need to be investigated and proposed as evidence-based effective alternatives. This study aims to investigate the associations between motivational coaching climates and athletes’ experiences of psychological violence, as well as their effects on well-being. Using an anonymous cross-sectional online survey, artistic gymnasts’ perceptions of empowering and disempowering coach-created motivational climates, experiences of psychological violence in sport, well-being, and depressive symptoms were recorded quantitatively. Results indicate that a more disempowering climate predicts psychological violence, while an empowering climate was not a significant predictor. Regarding mental health outcomes, an effect of psychological violence on depressive symptoms and well-being was found, but no effect was found for the disempowering climate. Explorative analysis suggested that psychological violence mediates the relationship between disempowering coaching and mental health outcomes. Based on these findings, coach education should focus on prevention of psychological violence and minimization of disempowering climates. Further research should investigate the relations and effects of psychological violence and coaching climates more thoroughly, including the role of an empowering climate as a potential beneficiary alternative coaching method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Greither
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, Department Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Child- and Youth Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jeannine Ohlert
- Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- The German Research Center for Elite Sport Cologne—momentum, Cologne, Germany
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Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine Position Paper: The Clinician's Role in Addressing and Preventing Maltreatment in Sport-10-year Anniversary. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:103-109. [PMID: 36853907 PMCID: PMC9983751 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In 2011, the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine released their first position paper on Abuse, Harassment, and Bullying in Sport. Since this time, there have been significant advancements within the global sport landscape, including the emergence of regulatory bodies and initiatives aimed at prioritizing athletes' health and well-being. While the shift to a more proactive approach for safeguarding athletes is evident and promising, athletes continue to be affected by cases of maltreatment. To advance safe sport, it is critical that all supporters of safe and healthy performance are aware of their roles and responsibilities for preventing and addressing maltreatment, including the Canadian sport medicine community. In this updated position statement, recent advancements in research on issues of maltreatment are summarized and specific recommendations are provided on how the medical community can contribute to appropriately identifying, treating, and preventing harm in sport, as well as their role in advocating for the health and well-being of athletes in their care.
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Wagner I, Rulofs B. Prevention of sexual violence in sports boarding schools: a survey from Germany. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-023-00874-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
AbstractNumerous sexual violence cases have been reported in boarding schools as well as in sports organizations. However, no studies have been conducted so far that investigate the prevention of sexual violence in sports boarding schools. Our study explores to what extent sports boarding schools in Germany register sexual violence as a relevant problem in their organizations and which prevention measures they apply. Based on a theoretical framework of organizational development, the organizational structures, the organizational cultures and the grades of change toward the prevention of sexual violence were analyzed. To this end, a survey with representatives from all 59 sports boarding schools in Germany was conducted. The results reveal various aspects that can be improved regarding organizational development and specific prevention measures. Among other results, a regression analysis shows the importance to structurally anchor the topic in the organization, to develop an actively campaigning culture, to establish an internal self-obligation, and to conduct a theme-specific evaluation to ensure better protection of all athletes in sports boarding schools.
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SØLVBERG NINA, TORSTVEIT MONICAKLUNGLAND, ROSENVINGE JANH, PETTERSEN GUNN, SUNDGOT-BORGEN JORUNN. Sexual Harassment and Abuse among Young Elite Athletes, Recreational Athletes, and Reference Students: A Prospective Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1869-1878. [PMID: 35763597 PMCID: PMC9584052 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the 12-month prevalence and 12-month prospective change in reported sexual harassment and abuse (SHA) victimization among young elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students in three different social settings and to identify the perpetrators. METHODS In total, 919 adolescents responded to an online questionnaire in 12th grade (T1) and 13th grade (T2). The sample consisted of elite athletes ( n = 482) and recreational athletes ( n = 233) attending Norwegian elite sport high schools ( n = 26), and reference students ( n = 200) attending ordinary high schools with no sport specialization ( n = 6). Data were analyzed using independent-sample t -test, Pearson χ 2 for independence/Fisher's exact test, McNemar test, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The total 12-month prevalence of SHA was 38.6% at T1 and 35.1% at T2. Most of the participants (74.6%-85.0%) reported no change in SHA from T1 to T2. The prevalence of SHA was higher for girls compared with boys, and elite athletes reported less SHA than recreational athletes and reference students, respectively. SHA occurred most often in a free time setting. Verbal sexual harassment, nonverbal sexual harassment, and physical SHA were reported by 24.6%, 27.0%, and 14.0%, respectively. Peers were reported as perpetrators by 83.1%, trainer/teacher/health personnel by 20.1%, and "other" perpetrators by 56.4%. CONCLUSIONS Because one in three elite athletes and nearly one in two recreational athletes and reference students, respectively, reported SHA victimization within a 12-month period, well-targeted preventive measures are needed for both young athletes and nonathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- NINA SØLVBERG
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
| | - MONICA KLUNGLAND TORSTVEIT
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Agder, Kristiansand, NORWAY
| | - JAN H. ROSENVINGE
- Department of Psychology, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NORWAY
| | - GUNN PETTERSEN
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NORWAY
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Psychosocial aspects of sports medicine in pediatric athletes: Current concepts in the 21 st century. Dis Mon 2022:101482. [PMID: 36100481 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral aspects of organized sports activity for pediatric athletes are considered in a world consumed with winning at all costs. In the first part of this treatise, we deal with a number of themes faced by our children in their sports play. These concepts include the lure of sports, sports attrition, the mental health of pediatric athletes (i.e., effects of stress, anxiety, depression, suicide in athletes, ADHD and stimulants, coping with injuries, drug use, and eating disorders), violence in sports (i.e., concepts of the abused athlete including sexual abuse), dealing with supervisors (i.e., coaches, parents), peers, the talented athlete, early sports specialization and sports clubs. In the second part of this discussion, we cover ergolytic agents consumed by young athletes in attempts to win at all costs. Sports doping agents covered include anabolic steroids (anabolic-androgenic steroids or AAS), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA), human growth hormone (hGH; also its human recombinant homologue: rhGH), clenbuterol, creatine, gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), amphetamines, caffeine and ephedrine. Also considered are blood doping that includes erythropoietin (EPO) and concepts of gene doping. In the last section of this discussion, we look at disabled pediatric athletes that include such concepts as athletes with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), myelomeningocele, cerebral palsy, wheelchair athletes, and amputee athletes; also covered are pediatric athletes with visual impairment, deafness, and those with intellectual disability including Down syndrome. In addition, concepts of autonomic dysreflexia, boosting and atlantoaxial instability are emphasized. We conclude that clinicians and society should protect our precious pediatric athletes who face many challenges in their involvement with organized sports in a world obsessed with winning. There is much we can do to help our young athletes find benefit from sports play while avoiding or blunting negative consequences of organized sport activities.
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An Empowering Climate as a Protective Factor against Sexual Violence in Sport? SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11080330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: From qualitative studies with survivors of sexual violence, it is known that two important risk factors for sexual violence are unequal power relations and strong hierarchies; the concept of an empowering climate works against these risk factors and might thus serve as a factor in preventing experiences of sexual violence among athletes. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between an empowering climate within a sport group and experiences of sexual violence. Methods: In total, 644 athletes took part in an online survey measuring their perceptions of the empowering climate within their training group and their observations and experiences of sexual violence within the same group. MANOVAs were used to examine differences in perception of the empowering climate between those athletes who had observed or experienced sexual violence and those who had not. Results: The results reveal that athletes who had experienced or observed sexual violence rated the empowering climate subfactors within their training group as lower and the disempowering climate subfactors as higher. Conclusions: This study supports findings from prior qualitative studies and hints that a climate high in empowerment and low in disempowerment might be a protective factor against sexual violence in sport groups.
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Evaluation of Publicly Accessible Child Protection in Sport Education and Reporting Initiatives. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11070310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite sport being a vehicle through which youth may achieve positive developmental outcomes, maltreatment in the youth sport context remains a significant concern. With increased athlete advocacy and research demonstrating the high prevalence of maltreatment in sport, and the urgent need to address it, many international organisations have created child protection in sport initiatives. Of particular focus to athletes and researchers is the provision of evidence-based comprehensive education and independent reporting mechanisms for athletes who experience harm. The current study examined the extent to which the publicly accessible information provided by three sport-specific child protection organisations regarding education and reporting is aligned with recommendations provided by researchers and athletes. With regard to education, the findings highlight accessibility, programming for various stakeholders, and coverage of topics of interest (e.g., forms of harm and reporting processes). However, educational information about equity, diversity, and inclusion and information on how to foster positive environments in sport was lacking. For reporting mechanisms, results showed that each organisation’s approach to receiving reports of maltreatment varied, including their ability to directly intake, investigate, and sanction instances of maltreatment. The findings are interpreted and critiqued considering previous literature and recommendations for future research and practice are suggested.
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Taha-Thomure R, Milne AS, Kavanagh EJ, Stirling AE. Gender-Based Violence Against Trans* Individuals: A Netnography of Mary Gregory’s Experience in Powerlifting. Front Psychol 2022; 13:854452. [PMID: 35602722 PMCID: PMC9121919 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.854452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of sport, a growing body of research has reported the prevalence of violence against athletes, including sexual, physical, and psychological violence and neglect, experienced by both women and men in sport. Preliminary research has reported that gender-diverse individuals, specifically transgender athletes, may have a greater vulnerability to experiences of violence in sport, but this remains an under-researched population. In addition to limited research specifically on violence experienced by transgender athletes in sport, there is also only emerging research on virtual violence against athletes, with previous research on virtual violence in sporting spaces highlighting how online spaces are sites that can foster widespread hostility and violence. This study builds on previous research by examining discourses of virtual violence faced by transgender powerlifter, Mary Gregory, following her expulsion from the 100% Raw Powerlifting Federation. This research used a netnographic approach—an online ethnographic case study design. Data were collected from online news sources, as well as social media platforms, including Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube and were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. The data provided an insight into the cyberculture of powerlifting, and the negotiation of space, or lack thereof, for Mary Gregory within this physical culture. Five themes of were generated, including invalidation of gender identity, dehumanization, infliction of derogatory and crude language, accusations of cheating, and being compared to cisgender athletes without nuance. The study highlights the presence of significant vitriol across virtual platforms directed at Mary Gregory and the underlying presence of negative gender-based violence again trans* (GBV-T*) discourse. This case provides examples of virtual gender-based violence and transphobia in sport, a lack of readiness to accept trans* athletes, and concerns for the safety of trans* athletes in sporting spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiya Taha-Thomure
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aalaya S. Milne
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emma J. Kavanagh
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley E. Stirling
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Ashley E. Stirling,
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Parent S, Daigneault I, Radziszewski S, Bergeron M. Sexual Violence at University: Are Varsity Athletes More at Risk? Front Psychol 2022; 13:861676. [PMID: 35548537 PMCID: PMC9083260 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.861676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies report that the sport context increases the risk of exposure to sexual violence for athletes. In contrast, others indicate a protective effect of sport participation against sexual violence, particularly among varsity athletes. Studies of sexual violence towards varsity athletes are limited by their failure to include control groups and various known risk factors such as age, graduate level, gender and sexual identity, disability status, international and Indigenous student status, and childhood sexual abuse. The purpose of the present study is to fill in these gaps to determine whether varsity athletes are at greater risk than non-athletes of sexual violence towards them or whether, on the contrary, involvement in a varsity sport is coherent with the Sport Protection Hypothesis. Data for this article come from the ESSIMU study (Enquête sur la Sexualité, la Sécurité et les Interactions en Milieu Universitaire), a broad survey of students, professors, and other employees at six francophone universities regarding sexual violence on university campuses. A total of 6,485 students with complete data on sexual violence, athlete status, and gender were included in the study. From this total, 267 participants identified themselves as varsity athletes. Data were analyzed using a series of logistic regressions on each form of violence using athlete status as a predictor and characteristics associated with sexual violence victimization or distinguishing between varsity athletes and non-athletes as confounding variables. When considering all confounding variables in the regression analyses on four yearly incidence rates of sexual violence, the results revealed that being a varsity athlete did not significantly increase the risk of exposure to sexual violence at university. All considered other variables were more significant predictors of the past year's risk of sexual violence victimization than athlete status was.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Parent
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- International Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, Belgium
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Daigneault
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Research Chair on Sexist and Sexual Violences in Post-secondary Education Institutions, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Radziszewski
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Manon Bergeron
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Research Chair on Sexist and Sexual Violences in Post-secondary Education Institutions, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Willson E, Kerr G, Battaglia A, Stirling A. Listening to Athletes' Voices: National Team Athletes' Perspectives on Advancing Safe Sport in Canada. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:840221. [PMID: 35434612 PMCID: PMC9005768 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.840221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With increased media scrutiny, public awareness, and research on the prevalence of maltreatment experiences in sport, sport organizations have faced increased pressures to combat unsafe practices in sport. A consequence has been the emergence of the Safe Sport movement whereby organizations including the International Olympic Committee, Safe Sport International, US Center for SafeSport, Sport Canada, and others, have developed policies, initiatives, and education intended to create safer sport environments for all participants. Most of these policies have been implemented using a top-down approach, driven by government officials and sport leaders. However, if safe sport initiatives are to benefit athletes, consideration and incorporation of athletes' perspectives in the development and implementation of initiatives are imperative. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine athletes' perspectives on the challenges and recommendations to advancing safe sport. As part of a large-scale survey of current and retired Canadian National Team Athletes' experiences of maltreatment, open-ended questions were asked about athletes' recommendations and considerations for safe sport. Responses to these questions (n = 386) were analyzed using thematic analysis. According to the participants, barriers and challenges to safe sport included emphasizing performance excellence at-all-costs, normalization and complicity of harm, lack of attention to equity, diversity and inclusion, a culture of fear and silence, and a lack of trust in organizations to handle cases of harm. In an effort to advance safe sport, participants recommended prioritizing holistic athlete development, improving and strengthening accountability measures, implementing an independent 3rd party for disclosure, reporting and support, increased attention to equity, diversity and inclusion, stakeholder education, prohibition of sexual relations between athletes and those in positions of power and authority, and adoption of a broader perspective of harms and perpetrators. Findings are interpreted and critiqued in light of previous literature and recommendations for future research and practice are suggested.
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Mountjoy M, Junge A, Magnusson C, Shahpar FM, Ortiz Lizcano EI, Varvodic J, Wang X, Cherif MY, Hill L, Miller J. Beneath the Surface: Mental Health and Harassment and Abuse of Athletes Participating in the FINA (Aquatics) World Championships, 2019. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:95-102. [PMID: 34483238 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the mental health and experience of sport-related harassment and abuse of elite aquatic athletes and to analyze it in relation to gender and discipline. DESIGN Cross-sectional study using an anonymous survey. SETTING The FINA World Championships 2019. PARTICIPANTS Registered athletes in the disciplines of swimming, diving, high diving, water polo, artistic swimming, and open water swimming. INTERVENTIONS Athletes completed an online or paper-based questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measures included screening for depression (10-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale revised), eating disorders (Brief Eating Disorders in Athletes Questionnaire), the subjective need for psychotherapeutic support, and the experience of sport-related harassment and/or abuse. RESULTS A quarter (24.6%) of the 377 responding athletes were classified as depressed and 2.5% as having an eating disorder. More than 40% of the athletes stated that they wanted or needed psychotherapeutic support. Fifty-one athletes (14.9%) had experienced harassment/abuse in sport themselves, and 31 (9%) had witnessed it in another athlete. The experiences of harassment and abuse ranged from unwanted comments about body or appearance (40.2%) to rewards in sport for sexual favors (2.5%) and rape (0.3%). Athletes who had experienced harassment/abuse in sport themselves had higher average scores for depression and eating disorders, and more of them felt they needed psychotherapeutic support. Up to a third would not talk or report to anybody if they saw or experienced harassment/abuse, and less than 20% would talk to an official for help. CONCLUSION Targeted initiatives are required to address mental health issues and harassment and abuse in sport in the FINA aquatic disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Mountjoy
- McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Olympic Committee (IOC), Games Group and Working Group on the Prevention of Harassment and Abuse in Sport Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Junge
- Medical School University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Swiss Concussion Centre at Schulthess Clinic Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Edgar Ivan Ortiz Lizcano
- Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Josip Varvodic
- Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xinzhai Wang
- Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lee Hill
- McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Miller
- Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Medicine Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Marsollier É, Hauw D, Crettaz von Roten F. Understanding the Prevalence Rates of Interpersonal Violence Experienced by Young French-Speaking Swiss Athletes. Front Psychol 2021; 12:726635. [PMID: 34987441 PMCID: PMC8720741 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facing the important methodological limitations of the instruments used for assessing the prevalence of interpersonal violence faced by young athletes, the aim of the present study was to propose and describe the use of a research instrument adapted to young and French-speaking athletes. In addition, by collecting preliminary data with a Swiss sample, we aimed to measure the different forms of interpersonal violence young athletes have experienced at least once during their sport practice. Our questionnaire was based on three existing questionnaires and adapted for a young audience. Regarding prevalence, results showed that among the 210 respondents, 75% declared psychological violence, 53% physical violence, 28% sexual violence and 21% reported no violence. The other results showed that this instrument appears to be well-structured to measure interpersonal violence and understandable for young athletes. Based on the strengths and limits of our instrument, the methodological need of standardization of research instruments is discussed in line with a need of more studies to fully understand the phenomenon.
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Gaedicke S, Schäfer A, Hoffmann B, Ohlert J, Allroggen M, Hartmann-Tews I, Rulofs B. Sexual Violence and the Coach-Athlete Relationship-a Scoping Review From Sport Sociological and Sport Psychological Perspectives. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:643707. [PMID: 34056586 PMCID: PMC8155665 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.643707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual violence against athletes in elite and leisure sport has become of growing interest in recent years. In line with social media initiatives such as #SportToo and #CoachDontTouchMe and a rise in general media coverage, research in this field indicates an urgent need for action. These recent developments occasionally have led to no-touch policies, which may result in moral panic, uncertainty, and fear of unjustified suspicion among coaches. However, the role of closeness and distance in the development of sexual violence within the coach–athlete relationship has not yet been researched systematically. In this scoping review, the authors focus on the coach–athlete relationship, particularly its predispositions to sexual violence and how to prevent abusive relationships. Some characteristics typical of elite sport may predispose coaches to commit abuse, such as gender and power relations, the need for physical touch, hierarchical structures in sport, and trust and closeness between coaches and athletes. This scoping review follows an interdisciplinary approach combining sociological and psychological perspectives. It comprises 25 publications in English and German published from 2000 to 2019. The literature review highlights that closeness, power, blurred boundaries, and ambiguous roles are areas that seem to be crucial to the analysis of the coach–athlete relationship from both sociological and psychological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Gaedicke
- Institute of Sociology and Gender Studies, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alina Schäfer
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Brit Hoffmann
- Institute of Sociology and Gender Studies, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeannine Ohlert
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,The German Research Center for Elite Sports Cologne-Momentum, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Allroggen
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ilse Hartmann-Tews
- Institute of Sociology and Gender Studies, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bettina Rulofs
- Institute of Sociology and Gender Studies, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Sport Sciences, School of Human- and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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