1
|
Knipe D, Vallis E, Kendall L, Snow M, Kirkpatrick K, Jarvis R, Metcalfe C, Eisenstadt N, Bickham V. Suicide Rates in High-Risk High-Harm Perpetrators of Domestic Abuse in England and Wales. Crisis 2024; 45:242-245. [PMID: 37606346 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Background A limited amount of research indicates a high prevalence of mental illness in perpetrators of domestic abuse (DA). Aims Estimate the suicide rate in high-risk high-harm perpetrators of DA. Method We utilized data collected as part of Drive, which supports and challenges perpetrators of DA to reduce their harmful behaviors. Using routine anonymized data, we established a cohort of clients (n = 3,475) who were referred via Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Conferences to the service and were followed up during service engagement. Results Most clients were male (92%) and White British (76%) with a median age of 32 years (IQI 27-39). There were 10 male suicide deaths recorded with an estimated male suicide rate of 461 per 100,000 person years (95% CI 248, 856). Limitations Analysis was restricted to those referred to the service and a specific group of perpetrators, limiting the generalizability to all perpetrators of DA. Conclusion The suicide rate in this high-risk high-harm DA perpetrator group is significantly higher than many other high-risk groups. Improving their mental health and outcomes is imperative to reduce the suicide deaths in this group and therefore reduce the impact such deaths would have on the victims of abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duleeka Knipe
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chris Metcalfe
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Nathan Eisenstadt
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bennett A, Clement A, Walton R, Jackson Y, Gabrielli J. Youth Reported Perpetrators of Victimization Within a Foster Care Sample. Child Maltreat 2024; 29:283-296. [PMID: 36907656 DOI: 10.1177/10775595231163452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Maltreatment type, severity, and chronicity are predictors of poor youth outcomes, yet youth reported perpetrators of abuse have gone largely unstudied. Little is known about variation in perpetration across youth characteristics (e.g., age, gender, placement type) and abuse features. This study aims to describe youth reported perpetrators of victimization within a foster care sample. 503 youth in foster care (ages 8-21 years) reported on experiences of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse. Follow up questions assessed abuse frequency and perpetrators. Mann-Whitney U Tests were used to compare central tendency differences in number of perpetrators reported across youth characteristics and victimization features. Biological caregivers were commonly endorsed perpetrators of physical and psychological abuse, though youth also reported high levels of peer victimization. For sexual abuse, non-related adults were commonly reported perpetrators, however, youth reported higher levels of victimization from peers. Older youth and youth residing in residential care reported higher numbers of perpetrators; girls reported more perpetrators of psychological and sexual abuse as compared to boys. Abuse severity, chronicity, and number of perpetrators were positively associated, and number of perpetrators differed across abuse severity levels. Perpetrator count and type may be important features of victimization experiences, particularly for youth in foster care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bennett
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alex Clement
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rachel Walton
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yo Jackson
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cunha O, Pedrosa J, Silva Pereira B, Caridade S, de Castro Rodrigues A, Braga T. Intervention Program Dropout Among Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: A Meta-Analysis of Correlated Variables. Trauma Violence Abuse 2024:15248380231224036. [PMID: 38323403 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231224036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Dropout in perpetrator intervention programs (PIPs) is extensively documented in the literature, yet findings across various studies exhibit global inconsistency. This meta-analysis aimed to identify dropout rates among individuals attending PIPs and examine sociodemographic, violence-related, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and external variables related to dropout. A search was conducted across six databases, encompassing studies published between 2010 and 2022 in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Thirty manuscripts, comprising data from 31 independent samples, were included. Dropout rates varied from 9% to 67%. Bivariate analysis results indicated that younger age (OR = 0.69), non-White ethnicity (OR = 1.54), unemployment (OR = 1.78), offender typology other than family only (OR = 2.45), substance abuse (OR = 1.78), presenting a personality disorder (OR = 1.21), engaging in problematic leisure activities (OR = 1.28), possessing a greater criminal history (OR = 1.47), and experiencing more adversity in childhood (OR = 1.44) were significantly correlated with dropout. Additionally, the inclusion of motivational strategies in treatment (OR = 0.44) significantly decreased the likelihood of dropout. Results from multivariate analyses revealed that younger age (OR = 0.63), presenting a personality disorder (OR = 1.73), and experiencing more adversity in childhood (OR = 2.16) were significantly associated with dropout. Notably, intimate partner violence characteristics established a significant negative relation with dropout (OR = 0.59). Findings indicate that variables associated with dropout align with those related to general and intimate partner violence recidivism, suggesting that individuals requiring more intensive intervention are those who derive less benefit from it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Cunha
- Lusófona University, HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Pedrosa
- Lusófona University, HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Portugal
| | | | - Sónia Caridade
- University of Minho, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Teresa Braga
- Integration and Probation Penitentiary Services, Laon, Aisne, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaur A, Brown MJ, James TA, Nkwonta CA, Hart MJ. Stories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) among older adults living with HIV (OALH) in South Carolina: a qualitative study. AIDS Care 2024; 36:272-279. [PMID: 37139537 PMCID: PMC10622329 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2023.2208323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) devastatingly impacts an individual's behavioral, psychological, and social health. Childhood, a developmental stage directly influenced by the home or school environment, leaves a life-long imprint. Compared with the general population, CSA prevalence is doubled among people living with HIV. Thus, the study aimed to explore CSA circumstances among older adults living with HIV (OALH) in South Carolina (SC). We included 24 OALH aged 50 and above who reported CSA. The data were collected at an immunology center in SC. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The iterative analytic process included a discussion of initial thoughts and key concepts, identification, and reconciliation of codes, and naming of emergent themes. Six themes emerged: known perpetrators, re-victimization, "nobody believed me", "cannot live like others", lack of CSA disclosure, and interconnections with other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). CSA experiences and non-disclosure were found to be linked with shame, embarrassment, fear, and trust issues. Hence, trauma-focused interventions are required to resolve these issues and improve the quality of life of OALH with past trauma. Counseling or therapy programs should incorporate psychological and behavioral theoretical models to best target OALH who are CSA survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Monique J. Brown
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Office for the Study on Aging, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Titilayo A. James
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208
| | | | - Mackenzie J. Hart
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dheensa S, Morgan K, Love B, Cramer H. Researching Men's Violence Against Women as Feminist Women Researchers: The Tensions We Face. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:347-371. [PMID: 36325732 PMCID: PMC10775629 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221134823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Qualitative and feminist researchers aim to build rapport, show empathy, be non-judgemental, and equalise power imbalances. A crucial challenge researchers face is how to navigate and balance competing aims and values when interacting with and interviewing participants who have perpetrated intimate partner violence and abuse towards women. In this article, four female researchers evaluating perpetrator programmes for abusive men use reflexive analysis to identify the tensions encountered in such research. We outline how these tensions affected us and the data produced, and end with recommendations, which we hope will help prepare researchers, particularly women, for conducting interviews with violent/abusive men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandi Dheensa
- Domestic Violence and Abuse Health Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karen Morgan
- Domestic Violence and Abuse Health Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Beverly Love
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Cramer
- Domestic Violence and Abuse Health Research Group, Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Veggi S, Benfante A, Di Tella M, Roveta F, Castelli L, Zara G. Intimate Partner Violence and Alexithymia: Do Emotions Matter? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023:15248380231217045. [PMID: 38131327 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231217045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) encompasses physical, sexual, or psychological abuse. Recent evidence suggests that victims and perpetrators might share some common psychological characteristics. Particularly, high levels of alexithymia, a difficulty in identifying and expressing emotions, and an externally oriented thinking style were found in both victims and perpetrators when compared to the general population. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the levels of alexithymia in victims and perpetrators of IPV and compare these levels to controls. We systematically searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, using the following strings: ("intimate partner violence" OR "IPV" OR "partner abuse") AND ("alexithymia" OR "alexithymic"). The inclusion criteria were: adult perpetrators or victims of IPV; with or without a rehabilitation program; having or not a comparison group from the general population; alexithymia as outcome; all types of study design. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. Data were meta-analyzed with random-effects models. Results showed comparable levels of alexithymia in victims and perpetrators of IPV (mean = 55.92 vs. 55.15, respectively). Furthermore, we found increased alexithymia in victims (Hedges' g, 0.87 [95% CI 0.43, 1.31]) and perpetrators (Hedges' g, 0.94 [95% CI 0.77, 1.12]) compared to controls. These results highlight that both perpetrators and victims exhibited high levels of alexithymia. A deeper understanding of this psychological dimension can help professionals to plan better-tailored interventions, in which all relevant factors associated with IPV are considered.
Collapse
|
7
|
Fiolet R, Brown C, McKay D, Marsden S, Leins K, Harris B. Perpetrator Perceptions on the Emotions and Motivations Driving Technology-Facilitated Abuse in Relationships: A Story Completion Study. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:11999-12024. [PMID: 37530462 PMCID: PMC10619170 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231190340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Technology-facilitated abuse in relationships (TAR) is a widespread social problem that has a significant impact on victim-survivors. Most contemporary evidence on TAR focuses on victim-survivor and practitioner perspectives rather than those of perpetrators who choose to enact this form of harm. Addressing this deficit, this study explored perpetrators' discourses on emotions and motivations associated with engaging in TAR. Using story completion method, 35 self-identified perpetrators of TAR completed story stems describing scenarios that may precede the use of abusive online behaviors. Reflexive thematic analysis generated three themes. Abusive behaviors and negative emotions speaks to maladaptive experiences of anger and/or sadness that can precede a decision to use TAR. A loss of trust, a desire for control describes potential motives for using TAR. Finally, inhibitors of abusive behavior investigates rationales perpetrators use for avoidance of TAR behaviors, suggesting avenues for working with perpetrators to refrain from using TAR. We conclude by discussing policy, practice, and research recommendations including strategies for technology designers and suggestions for primary prevention and response to TAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renee Fiolet
- Deparment of general Practice and Primary Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Institute of Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Cynthia Brown
- Deparment of general Practice and Primary Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dana McKay
- STEM School of Computing Technologies, RMIT, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sally Marsden
- Deparment of general Practice and Primary Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kobi Leins
- Data Ethics, National Australia Bank, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Turhan Z, Fırat E, Genç E, Başer Baykal N, Ulus İÇ, Bulut S. Strengths and Weaknesses of Inviting Men to a Voluntary-Based Domestic Violence Intervention. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2023:306624X231206515. [PMID: 37902404 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x231206515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the factors motivating domestic violence perpetrators to participate in a voluntary-based intervention program. The experiences and determining factors around men's positive and negative responses to this invitation were examined through semi-structured interviews with professionals, observations, and reflexive notes during the first meeting with 29 men. Two major themes emerged from the thematic analysis: the factors making men more likely to attend the first meeting or resisting the group intervention. These findings can help professionals recognize the challenges of inviting perpetrators to interventions, especially in countries with insufficient laws for mandated domestic violence perpetrator programs. The paper discusses the importance during the first meeting of building rapport and trust and recognizing complex family histories to encourage voluntary attendance and intervention engagement.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pinto e Silva T, Cunha O, Caridade S. Motivational Interview Techniques and the Effectiveness of Intervention Programs With Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023; 24:2691-2710. [PMID: 35793513 PMCID: PMC10486163 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221111472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is widely recognized as a severe public health issue. Perpetrators' Intervention Programs (PIPs) have been essential to prevent recidivism, and the incorporation of Motivational Interview Techniques (MIT) has shown to be an added value in this area. Objective: The present systematic review aims to analyze the incorporation of MIT (i.e., pre-treatment, isolated treatment, and conjoined with PIPs) in interventions with IPV perpetrators and its potential impact on their behavior and attitudes regarding motivation for change and treatment compliance. Method: The following research equation was used: "Intimate Partner Violence" AND ("Perpetrator" OR "Batterer" OR "Offender") AND ("Motivation" OR "Motivational Interview") AND ("Intervention" OR "Intervention Program" OR "Batterer Intervention Program") AND ("Effectiveness OR "Program Effectiveness"); in four separate databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Science Direct, and EBSCO. Studies in English, Portuguese, and Spanish were included, and 15 were identified according to the defined inclusion criteria. Results: Studies demonstrated that MIT increases attendance rates, treatment adherence, motivation for change, and behavioral and attitudinal outcomes. More specifically, MIT showed greater effectiveness among participants with low readiness to change and in the early stages of change. Conclusion: This systematic review corroborates the importance of incorporating MIT in PIPs to improve intervention efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Cunha
- HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Universidade Lusófona Do Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Caridade
- Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Smyth MR, Teicher S, Wilde DJ. How Does Denial, Minimization, Justifying, and Blaming Operate in Intimate Partner Abuse Committed by Men: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023:15248380231196108. [PMID: 37702188 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231196108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner abuse (IPA) is widespread, and denial, minimization, justifying, and blaming (DMJB) are common among people who have committed IPA. Views on the function of DMJB in IPA are mixed, often based on the theoretical standpoint of the authors. This systematic review brings together the knowledge of how distorted accounts operate in IPA committed by men. A systematic review of primary research related to DMJB in heterosexual men who have committed to IPA was conducted. In all, 31 papers were found to meet the inclusion criteria (adult, male-to-female abuse, in western culture, peer reviewed and published in English) and were quality appraised. Data were extracted and analyzed using narrative synthesis. The findings indicate the way DMJB operates in this group is complex. It can represent facilitators of abusive behavior, a way to protect the individual's identity and self-esteem, and a tool men use instrumentally to achieve goals. Themes were present within and between studies highlighting the complex function of DMJB. A model representing the hypothesized intertwined function of DMJB for IPA is proposed. The limitations of the review are discussed and implications and recommendations for policy, practice, and future research are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline R Smyth
- Forensic Psychology Services, HMPPS in Wales, HMP Berwyn, Wrexham, UK
| | | | - David J Wilde
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Johnston T, Seinfeld S, Gonzalez-Liencres C, Barnes N, Slater M, Sanchez-Vives MV. Virtual reality for the rehabilitation and prevention of intimate partner violence - From brain to behavior: A narrative review. Front Psychol 2023; 13:788608. [PMID: 37342425 PMCID: PMC10278571 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.788608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rehabilitation and prevention strategies to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) have limited effectiveness in terms of improving key risk factors and reducing occurrence. Accumulated experimental evidence demonstrates that virtual embodiment, which results in the illusion of owning a virtual body, has a large impact on people's emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses. This narrative review discusses work that has investigated how embodied perspective - taking in virtual reality has been used as a tool to reduce bias, to enhance recognition of the emotional state of another, and to reduce violent behaviors, in particular in the realm of IPV. Some of the potential neurological mechanisms behind these affective and behavioral changes are also discussed. The process of rehabilitation and prevention is complex and not always effective, but the integration of neuroscience-inspired and validated state-of-the-art technology into the rehabilitation process can make a positive contribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Johnston
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Event Lab, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofia Seinfeld
- Image Processing and Multimedia Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Terrassa, Spain
| | | | - Nicolas Barnes
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Justícia, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mel Slater
- Event Lab, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria V. Sanchez-Vives
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Event Lab, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Karageorgos E, Boyle A, Pender P, Cook J. Perpetration, Victimhood, and Blame: Australian Newspaper Representations of Domestic Violence, 2000-2020. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231166401. [PMID: 37006159 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231166401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Newspaper media plays a significant role in forming a public understanding of domestic violence. This article analyses 554 articles from 24 newspapers across Australian states and territories published between 2000 and 2020 that describe specific instances of domestic violence. It examines whether such violence is framed as a systemic issue or as a collection of individual events, as well as how such representations of perpetrators and victims displace both "blame" and "victimhood." Although positive aspects of reporting can be observed, the tendency within newspaper articles to blur distinctions between perpetrators and victims distorts the true scale of domestic violence in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Effie Karageorgos
- School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Creative Industries, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Amy Boyle
- University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Patricia Pender
- School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Creative Industries, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Cook
- School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Creative Industries, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shiba D, Mokwena KE. The Profile of Bullying Perpetrators and Victims and Associated Factors among High School Learners in Tshwane District, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4916. [PMID: 36981822 PMCID: PMC10049035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although bullying in South African schools remains a current public health and education discussion, the view has been limited to acts of criminality, and not much has been done to identify risk factors for being bullying perpetrators and victims in a school environment. This study used a cross sectional quantitative survey to determine the profile of bullying perpetrators and victims among high school learners in a township in Pretoria. The Illinois Bully Scale was used to screen for bullying perpetration and victimization, whilst the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to screen for depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively, among the sample of learners. STATA version 14 was used for data analysis. The sample of 460 consisted of 69% females with a mean age of 15 years. The 73.91% of learners who fitted the categories of bullying consisted of 21.96% victims, 9.57% perpetrators, and 42.39% perpetrator-victims. The Pearson Chi2 test of association found a significant association between being a bullying victim and reported lack of people who loved and cared for the learner. Being a bullying perpetrator was associated with anxiety symptoms of the learner and home alcohol use, while being a perpetrator -victim was associated with lack of family love and care, the school attended, as well as depression and anxiety symptoms. Using multivariate logistic regression, being a perpetrator-victim was associated with depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and home use of alcohol whilst being a perpetrator was associated with lack of anxiety symptoms. The study concluded that anxiety, depression, and the home environment are strongly associated with bullying, and most learners fitted the category of being both perpetrators and victims.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dudu Shiba
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Care Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa 0204, South Africa
| | - Kebogile Elizabeth Mokwena
- Substance Abuse and Population Mental Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa 0204, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Di Marco MH. Why? How Perpetrators of Male-Male Homicide Explain the Crime. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:NP366-NP390. [PMID: 35333668 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221081930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper identifies the explanatory narratives used by perpetrators of male-male homicide in Buenos Aires (Argentina) to make sense of this crime. Drawing upon narrative criminology and masculinities theories, this study enquires into the rationalisations of perpetrators, considering their emic terms, rationalities and stories. Fieldwork was conducted between 2016 and 2020, and a convenience sample strategy was employed for participant recruitment. The analysis is based upon seventy-three narrative-biographical interviews with offenders, and field observations in prisons and homes of former convicts. The corpus was analysed following an inductive thematic coding strategy using Atlas.Ti. Eight narratives were typified, considering how men talked about agency and change, and the explanatory locus of the stories: 'rebel', 'affected', 'idiot', 'either him or me', 'repeating the story', 'gang', 'betrayed' and 'victim'. These accounts revealed two paradoxes about violence perpetration storytelling and its discursive management: men can commit a homicide and present themselves as not responsible for it and, simultaneously, they use, reconfigure and negotiate expert theories and scientific labels to explain away, excuse and justify lethal violence. This study argues that accounts are not merely neutralisation strategies, but the rationalisations of the perpetrators' experiences, and the foundation for how they relate to and inhabit penal institutions. This paper contributes to the understanding of how those explanations shape past and future actions, and how masculinities, biographical processes and violence performance are interconnected.
Collapse
|
15
|
Teva I, Marín-Morales A, Bueso-Izquierdo N, Pérez-García M, Hidalgo-Ruzzante N. Personality characteristics in specialist and generalist intimate partner violence perpetrators. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:86-96. [PMID: 35981717 PMCID: PMC10087251 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is one of the most common types of violence against women. Although personality disorders have been associated with IPV, perpetration research regarding personality according to the classification specialist/generalist IPV perpetrators is scarce. The general aim of this study was to describe personality in a large sample of IPV Spanish male perpetrators considering their classification (specialist vs. generalist). Participants were 1093 men convicted of IPV crimes whose ages ranged from 18 to 76 years old (M = 40.15; SD = 10.32). Of them, 554 men were classified as specialist perpetrators and 539 men were classified as generalist perpetrators. Participants completed questionnaires regarding sociodemographic and violence aspects as well as the Spanish version of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III. Generalist perpetrators showed higher means in nearly all the personality disorders scales compared to specialist perpetrators. Prevalence rates in the majority of personality disorders were lower than 5%. Higher scores on the avoidant, histrionic, and self-defeating scales and lower scores on the aggressive, borderline, and drug dependence scales were related to being a specialist perpetrator. This study contributes to a better understanding of personality among generalist and specialist perpetrators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Teva
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center, CIMCYC, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Agar Marín-Morales
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center, CIMCYC, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Pérez-García
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center, CIMCYC, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Natalia Hidalgo-Ruzzante
- Brain, Mind and Behavior Research Center, CIMCYC, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
SØLVBERG NINA, TORSTVEIT MONICAKLUNGLAND, ROSENVINGE JANH, PETTERSEN GUNN, SUNDGOT-BORGEN JORUNN. Sexual Harassment and Abuse among Young Elite Athletes, Recreational Athletes, and Reference Students: A Prospective Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1869-1878. [PMID: 35763597 PMCID: PMC9584052 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the 12-month prevalence and 12-month prospective change in reported sexual harassment and abuse (SHA) victimization among young elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students in three different social settings and to identify the perpetrators. METHODS In total, 919 adolescents responded to an online questionnaire in 12th grade (T1) and 13th grade (T2). The sample consisted of elite athletes ( n = 482) and recreational athletes ( n = 233) attending Norwegian elite sport high schools ( n = 26), and reference students ( n = 200) attending ordinary high schools with no sport specialization ( n = 6). Data were analyzed using independent-sample t -test, Pearson χ 2 for independence/Fisher's exact test, McNemar test, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The total 12-month prevalence of SHA was 38.6% at T1 and 35.1% at T2. Most of the participants (74.6%-85.0%) reported no change in SHA from T1 to T2. The prevalence of SHA was higher for girls compared with boys, and elite athletes reported less SHA than recreational athletes and reference students, respectively. SHA occurred most often in a free time setting. Verbal sexual harassment, nonverbal sexual harassment, and physical SHA were reported by 24.6%, 27.0%, and 14.0%, respectively. Peers were reported as perpetrators by 83.1%, trainer/teacher/health personnel by 20.1%, and "other" perpetrators by 56.4%. CONCLUSIONS Because one in three elite athletes and nearly one in two recreational athletes and reference students, respectively, reported SHA victimization within a 12-month period, well-targeted preventive measures are needed for both young athletes and nonathletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- NINA SØLVBERG
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
| | - MONICA KLUNGLAND TORSTVEIT
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Agder, Kristiansand, NORWAY
| | - JAN H. ROSENVINGE
- Department of Psychology, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NORWAY
| | - GUNN PETTERSEN
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NORWAY
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Olivier E, Morin AJS, Vitaro F, Galand B. Challenging the "'Mean Kid"' Perception: Boys' and Girls' Profiles of Peer Victimization and Aggression from 4th to 10th Grades. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP15095-NP15129. [PMID: 33719703 PMCID: PMC9465533 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521997949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Student involvement in peer aggression is assumed to include the uninvolved, victims, aggressors, and victim-aggressor groups. Yet, evidence supporting this four-group configuration is equivocal. Although most studies report the four groups, several of the aggressor groups could have been labeled as moderate victim-aggressors. This study first reviews studies identifying subgroups of students involved in verbal, relational, and physical aggression. The study then assesses students' perceived involvement in elementary (n = 2,071; Grades 4-6) and secondary school (n = 1,832; Grades 7-10), as well as the associations with outcomes (school belonging, depressive thoughts, and perceived school violence). Latent profile analysis identified three profiles (uninvolved, victim-only, and victim-aggressor) across all grades and genders. In primary school, the uninvolved, victim, and victim-aggressor respectively included 54.56%, 37.51%, and 7.83% of the girls, and 44.23%, 31.92%, and 23.85% of the boys. In secondary school, the uninvolved, victim, and victim-aggressor respectively included 80.16%, 14.93% and 4.91% of the girls, and 64.31%, 22.95% and 12.74% of the boys. Victims and victim-aggressors reported poorer adjustment than uninvolved students. Victims and victim-aggressors reported lower levels of school belonging and higher levels of depressive thoughts than uninvolved students. Also, victim-aggressors perceived more violence in their school than victims and uninvolved students, and victims perceived more violence than uninvolved students. These findings question the existence of an aggressor-only profile, at least, according to student perception, suggesting the need for a new perspective when intervening with students involved in peer aggression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Olivier
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
- The first two authors-Elizabeth Olivier and Alexandre J.S. Morin contributed equally to this article and their order was determined at random: Both should thus be considered first authors
| | - Alexandre J S Morin
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
- The first two authors-Elizabeth Olivier and Alexandre J.S. Morin contributed equally to this article and their order was determined at random: Both should thus be considered first authors
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Benoit Galand
- Psychological Sciences Research Institut, Faculté de psychologie et des sciences de l'éducation, Université catholique de Louvain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hoxmeier JC, O'Connor J, McMahon S. Sexual Violence Among Sorority Women: Victimization Experiences, Contexts, and Disclosure. Violence Against Women 2022; 29:1123-1143. [PMID: 35979617 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221108417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine and compare sexual violence (SV) victimization among sorority women and unaffiliated counterparts. Results showed sorority women were more likely than unaffiliated women to report experiencing some types of SV, consuming alcohol prior to victimization, and to identify their perpetrator as a hookup/casual partner. More women, regardless of affiliation, informally disclosed their victimization compared to formally reporting; many did not tell anyone because they did not think it was serious enough. The findings point to implications for harm reduction, bystander intervention, and primary prevention programming, as well as institutional policy to address SV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Hoxmeier
- Department of Health Sciences, 3197Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - Julia O'Connor
- 50616University of Central Florida School of Social Work, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sarah McMahon
- School of Social Work, 242612Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Koya MM, Mpinga EK. Perceptions of the rape crisis in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: A community-based approach using an opportunistic design. Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26:42-56. [PMID: 37584983 DOI: 10.29063/ajrh2022/v26i4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
For almost three decades, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has experienced cycles of armed conflict, particularly in the east. During these conflicts, systematic rape has been used as a weapon of war to break women and communities. Knowledge produced about this phenomenon to date relates to the epidemiology, aetiology and the consequences of these rapes, particularly on survivors in care institutions, thus ignoring the impact this phenomenon has on the communities. Our survey aims to investigate the extent to which women from the Orientale, North Kivu and South Kivu provinces have experienced rape, as well as their perceptions regarding its frequency, characteristics, and repercussions for/on victims in their communities. From a sample of 1483 women, more than 99% had directly or indirectly experienced rape, on at least five occasions in three-quarters of cases. In their experience, a large proportion of the rapes took place at the victims' homes in the presence of family members and were perpetrated by members of military or paramilitary groups. Frequent health problems (several possibilities) reported include: bleeding (40.8%), pain (23.9%); unwanted pregnancies/abortions (23.4%), urogenital problems including STD (12.0%). Concerning mental health, they reported fear and anxiety (56.3%), depression and suicidal thoughts (16.8 %), insomnia (5.3%); 94.7% reported feelings of humiliation and shame and 6.9% social exclusion and stigmatization. Support for victims comes largely from NGOs (47.6%), families (27.1%) and Churches (14.3%). This is a major cultural, economic, political, human rights, and public health problem, which the authorities and international community must commit to tackling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mapendo M Koya
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel K Mpinga
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The literature on child sexual abuse (CSA) has contributed greatly to the understanding of child-perpetrator dynamic while mainly addressing the concepts of grooming and manipulation. Considerably less attention has been dedicated, however, to child-perpetrator dynamic in intrafamilial child sexual abuse (IFCSA). The current study examined how children perceive and experience the dynamic with their perpetrator parents in the context of IFCSA, as conveyed by victims. Analysis of 29 forensic interviews with children aged 8 to 14 years suggested above all, across all identified themes, the unspoken nature of IFCSA. Specifically, the children shared their surprise at the abusive incidents despite having described a long and unspoken grooming process. The children shared their understanding of the secretive nature of IFCSA although that too was unspoken, while illustrating the fear and terror in the family dynamic. Finally, the children discussed the elusiveness of the dynamic in terms of the natural and unnatural aspects of the relationship. The discussion addresses the unique nature of IFCSA and the family dynamic. The main implication for practice is the urgent need to modify existing instruction and training programs for practitioners to better adjust them to IFCSA survivors. More specifically, the elusive nature of IFCSA must be conveyed to both clinical and forensic practitioners who need to evaluate and intervene in with child survivors of IFCSA. In addition, the fear and terror that characterize the family dynamic and the unspoken, unbridled rule of the perpetrator fathers are of central importance in adapting interventions to children and their families in the context of IFCSA.
Collapse
|
21
|
Jacob A, Van Vuuren J, Kinsman L, Spelten E. Daily reality of violence in a rural emergency department: Is violence becoming the new normal? Emerg Med Australas 2022; 34:555-558. [PMID: 35212148 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Violence in emergency healthcare is a persistent and concerning problem. The objective of the present study was to explore and understand rural nurses' views on the daily experience and impact of violence, and its perpetrators. METHODS The present study took a descriptive exploratory approach. Two focus groups were held with nurses from an ED at a rural hospital in New South Wales, Australia. RESULTS Violence occurred regularly and had a significant impact on staff. Nurses go to work expecting to search patients for weapons and be physically and verbally abused. Tolerating and being able to manage violence has become a rite of passage. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that rural workers, like metropolitan workers, feel experiences of violence are a routine part of their roles. Violence in healthcare is a societal issue, that cannot be solved without a multifactor approach that considers the characteristics of the perpetrators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alycia Jacob
- Murtupuni Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Nursing, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Van Vuuren
- Department of Public Health, Latrobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leigh Kinsman
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Mid North Coast Local Health District, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evelien Spelten
- Department of Public Health, Latrobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ma Y, Wang L, Wang Y, Li Z, Zhang Y, Fan L, Ni X. Causes of Hospital Violence, Characteristics of Perpetrators, and Prevention and Control Measures: A Case Analysis of 341 Serious Hospital Violence Incidents in China. Front Public Health 2022; 9:783137. [PMID: 35071165 PMCID: PMC8777225 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.783137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hospital violence remains a global public health problem. This study aims to analyze serious hospital violence causes in China and the characteristics of perpetrators. It likewise seeks to understand frontline personnel's needs and put forward targeted suggestions. Methods: Serious hospital violence cases from 2011 to 2020 in the China Judgment Online System (CJOS) were selected for descriptive statistical analysis. A total of 72 doctors, nurses, hospital managers, and security personnel from 20 secondary and tertiary hospitals in China were selected for semi-structured interviews. Results: Of the incidents, 62.17% were caused by patients' deaths and dissatisfaction with their treatment results. Moreover, it was found that out-of-hospital disputes (11.14%) were also one of the main reasons for serious hospital violence. The perpetrators were mainly males (80.3%), and had attained junior high school education or lower (86.5%). Furthermore, most of them were family members of the patients (76.1%). Healthcare workers urgently hope that relevant parties will take new measures in terms of legislation, security, and dispute handling capacity. Conclusion: In the past 10 years, serious hospital violence's frequency in China has remained high. Furthermore, their harmful consequences are more serious. The causes of hospital violence are diverse, and the characteristics of perpetrators are obvious. Frontline healthcare workers urgently need relevant parties to take effective measures in terms of legislation, security, and dispute handling capacity, to prevent the occurrence of violence and protect medical personnel's safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshuo Ma
- Department of Health Management, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Licheng Wang
- Department of Health Management, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongchen Wang
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- Department of Health Management, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lihua Fan
- Department of Health Management, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Ni
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mastrocinque JM, Cerulli C, Thew D, Chin NP, Pollard RQ. Understanding Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Involving the Deaf Population. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP696-NP718. [PMID: 32394809 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520916265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increase in intimate partner violence (IPV) research regarding the deaf population; however, no studies to date obtained data directly from members of the deaf population who disclose IPV perpetration. This community-based participatory research study explored the social context of IPV perpetration involving the deaf population through interviews with deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals who self-identified as perpetrating either physical or sexual abuse in an intimate relationship where at least one partner was deaf. Through semi-structured interviews using video relay, an interdisciplinary research team, which included deaf investigators, explored questions which included IPV triggers, types of IPV, weapon use, childhood victimization, and interactions with first responders and response systems (e.g., criminal justice, medical). The types of IPV abuse, resulting injuries, and systems used are discussed. The team collectively identified key elements of abuse and their relationships to each other through concept mapping of each interview. Through a method of constant comparison, we identified several themes: intergenerational transmission of violence, fund of information concerns, communication barriers with family and friends and resulting frustration, and help-seeking challenges. Many of these themes are specific to the deaf population, illustrating the need for continued research to understand IPV in diverse communities. Findings are compared with IPV trends in the general (hearing) population, and prompt concerns that universal IPV interventions may not effectively address the needs of the deaf population. Recommendations for diversifying screening efforts, modifying screening tools, and tailoring interventions to better address IPV involving deaf and hard-of-hearing populations are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robert Q Pollard
- University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
- Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bermon S, Adami PE, Timpka T, Hartill M. Editorial: Prevention of Abuse and Harassment in Athletics and Sports. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:801060. [PMID: 34927070 PMCID: PMC8674529 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.801060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bermon
- World Athletics, Health and Science Department, Monaco, Monaco.,LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Paolo Emilio Adami
- World Athletics, Health and Science Department, Monaco, Monaco.,LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mike Hartill
- Department of Social Sciences, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Misso D, Velotti P, Pasetto A, Dimaggio G. Treating intimate partner violence with metacognitive interpersonal therapy: The case of Aaron. J Clin Psychol 2021; 78:50-66. [PMID: 34927730 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is responsible for loss of lives and significant psychological, financial, and social costs. Research into therapeutic effectiveness show inconsistent results irrespective of therapeutic orientation. The capacity to understand one's own mental states as subjective and distinct from others is an important factor in the regulation of mental states and physiological arousal associated with the perpetration of IPV. Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy (MIT) offers an innovative approach in working with male perpetrators of IPV. The current paper outlines 14 sessions of MIT with a 45-year-old male perpetrator. A core aspect was helping the client resolve how his view of self and others were subjective experiences that were distinct from relational objectivity. The emergence of healthy self-narratives was fostered through experiential processes, involving guided imagery, rescripting and body focused interventions. Qualitative outcomes are summarized and implications for the use of MIT in treatment of perpetrators of IPV is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dave Misso
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrizia Velotti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Pasetto
- Spazio di Ascolto NAV "Non agire Violenza" Centro Petra, Verona, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ferragut M, Ortiz-Tallo M, Blanca MJ. Victims and Perpetrators of Child Sexual Abuse: Abusive Contact and Penetration Experiences. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18189593. [PMID: 34574520 PMCID: PMC8472568 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) includes abusive contact experiences, which habitually impact the victim's whole life. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of six CSA experiences with physical contact, including penetration, in a representative sample of the Spanish population. Participants were 1071 Spanish adults (53% males; Mage: 45.37) who completed the Child Sexual Abuse Experiences Questionnaire. The victim's age at the first episode, the perpetrator's characteristics, and the number of times that each experience occurred were analyzed, taking into account gender differences. Results were reported for every experience independently. The most prevalent age at the first experience was from 6 years old onwards, but with differences in some experiences. The abuses usually happened more than once, committed by the same person. The most prevalent perpetrator is a male, although a female perpetrator is more prevalent in male victims. Most of the abuses were committed by an adult acquaintance, a strange adult, and other minors, with some gender differences. The implications of the results concerning every CSA experience are discussed, highlighting their value for future research and practice, the design of preventive programs, and early detection of CSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ferragut
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (M.O.-T.); (M.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Margarita Ortiz-Tallo
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (M.O.-T.); (M.J.B.)
- Con.Ciencia Association, 29016 Málaga, Spain
| | - Maria J. Blanca
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (M.O.-T.); (M.J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Murthy R, Sivaraman S, Chandra A, Bhandary S, Harbishettar V. Unexplored Needs of the Older Adults: Experiences From Elders Helpline in Bengaluru. Indian J Psychol Med 2021; 43:S113-S120. [PMID: 34732963 PMCID: PMC8543612 DOI: 10.1177/02537176211046529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elders Helpline has been operational in Bangalore by joint effort of the Nightingales Medical Trust (NMT) and the City Police since its inception in 2002. The Elders Helpline is unique as it is the first of its kind in India that offers services for the welfare of the older people in Bangalore city. The objectives of this article were to review the process of setting up of the helpline services, its evolution, range of services offered, to evaluate the services to ascertain the social difficulties with a focus on abuse experienced by the older people in Bangalore and find out the common themes. From the records, the Elders Helpline has responded to as many as 144058 calls between April 2009 and March 2020. This article reviewed functions of the Elders Helpline including supervision and training to its staff members, offering counselling to the Older adults by resolving family conflicts and other social issues by upholding and safeguarding their rights. The article highlights the need and impact of Elders Helpline suggesting the need to expand this type of Helpline to other Districts of the country. This study indicates that the Elders Helpline has become a platform for the elderly people to express their concerns and to make them feel secure. The Elders Helpline model is now launched nationally in October 2021 through the expansion of helpline services. There is a need to gather more comprehensive data and for ongoing research and training to reach out many needy older people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radha Murthy
- Nightingales Centre for Ageing and Alzheimers, Nightingales Medical Trust, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sruthi Sivaraman
- Nightingales Centre for Ageing and Alzheimers, Nightingales Medical Trust, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anitha Chandra
- Nightingales Centre for Ageing and Alzheimers, Nightingales Medical Trust, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Swati Bhandary
- Nightingales Centre for Ageing and Alzheimers, Nightingales Medical Trust, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Sexual assault perpetrated against older adults remains understudied. This research examined sexual assault incidents perpetrated against older women and men (aged 60+) reported to law enforcement. It compared these sexual assault incidents with those committed against middle-age (aged 40-59) and younger (aged 18-39) women and men. National Incident-Based Reporting System data (1992-2015) were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression models. Findings showed incidents involving an older woman, relative to a middle-age and/or younger woman, were significantly more likely to involve stranger perpetrators, occur at a private location, and involve additional violent crime or property crime. Incidents involving an older man, relative to a middle-age and/or younger man, were significantly more likely to involve offenders of more than one sex, older offenders, stranger perpetrators, and additional violent crime or property crime. Results are discussed in relation to prior work and future directions.
Collapse
|
29
|
Morrison PK, Goodkind S, Holland CL, Cluss PA, Miller E, George D, Fleming R, Chang JC. Key Components of the Batterer Intervention Program Process: An Analysis of Observational Data From Two Community-Based BIPs. Violence Against Women 2021; 27:2617-2641. [PMID: 33393869 DOI: 10.1177/1077801220975505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Qualitative research on batterer intervention programs (BIPs) has primarily consisted of interview-based studies of clients and facilitators. To date, no research has utilized observational data to understand how BIPs "work," or the processes occurring in BIPs that promote prosocial behavioral change. Forty-four observations of BIP group sessions were conducted. Two key processes were found: "facilitator processes" (e.g., managing group dynamics and engaging clients in learning) and "client processes" (e.g., mutual aid, help-seeking, and support). More observational research on BIPs is needed to uncover the full range of processes occurring during BIPs and that can link group processes to client outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Donna George
- Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, Harrisburg, USA
| | | | - Judy C Chang
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Olaleye OS, Ajuwon AJ. Youths and non-consensual sex: exploring the experiences of rape and attempted rape survivors in a tertiary institution in Ibadan, Nigeria. Ghana Med J 2020; 53:279-286. [PMID: 32116339 PMCID: PMC7036441 DOI: 10.4314/gmj.v53i4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-consensual Sex (NCS) is a worldwide problem with far reaching effects on the survivors. This study explored the experiences of rape and attempted rape (AR) survivors in a tertiary institution in Nigeria. Methods In-depth interviews with fourteen survivors of rape and AR were used to explore the context of experience of NCS, its consequences and help-seeking. Interviewees consisted two males and five females for each form of NCS who were identified during the quantitative aspect of the study. Interviews were subjected to content analysis. Results Mean age of the respondents was 22.3±2.5 years. Context of non-consensual sexual experiences varied with sex. Female survivors reported use of physical violence on them by their perpetrators while males reported verbal threats, nudity, forceful hugging and kissing. Means of escape adopted by survivors of AR varied between the sexes. Female AR survivors used physical force as a means of escape while males employed deception/plea. Perpetrators were majorly acquaintances of the survivors. Consequences of the experiences reported include physical injuries and pregnancy among females and psychological disturbances among males. Majority, both males and females did not report, nor seek help due to shame and did not know appropriate methods of preventing future experience. Conclusion Although both males and females reported they have experienced rape and AR, the context of the experiences and consequences reported varied between both sexes and most did not know how to prevent future experience. This call for urgent development of gender sensitive sexual violence prevention programmes to address this phenomenon. Funding The study received grant support from The Gates Institute, John Hopkins University Baltimore, USA through The Centre for Population and Reproductive Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oladipupo S Olaleye
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan
| | - Ademola J Ajuwon
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wei D, Cao W, Hou F, Hao C, Gu J, Peng L, Li J. Multilevel factors associated with perpetration of five types of intimate partner violence among men who have sex with men in China: an ecological model-informed study. AIDS Care 2020; 32:1544-1555. [PMID: 32093496 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2020.1734523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In China, intimate partner violence (IPV) among men who have sex with men remains poorly investigated. Informed by the ecological model, this study explored multilevel factors associated with perpetration of IPV among men who have sex with men. The participants were recruited from 15 cities in mainland China. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses showed that the prevalence of committing physical, sexual, monitoring, controlling and emotional IPV was 8.6%, 7.1%, 15.2%, 7.6% and 17.1%, respectively. Committing physical IPV showed a positive association with perceived public discrimination and self-stigma towards homosexuality. Committing sexual IPV showed a positive association with involvement with a homosexual support agency and more sex partners. Monitoring IPV was positively associated with higher education and perceived stress, but negatively associated with instrumental and emotional support. Committing controlling IPV showed a positive association with drug use during sex and self-stigma but a negative association with self-esteem, self-efficacy and older age at first homosexual sex. Committing emotional IPV showed a positive association with commercial sex behaviour and perceived stress, but a negative association with resilience. Committing IPV was prevalent in this population. It is necessary to distinguish the various types of IPV in future studies, given their differences in associated factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dannuo Wei
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangnan Cao
- Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Fengsu Hou
- Department of Public Mental Health, Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Hao
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Gu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Peng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Akanni OO, Olashore AA, Osasona SO, Uwadiae E. Predictors of bullying reported by perpetrators in a sample of senior school students in Benin City, Nigeria. S Afr J Psychiatr 2020; 26:1359. [PMID: 32161679 PMCID: PMC7059440 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v26i0.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bullying behaviour amongst adolescents is becoming a significant public health challenge. Whilst the traditional and electronic bullying as reported by victims has been widely reported, surveys amongst perpetrators, particularly in Africa, are still lacking. Aim This study is aimed at determining the prevalence of bullying by perpetrators and analysing the relationship between bullying perpetration and psycho-socio-demographic characteristics amongst senior school students in Benin City, Nigeria. Setting Senior secondary school in Benin City, Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 465 final-year secondary school students aged 16–19 years, who were selected by multistage random sampling, was conducted. The students were made to fill a self-designed questionnaire, in addition to an adapted version of the Wagnild and Young’s resilience scale. Results The lifetime prevalence of bullying was 16.3%. Binary logistic regression revealed bullying to be significantly associated with students who are male (adjusted odds ratio [AOD] = 2.13, confidence interval [CI] = 1.16–3.93), have poor relations with their teachers (AOR = 2.98, CI = 1.68–5.29), have used alcohol (AOR = 3.51, CI = 1.74–7.09) and are involved in cult and gangsterism (AOR = 9.14, CI = 2.55–32.75). Conclusion The rate of bullying perpetration by youth in Benin City, Nigeria, is significant and is comparable to global occurrence. The predictors of bullying in this study suggest that perpetrators are individuals who may benefit from rehabilitative measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluyemi O Akanni
- Clinical Services, Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Anthony A Olashore
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Samuel O Osasona
- Department of Mental Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Enobakhare Uwadiae
- Department of Mental Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sonkin D, Ferreira RJ, Hamel J, Buttell F, Frias MT. Associations Between Attachment Insecurities and Psychological Violence in a Sample of Court-Mandated Batterers. Violence Vict 2019; 34:910-929. [PMID: 31836643 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-17-00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a survey-based study looking at the associations among attachment insecurities (anxiety and avoidance), relationship functioning, and psychological domestic violence. We looked at three relationship functioning variables (i.e., anger management, communication, and conflict resolution) and three domestic psychological violence variables (i.e., derogation and control, jealous-hypervigilance, and threats-control of space). Data were collected from 76 male and 21 female court-mandated batterers. Participants completed the self-report measures of attachment insecurities, relationship functioning, and psychological domestic violence-related variables. Overall, attachment insecurities were negatively associated with relationship functioning and positively associated with psychological domestic violence outcomes. Among the whole sample, attachment anxiety correlated positively with derogation and control and with jealous-hypervigilance. There were also differential attachment associations by gender. Attachment anxiety correlated positively with threats of controlling space only among men, and with derogation and control and jealous-hypervigilance only among women. Finally, avoidance correlated negatively with communication only among women. Overall, this pattern of results is consistent with predictions derived from attachment theory: attachment insecurities are associated with poor relationship functioning and high rates of domestic violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Regardt J Ferreira
- School of Social Work, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Social Work, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - John Hamel
- Private Practice, San Francisco, California
| | - Fred Buttell
- School of Social Work, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Social Work, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Di Napoli I, Procentese F, Carnevale S, Esposito C, Arcidiacono C. Ending Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Locating Men at Stake: An Ecological Approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1652. [PMID: 31083608 PMCID: PMC6539536 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interventions for ending intimate partner violence (IPV) have not usually provided integrated approaches. Legal and social policies have the duty to protect, assist and empower women and to bring offenders to justice. Men have mainly been considered in their role as perpetrators to be subjected to judicial measures, while child witnesses of violence have not been viewed as a direct target for services. Currently, there is a need for an integrated and holistic theoretical and operational model to understand IPV as gender-based violence and to intervene with the goal of ending the fragmentation of existing measures. The EU project ViDaCS-Violent Dads in Child Shoes-which worked towards the deconstruction and reconstruction of violence's effects on child witnesses, has given us the opportunity to collect the opinions of social workers and child witnesses regarding violence. Therefore, the article describes measures to deal with IPV, proposing functional connections among different services and specific preventative initiatives. Subsequently, this study will examine intimate partner violence and provide special consideration to interventions at the individual, relational, organizational and community levels. The final goal will be to present a short set of guidelines that take into account the four levels considered by operationalizing the aforementioned ecological principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Di Napoli
- Department of Humanities Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples 80133, Italy.
| | - Fortuna Procentese
- Department of Humanities Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples 80133, Italy.
| | - Stefania Carnevale
- Department of Humanities Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples 80133, Italy.
| | - Ciro Esposito
- Department of Humanities Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples 80133, Italy.
| | - Caterina Arcidiacono
- Department of Humanities Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples 80133, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
In two studies, victims differed from perpetrators as to whether they viewed a transgression as motivated by a desire for revenge. When participants wrote about autobiographical episodes in which they hurt others, they were somewhat likely to report that they were motivated by revenge; when the same participants wrote about episodes in which others hurt them, they were less likely to report that the perpetrators were motivated by revenge. This asymmetry could act as a barrier to reconciliation. This asymmetry may also facilitate a cycle of revenge in that those who view themselves as the targets of unprovoked aggression (as opposed to vengeance) may be especially likely to feel that they have a score to settle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Ent
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Drew M Parton
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Katz E. Coercive Control, Domestic Violence, and a Five-Factor Framework: Five Factors That Influence Closeness, Distance, and Strain in Mother-Child Relationships. Violence Against Women 2019; 25:1829-1853. [PMID: 30732543 DOI: 10.1177/1077801218824998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Some mother-child relationships become more strained and distant than others in domestic violence contexts, but the processes influencing this are little understood. Qualitative interviews with 15 mothers and 15 children were held to explore their experiences. Findings suggested that five interlinked factors influenced levels of closeness, distance, and strain in mother-child relationships: (1) perpetrator's/father's behavior toward children, (2) perpetrator's/father's use of domestic violence, (3) perpetrator's/father's undermining of mother-child relationship, (4) mother's ability to emotionally connect to children, and (5) children's views of mother and perpetrator/father. These findings have global significance for services and practitioners who work with domestic violence-experienced mothers and children and may help to tailor responses more effectively to mothers' and children's needs.
Collapse
|
37
|
Lin M, Wolke D, Schneider S, Margraf J. Bullying History and Mental Health In University Students: The Mediator Roles of Social Support, Personal Resilience, and Self-Efficacy. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:960. [PMID: 31993000 PMCID: PMC6971115 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bullying victimization by peers is highly prevalent in childhood and adolescence. There is convincing evidence that victimization is associated with adverse mental health consequences. In contrast, it has been found that perpetrators suffer no adverse mental health consequences. These findings originate from Western countries such as Germany but have rarely been investigated in collectivistic societies such as China. Furthermore, it has been rarely studied whether positive intrapersonal characteristics (e.g., personal resilience and self-efficacy) and interpersonal positive resources (e.g., social support) may mediate the impact of bullying on mental health. The current study used a path analytic model to examine, firstly, whether previous bullying experiences (both victimization and perpetration) are associated with current positive and negative mental health in university students and, secondly, whether these influences are mediated by social support, resilience, and self-efficacy. The model was tested in 5,912 Chinese and 1,935 German university students. It was found that in both countries, higher victimization frequency was associated with lower levels of social support, personal resilience, and self-efficacy, which in turn predicted poorer mental health. Moreover, and only in China, perpetration was negatively associated with social support and personal resilience but not self-efficacy. In contrast, in the German sample, perpetration experience was found to enhance one's self-efficacy, and the later was associated with better mental health. The results support a mediation model in which social support, personal resilience, and self-efficacy partially mediate the influence of victimization on mental health in both countries. For the relationship between perpetration and mental health, self-efficacy was the only full mediator in Germany, whereas in China, both social support and personal resilience were partial mediators. In conclusion, peer victimization has adverse effects on mental health in both Germany and China. Only in China, however, is perpetration also associated with adverse mental health outcomes. In contrast, getting ahead by bullying in an individualistic society such as Germany is associated with increased self-efficacy and mental health. The differences found between an individualistic country and a collectivistic country have important implications for understanding and planning interventions to reduce bullying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muyu Lin
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research & Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Schneider
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology of the Faculty of Psychology, Mental Health Research & Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Margraf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research & Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sodipo OO, Adedokun A, Adejumo AO, Olibamoyo O. The pattern and characteristics of sexual assault perpetrators and survivors managed at a sexual assault referral centre in Lagos. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2018; 10:e1-e5. [PMID: 30456968 PMCID: PMC6244244 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v10i1.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has presumably been an increase in cases of sexual assault in Nigeria; however, accurate data on the characteristics of the survivors and perpetrators are not readily available in most cases. AIM To report the pattern and characteristics of sexual assault perpetrators and survivors managed at the Mirabel Centre, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Ikeja - a three-year review. METHODS A retrospective audit carried out in the sexual assault referral centre (SARC) - Mirabel Centre, LASUTH, Lagos State, Nigeria. A total of 2160 case files from July 2013 to January 2017 were assessed for age group of survivors and gender, among others. RESULTS A total of 2160 cases were analysed. The mean age of survivors was 13.9 (± 4.4) years with the 11-20 years age group having the highest number of survivors (48.4%) and the 0-10 years age group having 35.9% of survivors. Majority of the survivors (97.7%) were female. The majority of the perpetrators were known to the survivors with 10.3% being family members. Defilement (71.6%) was the most reported type of assault at the centre with rape (20.3%) being the second most common. The majority of the referrals to the centre were from the police (76.7%), while self-referrals made up 8% of referrals. CONCLUSION Minors and adolescents formed the majority of the survivors. Defilement was the most reported form of sexual violence. There needs to be special intervention for better monitoring and protection of minors and youths against sexual assault. The establishment of more sexual assault referral centres in Nigeria will increase reportage and treatment of survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwajimi O Sodipo
- Department of Family Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pegram SE, Abbey A, Helmers BR, Benbouriche M, Jilani Z, Woerner J. Men Who Sexually Assault Drinking Women: Similarities and Differences With Men Who Sexually Assault Sober Women and Non perpetrators. Violence Against Women 2018; 24:1327-1348. [PMID: 30078373 DOI: 10.1177/1077801218787927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the attributes of men who sexually assault drinking women as compared with men who sexually assault sober women and nonperpetrators. Findings from a cross-sectional survey of 548 men and a laboratory computer-simulated date completed by a subset ( n = 87) support the hypothesis that both groups of perpetrators would share some common risk factors and differ regarding alcohol beliefs and consumption. Men who had previously assaulted a drinking woman gave their simulated date more alcohol to drink and perceived her as being more disinhibited. These findings demonstrate the power of alcohol expectancies and stereotypes about drinking women.
Collapse
|
40
|
Domenech Del Rio I, Sirvent Garcia Del Valle E. Non-partner sexual violence against women in Spain: lifetime prevalence, perpetrators and consequences on mental health. J Public Health (Oxf) 2017; 39:738-744. [PMID: 27738127 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on sexual violence by non-partners based on representative samples is scarce. The objectives of the study were (i) to analyse the prevalence of different forms of non-partner sexual violence in Spain and their perpetrators, (ii) to analyse the consequences of non-partner sexual violence on mental health and (iii) to estimate the percentage of rapes that are reported to the police. Methods Data from the 2015 Spanish Survey on Violence against Women, a nationally representative sample of 10 171 women, were used. Three mutually exclusive categories of non-partner sexual violence were created to measure the effects of violence on health. Logistic regression models were fitted. Results The lifetime prevalence of non-partner sexual violence was 7.2%. All the categories of non-partner sexual violence were strongly associated with the different health outcomes. Rape increased the likelihood of reporting anxiety [odds ratio, OR: 3.77 (2.65-5.37)], sadness because of feelings of worthlessness [OR: 3.31 (2.32-4.73)] and the desire to cry without reason [OR: 3.46 (2.45-4.89)] more than 3-fold. The relationship of the victim with the perpetrator varied by the type of sexual victimization. Less than 6% of rapes were reported to the police in 2014. Conclusions All forms of non-partner sexual violence, from unwanted sexual touching to rape, can lead to a multitude of mental health consequences. A public health approach to addressing this violence is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Domenech Del Rio
- Government Office against Gender based Violence, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, 28071Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Background South Africa has one of the highest rates of rape in the world, but this barely seems to surprise anyone. It is extremely disturbing, especially when children and elderly women are raped. Women and children are usually the weakest group in society physically, as well as the most exposed to abuse and neglect. It should be the responsibility of a civil society to protect these vulnerable groups from harm. Objective This study investigated the trend of rapes among elderly women in the Mthatha area of South Africa. Method This was a retrospective descriptive study from the records of the Sinawe Centre. All cases of the rape of elderly women (i.e. those aged ≥65 years) between 2007 and 2011 were recorded. The Sinawe Centre is now a one-stop centre known as the Thuthuzela-Sinawe Centre, which is the only centre to deal with cases of rape in this area. Results A total 2579 adult victims of rape (i.e. those aged ≥16 years) were reported at the Sinawe Centre over a five-year period (2007-2011). Of these, 145 (5.6%) involved elderly women. The average rate of rape among elderly women was 20.7/10,000 adult women per year. There was an increase in elderly rape from 17.1/10,000 women in 2007 to 40/10,000 women in 2009. The highest percentage (45.5%) of women were aged between 65 and 70 years, and the lowest percentage (4.1%) were aged between 86 and 90 years. The highest number of cases (56; 38.6%) were reported in 2009 (p < .05; χ2 = 45.2). In the majority of cases (122; 84.2%), there was a single perpetrator. There were two perpetrators in 14 (9.6%) cases, and three or more perpetrators were recorded in nine (6.2%) rapes. A little more than half (74; 51%) were known to the victims. In 117 (83%) cases, the rape took place in the home. Human immunodeficiency virus infection was found to be prevalent in five (3.6%) cases of elderly rape. Conclusion There are a high number of rapes among elderly women in the Mthatha area of South Africa. It is a matter of serious concern, and needs urgent attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banwari L Meel
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
McKibbin G, Humphreys C, Hamilton B. Prevention-enhancing interactions: a Critical Interpretive Synthesis of the evidence about children who sexually abuse other children. Health Soc Care Community 2016; 24:657-671. [PMID: 26094766 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in English-speaking jurisdictions, including Australia, North America, Canada, the United Kingdom and New Zealand, about the prevention of sexual abuse perpetrated by children against other children. The aim of this review was to identify opportunities for research, policy and practice which could enhance the prevention agenda relating to the perpetration of sexual abuse by children through conducting a Critical Interpretive Synthesis. Eleven electronic databases were searched in the period from 22 April to 23 May 2013 and included: SocINDEX, Social Services Abstracts, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Family and Society Studies Worldwide, Project Muse, PsychINFO, Family and Society Plus, Jstor, Expanded Academic ASAP, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Key individual journals were also searched, including Child Abuse and Neglect and the Journal of Interpersonal Violence, as well as the grey literature. The search was guided by the research question: How could the prevention agenda relating to sexual abuse perpetrated by children be enhanced? The systematic literature search yielded 3323 titles, and 34 of these papers were included in the final synthesis. The authors identified five domains operating in the evidence base: characteristics, causes, communications, interventions and treatments. A synthesising construct emerged from the review: prevention-enhancing interactions. This construct referred to the potential for enhancing the prevention agenda which exists as the evidence domains interact with one another, and with the public health model of prevention. The authors consider this review to be a timely contribution to the current agenda pertaining to sexual abuse perpetrated by children. It provides researchers, policy makers and practitioners in the field with an evidence-informed conceptualisation of opportunities for enhancing prevention work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma McKibbin
- Department of Social Work, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Cathy Humphreys
- Department of Social Work, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridget Hamilton
- School of Nursing, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Domestic violence and abuse is a considerable international public health problem, which is associated with mental disorders in both women and men. Nevertheless, victimization and perpetration remain undetected by mental health services. This paper reviews the evidence on mental health service responses to domestic violence, including identifying, referring, and providing care for people experiencing or perpetrating violence. The review highlights the need for mental health services to improve rates of identification and responses to domestic violence and abuse, through the provision of specific training on domestic violence and abuse, the implementation of clear information sharing protocols and evidence-based interventions, and the establishment of care referral pathways. This review also highlights the need for further research into mental health service users who perpetrate domestic violence and abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylee Trevillion
- a Section of Women's Mental Health, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Elizabeth Corker
- b Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Newham Centre for Mental Health , London , UK
| | - Lauren E Capron
- a Section of Women's Mental Health, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Siân Oram
- a Section of Women's Mental Health, King's College London , London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed at exploring the phenomenon of motor vehicle accidents (MVA). The following research questions were addressed: what are the immediate reactions to accidents among MVA perpetrators, do MVA perpetrators develop posttraumatic stress symptoms, and what are the differences between high and low symptomatic signs in terms of socio-demographics and accident features? MATERIAL AND METHODS Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) questionnaire by Watson et al. in the Polish adaptation was applied to assess PTSD and its subclinical symptoms. The information on the MVA nature, declared MVA causes, drivers' reactions after MVA, as well as on the age, education and history of driving in the study group was collected. The results of psychological examination obtained from 209 MVA perpetrators were analyzed. The examination took place at least 1 month after the accident. RESULTS In 1/3 of the study group no physiological reactions were observed directly after the accident, while 46% of respondents experienced trembling and shaking and about 30% of subjects were crying or having tears in their eyes. Compassion for the injured and victims, guilt, helplessness and fear were the most common among immediate psychological reactions related to the accident. On the day of psychological examination 11.2% of drivers met diagnostic criteria for PTSD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition (DSM-IV). Drivers showing low and high PTSD symptoms did not differ in terms of age, education, and subjective perception of accident cause. Women were significantly overrepresented it the group meeting the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study indicate the need to carry on systematic screening for mental health problems in drivers involved in serious MVA as a part of strategy for improving road safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Merecz-Kot
- Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera / Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland (Zakład Psychologii Zdrowia i Pracy / Department of Health and Work Psychology).
| | - Malgorzata Waszkowska
- Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera / Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland (Zakład Psychologii Zdrowia i Pracy / Department of Health and Work Psychology).
| | - Agata Wężyk
- Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera / Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland (Zakład Psychologii Zdrowia i Pracy / Department of Health and Work Psychology).
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Storvoll EE, Moan IS, Lund IO. Negative consequences of other people's drinking: Prevalence, perpetrators and locations. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016; 35:755-762. [PMID: 26879915 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS While both policy makers and researchers have shown renewed interest in drinking and harm to others, several questions concerning the issue remain unanswered. The aim of this study was to address some of these questions by: (i) presenting updated figures on the prevalence of experienced harm from other people's drinking in various sub-groups; and (ii) examining in which locations such episodes most often occur and who the perpetrators usually are. DESIGN AND METHODS Data were obtained from a general population survey among 16- to 79-year-old Norwegians (n = 1947), where experiences of five negative consequences related to other people's drinking (e.g. physical abuse and verbal abuse) were assessed. Those who reported such experiences were asked to specify at which location the last episode occurred and who the perpetrator was. RESULTS Altogether, 17.3% had experienced one or more problems during the past 12 months. Persons who were young, not living with a partner, an urban resident, with low education and often intoxicated were at increased risk. The direction of statistically significant gender differences depended on the type of problem. While the episodes were spread across different locations (private homes, on-premise outlets and outdoors), perpetrators were more often strangers or friends/acquaintances than partners or family members. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In a preventive perspective, increased knowledge regarding the context of episodes where people experience harm from other people's drinking is important. We have shed some light on this issue by examining the locations and perpetrators of such episodes. [Storvoll EE, Moan IS, Lund IO. Negative consequences of other people's drinking: Prevalence, perpetrators and locations. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:755-762].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingunn Olea Lund
- Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research (SIRUS), Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hamblin LE, Essenmacher L, Ager J, Upfal M, Luborsky M, Russell J, Arnetz J. Worker-to-Worker Violence in Hospitals: Perpetrator Characteristics and Common Dyads. Workplace Health Saf 2015; 64:51-6. [PMID: 26450899 DOI: 10.1177/2165079915608856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Worker-to-worker (Type III) violence is prevalent in health care settings and has potential adverse consequences for employees and organizations. Little research has examined perpetrator characteristics of this type of violence. The current study is a descriptive examination of the common demographic and work-related characteristics of perpetrators of Type III workplace violence among hospital workers. Analysis was based on documented incidents of Type III violence reported within a large hospital system from 2010 to 2012. Nurses were involved as either the perpetrator or target in the five most common perpetrator-target dyads. Incidence rate ratios revealed that patient care associates and nurses were significantly more likely to be perpetrators than other job titles. By examining characteristics of perpetrators and common worker dyads involved in Type III workplace violence, hospital stakeholders and unit supervisors have a starting point to develop strategies for reducing conflict between workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Upfal
- Wayne State University Detroit Medical Center
| | | | | | - Judith Arnetz
- Wayne State University Uppsala University Michigan State University
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ayala EE, Kotary B, Hetz M. Blame Attributions of Victims and Perpetrators: Effects of Victim Gender, Perpetrator Gender, and Relationship. J Interpers Violence 2015; 33:0886260515599160. [PMID: 26264724 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515599160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although research has been conducted on rape myth acceptance (RMA) and other factors associated with attribution formation, researchers have not yet determined how the combination of such factors simultaneously affects levels of victim blame and perpetrator blame. The current investigation recruited 221 students from an all-women's college to examine differences in blame attributions across RMA, victim gender, and perpetrator gender, and the relationship between the two parties (i.e., stranger vs. acquaintance). Results suggested that RMA, victim gender, and perpetrator gender account for a significant amount of variance in blame attributions for both victims and perpetrators. In sum, victim blame with female perpetrators was relatively consistent across levels of RMA, but increased substantially for male perpetrators as individuals endorsed higher levels of RMA. Perpetrator blame, however, was highest with male perpetrators when individuals endorsed low levels of RMA and lowest for male perpetrators when individuals endorsed relatively higher levels of RMA. Findings demonstrate the continued influence of RMA on blame attributions for both victims and perpetrators, and the stigma faced by male victims. More research is needed on the differing attributions of male and female victims and perpetrators, as well as differing attributions based on type of relationship. Such research will lead to a better and more thorough understanding of sexual assault and rape.
Collapse
|
48
|
Todd N, Weaver-Dunlop G, Ogden C. Approaching the subject of violence: a response-based approach to working with men who have abused others. Violence Against Women 2014; 20:1117-37. [PMID: 25208974 DOI: 10.1177/1077801214549638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional effects-based approaches to therapeutic work with men who have abused others often attempt to intervene by correcting personal deficits assumed to be causing the violence. This not only creates a hierarchical counseling relationship but also can inadvertently excuse aggressive actions. In this article, we outline a response-based alternative that emphasizes questions of choice, agency, and volition within a collaborative therapeutic relationship. Rather than impose external correction, we pay attention to details of how men describe their violent acts and position themselves as agents of those acts as we work toward supporting them in their own acts of self-correction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Todd
- City University of Seattle, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Cindy Ogden
- Calgary Women's Emergency Shelter, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Broady TR, Gray R, Gaffney I. Taking Responsibility: A Psychological Profile of Men Attending a Domestic Violence Group Work Intervention Program in New South Wales, Australia. J Interpers Violence 2014; 29:2610-2629. [PMID: 24421070 DOI: 10.1177/0886260513517300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Domestic violence is a significant social issue with serious implications for victims, families, and the wider community. The present research seeks to investigate specific characteristics that influence the propensity to behave violently. This first stage of a research-based evaluation identifies key differences between men attending a group work intervention program and the general community in terms of gender equity beliefs, self-esteem, personal mastery, and psychological distress. These findings not only provide valuable information for the provision of intervention services but also form a basis that future research may build on in evaluating the effectiveness of such programs.
Collapse
|
50
|
Sorenson SB, Joshi M, Sivitz E. Knowing a sexual assault victim or perpetrator: a stratified random sample of undergraduates at one university. J Interpers Violence 2014; 29:394-416. [PMID: 24128425 DOI: 10.1177/0886260513505206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Rape awareness and prevention programs are common on college campuses and a potentially useful way to reach large numbers of young adults. One largely unexamined potential mediator or moderator of program effectiveness is the personal knowledge of student audiences. In this study, we assess the prevalence of knowing a victim and, notably, a perpetrator of sexual assault. A stratified random sample of 2,400 undergraduates was recruited for an online survey about sexual assault. A total of 53.5% participated and yielded a sample representative of the student body. Sixteen questions were modified from the Sexual Experiences Survey to assess whether participants knew a victim of any one of eight types of sexual assault. Findings indicate that students begin college with considerable personal knowledge of sexual assault victimization and perpetration. Nearly two thirds (64.5%) reported that they know one or more women who were a victim of any one of eight types of sexual assault, and over half (52.4%) reported that they know one or more men who perpetrated any of the types of sexual assault. Most students reported knowing victims and perpetrators of multiple types of assault. Knowledge varied substantially by gender and ethnicity. Students' preexisting personal knowledge should be included in assessments of program effectiveness and, ideally, in program design.
Collapse
|