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Bjørnsen HN, Bjørnebekk G, Brandmo C. Schools as a Source of Mental Health Literacy: Adjusting and Validating a Mental Health Literacy Scale. Health Promot Pract 2024; 25:391-398. [PMID: 36942353 PMCID: PMC11064467 DOI: 10.1177/15248399231161090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been a growing interest in mental health literacy (MHL) in health promotion, largely motivated by increased awareness of MHL as a modifiable determinant of mental health. Accordingly, MHL has been associated with the health-promoting school approach emerging over the last 20 years. To succeed in promoting MHL, it is of vast importance to evaluate working strategies and interventions to address MHL using validated instruments. The current study describes the revision and psychometric testing of a modified version of the 10-item adolescents' positive MHL measure, the MHPK-10, the only identified instrument measuring adolescents' positive MHL. The MHPK-10 was adjusted to address the previously documented ceiling effects and was further optimized for use in schools by reworking it to measure learning rather than self-reported knowledge, becoming the new nine-item Mental Health Learning Scale (MHLS-9). The MHLS-9 was tested on a national sample of N = 2,012 Norwegian ninth graders. Data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and tests of reliability and validity. The revised CFA model for the MHLS-9 showed an improved fit over the original CFA model for the MHPK-10. The MHLS-9s' CFA model revealed excellent factor determinacy (.95) and scale reliability (ω = .91). Thus, the MHLS-9 is an improved measure for the positive component of MHL for use in school settings, enabling researchers and practitioners to evaluate and focus positive MHL interventions in schools using a short, reliable, and valid measure for adolescents' learning about the factors promoting good mental health.
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Romani-Sponchiado A, Damiano RF, Axelrud LK, Schafer J, Hoffmann MS, Salum GA. Trajectories of positive attributes from childhood to young adulthood and its associations with threat and deprivation. Braz J Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 38593201 DOI: 10.47626/1516-4446-2023-3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study are to investigate the trajectory of positive attributes from childhood to early adulthood and to explore how those trajectories can be modified by two domains of childhood adversity - threat and deprivation. METHODS A large prospective school-based community cohort of youths (n=2,511, 6-14 years of age, 45% female) was assessed and followed up for 3 years (80% retention) and 6 years (71% retention). Positive attributes were assessed by the Youth Strength Inventory (YSI). Childhood exposure to threat and deprivation were assessed by a composite measure using multiple indicators. RESULTS Trajectories of YSI scores were non-linear and distinct for boys and girls. While boys presented a more stable trajectory; girls showed higher levels of positive attributes early in life that decrease over time around adolescence. Both exposure to threat and deprivation presented negative linear association with YSI over time. Furthermore, we found interactions between developmental stage and both adversity domains meaning that the effects of exposure to adversity were stronger at earlier developmental stages and almost non-significant closer to early adulthood. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new evidence on trajectories of positive attributes in youth and reveal and how experiences of adversity in early life impact not only mental disorder but also positive aspects of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Romani-Sponchiado
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Section on Negative Affect and Social Processes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Furlan Damiano
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil. National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiza K Axelrud
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Section on Negative Affect and Social Processes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia Schafer
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Section on Negative Affect and Social Processes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Scopel Hoffmann
- Negative Affect and Social Processes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Section on Negative Affect and Social Processes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Thakkar A, Gupta A, De Sousa A. Artificial intelligence in positive mental health: a narrative review. Front Digit Health 2024; 6:1280235. [PMID: 38562663 PMCID: PMC10982476 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2024.1280235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The paper reviews the entire spectrum of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in mental health and its positive role in mental health. AI has a huge number of promises to offer mental health care and this paper looks at multiple facets of the same. The paper first defines AI and its scope in the area of mental health. It then looks at various facets of AI like machine learning, supervised machine learning and unsupervised machine learning and other facets of AI. The role of AI in various psychiatric disorders like neurodegenerative disorders, intellectual disability and seizures are discussed along with the role of AI in awareness, diagnosis and intervention in mental health disorders. The role of AI in positive emotional regulation and its impact in schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and mood disorders is also highlighted. The article also discusses the limitations of AI based approaches and the need for AI based approaches in mental health to be culturally aware, with structured flexible algorithms and an awareness of biases that can arise in AI. The ethical issues that may arise with the use of AI in mental health are also visited.
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Pluess M. Beyond developmental psychopathology: Positive child development. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38384187 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The field of developmental psychopathology has made significant contributions to our understanding of both typical and atypical development. However, while there are established theories for developmental psychopathology with detailed criteria for pathological outcomes, there is less agreement regarding development under optimal conditions and the definition of positive outcomes. In this conceptual paper, I make the case that a better understanding of positive child development is crucial because it will not only advance our general knowledge on human development but also complement current work on developmental psychopathology. After defining positive development as the development of positive functioning in children, such as skills, strengths, competencies, and wellbeing, rather than the absence of problems, current concepts with relevance for positive development are reviewed, before highlighting gaps in our knowledge on positive development and suggestions for future research. Although several of the reviewed frameworks provide important contributions to the conceptualization of positive development, most of them focus on positive functioning in adults with limited consideration of development in the early years. More research is needed that specifically targets the development of positive outcomes from early childhood onward in order to develop a more comprehensive and holistic theory of positive child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pluess
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Mantas-Jiménez S, Reig-García G, Roqueta-Vall-Llosera M, Camara-Liebana D, Masià-Plana A, Lluch-Canut MT, Juvinya-Canal D. Positive mental health and sense of coherence among emergency medical service professionals. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1344872. [PMID: 38444442 PMCID: PMC10912187 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1344872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Positive mental health (PMH) is a construct used to define and evaluate health from a positive perspective. Healthcare professionals in the emergency ambulance service are more likely to experience mental health disorders than the overall population. The demographic and occupational variables and Sense of Coherence (SOC) can act as predictors of PMH and can serve as protective elements against stress and demanding situations in the work environment. Objective This study aimed to evaluate PMH and its relationship with demographic and occupational variables and determine if SOC is a predictive variable for PMH in health professionals working in the emergency ambulance service. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study was conducted with a sample of 406 healthcare professionals from the emergency ambulance service in eight health regions of Catalonia, Spain. The following variables were analyzed: Age, biological sex, household members, dependents family members, professional category, type of contract, job satisfaction and sense of collaboration with other institutions. The following assessment instruments were used: Positive Mental Health Questionnaire and Sense of Coherence scale. Results High scores were obtained in Positive Mental Health (PMH). Study participants who reported feeling completely satisfied in their work also showed a significant relationship with all PMH factors: greater satisfaction with their personal life, in their helpful prosocial attitude toward others, in their capability to deal effectively with stress and navigate conflict scenarios, in their ability to solve problems and self-realization, greater empathy and ability to understand the feelings of others, greater ability to establish interpersonal relationships. Comprehensibility, as a dimension of SOC, was identified as a predictor for some factors of PMH: a greater personal satisfaction, self-control, autonomy, interpersonal skills and total PMHQ. More than 43% of positive mental health in health professionals is explained by higher Meaningfulness and Comprehensibility values of the SOC, the absence of dependent family members and having a non-graduate background. Conclusion Healthcare workers in the emergency ambulance service had high PMH. Meaningfulness (ME) and Comprehensibility (C), dimensions of SOC, were identified as model predictors of greater PMH, showing higher scores in most of PMH factors. To enhance SOC as a mental health promotion measure, resilience programs should be implemented to help professionals develop skills to face and overcome adverse situations. Educating in stress management thought networks are key elements to strengthen SOC. Managers in emergency medical services play a key role in transforming healthcare work environments to promote positive outcomes in the mental health of their healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Mantas-Jiménez
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Research Group Health and Healthcare, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Glòria Reig-García
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Research Group Health and Healthcare, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Roqueta-Vall-Llosera
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Health Gender and Aging Research Group, Girona, Spain
| | - David Camara-Liebana
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Quality of Life Research Institute, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Afra Masià-Plana
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Research Group Health and Healthcare, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Dolors Juvinya-Canal
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Research Group Health and Healthcare, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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Sayed T, Malan H, Fourie E. Exploring the associations between resilience and psychological well-being among South Africans during COVID-19. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1323466. [PMID: 38414871 PMCID: PMC10898365 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1323466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Resilience pertains to an individual's ability to withstand, adapt, and recuperate from adversity and stress. As the world grapples with unprecedented challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding the relationship between resilience and psychological well-being becomes essential. Preliminary observations suggest that those with a higher resilience tend to have better psychological well-being, indicating a possible symbiotic relationship between the two. This study was structured using a cross-sectional survey design. A convenience sampling technique was employed, including 631 respondents in South Africa. Data collection took place between June 11 and July 9, 2022, facilitated through a Google Forms questionnaire. This questionnaire encompassed various instruments, namely a biographical questionnaire, the CD-RISC 10, the WHO Well-being Index, the FACIT-Sp-12, and the PMHS. The findings from the collected data highlighted a strong correlation between resilience and overall well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. This elevation in resilience can be instrumental in augmenting psychological well-being. As such, interventions or programs aimed at enhancing individual and community well-being might benefit from incorporating elements that bolster resilience, especially during periods of global adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasleem Sayed
- Community Psychosocial Research (COMPRES), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University (NWU), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Hanelie Malan
- Community Psychosocial Research (COMPRES), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University (NWU), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Erika Fourie
- Research Design, Statistical Analysis and Interpretation: Pure and Applied Analytics, School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, North-West University (NWU), Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Brailovskaia J, von Brachel R, van Hall F, Teismann T, Hirschfeld G, Margraf J. A dual-factor model perspective on depressed inpatients: examining the dynamics of mental health and therapy outcomes. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1295032. [PMID: 38274438 PMCID: PMC10808683 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1295032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The dual-factor model of mental health posits that mental health and mental illness constitute two distinct axes; accordingly the model identifies four mental health groups: (1) complete mental health, (2) troubled, (3) vulnerable, (4) symptomatic but content. Yet, only a few studies investigated effectiveness of therapy on both dimensions of mental health simultaneously. Against this background, the present study aimed to determine proportions and changes of group assignments in depressed inpatients undergoing therapy. Method N = 1,044 depressed inpatients (age in years: M = 53.36, SD = 9.81, range: 17-83) completed a pre- and a post-treatment survey including questionnaires on depression, anxiety, and positive mental health. A total of n = 328 persons completed the survey also at 6-month and 12-month follow-up assessments. Results In the classification that included depression symptoms and positive mental health, 49% of the participants were classified as troubled and 13.2% were classified as completely mentally healthy at the pre-treatment assessment. At the post-treatment, 9.5% were classified as troubled and 55.7% were classified as completely mentally healthy. In the classification that included anxiety symptoms and positive mental health, 21.9% of the participants were classified as troubled and 14.2% were classified as completely mentally healthy at the pre-treatment assessment. At the post-treatment, 3.7% were classified as troubled and 56.1% were classified as completely mentally healthy. About 10 to 20% of patients showed an improvement in depression/anxiety and positive mental health, whereas another 10 to 20% showed a reduction in depression/anxiety, but only a minor increase in positive mental health between pre- and post-treatment. Conclusion Findings are in line with past research inspired by the dual-factor model in showing that enhancing positive mental health and alleviating psychopathology do not always co-occur in treatment. It is therefore important to implement measures of both psychopathology and positive mental health in therapy outcome studies, and to promote interventions targeting both psychopathology and positive mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brailovskaia
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Partner Site Bochum/Marburg, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ruth von Brachel
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Teismann
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Margraf
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Partner Site Bochum/Marburg, Bochum, Germany
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Donizzetti AR. The Relationship between Physical Activity and Psychosocial Well-Being during and after COVID-19 Lockdown. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:986. [PMID: 38131842 PMCID: PMC10740429 DOI: 10.3390/bs13120986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was an extremely critical event that had a major impact on the physical and mental health of the world's population. The aim of the present work is to investigate whether physical activity plays a protective role in well-being both during the lockdown and afterwards, also assessing the role played by self-efficacy and perception of the risk of contracting COVID-19, as well as past behavior. To this end, two studies were conducted, the first close to lockdown (N = 1061; 76.3% females; mean age = 37.3-range: 18-80) and the second 2 years later (N = 562; 71.0% females; mean age = 33.2-range: 18-76). Descriptive and correlational analyses were performed, along with structural equation modelling. The results confirm the hypothesis of a positive impact of physical activity on emotional well-being alone during lockdown and on more general psychosocial well-being 2 years later. This result showed that physical activity during the pandemic represented an avoidance strategy from the psychological distress that COVID-19 was generating, whereas 2 years later, it represents a proactive strategy aimed at generating a positive mental health condition. These results provide a better understanding of the role physical activity plays in well-being by representing a resource for protecting as well as promoting the mental health of individuals.
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Kotera Y, Adam H, Kirkman A, Aledeh M, Brooks-Ucheaga M, Todowede O, Rennick-Egglestone S, Jackson JE. Positive Mental Health of Migrants in the UK during COVID-19: A Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:7046. [PMID: 37998277 PMCID: PMC10671421 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20227046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 impacted the mental health of many people in the UK. The negative impact was especially substantial among vulnerable population groups, including migrants. While research has focused on the negative aspects of mental health during the pandemic, the positive mental health of migrants in the UK during COVID-19 remained to be evaluated. This review aimed to identify literature that focused on positive mental health, and thematically synthesise the findings to understand what positive mental health approaches were employed to support specific outcomes during the pandemic for them to survive in this difficult time. Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched using terms including "mental health", "migrants", and "COVID-19". The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist was used to assess the quality of the included studies. There were only two studies examining the positive mental health of UK migrants during this period. They describe approaches such as religious beliefs, passion for and acknowledgement of their job, learning new things, being physically active, social media, and social activities, producing outcomes such as inner peace, confidence, well-being, and a sense of belonging. The quality of the included studies was high. More research about positive mental health in migrants in the UK during the pandemic is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kotera
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; (Y.K.); (O.T.); (S.R.-E.)
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Habib Adam
- Institut für Religionswissenschaft, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Ann Kirkman
- College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK; (A.K.); (M.B.-U.); (J.E.J.)
| | - Muhammad Aledeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, Klinik Donaustadt, Langobardenstraße 122, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michelle Brooks-Ucheaga
- College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK; (A.K.); (M.B.-U.); (J.E.J.)
| | - Olamide Todowede
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; (Y.K.); (O.T.); (S.R.-E.)
| | - Stefan Rennick-Egglestone
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; (Y.K.); (O.T.); (S.R.-E.)
| | - Jessica Eve Jackson
- College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK; (A.K.); (M.B.-U.); (J.E.J.)
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Phua DY, Chew CSM, Tan YL, Ng BJK, Lee FKL, Tham MMY. Differential effects of prenatal psychological distress and positive mental health on offspring socioemotional development from infancy to adolescence: a meta-analysis. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1221232. [PMID: 37780045 PMCID: PMC10536167 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1221232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of prenatal maternal mental health on offspring socioemotional development is substantial and enduring. Existing literature primarily focuses on the effects of psychological distress during pregnancy, emphasizing adverse child outcomes. Recent studies, however, highlight the unique impact of positive maternal mental health on child outcomes. To elucidate the differential associations of maternal psychological distress and positive mental health during pregnancy with child outcomes, we conducted a systematic literature search and random-effects meta-analyses on studies investigating the associations of prenatal maternal mental health with child socioemotional development. Our analyses, comprising 74 studies with 321,966 mother-child dyads across 21 countries, revealed significant associations of prenatal psychological distress with both adverse and positive child socioemotional outcomes. Notably, the effect sizes for the association of psychological distress with positive child outcomes were smaller compared to adverse outcomes. Positive prenatal mental health, on the other hand, was significantly associated with positive socioemotional outcomes but not adverse outcomes. This meta-analysis highlights the independence of negative and positive prenatal mental health constructs and their distinct relationships with child socioemotional development. The findings underscore the importance of considering the positive spectrum of maternal mental health and developmental outcomes to enhance our understanding of prenatal influences on child development. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=335227, identifier CRD42022335227.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Y. Phua
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chermaine S. M. Chew
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Lik Tan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- School of Management and Communication, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin J. K. Ng
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- School of Management and Communication, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Florence K. L. Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- School of Management and Communication, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Megan M. Y. Tham
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- School of Management and Communication, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
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Capaldi CA, Ooi LL. Validating the Children's Intrinsic Needs Satisfaction Scale in the 2019 Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth. Health Rep 2023; 34:16-30. [PMID: 37647459 DOI: 10.25318/82-003-x202300800002-eng] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Background The Public Health Agency of Canada monitors the psychological and social well-being of Canadian youth using the Children's Intrinsic Needs Satisfaction Scale (CINSS). Validation analyses of the CINSS have been conducted, but not in the 2019 Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth (CHSCY), a more recent and representative national survey with a different sampling frame, collection method and other measured outcomes. This study tested the validity of the CINSS in the 2019 CHSCY. Data and methods Data were collected in all provinces and territories from February 11 to August 2, 2019. The CINSS was administered to respondents aged 12 to 17 years and was designed to assess relatedness, autonomy and competence at home, at school and with friends. Descriptive statistics for CINSS items and subscales were obtained. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test how well a correlated traits correlated uniqueness (CTCU) model fit the CINSS data. Associations with mental health and other psychosocial variables were examined. Results In general, items within the CINSS were correlated in expected ways, and support was found for a CTCU model in the CFA. While response distributions on the CINSS items were skewed, the CINSS subscales had acceptable internal consistency and were associated with self-rated mental health, happiness, life satisfaction, perceived stress, bullying victimization and behaviour problems in line with expectations. Interpretation This study supports the validity of the CINSS. Inclusion of the CINSS in future youth health surveys would allow for continued public health surveillance of the psychological and social well-being of youth in Canada.
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Martín-María N, Lara E, Forsman AK. Editorial: Relationship between subjective well-being and mental disorders across the lifespan. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1268287. [PMID: 37655203 PMCID: PMC10465925 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1268287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martín-María
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Lara
- Department of Personality, Assessment, and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna K. Forsman
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
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Chaves C, Duarte J, Sampaio F, Coelho J, Gonçalves A, Santos V, Sequeira C. Construction and Validation of the Positive Mental Health Literacy Assessment Scale in Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6391. [PMID: 37510623 PMCID: PMC10379995 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20146391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Low mental health literacy levels have a profound negative effect on healthcare outcomes, usage of healthcare services and healthcare expenditure. To date, there is little research and a lack of instruments available to address and assess positive mental health literacy levels in community-dwelling adults. Thus, this study sought to develop an instrument to assess positive mental health literacy in adults and to evaluate its psychometric properties. A scale developed in European Portuguese and composed of 32 items was designed to assess positive mental health literacy among community-dwelling adults and was validated using exploratory factor analysis. Five latent factors were identified (decision making, prosocial attitudes, perception of resources, community involvement, and problem solving), whose hypothesised structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modelling. Evidence showed that the scale's factor structure is reliable and valid and adequately represents the theorised constructs. Thus, this may be a useful assessment tool for clinical practice since it will allow a more rigorous assessment of positive mental health literacy and better mental health promotion interventions in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Chaves
- Superior School of Health, Polytechnic of Viseu, Rua Dom João Crisóstomo Gomes de Almeida, 102, 3500-843 Viseu, Portugal
| | - João Duarte
- Superior School of Health, Polytechnic of Viseu, Rua Dom João Crisóstomo Gomes de Almeida, 102, 3500-843 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Francisco Sampaio
- Nursing School of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 830, 844, 856, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Nursing School of Porto (ESEP), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Coelho
- CINTESIS@RISE, Nursing School of Porto (ESEP), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Northern School of Health of the Portuguese Red Cross, Rua da Cruz Vermelha Cidacos-Apartado 1002, 3720-126 Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal
| | - Amadeu Gonçalves
- Superior School of Health, Polytechnic of Viseu, Rua Dom João Crisóstomo Gomes de Almeida, 102, 3500-843 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Vanda Santos
- Research Centre on Didactics and Technology in the Education of Trainers (CIDTFF), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra (CISUC), University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Sequeira
- Nursing School of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 830, 844, 856, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Nursing School of Porto (ESEP), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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14
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Li Pira G, Aquilini B, Davoli A, Grandi S, Ruini C. The Use of Virtual Reality Interventions to Promote Positive Mental Health: Systematic Literature Review. JMIR Ment Health 2023; 10:e44998. [PMID: 37410520 PMCID: PMC10360019 DOI: 10.2196/44998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large body of research has documented the efficacy of psychological interventions integrated with virtual reality (VR) therapies in treating psychiatric disorders. However, the concept of positive mental health calls for a 2-fold approach in which both symptoms and positive functioning should be addressed by modern interventions. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to summarize studies that applied VR therapies by embracing the positive mental health perspective. METHODS A literature search was conducted by entering the following keywords-"virtual reality" AND "intervention" OR "treatment" OR "therapy" AND "mental health" NOT "systematic review or meta-analysis"-and limiting it to "journal article" and the English language. To be included in this review, articles had to present at least one quantitative measure of positive functioning and one quantitative measure of symptoms or distress and had to investigate adult populations, including populations with psychiatric disorders. RESULTS A total of 20 articles were included. They described various VR protocols that were applied for the treatment of anxiety disorders (5/20, 25%), depression (2/20, 10%), posttraumatic stress disorder (3/20, 15%), psychosis (3/20, 15%), and stress (7/20, 35%). Most of the studies (13/20, 65%) showed the beneficial effects of VR therapies in improving stress and negative symptoms. However, 35% (7/20) of the studies showed no or a small effect on the various dimensions of positivity, particularly in clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS VR interventions might be cost-effective and largely scalable, but further research is needed to develop existing VR software and treatments according to the modern positive mental health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Li Pira
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvana Grandi
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
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15
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Sakuraya A, Imamura K, Watanabe K, Asai Y, Ando E, Eguchi H, Nishida N, Kobayashi Y, Arima H, Iwanaga M, Otsuka Y, Sasaki N, Inoue A, Inoue R, Tsuno K, Hino A, Shimazu A, Tsutsumi A, Kawakami N. Corrigendum: What kind of intervention is effective for improving subjective well-being among workers? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1236746. [PMID: 37469895 PMCID: PMC10353613 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1236746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.528656.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Sakuraya
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Imamura
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Asai
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Ando
- Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Eguchi
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Yuka Kobayashi
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Arima
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Iwanaga
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Otsuka
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsu Sasaki
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiomi Inoue
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Reiko Inoue
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kanami Tsuno
- School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Hino
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihito Shimazu
- Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akizumi Tsutsumi
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Gulla SSRK, Helberg E, Vagiri RV. Positive mental health of patients at a psychiatric hospital, Gauteng province, South Africa. S Afr J Psychiatr 2023; 29:2016. [PMID: 37416856 PMCID: PMC10319928 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v29i0.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Positive mental health (PMH) forms the basis of well-being and positive mind set, which includes a range of cognitive-emotional attributes and coping skills of an individual towards the family and society. Assessment of PMH in psychiatric patients is critical in understanding their needs, improving mental health and the treatment of their illnesses. Aim To investigate the levels of PMH among patients attending the outpatient department at a public sector tertiary referral psychiatric hospital using the multidimensional PMH instrument. Setting Adult psychiatric patients attending the outpatient department at a public sector tertiary referral hospital, Gauteng province, South Africa. Methods A quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted using a multi-dimensional PMH instrument with a convenient sample of 346 outpatients who provided consent. Results Females reported significantly high PMH scores (3.86 vs 3.6; p = 0.018) compared to males. Patients with higher education (Gr. 0-7 vs Gr. 8-12 vs Tertiary education, PMH scores 3.34 vs 3.75 vs 4.18; p < 0.001), being married (single vs married, 3.67 vs 3.81, p = 0.342) and employed (unemployed vs employed, 3.62 vs 3.97, p = 0.005) reported significantly high total PMH score and across various domains. Conclusion The results of the study highlighted the multi-dimensionality of mental health and justified importance of evaluating the domains of PMH in mental health care users. Identifying the reasons for the deficits in the PMH domains and implementing coping strategies will improve the emotional and psychological well-being of patients. Contribution Examining the PMH domains will assist healthcare workers intervene to improve the mental health of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Sai Ram Kumar Gulla
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elvera Helberg
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rajesh Vikram Vagiri
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
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17
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Sebastião R, Neto DD, Costa V. Understanding Differential Stress and Mental Health Reactions to COVID-19-Related Events. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:ijerph20105819. [PMID: 37239546 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the pandemic on mental health can be studied through different variables, such as the number of COVID-19 stressors, the stressor types, and the stress responses. Understanding the sources of mental strain is crucial for developing effective interventions. The present study analyzed the relationship between these COVID-19-related variables and positive and negative mental health. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 666 individuals from the Portuguese general population, mostly females (65.5%) between 16-93 years old. They completed self-report measures regarding the number of COVID-19 stressors, the stressor types, the stress responses (IES-R), and positive (MHC-SF) and negative mental health (BSI-18). The results demonstrated that a higher number of COVID-19-experienced stressors and more stress responses were related to worse mental health. Regarding stressor types, experiences not related to the COVID-19 infection (e.g., tension at home) presented the largest effects on mental health. The strongest predictor was the stress responses for negative (β = 0.50) and positive mental health (β = -0.17). The predictors explained more about negative mental health than positive. These findings support the idea that individual appraisals play a crucial role in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sebastião
- School of Psychology, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal
- APPsyCI-Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities & Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Dias Neto
- School of Psychology, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal
- APPsyCI-Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities & Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vasco Costa
- School of Psychology, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal
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18
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Mahmoodi SMH, Rasoulian M, Khodadoust E, Jabari Z, Emami S, Ahmadzad-Asl M. The well-being of Iranian adult citizens; is it related to mental health literacy? Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1127639. [PMID: 37215675 PMCID: PMC10196501 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1127639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subjective well-being (SWB) is a fundamental concept in the definition of mental health and is a significant health indicator for individuals and societies. Mental health literacy (MHL) is a modifiable variable with known effects on mental health, but its relationship with SWB is not recognized. In this study, the SWB is measured, and its relationship to MHL is investigated. Methods In this cross-sectional study conducted in Iran in 2019, 1,682 individuals participated using a convenient sampling method. Participants with a basic ability to use internet were included. A simple online form was used to collect data. SWB and MHL were measured with three questionnaires: WHO-5 Well-Being Index, Mental Health Literacy Scale, and Mental Health Positive Knowledge. Results Most of the participants were young (mean age 25.99, SD 9.14), female (71.9%), and had a university degree (78.5%). The mean SWB was 50.19 out of 100 (SD 20.92). More than half of the participants (50.4%) were screen-positive for clinical depression regarding their low well-being. Significant but very small correlations were detected between SWB and both MHL measures. Conclusion The well-being of half of the educated Iranian citizens who participated in this study was poor and lower than previous measurements. No strong correlation is detected between SWB and MHL measures in this study. This suggests that people's well-being cannot be improved by merely implementing mental health educational programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Hossein Mahmoodi
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rasoulian
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Khodadoust
- Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Jabari
- Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Emami
- Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Ahmadzad-Asl
- Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Clayborne ZM, Dopko RL, Wang C, Betancourt MT, Roberts KC, Capaldi CA. Associations of sleep duration and sleep quality with indicators of mental health among youth and adults: findings from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2023; 43:243-259. [PMID: 37195654 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.43.5.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A growing number of Canadian studies have examined the link between sleep and mental health. This research builds upon that work by investigating associations of sleep duration and quality with positive mental health (PMH) and mental illness and suicidal ideation (MI/SI) outcomes among youth and adults from threeCanadian provinces (i.e. Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan). METHODS Using cross-sectional data from respondents 12 years and older (n = 18 683) who were asked questions on their sleep in the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey - Annual Component, we conducted unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressionswith self-reported measures of sleep duration and sleep quality as independent variables and a range of PMH (e.g. high self-rated mental health) and MI/SI indicators (e.g. mood disorder diagnosis) as dependent variables. Analyses were conducted of allcomplete cases and also stratified by sex and age group. RESULTS Good sleep quality was associated with higher odds of PMH indicators (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.52-4.24) and lower odds of MI/SI indicators (aOR: 0.23- 0.47); associations remained significant when analyses were stratified. Meeting sleep duration recommendations was positively associated with PMH indicators (aOR: 1.27- 1.56) and negatively associated with MI/SI indicators (aOR: 0.41-0.80), but some associations did not remain significant when stratified. CONCLUSION This study provides support for associations between sleep duration and quality and indicators of PMH and MI/SI. Findings can inform future research and surveillance efforts that monitor sleep behaviours and indicators of PMH and MI/SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra M Clayborne
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Chinchin Wang
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Sittner KJ, Herman KA, Gonzalez MB, Walls ML. A longitudinal study of positive mental health and coping among Indigenous adults with type 2 diabetes. Anxiety Stress Coping 2023; 36:339-352. [PMID: 35587950 PMCID: PMC9674796 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2022.2076082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Indigenous Peoples and scholars call for strengths-based approaches to research inclusive of Indigenous resiliency and positive outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine positive mental health for Indigenous adults with type 2 diabetes and to determine if positive mental health is linked to community connectedness (a coping resource) and active coping (a coping response). METHODS Participants (N = 194 at baseline) were randomly selected from clinical records, at least 18 years old with a type 2 diabetes diagnosis, and self-identified as American Indian. RESULTS Latent growth curve models revealed that average positive mental health was predicted to decrease over the four waves of the study, although not for participants with above-average active coping at baseline. Community connectedness at baseline was associated with higher initial levels of positive mental health. Within-person change in active coping and community connectedness were both associated with increases in positive mental health. CONCLUSION This study aligns with previous research demonstrating that coping can influence health outcomes, and furthers the stress process literature by showing that active coping and community connectedness can impact positive mental health for Indigenous adults with Type 2 Diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaley A. Herman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health; Center for American Indian Health; Duluth, MN
| | - Miigis B. Gonzalez
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health; Center for American Indian Health; Duluth, MN
| | - Melissa L. Walls
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health; Center for American Indian Health; Duluth, MN
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21
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Ooi LL, Liu L, Roberts KC, Gariépy G, Capaldi CA. Social isolation, loneliness and positive mental health among older adults in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2023; 43:171-181. [PMID: 37043546 PMCID: PMC10111573 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.43.4.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Social isolation and loneliness are associated with poorer mental health among older adults. However, less is known about how these experiences are independently associated with positive mental health (PMH) during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We analyzed data from the 2020 and 2021 cycles of the Survey on COVID-19 and Mental Health to provide estimates of social isolation (i.e. living alone), loneliness and PMH outcomes (i.e. high self-rated mental health, high community belonging, mean life satisfaction) in the overall older adult population (i.e. 65+ years) and across sociodemographic groups. We also conducted logistic and linear regressions to separately and simultaneously examine how social isolation and loneliness are associated with PMH. RESULTS Nearly 3 in 10 older adults reported living alone, and over a third reported feelings of loneliness due to the pandemic. When examined separately, living alone and loneliness were each associated with lower PMH. When assessed simultaneously, loneliness remained a significant independent factor associated with all three PMH outcomes (overall and across all sociodemographic groups), but living alone was only a significant factor for high community belonging in the overall population, for males and for those aged 65 to 74 years. CONCLUSION Overall, social isolation and loneliness were associated with poorer wellbeing among older adults in Canada during the pandemic. Loneliness remained a significant factor related to all PMH outcomes after adjusting for social isolation, but not vice versa. The findings highlight the need to appropriately identify and support lonely older adults during (and beyond) the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Ooi
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li Liu
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Geneviève Gariépy
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Nobre J, Arco H, Monteiro F, Oliveira AP, Ferré-Grau C, Sequeira C. Development of a Proposal for a Program to Promote Positive Mental Health Literacy among Adolescents: A Focus Group Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4898. [PMID: 36981805 PMCID: PMC10049546 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, there have been several studies that have shown insufficient levels of adolescents' mental health literacy (MHL). Knowledge about intervention programs that promote positive mental health literacy (PMeHL) among adolescents is still very scarce. In this sense, we defined as objectives to identify and describe the necessary components to design a program proposal that promotes adolescents' PMeHL. We conducted an exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study using two focus groups in July and September 2022 with an intentional non-probability sample of eleven participants (nine professional experts and two adolescents). Data were analyzed using content analysis, using NVivo® 12 software (version 12, QRS International: Daresbury Cheshire, UK). We obtained a total of four categories and eighteen subcategories: structure (context; format; contents; length and frequency; pedagogical methods; pedagogical techniques; resources; denomination), participants (target group; program facilitators), assessment (timing; evaluation instruments), other components (planning, articulation and adaptation; involvement; training; special situations; partnerships; referral). The perspectives of the professional experts and of the adolescents that we obtained from this study contributed to the design of a proposal for a program to promote adolescents' PMeHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Nobre
- Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Tarragona, Spain
- VALORIZA—Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Helena Arco
- Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), 7000-811 Évora, Portugal
| | - Francisco Monteiro
- Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Oliveira
- Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Tarragona, Spain
- Group Innovation & Development in Nursing (NursID), Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carme Ferré-Grau
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carlos Sequeira
- Group Innovation & Development in Nursing (NursID), Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Nursing School of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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23
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do Nascimento PPG, de Andrade-Valença LPA. Re-Thinking Subjective Wellbeing of Latin-American and Caribbean Men With Epilepsy: Beyond Sexual Dysfunctions Issues. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1605280. [PMID: 36846155 PMCID: PMC9950099 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1605280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
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Zhu X, Gao M, Cheng X, Zhao W. Sleep - the guarantee of health! Does the environmental perception characteristics of urban residential areas affect residents' sleep quality? Front Public Health 2023; 10:1017790. [PMID: 36743169 PMCID: PMC9889991 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1017790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A complex urban living environment and residents' sleep quality are intrinsically linked. Nonetheless, there is little evidence that the residential environment affects sleep quality. Based on the results of subjective questionnaires, this study uses the multiple regression combined with mediation analysis to construct a mechanical model of the impact of urban residential environmental perception characteristics on residents' sleep quality. Moreover, the differences among the influence intensities of the significant factors are compared and the results show that (1) in low-density environments (FAR < 2) and lower floors (4-6), residents sleep longer and have better sleep quality; (2) the environmental quality and service facilities of the physical environment and the sense of safety in the social environment have a significant impact on residents' sleep quality; and (3) the mental health of residents play a significant intermediary role in the relationship between social environment and sleep quality, with the highest effect accounting for 33.88%. The influence mechanisms of various environmental factors in a residential area on sleep quality were revealed and a more refined design basis for a healthy urban living environment, community renewal, and renovation was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhu
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China,Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China,Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Ming Gao ✉
| | - Xinting Cheng
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China,Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China,Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, China,Wei Zhao ✉
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Peoples JE, Butler-Barnes ST, Stafford JD, Williams SL, Smith I. Exploring the association between mental health climate and depression: the protective role of positive mental health and sense of belonging among Black college students. J Am Coll Health 2023:1-11. [PMID: 36634355 PMCID: PMC10336179 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2155466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To explore relationships between mental health climate, positive mental health, sense of belonging, and depression among a U.S. national sample of Black college students. Participants: 1303 Black undergraduate and graduate students from 15 colleges and universities throughout the U.S. Methods: Data were from the 2018-2019 Healthy Minds Study. Analysis included hierarchical regression models. Results: A more positive perception of mental health climate and higher levels of both positive mental health and sense of belonging were significantly associated with lower levels of depression. Significant interactions existed between positive mental health and climate and sense of belonging and climate with buffering effects being most pronounced for students reporting high levels of positive mental health. Conclusion: Black college students' perceptions of an institution's mental health climate are associated with psychological outcomes. College health stakeholders should consider the buffering effects of protective factors on mental health when designing initiatives for Black college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- JaNiene E. Peoples
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis; 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1196, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Sheretta T. Butler-Barnes
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis; 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1196, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jewel D. Stafford
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis; 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1196, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Sha-Lai Williams
- School of Social Work, University of Missouri - St. Louis; 1 Brookings Drive, 1 University Blvd. 475 SSB St. Louis MO 63121, USA
| | - Ivy Smith
- Division of Computational and Data Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis; 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1220, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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26
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Almeida CPP, Novo AFMP, Lluch Canut MT, Ferré‐Grau C, Sequeira CADC. COVID-19 infection: Positive mental health, psychological vulnerability and sex: Cross-sectional study. J Nurs Scholarsh 2023; 55:123-130. [PMID: 36239008 PMCID: PMC9874471 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since mid-March 2020, a state of emergency was decreed in Portugal due to the COVID-19 pandemic and, consequently, measures were implemented to protect public health, such as social isolation, which will certainly have a notable impact on the mental health of the population, especially in the most vulnerable groups. Positive Mental Health (PMH) is essential to deal with adversity, in this case with the pandemic, and to live better and with greater satisfaction. We consider it relevant to investigate how PMH was used as a resource to deal with the pandemic, depending on the level of vulnerability and sex. A, cross-sectional study was carried out whose the aim was to evaluate the levels of PMH and psychological vulnerability in people with COVOD-19 infection and analyze the association between PMH and psychological vulnerability among men and women. METHODS The instruments used were a sociodemographic characterization questionnaire, the Positive Mental Health Questionnaire, and the Psychological Vulnerability Scale (PVS), that were sent and filled out online. A quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational study was carried out. RESULTS After analyzing the results, it was found that approximately 50.4% of the respondents (n = 387) had global PMH values that place them in quartile 50. There was also a statistically significant difference between female and male PMH, with women showing greater psychological vulnerability and lower overall PMH. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the women present a greater psychological vulnerability and a lower level of PMH when compared to men. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Considering the study's statistically significant results, when we talk about mental health, we should always consider the sex variable as a vulnerability factor, in a pandemic or non-pandemic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Filipe Morais Pinto Novo
- Insituto Politécnico de Bragança, Escola superior de SaúdeBragancaPortugal,Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS)
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Bassi M, Carissoli C, Tonelli F, Trombetta L, Magenta M, Delle Fave A, Cogliati C. Stress and mental health of COVID-19 survivors and their families after hospital discharge: relationship with perceived healthcare staff empathy. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2023; 28:48-59. [PMID: 34931918 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2021.2019811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Several studies attest to the long-term consequences of COVID-19 infection on survivors' mental illness, especially in terms of high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 1-3 months after hospitalization. Aims of the present study were (1) to jointly evaluate PTSD and positive mental health among COVID-19 survivors and family members after hospital discharge, and (2) to investigate the relationship between perceived healthcare staff's relational empathy during hospitalization and survivors' post-traumatic stress levels. In this cross-sectional study, 60 survivors (Mage = 60.45; 63.3% men) and 40 family members (Mage = 52.33; 60% women) participated in an online survey 3-7 months after hospital discharge. In addition to providing socio-demographic data, they completed PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 and Mental Health Continuum Short Form. Survivors also completed the Consultation and Relational Empathy measure. Percentages of participants meeting a provisional PTSD and mental health diagnosis (flourishing, moderate, languishing) were calculated. A hierarchical regression analysis was performed on survivors' data, with perceived staff's empathy as predictor and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) as outcome. One-fifth of the participants received a provisional PTSD diagnosis, about half were diagnosed with flourishing or moderate mental health, and only 5% were languishing, with no significant between-group differences. Among survivors, a negative association was detected between perceived healthcare staff's empathy and PTSS, explaining 10.5% of the model variance over and above demographic and clinical variables. Findings highlighted the coexistence of PTSD and positive mental health among survivors and family members, suggesting the usefulness of assessing both negative and positive dimensions of mental health, in order to promote psycho-social adaptation once returning to everyday life. In addition, the role of compassionate care in clinical practice emerged as a potential means to mitigate severe traumatic reactions among survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bassi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Carissoli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Trombetta
- Internal Medicine, L. Sacco Hospital, ASST-FBF-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Magenta
- Internal Medicine, L. Sacco Hospital, ASST-FBF-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Delle Fave
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cogliati
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Internal Medicine, L. Sacco Hospital, ASST-FBF-Sacco, Milan, Italy
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Tinoco-Camarena JM, Puig-Llobet M, Lluch-Canut MT, Roldan-Merino J, Moreno-Arroyo MC, Moreno-Poyato A, Balaguer-Sancho J, Agüera Z, Sánchez-Ortega MA, Hidalgo-Blanco MÁ. Effectiveness of the Online "Dialogue Circles" Nursing Intervention to Increase Positive Mental Health and Reduce the Burden of Caregivers of Patients with Complex Chronic Conditions. Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 20:644. [PMID: 36612964 PMCID: PMC9819240 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The personal demands involved in caring for a chronically ill person can lead to emotional and physical exhaustion in caregivers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an online nursing intervention called "dialogue circles" designed to reduce caregiver overload and enhance positive mental health (PMH) in family caregivers. We used a pre-post design. The sample consisted of 86 family caregivers of patients with complex chronic conditions, randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 43) or the control group (n = 43). All participants completed the Zarit scale and the Positive Mental Health Questionnaire 15 days before starting the intervention and 30 days after its completion. Comparison of the post-test changes revealed statistically significant differences between the two groups in PMH and overload, with the intervention group showing greater positive changes in all dimensions of PMH after the intervention and lower scores on overload. In conclusion, the results suggest that incorporating dialogue circles as an online nursing intervention in the caregivers of patients with complex chronic conditions can enhance PMH and decrease caregiver overload, especially in settings where face-to-face encounters are not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Tinoco-Camarena
- Center of Cornellà Specialists, Consorci Sanitari Integral, 08940 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal-Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Health Sciences Campus Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Puig-Llobet
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal-Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Health Sciences Campus Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Lluch-Canut
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal-Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Health Sciences Campus Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Roldan-Merino
- Department of Mental Health, Campus Docent Sant Joan de Déu School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Moreno-Arroyo
- Department of Nursing, Fundamental and Medical-Surgical, School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nursing Research Group (GRIN), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Moreno-Poyato
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal-Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Health Sciences Campus Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Balaguer-Sancho
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal-Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Health Sciences Campus Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal-Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Health Sciences Campus Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Aurelia Sánchez-Ortega
- University School of Nursing and Occupational Therapy of Terrassa (EUIT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Hidalgo-Blanco
- Department of Nursing, Fundamental and Medical-Surgical, School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nursing Research Group (GRIN), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Sánchez-Ortega MA, Lluch-Canut MT, Roldán-Merino J, Agüera Z, Hidalgo-Blanco MA, Moreno-Poyato AR, Tinoco-Camarena J, Moreno-Arroyo C, Puig-Llobet M. Nursing Intervention to Improve Positive Mental Health and Self-Care Skills in People with Chronic Physical Health Conditions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 20:528. [PMID: 36612849 PMCID: PMC9819309 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The exponential increase in the number of people suffering chronic illness has become a problem for which healthcare services need a response. The inclusion of self-care and positive mental health as part of a strategy to promote health offers an opportunity for a reorganization oriented towards community spaces and group interventions. This study undertook the assessment of an intervention designed to optimize the agency of and capacity for self-care and positive mental health by utilizing activities drawn from the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC), specifically from Field 3 (Behavioral), and organized as a program called PIPsE. A quasi-experimental design was prepared with an intervention group (n = 22) and a control group (n = 22), in a primary care center in the Barcelona metropolitan area. The instruments used were two ad hoc questionnaires to collect sociodemographic and satisfaction information and two scales: the Appraisal of Self-care Agency Scale (ASA) and the Positive Mental Health Questionnaire (PMHQ). The results obtained showed a significant increase in self-care capacity and both overall positive mental health and mental health by factors in the intervention group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aurelia Sánchez-Ortega
- Nursing and Occupational Therapy School (EUIT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
- Institut Català de la Salut (ICS), Generalitat de Catalunya, 08915 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Lluch-Canut
- Departament d’Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Materno-Infantil, Escola d’Infermeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Juan Roldán-Merino
- Campus Docent Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Departament d’Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Materno-Infantil, Escola d’Infermeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Hidalgo-Blanco
- Departament d’Infermeria Fonamental i Médico-Quirúrgica, Escola d’Infermeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Antonio R. Moreno-Poyato
- Departament d’Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Materno-Infantil, Escola d’Infermeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jose Tinoco-Camarena
- Departament d’Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Materno-Infantil, Escola d’Infermeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Center of Cornellà Specialists, Consorci Sanitari Integral, 08940 Cornellá de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carmen Moreno-Arroyo
- Departament d’Infermeria Fonamental i Médico-Quirúrgica, Escola d’Infermeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Montserrat Puig-Llobet
- Departament d’Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Materno-Infantil, Escola d’Infermeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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Concerto C, Rodolico A, La Rosa VL, Aiello B, Martinez M, Stuto S, Infortuna C, Fusar-Poli L, Signorelli MS, Commodari E, Battaglia F, Aguglia E. Flourishing or Languishing? Predictors of Positive Mental Health in Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15814. [PMID: 36497895 PMCID: PMC9736882 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, medical students were burdened with high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. The objective of the present study was to investigate predictors of positive mental health among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted an online survey from September 2021 to March 2022. We applied the snowball recruitment technique involving medical students from the University of Catania, Italy. We administered, anonymously, a questionnaire about demographic characteristics, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A), and the short form of the Mental Health Continuum (MHC-SF). Participants showed moderate anxiety, depression, and stress levels, and more than half had positive mental health status overall. This finding was inversely related to age, depression severity, cyclothymic, and depressive temperaments. Our results showed that medical students with depressive and cyclothymic temperaments were more at risk of worsening mental health status during the pandemic. Our findings may allow for further developments about the impact of personological characteristics on students' mental health to enable more efficient support for the most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Concerto
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rodolico
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Aiello
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Miriam Martinez
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Stuto
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmenrita Infortuna
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Fusar-Poli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Salvina Signorelli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Commodari
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Fortunato Battaglia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Eugenio Aguglia
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Andrade C, Tavares M, Soares H, Coelho F, Tomás C. Positive Mental Health and Mental Health Literacy of Informal Caregivers: A Scoping Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15276. [PMID: 36430000 PMCID: PMC9690944 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Positive mental health and mental health literacy are two main concepts to ensure an individual and social state of mental health and well-being. A scoping review of the scientific literature published in the field of health sciences was conducted to identify the relationship between mental health literacy and the positive mental health of family caregivers. A research expression was used to search for articles in health databases, respecting the main topics of the Participants/Concept/Context (PCC) framework. A total of eight articles were included from the 2830 initially identified using the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) process. It was noticeable that none of the studies related positive mental health and mental health literacy of caregivers. Nevertheless, it was possible to identify predictors of mental health and self-efficacy, such as burden and a lack of information about and support in the process of care. Caregivers' quality of life, self-esteem and confidence are also important positive mental health predictors that are closely related to health literacy. The knowledge of these factors can contribute to the reduction in negative determinants of mental health of caregivers and the resolution of strategies to meet caregivers' needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Andrade
- Department of Nursing, Family and Community Health, School of Health, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- Group Inovation and Development in Nursing (NursID), Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcio Tavares
- Department of Nursing, Family and Community Health, School of Health, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Hélia Soares
- Department of Nursing, Mental Health and Gerontology, University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
- Nursing Research Unit for South and Islands (NURSE’IN), 2914-503 Setubal, Portugal
| | - Fábio Coelho
- Department of Nursing, Mental Health and Gerontology, University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Catarina Tomás
- Group Inovation and Development in Nursing (NursID), Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Nursing Sciences, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- ciTechCare-Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, School of Health Sciences (ESSLei), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
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Vinko M, Mikolič P, Roškar S, Jeriček Klanšček H. Positive mental health in Slovenia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:963545. [PMID: 36311622 PMCID: PMC9614317 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.963545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mental health has been heavily affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study we compared the prevalence of flourishing and languishing mental health during the pandemic and examined which factors are associated with either category of positive mental health respectively. Methods Data from two cross-sectional surveys with nationally representative samples of adult population in Slovenia conducted in 2019 (n = 9,047) and in 2021 (n = 3,429) are used. Positive mental health was measured with Mental Health Continuum-Short Form instrument. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between flourishing and languishing mental health and relevant COVID-19 specific and other health-related factors. Results There was a substantial decrease in the prevalence of flourishing and an increase in the prevalence of languishing mental health during the pandemic. Distribution of both flourishing and languishing mental health followed the socio-economic gradient. Resilience, COVID-19 literacy and changes in family relations, social interactions, and dietary habits were associated with both flourishing and languishing mental health. Conclusion Positive mental health of the population worsened during the pandemic, more so in traditionally disadvantaged populations. Public health efforts need to be focused appropriately with an increased emphasis on strengthening resilience and health literacy.
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Sarrionandia S, Gorbeña S, Gómez I, Penas P, Macía P, Iraurgi I. Effects of a Multi-Component Psychological Intervention to Cultivate Mental Health in Older Adults. Clin Interv Aging 2022; 17:1493-1502. [PMID: 36237734 PMCID: PMC9553157 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s376894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psychological interventions to cultivate mental health in older adults are scarce and tend to focus on and use a limited number of activities. Objective The aim of this study was to test the effects of an intervention based on Keyes' concept of positive mental health. Methods The intervention was conducted with 24 self-selected participants, while 34 were part of the control group. Positive mental health and distress outcomes were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention. ANCOVA analysis and effect sizes were calculated. Results Results showed that the intervention increased mental health (F= 18.22, p<0.001, η2= 0.334, d= 1.45, power 0.986) and decreased psychiatric symptomatology in the experimental group versus the control group (F= 7.07, p= 0.011, η2= 0.16, d= 0.87, power= 0.736), which showed no change. Discussion Despite study limitations, the intervention effectively promoted older people's well-being. Future research, should evaluate the long-term effects of the intervention with varied older adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sare Sarrionandia
- University of Deusto, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, Bilbao, Spain,Correspondence: Sare Sarrionandia, Tel +34 944139000 ext 3122, Email
| | - Susana Gorbeña
- University of Deusto, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ignacio Gómez
- University of Deusto, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Patricia Penas
- University of Deusto, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Patricia Macía
- University of Deusto, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ioseba Iraurgi
- University of Deusto, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, Bilbao, Spain
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34
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Liu J, Abdin E, Vaingankar JA, Lim MSM, Verma S, Tang C, Shafie S, Shahwan S, Subramaniam M. Positive mental health framework of transdiagnostic protective
factors in elucidating the association between adverse childhood experiences and
severe mental disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2022; 56:1332-1343. [PMID: 34666558 PMCID: PMC9513503 DOI: 10.1177/00048674211053568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transdiagnostic risk factors-disrupted processes common to psychopathology-link adverse childhood experiences to severe mental disorders (i.e. major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders); however, transdiagnostic protective factors are understudied. The present study investigated the association between a positive mental health framework of protective intra- and interpersonal resources and severe mental disorders in individuals with adverse childhood experiences. We hypothesized that (1) individuals with adverse childhood experiences will experience more severe mental disorders and poorer intra- and interpersonal resources than those without adverse childhood experiences; (2) intrapersonal (e.g. general coping) and interpersonal resources (e.g. emotional support) will interact to predict severe mental disorders. METHODS A total of 1929 adults participated in this population-based study. Participants were assessed for adverse childhood experiences, severe mental disorders, and intra- and interpersonal resources (general coping, general affect, emotional support, interpersonal skills, spirituality, and personal growth and autonomy) via structured interviews and self-reports. RESULTS As hypothesized, individuals with adverse childhood experiences (62.6%) experienced more severe mental disorders and poorer intra- and interpersonal resources than those without adverse childhood experiences. Among those with adverse childhood experiences, emotional support interacted with general coping and general affect to predict severe mental disorders; general coping and general affect were negatively associated with severe mental disorders at high (+1 SD) and low (-1 SD) emotional support, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present study identified interactions between specific intrapersonal (i.e. general coping and general affect) and interpersonal resources (i.e. emotional support); knowing among whom and when to intervene are essential for optimal treatment of adverse childhood experiences and severe mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Liu
- Research Division, Institute of Mental
Health, Singapore,Jianlin Liu, Research Division, Institute
of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore
539747, Singapore.
| | | | | | | | - Swapna Verma
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of
Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Charmaine Tang
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of
Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Saleha Shafie
- Research Division, Institute of Mental
Health, Singapore
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35
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Valentim O, Vilelas J, Carvalho JC, Andrade CMSM, Tomás C, Costa PS, Sequeira C. The relation between lifestyles and positive mental health in Portuguese higher education students. Glob Health Promot 2022; 30:23-32. [PMID: 36000814 DOI: 10.1177/17579759221112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Healthy lifestyles are commonly associated with improved physical and mental health. Sleep patterns, nutrition, physical exercise, consumption of psychoactive substances, among others, can strongly influence positive mental health. The aims are: characterize lifestyles based on positive mental health clusters, considering the cross-sectional cohort sample of higher education students, and analyse the lifestyles associated with positive mental health. A cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational and multicentric study of quantitative approach was conducted. The Positive Mental Health Questionnaire was applied. Through the k-means method, four clusters were obtained based on positive mental health levels. The sample of 3647 higher education students was mostly female (78.8%), single (89.5%), with an average age of 23 years (SD = 6.68). Differences were found between clusters based on the sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyles. Findings in Cluster 1 were highlighted because they included students with a higher level of positive mental health, which was associated with greater satisfaction in affective relationships, higher recreational and sports activities, better sleep quality, a healthy diet, and lower medication and illicit drugs consumption. These key findings emphasize the promotion of healthy lifestyles and highlight the importance of positive mental health in promoting the health of higher education students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Valentim
- Polytechnic Institute of Lusofonia, Ribeiro Sanches Higher School of Health, Lisboa, Portugal; Center for Research in Health Technologies and Services (CINTESIS)
| | - José Vilelas
- Higher School of Health of the Portuguese Red Cross, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José C Carvalho
- Porto Higher School of Nursing, Portugal, Center for Research in Health Technologies and Services (CINTESIS)
| | | | - Catarina Tomás
- Polytechnic Institute of Leiria Higher School of Health Sciences, Leiria, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos Sequeira
- Porto Higher School of Nursing, Portugal, Center for Research in Health Technologies and Services (CINTESIS)
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Pir S, Hashemi L, Gulliver P, McIntosh T, Fanslow J. Which Aspects of Social Support Enhance Positive Mental Health in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence? Violence Against Women 2022:10778012221114919. [PMID: 35989683 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221114919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
While there is evidence that social support can mitigate mental illness symptoms associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), there is a need to explore if social support can promote positive mental health. In this New Zealand (NZ) population-based study of women who had experienced physical and/or sexual violence (n = 453), structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that most facets of social support (friends, family, and neighbors) had a significant correlation with each dimension of positive mental health, as measured by Keyes' Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF). Safety from IPV (no recent IPV experience) is a prerequisite before social support can assist women to attain positive mental health. Further work is required to ensure friends, family, and communities have the knowledge and resources to provide effective social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setayesh Pir
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ladan Hashemi
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pauline Gulliver
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tracey McIntosh
- Te Wānanga o Waipapa, Faculty of Arts, 1415University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janet Fanslow
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Sequeira C, Araújo O, Lourenço T, Freitas O, Carvalho JC, Costa P. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Portuguese university students. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2022; 31:920-932. [PMID: 35385603 PMCID: PMC9111582 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a disruptive effect on daily routines, especially for university students. This study aimed to compare pre-pandemic domains of students' mental health during the pandemic lockdown. One cross-sectional study was conducted in two waves with academic students from 20 Portuguese universities, in March 2020 before the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 3579) and 2 months after the first lockdown in May 2020 (n = 1228). The Positive Mental Health Questionnaire (PMHQ), the Mental Health Knowledge Questionnaire, the Mental Health-promoting knowledge, and the Psychological Vulnerability Scale were used. Statistical analyses were performed by bivariate associations and multiple linear regression models. Students were mostly women (79%), with an average age of 23.2 years (SD = 6.6), displaced from their family environment (43%), out-of-home (43%), and scholarship holders (37%). Higher scores found in the PVS were associated with decreased PMHQ in both moments (P < 0.01). These cross-sectional studies showed a slight variation in the mental health variables studied in the period before and during the COVID-19 outbreak. Being a woman, younger, out-of-home, and having a scholarship (P < 0.01) seem to increase susceptibility to mental health variation before and during the pandemic. Universities should develop strategies that promote students' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sequeira
- Nursing School of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Research Group "NursID: Innovation & Development in Nursing", Porto, Portugal
| | - Odete Araújo
- School of Nursing, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Lourenço
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Research Group "NursID: Innovation & Development in Nursing", Porto, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Enfermagem São José de Cluny - Gabinete de Investigação e Desenvolvimento Cluny, Portugal
| | - Otília Freitas
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade da Madeira, Portugal.,Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS_UMa), Portugal
| | - José Carlos Carvalho
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Research Group "NursID: Innovation & Development in Nursing", Porto, Portugal.,José Carlos Carvalho. Nursing School of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrício Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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38
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Margraf J, Lavallee KL, Zhang XC, Woike JK, Schneider S. Mental health and the wish to have a child: a longitudinal, cross-cultural comparison between Germany and China. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2022; 43:177-189. [PMID: 32914664 DOI: 10.1080/0167482x.2020.1816959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The desire to have children has been declining globally, especially in industrialized nations. This study examines the physical health correlates, and positive and negative mental health correlates of the wish to have a child across time and in two countries. METHOD Questionnaire data were obtained from large-scale university samples of 12,574 participants in Germany and China. RESULTS The wish to have a child (child wish) is related to positive and negative mental health in China and, to a lesser degree, in Germany. Child wish is positively related to some aspects of mental and somatic health for Chinese women and men, negatively to depression for Chinese and German men and Chinese women, and positively to stress for German men, with generally small effects. Effects hold when controlling for age, partnership status, and family affluence. Most relationships were almost equal between women and men (in both China and Germany), and between countries with the exception of two different paths in each gender group. That is, having a partner is associated with a higher child wish in both Chinese and German female students. In China, older female students are more likely to want to have a child, while older female students in Germany are less likely to want to have a child. Neither partnership nor age predict child wish for the next year. CONCLUSION In sum, Chinese students reported feeling more positively about having children when they were happy and healthy, with the exception that highly satisfied Chinese males report lower child wish in the next year. More depressed Chinese and German men and Chinese women reported lowered child wish, and stressed German men reported more child wish. Older students reported more (Chinese) or less (German) child wish depending on country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Margraf
- The Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Kristen L Lavallee
- The Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Xiao Chi Zhang
- The Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan K Woike
- Center for Adaptive Rationality (ARC), Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Schneider
- The Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
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Plouffe RA, Liu A, Richardson JD, Nazarov A. Validation of the mental health continuum: Short form among Canadian Armed Forces personnel. Health Rep 2022; 33:3-12. [PMID: 35587218 DOI: 10.25318/82-003-x202200500001-eng] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to the general Canadian population, military members exhibit a higher prevalence of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. However, there is a paucity of research investigating the extent to which military members experience positive mental health. Validation of positive mental health measures, including the Mental Health Continuum - Short Form (MHC-SF), is necessary to determine whether well-being can be assessed in a valid and reliable manner among Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) military members. The purpose of this research was to assess the internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, factor structure, and measurement invariance of the MHC-SF among CAF Regular Force and Reserve Force military members. DATA AND METHODS Data were drawn from the nationally representative 2013 Canadian Forces Mental Health Survey (CFMHS) conducted by Statistics Canada. A random sample of 8,200 CAF military personnel completed the CFMHS, representing 64,400 Regular Force and 4,460 Reserve Force CAF personnel. RESULTS As expected, all three MHC-SF subscales (psychological, social, and emotional well-being) correlated positively with life satisfaction, self-rated mental health, sense of belonging, and social support, and correlated negatively with psychological distress and disability due to health conditions. Internal consistency was high. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor structure of the MHC-SF, and measurement invariance was satisfied. INTERPRETATION Findings provided support for the reliability, convergent validity, factorial validity, and measurement invariance of the MHC-SF among both Regular Force and Reserve Force military samples. Therefore, researchers and clinicians can reliably implement the MHC-SF as a tool to assess, interpret, and predict military members' psychological, social, and emotional well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Plouffe
- MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario
| | - Aihua Liu
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec
| | - J Don Richardson
- MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
- OSI Clinic, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario
| | - Anthony Nazarov
- MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
- OSI Clinic, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario
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40
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O'Connor M, Guo S, Letcher P, Sanson A, Goldfeld S, Olsson CA. Developmental relationships between socio-economic disadvantage and mental health across the first 30 years of life. Longit Life Course Stud 2022; 13:432-453. [PMID: 35920645 DOI: 10.1332/175795921x16459587898770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of how socio-economic disadvantage experienced over the life course relates to mental health outcomes in young adulthood has been limited by a lack of long-term, prospective studies. Here we address this limitation by drawing on data from a large Australian population cohort study that has followed the development of more than 2,000 Australians (and their families) from infancy to young adulthood since 1983. Associations were examined between prospective assessments of socio-economic position (SEP) from 4-8 months to 27-28 years and mental health problems (depression, anxiety, stress) and competence (civic engagement, emotional maturity, secure intimate relationship) at 27-28 years. The odds of being socio-economically disadvantaged in young adulthood were elevated eight- to tenfold in those who had experienced disadvantage in the family of origin, compared with those who had not (OR 8.1, 95% CI 4.5-14.5 to 10.1, 95% CI 5.2-19.5). Only concurrent SEP was associated with young adult mental health problems, and this effect was limited to anxiety symptoms (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.9). In contrast, SEP had more pervasive impacts on young adult competence, particularly in the civic domain where effects were evident even from early infancy (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26-0.81). Findings suggest that one potentially important mechanism through which disadvantage compromises mental health is through limiting the development and consolidation of key psychosocial competencies needed for health and well-being in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuaijun Guo
- University of Melbourne and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia
| | - Primrose Letcher
- Deakin University, University of Melbourne and Royal Children's Hospital,Australia
| | | | - Sharon Goldfeld
- University of Melbourne and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Deakin University and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia
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41
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Yu Y. Thwarted Belongingness Hindered Successful Aging in Chinese Older Adults: Roles of Positive Mental Health and Meaning in Life. Front Psychol 2022; 13:839125. [PMID: 35282264 PMCID: PMC8907150 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.839125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging of population has brought great challenges to many regions throughout the world. It has been demonstrated that interpersonal relationship is closely related to the experiences of aging for older adults. However, it still remains unknown how and under what conditions thwarted belongingness links to successful aging. This study examined the relationship between thwarted belongingness and successful aging and tested the mediating role of positive mental health and the moderating role of meaning in life. Community-dwelling older adults (n = 339) aged 60-75 years recruited in Chongqing, China completed self-measures of thwarted belongingness, successful aging, meaning in life, and positive mental health. Correlation analyses showed that successful aging was associated with less thwarted belongingness, better positive mental health, and higher levels of meaning in life. Positive mental health was found to totally mediate the negative effect of thwarted belongingness on successful aging. Moderated mediation analyses further revealed that two components of meaning in life (present of meaning and search for meaning) attenuated the indirect effect of thwarted belongingness on successful aging via positive mental health. This study highlights the protective roles of positive mental health and meaning in life and addressed cultural aspects in the process of successful aging among Chinese older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongju Yu
- Department of Social Work, School of International Law and Sociology, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China
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42
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Laranjeira C, Querido A. Hope and Optimism as an Opportunity to Improve the " Positive Mental Health" Demand. Front Psychol 2022; 13:827320. [PMID: 35282230 PMCID: PMC8907849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.827320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Laranjeira
- School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research in Education and Community Intervention (RECI I&D), Piaget Institute, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana Querido
- School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), NursID, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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43
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Ambhore SA, Kumar S. Positive mental health on Indian track: A complex twist of occupational stress and coping. Ind Psychiatry J 2022; 31:31-37. [PMID: 35800871 PMCID: PMC9255606 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_136_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present research aimed to propose a positive mental health model in relation to occupational stress and coping styles among train drivers of Indian railways. METHODS Sample (N = 300) in the age group of 21-59 years, with 40 years of mean age, and the job experience ranged from 3 to 40 years with a mean of 15 years was undertaken through purposive sampling technique. The sample also had a proper representation of the sociodemographic background. The survey-based research design with an empirical approach was used in the present study. RESULTS The structural equation model revealed the positive mental health of train drivers negatively associated with the experience of occupational stress. Their flourishing state has supported the positive effect of problem-focused coping and the negative effect of social support. However, this relationship with work stress was absent. Through moderation effect, problem-focused coping style strengthens the inverse association between occupational stress and positive mental health. This effect was equivalent across all living areas and income groups at the model as well as the path levels. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that train drivers who engaged in problem-focused coping could better handle organizational role stress and benefit from improved mental well-being. Therefore, many failures in the railway caused by human error emphasize the importance of this preventive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish A Ambhore
- Department of Safety, Central Railway, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satishchandra Kumar
- Department of Applied Psychology and Counseling Centre, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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44
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Veenhoven R. Why Studies in the Effect of Positive Psychological Interventions Should Use Life-Satisfaction as an Outcome. Front Psychol 2021; 12:758623. [PMID: 34899500 PMCID: PMC8654934 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of positive psychological interventions (PPIs) is mostly assessed using self-report measures of positive mental health. These measures are problematic because (1) the content addressed is often not clear, (2) different scales are used to assess different notions of positive mental health, which impedes comparability, (3) the concept of positive mental health involves objective capabilities which are not well measurable using subjective self-estimates, and (4) the concept behind the measures denotes presumed chances for adaptation to life rather than adaptation as such. Therefore, we should also measure the effect of PPIs using life-satisfaction, which is (a) a clear-cut concept and as such tells us what an intervention brings about, (b) is well measurable using self-reports, since it is a subjective concept, (c) it allows better comparability across studies, and (d) it indicates actual adaptation to life instead of strengthening of presumed of chances for adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruut Veenhoven
- Erasmus Happiness Economics Research Organization, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Optentia Research Program, Noth-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
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Balay-Odao EM, Alquwez N, Alsolami F, Tork HMM, Al Otaibi K, Al Thobaity A. COVID-19 crisis: Influence of eHealth literacy on mental health promotion among Saudi nursing students. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2021; 16:906-913. [PMID: 34803568 PMCID: PMC8591548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to determine the influence of eHealth literacy on mental health promotion among Saudi nursing students. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted from 19 April to 21 May 2020. A total of 468 nursing students responded to the self-administered online survey. Two instruments, namely, the eHealth Literacy Scale and the Positive Mental Health Scale, were used. Statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used for the descriptive analysis. Multiple regression analysis was employed to analyse the relationship between eHealth literacy, health promotion, and its predictors. Results The results showed that 30.3% of nursing students were dissatisfied with their general health. Students perceived high self-assessed eHealth literacy and positive mental health. Students in the 4th year had lower scores than those of students in the 2nd year. Nursing students perceived that the quarantine and public social distancing lowered their mental health scores. Finally, the eHealth literacy mean scores resulted in a 0.21-point increase in the positive mental health scores. Conclusion The finding of the study shows that the eHealth literacy positively influnce the mental health status of Saudi Nursing students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejercito M Balay-Odao
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al Dawadmi, KSA
| | - Nahed Alquwez
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al Dawadmi, KSA
| | | | | | - Khalaf Al Otaibi
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al Dawadmi, KSA
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Pir S, Hashemi L, Gulliver P, Wiles J, McIntosh T, Fanslow J. Social-Level Factors Related to Positive Mental Health Outcomes Following Intimate Partner Violence: Results from a Population-Based Aotearoa New Zealand Sample. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:2742-2764. [PMID: 34761725 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211037380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) continues to be an issue for women globally. There remains a gap in research about what contributes to better mental health following IPV. The sociodemographic characteristics and other factors associated with positive mental health were explored among a sample of 454 women aged 16 years and over who reported previous exposure to physical and/or sexual IPV. Sixty-six percent of women reported positive mental health. The cessation of violence, support at disclosure, and ongoing informal support were factors significantly associated with positive mental health. Greater community outreach to improve responses to disclosure and practical support is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setayesh Pir
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, 1415University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ladan Hashemi
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, 1415University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pauline Gulliver
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, 1415University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janine Wiles
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, 1415University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tracey McIntosh
- Te Wānanga o Waipapa, Faculty of Arts, 1415University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janet Fanslow
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, 1415University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplace bullying is a highly prevalent occupational burden in health care settings. It is associated with various negative consequences in nurses, but its unique relationship with nurses' positive mental health (PMH) has yet to be established. AIM The purpose of this study was to examine the unique relationship between bullying at the workplace and positive mental health among registered nurses. METHOD A descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional design was used. A sample of 231 registered nurses was recruited from two governmental hospitals, two private hospitals, and two teaching hospitals. Self-reported data were obtained about nurses' demographic variables, their experience of bullying at the workplace, and their perceived positive mental health. RESULTS About 73.6% of the participants were exposed to workplace bullying. Regarding the positive mental health subscales, the spirituality subscale had the highest mean score (M = 4.93, SD = 1.11), while the global affect had the lowest mean score (M = 3.55, SD = 1.17). Factors associated with the total PMH or at least one of its subscales were gender, experience, working shift, type of hospital, and the position of the participant. There was a significant negative relationship between bullying at the workplace and positive mental health (r = -.16, p < .05). After controlling participants' characteristics, workplace bullying accounted for significant variance in PMH. CONCLUSION Regardless of the nurses' characteristics, bullying at the workplace has a negative impact on nurses' mental health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Harb
- Alaa Harb, MSN, RN, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Rayan
- Ahmad Rayan, PhD, RN, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
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48
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Lavallee KL, Zhang XC, Schneider S, Margraf J. Obesity and Mental Health: A Longitudinal, Cross-Cultural Examination in Germany and China. Front Psychol 2021; 12:712567. [PMID: 34646201 PMCID: PMC8504480 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examines the relationship between obesity and mental health using longitudinal data. Participants with data at baseline and one-year follow-up were included from two countries: Germany (364) and China (9007). A series of structural equation models with three mediators and one moderator were conducted separately for female and male students in Germany and China. Zero-order correlations indicated that overweight/obesity was significantly related to later depression and anxiety in Chinese males. Additional effects of obesity on later mental health flowed through effects on attractiveness (Chinese and German females, and Chinese males), physical health (Chinese males), and life satisfaction (German females). Though overweight/obesity is related to mental health across many other studies, results in this study yield total effects between overweight/obesity and follow-up mental health only in Chinese males. The relationship between overweight/obesity and follow-up mental health was significantly mediated by follow-up attractiveness, or health state, or life satisfaction in German females, Chinese females, and Chinese male students, with no significant indirect effects found in German male students. This highlights the possible importance of culture in examining these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Lavallee
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Xiao Chi Zhang
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Silvia Schneider
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Margraf
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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49
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Bailey DA, Ford L, Knight VF. Exploring perceptions of positive mental health in young adults with intellectual disabilities. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2021; 35:160-169. [PMID: 34333824 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite having higher levels of mental health difficulties than the general population, limited research exists about how individuals with intellectual disabilities view mental health. Providing education about mental health literacy can contribute to maintaining positive mental health. Individuals who understand positive mental health are more likely to take steps to improve their mental health. AIMS This study explores how young adults with intellectual disabilities conceptualise and define the concept of positive mental health. MATERIALS & METHODS Eight participants were interviewed using phenomenographic methods. RESULTS Using phenomenography as the approach, four categories of description emerged from the analysis and included defining positive mental health as related to physical health, lack of clarity about positive mental health, positive qualities (emotions and actions) and mental health components. DISCUSSION This study highlights the need for further research, exploring how to provide support through psychoeducation to individuals with intellectual disabilities about mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie-Anne Bailey
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology & Special Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Laurie Ford
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology & Special Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Victoria F Knight
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology & Special Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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50
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Parsons S, Songco A, Booth C, Fox E. Emotional information-processing correlates of positive mental health in adolescence: a network analysis approach. Cogn Emot 2021; 35:956-969. [PMID: 33882777 PMCID: PMC8372302 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1915752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The combined cognitive bias hypothesis proposes that emotional information-processing biases may conjointly influence mental health. Yet, little is known about the interrelationships amongst cognitive biases, particularly in adolescence. We used data from the CogBIAS longitudinal study (Booth et al., 2017), including 450 adolescents who completed measures of interpretation bias, memory bias, and a validated measure of general mental health in a typically developing population. We used a moderated network modelling approach to examine positive mental health-related moderation of the cognitive bias network. We found that mental health was directly associated with positive and negative memory biases, and positive interpretation biases, but not negative interpretation biases. Further, we observed some mental health-related moderation of the network structure. Network connectivity decreased with higher positive mental health scores. Network approaches allow us to model complex relationships amongst cognitive biases and develop novel hypotheses for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Parsons
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
| | - Annabel Songco
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
| | - Charlotte Booth
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
| | - Elaine Fox
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
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