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Brauers JJ, Den Hartigh RJR, Klooster D, Oosterveld FGJ, Lemmink KAPM, Brink MS. The short-term relation between load and acute psychophysiological responses in football: a meta-analysis and methodological considerations. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2025:1-21. [PMID: 40159621 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2025.2476474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
Relations between load and acute psychophysiological responses have been widely studied in football. However, due to the large heterogeneity in contexts, operationalization, and results, the direction and strength of these relations remain unclear. In this meta-analysis, we examine the relation between load and typical acute (i.e. within one week) responses - wellbeing, recovery, and heart rate measures - in football players from all football codes (soccer, rugby, futsal, American football, and Australian rules football). We consulted PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL up to the 19th of June 2024, and included 62 articles and 1,474 participants in the meta-analysis. Subsequently, we estimated 12 meta-analysis models and applied meta-regression models to explore the influence of several moderators. Significant relations were found between load and overall wellbeing (r = -0.33 [95%CI: -0.48; -0.19]), muscle soreness (r = -0.36 [95%CI: -0.49; -0.24]), fatigue (r = -0.41 [95%CI: -0.56; -0.26]), sleep quality (r = -0.21 [95%CI: -0.31; -0.10]), and stress (r = -0.16 [95%CI: -0.26; -0.06]). Given the high risk of bias, inconsistency (wide prediction intervals), and imprecision, the certainty in these findings based on the GRADE assessment is very low. Additionally, the high risk of bias scores indicates that the overall quality of the included studies is low. In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides comprehensive information on the acute responses of the athlete to load, and directions for improvement of the quality of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jur J Brauers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dorien Klooster
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frits G J Oosterveld
- School of Health, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Koen A P M Lemmink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel S Brink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Velasquez Garcia A, Caballero G, Chaney GK, Marinakis K, Orizola A. What Psychological Factors Affect Return to Sports After Shoulder Stabilization Surgery? A Scoping Review. Clin J Sport Med 2025; 35:224-234. [PMID: 39729591 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite excellent functional outcomes after shoulder stabilization surgery, a substantial number of patients fail to return to sports (RTS) at the preinjury level. The psychological factors affecting RTS postsurgery have been underexplored. This scoping review aimed to identify and analyze potential psychological factors influencing the decision to RTS after shoulder stabilization surgery. DATA SOURCES We reviewed the EBSCOhost/SPORTDiscus, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases for studies on patients with anterior glenohumeral instability who underwent stabilization surgery. We included studies that reported on RTS and considered the psychological factors influencing the decision to return. MAIN RESULTS Our analysis comprised 21 articles involving 2073 patients. Psychological factors influencing RTS after surgery were categorized within the framework of transactional stress and coping model. Primary appraisal factors, such as fear of reinjury, kinesiophobia, and anxiety, emerged as significant influencers. In addition, we explored factors related to social support, self-determination, motivation, competing interests, and advanced age. Assessment tools were used to evaluate the psychological readiness for RTS. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review identified fear of reinjury and kinesiophobia as important psychological barriers to returning to sports after shoulder stabilization surgery. The limited use of psychological assessment tools and lack of comparative studies have restricted robust conclusions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, Scoping review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ausberto Velasquez Garcia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gabriel Caballero
- Department of Sports and Physical Activity, Chilean Olympic Committee, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Grace K Chaney
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Alejandro Orizola
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Chief Medical Officer, Chilean Olympic Committee, Santiago, Chile
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Robazza C, Vitali F, Bortoli L, Ruiz MC. Self-confidence, mental toughness, and psychobiosocial experiences in elite rugby players. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2025; 77:102798. [PMID: 39674394 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Revised: 12/10/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/16/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between self-confidence, mental toughness, coping functions, challenge and threat appraisals, and functional psychobiosocial experiences. This investigation was conducted within the framework of multi-states (MuSt) theory. The sample consisted of 76 elite male athletes, ranging in age from 19 to 33 years, representing the Italian rugby union national team participating in the 2024 edition of the Men's Six Nations Championship. Assessments took place during training camps in preparation for the Championship. The results from serial mediation analysis showed that problem-focused coping and challenge appraisal played a mediating role in the relationship between self-confidence, mental toughness, and functional psychobiosocial experiences. These findings support MuSt theory assumptions and have practical implications for the development of training programs aimed at enhancing athletes' wellbeing and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Robazza
- BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Francesca Vitali
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Bortoli
- "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Montse C Ruiz
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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den Hartigh RJR, Huijzer R, Blaauw FJ, de Wit A, de Jonge P. Early identification of dropouts during the special forces selection program. Sci Rep 2025; 15:3242. [PMID: 39863700 PMCID: PMC11762757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-87604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Recruits are exposed to high levels of psychological and physical stress during the special forces selection period, resulting in dropout rates of up to 80%. To identify who likely drops out, we assessed a group of 249 recruits, every week of the selection program, on their self-efficacy, motivation, experienced psychological and physical stress, and recovery. Using linear regression as well as state-of-the-art machine learning techniques, we aimed to build a model that could meaningfully predict dropout while remaining interpretable. Furthermore, we inspected the best-performing model to identify the most important predictors of dropout. Via cross-validation, we found that linear regression had a relatively good predictive performance with an Area Under the Curve of 0.69, and provided interpretable insights. Low levels of self-efficacy and motivation were the significant predictors of dropout. Additionally, we found that dropout could often be predicted multiple weeks in advance. These findings offer novel insights in the use of prediction models on psychological and physical processes, specifically in the context of special forces selection. This offers opportunities for early intervention and support, which may ultimately improve success rates of selection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud J R den Hartigh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rik Huijzer
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Blaauw
- Research and Innovation, Researchable BV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Age de Wit
- Human Performance Team Commando Corps, Ministry of Defence, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Peter de Jonge
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Salvador-Ferrer CM, Diaz-Fúnez PA, Carrera-Ruiz Á, Monserrat-Hernández M, Artero EG, Mañas-Rodríguez MA. Effects of Workplace Supervised Exercise on Psychological Capital: An Intervention Study. Sports (Basel) 2024; 13:2. [PMID: 39852598 PMCID: PMC11769115 DOI: 10.3390/sports13010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2024] [Revised: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Public employees face a growing array of professional challenges, and psychological capital (PC) has emerged as a valuable resource to address them. Workplace supervised exercise (WSE) programs can improve physical fitness and personal resources, though their adoption in organizations is limited. This study examines the impact of a long-term WSE program on the psychological capital of public administration employees. Fifty-five participants completed PC questionnaires and attended at least 40% of the sessions; 49.1% were women, and 40% were over 50 years old (age range: 24-73 years). A quasi-experimental design without a control group was used with a longitudinal design, and a nine-month WSE program (from October to June) was implemented. The data show gender-specific variations in PC patterns. Among men, incremental increases were observed over the three measurement intervals, with statistical significance achieved only in self-efficacy and hope. Among women, an upward trend was observed between October and February without statistical significance, followed by a slight decline. The results suggest that the WSE program may enhance personal resources, particularly hope and self-efficacy, highlighting the importance of tailoring WSE programs to the specific characteristics of the target group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M. Salvador-Ferrer
- Work and Organizational Psychology Research Team (IPTORA), University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (C.M.S.-F.); (M.A.M.-R.)
| | - Pedro A. Diaz-Fúnez
- Work and Organizational Psychology Research Team (IPTORA), University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (C.M.S.-F.); (M.A.M.-R.)
| | - Álvaro Carrera-Ruiz
- Area of Physical Education and Sport & UAL Activa Program, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (Á.C.-R.); (E.G.A.)
| | | | - Enrique G. Artero
- Area of Physical Education and Sport & UAL Activa Program, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (Á.C.-R.); (E.G.A.)
| | - Miguel A. Mañas-Rodríguez
- Work and Organizational Psychology Research Team (IPTORA), University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (C.M.S.-F.); (M.A.M.-R.)
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Kock H, Schürer A, Staunton CA, Hanstock HG. The snow must go on: how German cross-country skiers maintained training and performance in the face of COVID-19 lockdowns. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1499738. [PMID: 39742110 PMCID: PMC11685230 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1499738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Background The Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 led to disruption of sporting events, with athletes obliged to comply with national lockdown restrictions. Purpose To investigate the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic restrictions on national-team XC skiers' annual and weekly training distribution from training diaries, results from submaximal and maximal physiological roller ski tests, and competition results from the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS) world cup. Methods Annual and weekly training type (specific, non-specific, strength, other) and intensity distribution (TID) data were collected for 12 German XC-skiers (Tier 4/5; BM: 67 ± 7 kg; age 26 ± 3 years; 6♀: V̇O2max 61.3 ± 3.4 ml · kg · min-1; 6♂: V̇O2max 72.5 ± 6.2 ml · kg · min-1). TID was categorized using a 5-zone scale with Zones 1-2 representative of intensities below the first lactate threshold (LT1), zone 3 between LT1 and LT2, and zones 4-5 above LT2. Training data were grouped by lockdown periods in season 20/21 (L1/L2) and compared to data from the corresponding weeks in 19/20 (C1/C2). Laboratory testing was performed in the general preparation period prior to competition for both seasons. Differences between seasons (C1/C2 vs. L1/L2) in training and performance variables were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA and linear mixed models. Results Total annual training duration increased by 9% during 20/21 (928 ± 79 h · year-1) compared to 19/20 (852 ± 73 h · year-1). During L1, skiers achieved a greater weekly training duration (mean differences (Δx¯: 7.7 h · week-1) compared to C1, due to an increase in non-specific training (Δx¯: 7.0 h · week-1), whereas L2 resulted in greater weekly training compared with C2 due to a higher specific endurance training volume (Δx¯: 1.4 h · week-1). In 20/21 skiers performed a higher volume of Zone 1 (Δx¯: 149 h · year-1). Laboratory test- and FIS racing performance improved from 19/20 to 20/21. Conclusion German XC skiers' training characteristics, laboratory- and racing performance were significantly different between the two seasons. In fact, training duration as well as laboratory- and racing performance increased from 19/20 to 20/21. In spite of seasonal variation in performance and training within an Olympic cycle these findings might suggest that skiers adapted their training effectively to pandemic constraints, ultimately enhancing performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Kock
- Department of Endurance Sports, Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - A. Schürer
- Department of Endurance Sports, Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - C. A. Staunton
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Bioscience, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Helen G. Hanstock
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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Neumann ND, Brauers JJ, van Yperen NW, van der Linde M, Lemmink KAPM, Brink MS, Hasselman F, den Hartigh RJR. Critical Fluctuations as an Early Warning Signal of Sports Injuries? A Proof of Concept Using Football Monitoring Data. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:129. [PMID: 39680265 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increasing interest in the development and prevention of sports injuries from a complex dynamic systems perspective. From this perspective, injuries may occur following critical fluctuations in the psychophysiological state of an athlete. Our objective was to quantify these so-called Early Warning Signals (EWS) as a proof of concept to determine their explanatory performance for injuries. The sample consisted of 23 professional youth football (soccer) players. Self-reports of psychological and physiological factors as well as data from heart rate and GPS sensors were gathered on every training and match day over two competitive seasons, which resulted in an average of 339 observations per player (range = 155-430). We calculated the Dynamic Complexity (DC) index of these data, representing a metric of critical fluctuations. Next, we used this EWS to predict injuries (traumatic and overuse). RESULTS Results showed a significant peak of DC in 30% of the incurred injuries, in the six data points (roughly one and a half weeks) before the injury. The warning signal exhibited a specificity of 95%, that is, correctly classifying non-injury instances. We followed up on this promising result with additional calculations to account for the naturally imbalanced data (fewer injuries than non-injuries). The relatively low F1 we obtained (0.08) suggests that the model's overall ability to discriminate between injuries and non-injuries is rather poor, due to the high false positive rate. CONCLUSION By detecting critical fluctuations preceding one-third of the injuries, this study provided support for the complex systems theory of injuries. Furthermore, it suggests that increasing critical fluctuations may be seen as an EWS on which practitioners can intervene. Yet, the relatively high false positive rate on the entire data set, including periods without injuries, suggests critical fluctuations may also precede transitions to other (e.g., stronger) states. Future research should therefore dig deeper into the meaning of critical fluctuations in the psychophysiological states of athletes. KEY POINTS Complex Systems Theory suggests that sports injuries may be preceded by a warning signal characterized by a short window of increased critical fluctuations. Results of the current study showed such increased critical fluctuations before 30% of the injuries. Across the entire data set, we also found a considerable number of critical fluctuations that were not followed by an injury, suggesting that the warning signal may also precede transitions to other (e.g., healthier) states. Increased critical fluctuations may be interpreted as a window of opportunity for the practitioner to launch timely and targeted interventions, and researchers should dig deeper into the meaning of such fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas D Neumann
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jur J Brauers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico W van Yperen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Koen A P M Lemmink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel S Brink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred Hasselman
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud J R den Hartigh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Levillain G, Vacher P, de Roten Y, Nicolas M. Influence of Defense Mechanisms on Sport Burnout: A Multiple Mediation Analysis Effects of Resilience, Stress and Recovery. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:274. [PMID: 39453240 PMCID: PMC11511564 DOI: 10.3390/sports12100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were: (a) to explore the relationships between adaptive defense mechanisms (ADMs), maladaptive defense mechanisms (MADMs), stress, recovery, resilience, and sport burnout; and (b) to examine resilience, stress, and recovery as mediators of the relationship between defense mechanisms and burnout. One hundred and seventy-five athletes (M = 20.30 years, SD = 3.75) completed self-report questionnaires assessing defense mechanisms, resilience, stress, and recovery. Correlation analysis revealed that MADMs were positively associated with burnout, while ADMs had no significant link with burnout. Concerning mediation analysis, results showed a mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between ADMs and burnout. The findings also demonstrated a mediating effect of resilience and recovery in the relationship between MADMs and burnout. Our study highlighted that certain defenses categorized as adaptive might not be suitable in specific situations, thus underscoring the influence of mediating variables. The findings of mediation analysis demonstrated that resilience appears to serve as a particularly protective factor against burnout. On the contrary, MADMs would have a deleterious influence in the management of stress, which could lead to burnout. Coaches may consider fostering athletes' resilience in conjunction with ADMs and implementing targeted psychological exercises to reduce the use of MADMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Levillain
- Laboratory of Psy-Drepi (EA 7428), University of Burgundy-Franche-Comté, Maison de l’université, Esplanade Erasme, BP 27877, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France;
- Laboratory CREAD, University of Brest, Place du Recteur Henri Le Moal, CS 24307, 35043 Brest, France;
| | - Philippe Vacher
- Laboratory CREAD, University of Brest, Place du Recteur Henri Le Moal, CS 24307, 35043 Brest, France;
| | - Yves de Roten
- Institute of Psychotherapy, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Route de Cery 1, 1008 Prilly, Switzerland;
| | - Michel Nicolas
- Laboratory of Psy-Drepi (EA 7428), University of Burgundy-Franche-Comté, Maison de l’université, Esplanade Erasme, BP 27877, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France;
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Chamari K, Saad HB, Dhahbi W, Washif JA, El Omri A, Zmijewski P, Dergaa I. Mpox in sports: A comprehensive framework for anticipatory planning and risk mitigation in football based on lessons from COVID-19. Biol Sport 2024; 41:317-335. [PMID: 39416489 PMCID: PMC11475015 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.144014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2024] [Revised: 09/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization's declaration of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) in July 2022, followed by its resurgence in 2024, has sparked concerns about its potential impact on sports, especially contact sports such as football. Although mpox is not a pandemic (as of late September 2024), the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience offers valuable lessons for proactive planning in sports. Our conceptual framework has been designed to draw insightful lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic to assist sports organizations in planning for and preventing similar situations. We aimed to draw lessons from COVID-19 to help sports organizations enhance practical preparedness through effective planning and mitigation strategies. Accordingly, we sought to assess the potential impact of mpox on sports, with a focus on football (soccer), and to develop strategies for prevention, management, and preparedness based on epidemiological insights and lessons from COVID-19 pandemic experience. Here we review mpox's pathophysiology and possibility of transmission in sports settings and discuss tailored strategies, including risk assessments, testing protocols, hygiene measures, and return-to-play policies. This review highlights key differences between mpox and COVID-19 in transmission, incubation, and management, emphasizing the need for customized prevention and control measures in sports. We propose innovative risk assessment methods using global positioning system tracking and machine learning for contact analysis, alongside tailored testing and hygiene protocols. We emphasize the importance of proactive planning, noting improved preparedness in the sports community compared to the early days of COVID-19. In conclusion, our proposed framework provides sports organizations with practical tools to manage potential risks associated with mpox, ensuring the continuity of activities while prioritizing public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Chamari
- Research & Education, Naufar, Wellness and Recovery Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Heart Failure Research Laboratory (LR12SP09), Farhat Hached Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Wissem Dhahbi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of El Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
- Qatar Police Academy, Police College, Training Department, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jad Adrian Washif
- Sports Performance Division, Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdelfatteh El Omri
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Piotr Zmijewski
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ismail Dergaa
- Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
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10
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Krasmik Y, Aimaganbetova O, Iancheva T, Zhantikeyev S, Lashkova E, Makhmutov A, Rakhmalin B. Motivational determinants of athletes' self-realisation depending on their professional qualification. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:416. [PMID: 39085953 PMCID: PMC11292874 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the contemporary era, there is a growing emphasis on understanding the self-realization of personality, encompassing individual-psychological traits, abilities, knowledge, skills, and motivation, extensively studied in psychology. Notably, limited attention has been given to exploring motivational determinants influencing athlete self-realization based on their professional qualifications. This gap is particularly pertinent in Kazakhstan, where significant efforts are directed towards athlete preparation. METHODS Employing a systemic approach by Bagadirova and Kudinov, the study views athlete self-realization as a multi-level phenomenon with interconnected components. A total of 180 athletes participated, including 60 professionals (average age 23.9), 60 amateurs (average age 31.1), and 60 Paralympians (average age 24.4). The methodological toolkit comprises four diagnostic techniques: E.A. Kalinin's "Motives of Sports Activities" (MSA) questionnaire, S. Maddi's resilience test adapted by D.A. Leontiev and E.I. Rasskazova, and S.I. Kudinov's multidimensional questionnaire on self-realization. RESULTS Significant differences in motivational determinants and self-realization attitudes emerge across athlete groups based on their sports qualifications. Noteworthy aspects include declining in motivation among professional athletes of masters of sports and masters of sports of international class, and rigidity in life resilience among Paralympic athletes. Overall, self-realization levels are not high, with extremely low levels of professional self-realization in all three athlete categories. CONCLUSIONS The study's scientific novelty lies in systematically organizing knowledge on fundamental motivational determinants impacting athlete self-realization according to professional qualifications. This research addresses the acute shortage of psychological studies in sports psychology for Kazakhstan, which is still in its early stages. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions by coaches and sports psychologists to enhance motivation levels, especially among elite athletes, and foster resilience, particularly in Paralympic athletes, ultimately advancing the field in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Krasmik
- Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al- Farabi Ave, 71, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan.
| | - Olga Aimaganbetova
- Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al- Farabi Ave, 71, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Tatiana Iancheva
- Department of Psychology, Pedagogy and Sociology, National Sports Academy "Vasil Levski", Student City, Sofia, 1700, Bulgaria
| | - Serik Zhantikeyev
- Department of Social Sciences, Humanities and Language Disciplines, Turan-Astana University, Dukenuly street, 29, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Eugeniya Lashkova
- Department of Psychotherapy, Center for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Be Alive, Makatayev street, 131, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidos Makhmutov
- Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al- Farabi Ave, 71, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Bolat Rakhmalin
- Department of Boxing, Weightlifting and Martial Arts, Kazakh Academy of Sport and Turism, Abay Ave, 85, Almaty, 050022, Kazakhstan
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11
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Delecroix C, van Nes EH, Scheffer M, van de Leemput IA. Monitoring resilience in bursts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2407148121. [PMID: 39047042 PMCID: PMC11295040 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2407148121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The possibility to anticipate critical transitions through detecting loss of resilience has attracted attention in many fields. Resilience indicators rely on the mathematical concept of critical slowing down, which means that a system recovers more slowly from external perturbations when it gets closer to tipping point. This decrease in recovery rate can be reflected in rising autocorrelation and variance in data. To test whether resilience is changing, resilience indicators are often calculated using a moving window in long, continuous time series of the system. However, for some systems, it may be more feasible to collect several high-resolution time series in short periods of time, i.e., in bursts. Resilience indicators can then be calculated to detect a change of resilience between such bursts. Here, we compare the performance of both methods using simulated data and showcase the possible use of bursts in a case study using mood data to anticipate depression in a patient. With the same number of data points, the burst approach outperformed the moving window method, suggesting that it is possible to downsample the continuous time series and still signal an upcoming transition. We suggest guidelines to design an optimal sampling strategy. Our results imply that using bursts of data instead of continuous time series may improve the capacity to detect changes in resilience. This method is promising for a variety of fields, such as human health, epidemiology, or ecology, where continuous monitoring can be costly or unfeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Delecroix
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert H. van Nes
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Scheffer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid A. van de Leemput
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen6700 AA, The Netherlands
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12
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Patenteu I, Gawrych R, Bratu M, Vasile L, Makarowski R, Bitang A, Nica SA. The role of psychological resilience and aggression in injury prevention among martial arts athletes. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1433835. [PMID: 38988377 PMCID: PMC11233773 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1433835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction For martial artists, the ability to manage reactions in the face of adversity and bounce back after a stressful event can have major impact on performance. The scope of the research is to investigate martial artists' level of resilience and aggression (Go-ahead, Foul play, and Assertiveness factors), what is specific to athletes and who have suffered from moderate and/or severe injuries (in terms of resilience and three factors of aggression examined), and test the possibility that a psychological variable under investigation can predict athletes' injury severity. Materials and methods A total sample of 154 athletes from striking combat sports-SC (karate, taekwondo, kickboxing, and boxing), grappling combat sports-GC (judo and BJJ), and mixed martial artists (MMA) participated in the research. For assessing resilience, the Romanian adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) was used, and for aggression, the Romanian adaptation of Makarowski's Sports Aggression Questionnaire was used. An injury report form was also created and applied to athletes. Results The post-hoc tests (after running a single-factor multivariate analysis of variance) revealed significant differences for resilience and Foul (violent) play between the sports disciplines analyzed. A significant positive correlation was found between athletes' injury severity and assertiveness in SC and between injury severity and resilience in GC. Through the t-test for independent samples, it was highlighted that the average value for Foul (violent) play is significantly higher in athletes who have suffered mild, moderate, and/or severe injuries compared with martial arts athletes who have suffered from only mild/minor injuries. A binomial logistic regression was also performed to verify to what extent Foul play predicts athletes' injury severity. Conclusion A low level of Foul (violent) play is linked with a decreased likelihood of moderate and/or severe injuries in martial arts athletes. The study findings suggest that resilience, foul play, and assertiveness have an important role in injury prevention among martial artists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionuț Patenteu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roman Gawrych
- University of Social and Economics in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mircea Bratu
- Special Motricity and Medical Recovery Department, Faculty of Physiotherapy, National University of Physical Education and Sports, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luciela Vasile
- Doctoral School Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, National University of Physical Education and Sports, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ryszard Makarowski
- Faculty of Administration and Social Sciences, Academy of Applied Medical and Social Sciences in Elblag, Elblag, Poland
- University of Social and Economics in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrei Bitang
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Sarah Adriana Nica
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Li S, Kempe M, Brink M, Lemmink K. Effectiveness of Recovery Strategies After Training and Competition in Endurance Athletes: An Umbrella Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:55. [PMID: 38753045 PMCID: PMC11098991 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery strategies are used to enhance performance and reduce injury risk in athletes. In previous systematic reviews, individual recovery strategies were investigated to clarify their effectiveness for mixed groups of athletes. However, the current evidence is ambiguous, and a clear overview of (training) recovery for endurance athletes is still lacking. METHODS We conducted an umbrella review based on a literature search in PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science. Reviews published in English and before December 2022 were included. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were eligible if they investigated the effectiveness of one or more recovery strategies compared with a placebo or control group after a training session in endurance athletes. RESULTS Twenty-two reviews (nine systematic reviews, three meta-analyses, and ten systematic reviews with meta-analyses included) met the inclusion criteria. In total, sixty-three studies with 1100 endurance athletes were included in our umbrella review. Out of the sixty-three studies, eight provided information on training recovery time frame for data synthesis. Among them, cryotherapy and compression garments showed positive effects, while applying massage showed no effect. In general, none of the included recovery strategies showed consistent benefits for endurance athletes. CONCLUSION There is no particular recovery strategy that can be advised to enhance recovery between training sessions or competitions in endurance athletes. However, individual studies suggest that compression garments and cryotherapy are effective training recovery strategies. Further research should improve methodology and focus on the different time courses of the recovery process. REGISTRATION The review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews with the number CRD42021260509.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthias Kempe
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Brink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Lemmink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Martín-Rodríguez A, Belinchón-deMiguel P, Rubio-Zarapuz A, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Martínez-Guardado I, Villanueva-Tobaldo CV, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Advances in Understanding the Interplay between Dietary Practices, Body Composition, and Sports Performance in Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:571. [PMID: 38398895 PMCID: PMC10892519 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The dietary practices of athletes play a crucial role in shaping their body composition, influencing sports performance, training adaptations, and overall health. However, despite the widely acknowledged significance of dietary intake in athletic success, there exists a gap in our understanding of the intricate relationships between nutrition, body composition, and performance. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that many athletes fail to adopt optimal nutritional practices, which can impede their potential achievements. In response, this Special Issue seeks to gather research papers that delve into athletes' dietary practices and their potential impacts on body composition and sports performance. Additionally, studies focusing on interventions aimed at optimizing dietary habits are encouraged. This paper outlines the key aspects and points that will be developed in the ensuing articles of this Special Issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (A.R.-Z.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Pedro Belinchón-deMiguel
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Nutrition, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (A.R.-Z.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (A.R.-Z.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Camilo José Cela University, C. Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (A.R.-Z.); (V.J.C.-S.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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15
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Kegelaers J. Are we really studying resilience in sport? A critical review of adopted methodologies. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1270887. [PMID: 37954183 PMCID: PMC10637379 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1270887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological resilience has gained considerable attention in sport. Nevertheless, the construct often remains poorly understood and multiple conceptual and methodological issues pervade the literature. The purpose of the present article is to provide a critical review of the commonly adopted methodologies to study resilience in sport. This review is divided into four sections. The first section will briefly discuss opposing conceptualizations of resilience as a static trait or a dynamic process. The second section will then discuss key methodological implications relating to the conceptualization of resilience as a dynamic process. In the third section, common methodologies to study resilience in sport are presented and critically reviewed. These methodologies are broadly divided into: (i) self-report resilience measures, (ii) qualitative research, and (iii) direct assessment of functioning in relation to observed adversity. In the final section, some avenues for future research are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolan Kegelaers
- Brussels University Consultation Center, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Sport Psychology and Mental Support, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Gameiro N, Rodrigues F, Antunes R, Matos R, Amaro N, Jacinto M, Monteiro D. Mental Toughness and Resilience in Trail Runner's Performance. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:1202-1220. [PMID: 36961754 PMCID: PMC10233502 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231165819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Our purpose with this study was to analyze trail runners' psychological variables of mental toughness (MT) and resilience, and their associations with runners' performances within a quantitative cross-sectional study. In total, we analyzed data from 307 Portuguese trail runners (60 female, 247 male), aged between 20 to 66 years (M age = 41.98; SD = 7.74). The results showed that the measurement model, including the factors of MT, resilience, and performance variables, exhibited an adequate fit to the data: χ2 = 150.01 (74); BS-p = .003; CFI= .953; TLI = .942; RMSEA = .058 90% (.045, .071) and SRMR= .042. Standardized direct effects revealed positive associations between these variables. More specifically: (a) MT was significantly associated with resilience; and (b) resilience was significantly associated with performance. The indirect regression paths showed that MT was positively associated with performance, with resilience considered a possible mediator (β = .09 IC = .010, .168; p = .02). In total, considering direct and indirect effects, the model explained 21% of performance variance among trail runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Gameiro
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
| | - Filipe Rodrigues
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
| | - Raúl Antunes
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria 2411-901, Portugal
| | - Rui Matos
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
| | - Nuno Amaro
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
| | - Miguel Jacinto
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria 2411-901, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
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17
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Hill Y, Den Hartigh RJR. Resilience in sports through the lens of dynamic network structures. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1190355. [PMID: 37275962 PMCID: PMC10235604 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1190355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Hill
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute of Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Ruud J. R. Den Hartigh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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18
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Gupta S, McCarthy PJ. The sporting resilience model: A systematic review of resilience in sport performers. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1003053. [PMID: 36619099 PMCID: PMC9811683 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We systematically reviewed resilience research in sport and exercise psychology. Sample included 92 studies comprising empirical qualitative and quantitative studies, mixed-method studies, review studies and conceptual/theoretical studies on psychological resilience in sports context. From the findings, we synthesized an evidence-based sport-specific definition and meta-model of "Sporting Resilience." The review incorporates evidence from global culture contexts and evidence synthesized into the new definition and meta-model to achieve its aim. Conceptual detail and testability of the operational definition is provided. Sporting resilience provides a guiding framework for research and applied practice in a testable, objective manner. The new theoretical meta-model of resilience is derived from systematic evidence from sport psychology with theoretical considerations from positive and clinical psychology allowing generalizability. This original theory posits that there is a resilience filter comprised of biopsychosocial protective factors. The strength of this filter determines the impact of adversity and establishes the trajectory of positive adaptation. The findings of the review are used to discuss potential avenues of future research for psychological resilience in sports psychology. Systematic review registration https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/AFWRU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahen Gupta
- Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Health Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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19
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Jacobs E, Keegan RJ. Sustaining optimal performance when the stakes could not be higher: Emotional awareness and resilience in emergency service personnel (with learnings for elite sport). Front Psychol 2022; 13:891585. [PMID: 36118503 PMCID: PMC9472212 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.891585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergency services personnel are a high stress occupation, being frequently confronted with highly consequential stressors and expected to perform: without fault; under high pressure; and in unpredictable circumstances. Research often invokes similarities between the experiences of emergency services personnel and elite athletes, opening up the possibility of transferring learnings between these contexts. Both roles involve genuine risks to emotional wellbeing because their occupations involve significant stress. Similarly, both roles face obstacles and injury, and their "success" is dependent on high-quality execution of their skills under pressure. As such, both occupations are required to have resilience and effective coping abilities to ensure psychological well-being. Researchers suggest emotional awareness may be a key variable in the management and maintenance of resilience. This study: (1) explored the experiences of emergency services personnel; (2) characterised connections between emotional awareness and resilience; and (3) reflected on the ways these findings can be extrapolated to elite athletes. We analysed 11 interviews with emergency services personnel. Participants identified resilience as crucial when coping with stress, however, many defined resilience as remaining unaffected by stress rather than, for example, managing and responding to it. Participants defined emotional awareness as understanding their emotions, and they recognised associated benefits for coping, resilience, and burnout. Nevertheless, most participants did not engage in practices to improve their emotional awareness. Barriers, such as maladaptive beliefs and help-seeking stigma, interfered with participants' ability to cultivate emotional awareness, to promote resilience. In contrast, some participants described profound improvements in resilience and coping following the cultivation of emotional awareness. This finding illustrates that systemic change must target the individual, team, and organisation to correct misperceptions about resilience, emotional awareness, and psychological help-seeking. Developing emotional awareness may help emergency services personnel and other high stress occupations like elite athletes process difficult experiences and enhance their resilience, promoting well-being, and career longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jacobs
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Richard J. Keegan
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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20
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Relationship between Accuracy, Speed, and Consistency in a Modern Pentathlon Shooting Event. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the modern pentathlon, the laser run is the highest influence on the results, and fast and accurate shooting is essential. This study evaluates the relationship between shooting characteristics (shot speed, consistency, accuracy) according to sex, competition type, and round number during laser run competitions among 19,648 modern shooting round cases from 2015 to 2019. As a result, men showed faster shot speed than women (p < 0.05, d = 0.493), and final rounds were significantly better than qualifier round in shot speed (p < 0.05, d = 0.176), consistency (p < 0.05, d = 0.138), and accuracy (p < 0.05, d = 0.151). Series-1 had the highest consistency (p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.01) and accuracy (p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.07) compared to other series. Series-4 had the lowest shooting speed (p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.01) compared to other series. Consistency and speed showed moderate positive correlation (r = 0.362, p < 0.05). These results show differences in shot characteristics according to sex, competition type, and round number, and explain the relationship between shot speed and consistency. We believe these results will help relevant coaches and players aiming to improve performance understand shot characteristics and reduce shot time.
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21
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Watts CJ, Hilliard RC, Graupensperger S. Relationships Between Resilience, Mental Well-Being, and COVID-19 Worries in Collegiate Student-Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:890006. [PMID: 35647541 PMCID: PMC9130569 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.890006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with robust declines in well-being for collegiate student-athletes. Worries about COVID-19 have frequently been associated with worsening well-being; therefore, it is important to examine protective factors against well-being decrements. Resilience, one's ability to respond to stress and adversity, may be one such factor. Despite this possible influence, resilience has not yet been studied in student-athletes in this context as the pandemic has progressed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the moderating role of resilience on the relationship between COVID-19 worries and well-being. In this cross-sectional design, National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III athletes (N = 91) at one university completed surveys on COVID-19 worries, resilience, and well-being between February and March 2021. All competitions had been postponed until the Spring 2021 semester. The findings revealed a negative correlation between COVID-19 worries and well-being (r = -0.21, p = 0.05) and a positive correlation between resilience and well-being (r = 0.44, p < 0.001). Additionally, multiple regression and simple slopes analyses showed that individuals with higher resilience endorsed greater scores of well-being, even when COVID-19 worries increased (β = 0.38, p = 0.02). In conclusion, our results suggest that resilience had a moderating effect on the relationship between COVID-19 worries and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cade J. Watts
- Department of Exercise Science, Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA, United States
| | - Robert C. Hilliard
- Department of Exercise Science, Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA, United States
| | - Scott Graupensperger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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