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Righetti L, Vanara F, Bruni R, Sardella C, Blandino M, Dall’Asta C. Investigating Metabolic Plant Response toward Deoxynivalenol Accumulation in Four Winter Cereals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3200-3209. [PMID: 38315448 PMCID: PMC10870777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a phytotoxic agent supporting the spread of fungal diseases in cereals worldwide, i.e., fusarium head blight. It is known that DON accumulation may elicit changes in plant secondary metabolites in response to pathogen attack. This study maps the changes in selected secondary metabolite classes upon DON contamination occurring in fifteen Triticum spp. genotypes, among them emmer, spelt, and soft wheat, and 2 tritordeum varieties, cultivated in two different sites and over two harvest years. The main phenolic classes (i.e., alkylresorcinols, soluble, and cell-wall bound phenolic acids) were targeted analyzed, while changes in the lipidome signature were collected through untargeted HRMS experiments. The results, obtained across multiple Triticum species and in open fields, confirmed the modulation of first-line biological pathways already described in previous studies involving single cereal species or a limited germplasm, thus reinforcing the involvement of nonspecific chemical defenses in the plant response to pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Righetti
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research, Wageningen University
& Research, Wageningen 6700 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Vanara
- Department
of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Sardella
- Department
of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Massimo Blandino
- Department
of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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2
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Qin SR, Wang W, Li D, Pu YF, Cui T, Wang WJ. Qualitative analysis on the transdermal absorption from the dichloromethane extract of the Sambucus adnata wall. based on UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115509. [PMID: 37329651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sambucus adnata Wall.(SAW) has been used to treat osteoarthritis by the Yi nationality in China. The present study established an overall identification strategy based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS) method to characterize the multiple chemical constituents of SAW before and after percutaneous penetration. Nineteen compounds, including triterpenoids, fatty acids, lignans, flavonoid, and amide, were tentatively identified in the dichloromethane extract of SAW, while fourteen ingredients penetrated the skin. Among them, eleven components were reported for the first time in SAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ran Qin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Dashan Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yue-Fei Pu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Cui
- Yunnan Province Company Key Laboratory for TCM and Ethnic Drug of New Drug Creation, Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica, Kunming, China
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.
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3
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Decoding Metabolic Reprogramming in Plants under Pathogen Attacks, a Comprehensive Review of Emerging Metabolomics Technologies to Maximize Their Applications. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030424. [PMID: 36984864 PMCID: PMC10055942 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In their environment, plants interact with a multitude of living organisms and have to cope with a large variety of aggressions of biotic or abiotic origin. What has been known for several decades is that the extraordinary variety of chemical compounds the plants are capable of synthesizing may be estimated in the range of hundreds of thousands, but only a fraction has been fully characterized to be implicated in defense responses. Despite the vast importance of these metabolites for plants and also for human health, our knowledge about their biosynthetic pathways and functions is still fragmentary. Recent progress has been made particularly for the phenylpropanoids and oxylipids metabolism, which is more emphasized in this review. With an increasing interest in monitoring plant metabolic reprogramming, the development of advanced analysis methods should now follow. This review capitalizes on the advanced technologies used in metabolome mapping in planta, including different metabolomics approaches, imaging, flux analysis, and interpretation using bioinformatics tools. Advantages and limitations with regards to the application of each technique towards monitoring which metabolite class or type are highlighted, with special emphasis on the necessary future developments to better mirror such intricate metabolic interactions in planta.
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4
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Semi-Targeted Profiling of the Lipidome Changes Induced by Erysiphe Necator in Disease-Resistant and Vitis vinifera L. Varieties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044072. [PMID: 36835477 PMCID: PMC9958630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The ascomycete Erysiphe necator is a serious pathogen in viticulture. Despite the fact that some grapevine genotypes exhibit mono-locus or pyramided resistance to this fungus, the lipidomics basis of these genotypes' defense mechanisms remains unknown. Lipid molecules have critical functions in plant defenses, acting as structural barriers in the cell wall that limit pathogen access or as signaling molecules after stress responses that may regulate innate plant immunity. To unravel and better understand their involvement in plant defense, we used a novel approach of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-MS/MS to study how E. necator infection changes the lipid profile of genotypes with different sources of resistance, including BC4 (Run1), "Kishmish vatkhana" (Ren1), F26P92 (Ren3; Ren9), and "Teroldego" (a susceptible genotype), at 0, 24, and 48 hpi. The lipidome alterations were most visible at 24 hpi for BC4 and F26P92, and at 48 hpi for "Kishmish vatkhana". Among the most abundant lipids in grapevine leaves were the extra-plastidial lipids: glycerophosphocholine (PCs), glycerophosphoethanolamine (PEs) and the signaling lipids: glycerophosphates (Pas) and glycerophosphoinositols (PIs), followed by the plastid lipids: glycerophosphoglycerols (PGs), monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs), and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs) and, in lower amounts lyso-glycerophosphocholines (LPCs), lyso-glycerophosphoglycerols (LPGs), lyso-glycerophosphoinositols (LPIs), and lyso-glycerophosphoethanolamine (LPEs). Furthermore, the three resistant genotypes had the most prevalent down-accumulated lipid classes, while the susceptible genotype had the most prevalent up-accumulated lipid classes.
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Garcia VO, Fronza M, Von Borowski R, Alves-Silva G, Zimmer AR, Ruaro T, Gnoatto SCB, Dallegrave A, Silveira RMB. First report of chemical composition and cytotoxicity evaluation of Foraminispora rugosa basidiomata from Brazil. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:33. [PMID: 36435932 PMCID: PMC9701286 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foraminispora rugosa is a species reported from Brazil, Venezuela, French Guiana, Costa Rica and Cuba. It is a basidiomycete in the Ganodermataceae family. In this study, both chemical composition and cytotoxicity of the ethanolic extract of F. rugosa were investigated for the first time. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the identification of the specimens, and the results of cytotoxicity assays showed that at concentrations of 7.8-500.0 µg/mL the ethanolic extract displayed weak cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines. Five oxylipins were identified by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into the current knowledge of bioactive compounds produced by macrofungi, and provides data for future biological assays with relative selectivity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- V O Garcia
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil.
- , Av. Roraima, 1000. Prédio 21, Sala 5231, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - M Fronza
- University of Vila Velha, Avenida Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21 - Boa Vista II, Espírito Santo, 29102-920, Brazil
| | - R Von Borowski
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - G Alves-Silva
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - A R Zimmer
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - T Ruaro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - S C B Gnoatto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - A Dallegrave
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - R M B Silveira
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil
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Oliw EH. Fatty acid dioxygenase-cytochrome P450 fusion enzymes of filamentous fungal pathogens. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 157:103623. [PMID: 34520871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins designate oxygenated unsaturated C18 fatty acids. Many filamentous fungi pathogens contain dioxygenases (DOX) in oxylipin biosynthesis with homology to human cyclooxygenases. They contain a DOX domain, which is often fused to a functional cytochrome P450 at the C-terminal end. A Tyr radical in the DOX domain initiates dioxygenation of linoleic acid by hydrogen abstraction with formation of 8-, 9-, or 10-hydroperoxy metabolites. The P450 domains can catalyze heterolytic cleavage of 8- and 10-hydroperoxides with oxidation of the heme thiolate iron for hydroxylation at C-5, C-7, C-9, or C-11 and for epoxidation of the 12Z double bond; thus displaying linoleate diol synthase (LDS) and epoxy alcohol synthase (EAS) activities. LSD activities are present in the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, Botrytis cinerea causing grey mold and the black scurf pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. 10R-DOX-EAS has been found in M. oryzae and Fusarium oxysporum. The P450 domains may also catalyze homolytic cleavage of 8- and 9-hydroperoxy fatty acids and dehydration to produce epoxides with an adjacent double bond, i.e., allene oxides, thus displaying 8- and 9-DOX-allene oxide synthases (AOS). F. oxysporum, F. graminearum, and R. solani express 9S-DOX-AOS and Zymoseptoria tritici 8S-and 9R-DOX-AOS. Homologues are present in endemic human-pathogenic fungi with extensive studies in Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus (also a plant pathogen) as well as the genetic model A. nidulans. 8R-and 10R-DOX appear to bind fatty acids "headfirst" in the active site, whereas 9S-DOX binds them "tail first" in analogy with cyclooxygenases. The biological relevance of 8R-DOX-5,8-LDS (also designated PpoA) was first discovered in relation to sporulation of A. nidulans and recently for development and programmed hyphal branching of A. fumigatus. Gene deletion DOX-AOS homologues in F. verticillioides, A. flavus, and A. nidulans alters, inter alia, mycotoxin production, sporulation, and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Camponeschi I, Montanari A, Beccaccioli M, Reverberi M, Mazzoni C, Bianchi MM. Light-Stress Response Mediated by the Transcription Factor KlMga2 in the Yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:705012. [PMID: 34335537 PMCID: PMC8317464 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.705012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In unicellular organisms like yeasts, which do not have specialized tissues for protection against environmental challenges, the presence of cellular mechanisms to respond and adapt to stress conditions is fundamental. In this work, we aimed to investigate the response to environmental light in Kluyveromyces lactis. Yeast lacks specialized light-sensing proteins; however, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been reported to respond to light by increasing hydrogen peroxide level and triggering nuclear translocation of Msn2. This is a stress-sensitive transcription factor also present in K. lactis. To investigate light response in this yeast, we analyzed the different phenotypes generated by the deletion of the hypoxia responsive and lipid biosynthesis transcription factor KlMga2. Alterations in growth rate, mitochondrial functioning, ROS metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis provide evidence that light was a source of stress in K. lactis and that KlMga2 had a role in the light-stress response. The involvement of KlMsn2 and KlCrz1 in light stress was also explored, but the latter showed no function in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Camponeschi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'C. Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Montanari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'C. Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Beccaccioli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Mazzoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'C. Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele M Bianchi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'C. Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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8
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Oliw EH. WITHDRAWN: Fatty acid dioxygenase-cytochrome P450 fusion enzymes of the top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology and human-pathogenic fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 2021:103603. [PMID: 34214670 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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Cavaco AR, Matos AR, Figueiredo A. Speaking the language of lipids: the cross-talk between plants and pathogens in defence and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4399-4415. [PMID: 33638652 PMCID: PMC11073031 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipids and fatty acids play crucial roles in plant immunity, which have been highlighted over the past few decades. An increasing number of studies have shown that these molecules are pivotal in the interactions between plants and their diverse pathogens. The roles played by plant lipids fit in a wide spectrum ranging from the first physical barrier encountered by the pathogens, the cuticle, to the signalling pathways that trigger different immune responses and expression of defence-related genes, mediated by several lipid molecules. Moreover, lipids have been arising as candidate biomarkers of resistance or susceptibility to different pathogens. Studies on the apoplast and extracellular vesicles have been highlighting the possible role of lipids in the intercellular communication and the establishment of systemic acquired resistance during plant-pathogen interactions. From the pathogen perspective, lipid metabolism and specific lipid molecules play pivotal roles in the pathogen's life cycle completion, being crucial during recognition by the plant and evasion from the host immune system, therefore potentiating infection. Studies conducted in the last years have contributed to a better understanding of the language of lipids during the cross-talk between plants and pathogens. However, it is essential to continue exploring the knowledge brought up to light by transcriptomics and proteomics studies towards the elucidation of lipid signalling processes during defence and disease. In this review, we present an updated overview on lipids associated to plant-pathogen interactions, exploiting their roles from the two sides of this battle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Cavaco
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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The Effect of Fusarium verticillioides Fumonisins on Fatty Acids, Sphingolipids, and Oxylipins in Maize Germlings. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052435. [PMID: 33670954 PMCID: PMC7957515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides causes multiple diseases of Zea mays (maize) including ear and seedling rots, contaminates seeds and seed products worldwide with toxic chemicals called fumonisins. The role of fumonisins in disease is unclear because, although they are not required for ear rot, they are required for seedling diseases. Disease symptoms may be due to the ability of fumonisins to inhibit ceramide synthase activity, the expected cause of lipids (fatty acids, oxylipins, and sphingolipids) alteration in infected plants. In this study, we explored the impact of fumonisins on fatty acid, oxylipin, and sphingolipid levels in planta and how these changes affect F. verticillioides growth in maize. The identity and levels of principal fatty acids, oxylipins, and over 50 sphingolipids were evaluated by chromatography followed by mass spectrometry in maize infected with an F. verticillioides fumonisin-producing wild-type strain and a fumonisin-deficient mutant, after different periods of growth. Plant hormones associated with defense responses, i.e., salicylic and jasmonic acid, were also evaluated. We suggest that fumonisins produced by F. verticillioides alter maize lipid metabolism, which help switch fungal growth from a relatively harmless endophyte to a destructive necrotroph.
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11
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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Optimization of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Identification of Phytochemical Profiling by HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194507. [PMID: 33019644 PMCID: PMC7582508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceratophyllum demersum L. (CDL) is a traditional Chinese herb to treat many diseases, but research on its anti-diabetic activity is not available. In this research, the α-glucosidase inhibitory ability and phytochemical constituents of CDL extract were firstly studied. Optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for α-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) were optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology (RSM), which was confirmed as 70% methanol, liquid-to-solid ratio of 43 (mL/g), extraction time of 54 min, ultrasonic power of 350 W, and extraction temperature of 40 °C. The lowest IC50 value for α-glucosidase inhibition was 0.15 mg dried material/mL (mg DM/mL), which was much lower than that of acarbose (IC50 value of 0.64 mg DM/mL). In total, 80 compounds including 8 organic acids, 11 phenolic acids, 25 flavonoids, 21 fatty acids, and 15 others were identified or tentatively identified from CDL extract by HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis. The results suggested that CDL could be a potential source of α-glucosidase inhibitors. It can also provide useful phytochemical information for research into other bioactivities.
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12
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Speckbacher V, Ruzsanyi V, Martinez-Medina A, Hinterdobler W, Doppler M, Schreiner U, Böhmdorfer S, Beccaccioli M, Schuhmacher R, Reverberi M, Schmoll M, Zeilinger S. The Lipoxygenase Lox1 Is Involved in Light- and Injury-Response, Conidiation, and Volatile Organic Compound Biosynthesis in the Mycoparasitic Fungus Trichoderma atroviride. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2004. [PMID: 32973724 PMCID: PMC7482316 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride is a biological pest control agent frequently applied in agriculture for the protection of plants against fungal phytopathogens. One of the main secondary metabolites produced by this fungus is 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP). 6-PP is an organic compound with antifungal and plant growth-promoting activities, whose biosynthesis was previously proposed to involve a lipoxygenase (Lox). In this study, we investigated the role of the single lipoxygenase-encoding gene lox1 encoded in the T. atroviride genome by targeted gene deletion. We found that light inhibits 6-PP biosynthesis but lox1 is dispensable for 6-PP production as well as for the ability of T. atroviride to parasitize and antagonize host fungi. However, we found Lox1 to be involved in T. atroviride conidiation in darkness, in injury-response, in the production of several metabolites, including oxylipins and volatile organic compounds, as well as in the induction of systemic resistance against the plant-pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Our findings give novel insights into the roles of a fungal Ile-group lipoxygenase and expand the understanding of a light-dependent role of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronika Ruzsanyi
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ainhoa Martinez-Medina
- Plant-Microbe Interaction Unit, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Hinterdobler
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, Austria
| | - Maria Doppler
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Ulrike Schreiner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Böhmdorfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, Austria
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Ciasca B, Lanubile A, Marocco A, Pascale M, Logrieco AF, Lattanzio VMT. Application of an Integrated and Open Source Workflow for LC-HRMS Plant Metabolomics Studies. Case-Control Study: Metabolic Changes of Maize in Response to Fusarium verticillioides Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:664. [PMID: 32582236 PMCID: PMC7290002 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) represents the most powerful metabolomics platform to investigate biological systems. Reproducible and standardized workflows allow obtaining a meaningful biological interpretation. The purpose of this study was to set up and apply an open-source workflow for LC-HRMS plant metabolomics studies. Key steps of the proposed workflow were as follows: (1) experimental design, (2) sample preparation, (3) LC-HRMS analysis, (4) data processing, (5) custom database search, (6) statistical analysis, (7) compound identification, and (8) biochemical interpretation. Its applicability was evaluated through the study of metabolomics changes of two maize recombinant inbred lines with contrasting phenotypes with respect to disease severity after Fusarium verticillioides infection of seedlings. Analysis of data from the case-control study revealed abundance change in metabolites belonging to different metabolic pathways, including two amino acids (L-tryptophan and tyrosine), five flavonoids, and three N-hydroxynnamic acid amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biancamaria Ciasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lanubile
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Adriano Marocco
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Pascale
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
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14
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Zhang J, Zhang F, Li D, Liu Y, Liu B, Meng X. Characterization of metabolite profiles of white and green spears of asparagus officinalis L. from Caoxian, East China. Food Res Int 2019; 128:108869. [PMID: 31955777 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
China is the largest planting country of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) in the world. Caoxian, as the famous asparagus township in China, enjoys a reputation for producing asparagus with high yield and good quality, due to its unique geological characteristic. In this study, a method of reverse-phase ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (RP-UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was established for profiling metabolites from three segments (tip, mid, and base) of 'Caoxian white and green Asparagus'. A total of 114 metabolites were identified, among them, 43 were found for the first time in this vegetable. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied to provide an overview of the metabolite profiles of Caoxian asparagus and to separate different segments of spears. The variables most decisive to discriminate among segments included 9 of the metabolites tentatively identified. This study will help to improve the protection of Caoxian asparagus geographical indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Danrui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xianghong Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China.
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15
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Zhao T, Chen S, Li H, Xu Y. Determination of Linoleic Acid Oxylipins in Chinese Baijiu Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Quadruple-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1602137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huazhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Righetti L, Lucini L, Giorni P, Locatelli S, Dall'Asta C, Battilani P. Lipids as Key Markers in Maize Response to Fumonisin Accumulation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4064-4070. [PMID: 30888165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present field study offers new insights into the role played by plant lipid pathways in the modulation of fumonisin accumulation in maize. Untargeted metabolomics was applied to better understand the multifactorial plant-pathogen-interaction mechanisms, including host resistance. Our results showed a significant influence from the hybrid genotype and the environmental growing conditions on fumonisin accumulation. A total of 25 significant metabolites have been identified, with glycerophospholipid and linoleic acid metabolism as the main pathways affected by the plant-pathogen interactions. This evidence highlighted the crucial role played by lipid signaling as an integrated part of the complex regulatory network in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 95/A , 43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Via Emilia Parmense 84 , 29122 Piacenza , Italy
| | - Paola Giorni
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Via Emilia Parmense 84 , 29122 Piacenza , Italy
| | - Sabrina Locatelli
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops , Council for Agricultural Research and Economics , Via Stezzano 24 , 24126 Bergamo , Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 95/A , 43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Via Emilia Parmense 84 , 29122 Piacenza , Italy
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17
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Bernat P, Nykiel-Szymańska J, Gajewska E, Różalska S, Stolarek P, Dackowa J, Słaba M. Trichoderma harzianum diminished oxidative stress caused by 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in wheat, with insights from lipidomics. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 229:158-163. [PMID: 30096586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is among the most commonly used herbicides applied for weed control during wheat cultivation. However, its application could affect wheat growth. The present study investigates the effect of the ascomycetous fungus Trichoderma harzianum on lipid peroxidation, phospholipids, signaling lipids and phospholipase D in the seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) treated with 2,4-D (2.5 mg L-1). In the group of 4-day-old seedlings exposed to the herbicide, increased lipid peroxidation and inhibition of growth were observed in shoots and roots. Moreover, elevated levels of oxylipins were noted. Among them, the amount of 13-HOTrE oxygenated from linolenic acid (18:3) increased the most significantly. Concurrently, in the seedlings inoculated with T. harzianum, growth was stimulated when the level of phosphatidylcholine (PC) increased. Moreover, in wheat seedlings treated with 2,4-D and T. harzianum, the level of lipid peroxidation was similar to that in the control and there was no increase observed in oxylipins and phospholipase D activity. T. harzianum might have partly alleviated the toxic effect of 2,4-D on wheat seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Justyna Nykiel-Szymańska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Gajewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Stolarek
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Julia Dackowa
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mirosława Słaba
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
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18
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Lombardi N, Vitale S, Turrà D, Reverberi M, Fanelli C, Vinale F, Marra R, Ruocco M, Pascale A, d'Errico G, Woo SL, Lorito M. Root Exudates of Stressed Plants Stimulate and Attract Trichoderma Soil Fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:982-994. [PMID: 29547355 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0310-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots release complex mixtures of bioactive molecules, including compounds that affect the activity and modify the composition of the rhizosphere microbiome. In this work, we investigated the initial phase of the interaction between tomato and an effective biocontrol strain of Trichoderma harzianum (T22). We found that root exudates (RE), obtained from plants grown in a split-root system and exposed to various biotic and abiotic stress factors (wounding, salt, pathogen attack), were able to stimulate the growth and act as chemoattractants of the biocontrol fungus. On the other hand, some of the treatments did not result in an enhanced chemotropism on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, indicating a mechanism that may be selective for nonpathogenic microbes. The involvement of peroxidases and oxylipins, both known to be released by roots in response to stress, was demonstrated by using RE fractions containing these molecules or their commercial purified analogs, testing the effect of an inhibitor, and characterizing the complex pattern of these metabolites released by tomato roots both locally and systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Lombardi
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Stefania Vitale
- 3 Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Rabanales 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Turrà
- 3 Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Rabanales 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- 4 Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università la Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; and
| | - Corrado Fanelli
- 4 Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università la Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; and
| | - Francesco Vinale
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Roberta Marra
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Alberto Pascale
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Giada d'Errico
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Sheridan L Woo
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 5 Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
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Battilani P, Lanubile A, Scala V, Reverberi M, Gregori R, Falavigna C, Dall'asta C, Park Y, Bennett J, Borrego EJ, Kolomiets MV. Oxylipins from both pathogen and host antagonize jasmonic acid-mediated defence via the 9-lipoxygenase pathway in Fusarium verticillioides infection of maize. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2162-2176. [PMID: 29660236 PMCID: PMC6638020 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are a newly emerging group of signals that serve defence roles or promote virulence. To identify specific host and fungal genes and oxylipins governing the interactions between maize and Fusarium verticillioides, maize wild-type and lipoxygenase3 (lox3) mutant were inoculated with either F. verticillioides wild-type or linoleate-diol-synthase 1-deleted mutant (ΔFvlds1D). The results showed that lox3 mutants were more resistant to F. verticillioides. The reduced colonization on lox3 was associated with reduced fumonisin production and with a stronger and earlier induction of ZmLOX4, ZmLOX5 and ZmLOX12. In addition to the reported defence function of ZmLOX12, we showed that lox4 and lox5 mutants were more susceptible to F. verticillioides and possessed decreased jasmonate levels during infection, suggesting that these genes are essential for jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defence. Oxylipin profiling revealed a dramatic reduction in fungal linoleate diol synthase 1 (LDS1)-derived oxylipins, especially 8-HpODE (8-hydroperoxyoctadecenoic acid), in infected lox3 kernels, indicating the importance of this molecule in virulence. Collectively, we make the following conclusions: (1) LOX3 is a major susceptibility factor induced by fungal LDS1-derived oxylipins to suppress JA-stimulating 9-LOXs; (2) LOX3-mediated signalling promotes the biosynthesis of virulence-promoting oxylipins in the fungus; and (3) both fungal LDS1- and host LOX3-produced oxylipins are essential for the normal infection and colonization processes of maize seed by F. verticillioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop ProductionUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore29122 PiacenzaItaly
| | - Alessandra Lanubile
- Department of Sustainable Crop ProductionUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore29122 PiacenzaItaly
| | - Valeria Scala
- CREA‐DC, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Research Center for Plant Protection and Certification00156 RomeItaly
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental BiologyUniversity of Rome “Sapienza”00165 RomeItaly
| | - Rossella Gregori
- Department of Sustainable Crop ProductionUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore29122 PiacenzaItaly
| | - Claudia Falavigna
- Department of Organic and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Parma43124 ParmaItaly
| | - Chiara Dall'asta
- Department of Organic and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Parma43124 ParmaItaly
| | - Yong‐Soon Park
- BK21 plus program, College of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeon 34134South Korea
| | - John Bennett
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M University, College StationTX 77843‐2132USA
| | - Eli J. Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M University, College StationTX 77843‐2132USA
| | - Michael V. Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M University, College StationTX 77843‐2132USA
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20
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Scala V, Reverberi M, Salustri M, Pucci N, Modesti V, Lucchesi S, Loreti S. Lipid Profile of Xylella fastidiosa Subsp. pauca Associated With the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1839. [PMID: 30154768 PMCID: PMC6102392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids, components of the plasma and intracellular membranes as well as of droplets, provide different biological functions related to energy, carbon storage, and stress responses. Bacterial species display diverse membrane composition that changes in response to the different environmental conditions. During plant-pathogen interactions, lipids might have roles in several aspects such as recognition, signal transduction, and downstream responses. Among lipid entities, free fatty acids (FFAs) and their oxidized form, the oxylipins, represent an important class of signaling molecules in host-pathogen perception, especially related to virulence and defense. In bacteria, FFAs (e.g., diffusible signaling factors) and oxylipins have a crucial role in modulating motility, biofilm formation, and virulence. In this study, we explore by LC-TOF and LC-MS/MS the lipid composition of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca strain De Donno in pure culture; some specific lipids (e.g., ornithine lipids and the oxylipin 7,10-diHOME), characteristic of other pathogenic bacteria, were revealed. Nicotiana tabacum was used for testing the ability of this pathogen in producing such lipids in the host. Different lipid compounds present a clear distribution pattern within the infected plant tissues compared to the uninfected ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Scala
- Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Salustri
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pucci
- Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Rome, Italy
| | - Vanessa Modesti
- Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Lucchesi
- Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Loreti
- Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Rome, Italy
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21
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Bayram M, Gökırmaklı Ç. Horizon Scanning: How Will Metabolomics Applications Transform Food Science, Bioengineering, and Medical Innovation in the Current Era of Foodomics? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 22:177-183. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Bayram
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Çağlar Gökırmaklı
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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22
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Bianchi F, Riboni N, Termopoli V, Mendez L, Medina I, Ilag L, Cappiello A, Careri M. MS-Based Analytical Techniques: Advances in Spray-Based Methods and EI-LC-MS Applications. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:1308167. [PMID: 29850370 PMCID: PMC5937452 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1308167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is the most powerful technique for the detection and identification of organic compounds. It can provide molecular weight information and a wealth of structural details that give a unique fingerprint for each analyte. Due to these characteristics, mass spectrometry-based analytical methods are showing an increasing interest in the scientific community, especially in food safety, environmental, and forensic investigation areas where the simultaneous detection of targeted and nontargeted compounds represents a key factor. In addition, safety risks can be identified at the early stage through online and real-time analytical methodologies. In this context, several efforts have been made to achieve analytical instrumentation able to perform real-time analysis in the native environment of samples and to generate highly informative spectra. This review article provides a survey of some instrumental innovations and their applications with particular attention to spray-based MS methods and food analysis issues. The survey will attempt to cover the state of the art from 2012 up to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Riboni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, LC-MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Lucia Mendez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Leopold Ilag
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, LC-MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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23
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Castro-Puyana M, Pérez-Míguez R, Montero L, Herrero M. Reprint of: Application of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approaches for food safety, quality and traceability. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Application of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approaches for food safety, quality and traceability. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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A gene encoding maize caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase confers quantitative resistance to multiple pathogens. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1364-1372. [PMID: 28740263 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alleles that confer multiple disease resistance (MDR) are valuable in crop improvement, although the molecular mechanisms underlying their functions remain largely unknown. A quantitative trait locus, qMdr9.02, associated with resistance to three important foliar maize diseases-southern leaf blight, gray leaf spot and northern leaf blight-has been identified on maize chromosome 9. Through fine-mapping, association analysis, expression analysis, insertional mutagenesis and transgenic validation, we demonstrate that ZmCCoAOMT2, which encodes a caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase associated with the phenylpropanoid pathway and lignin production, is the gene within qMdr9.02 conferring quantitative resistance to both southern leaf blight and gray leaf spot. We suggest that resistance might be caused by allelic variation at the level of both gene expression and amino acid sequence, thus resulting in differences in levels of lignin and other metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway and regulation of programmed cell death.
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26
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Rubert J, Righetti L, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Dzuman Z, Chrpova J, Dall'Asta C, Hajslova J. Untargeted metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry merged with chemometrics: A new predictable tool for an early detection of mycotoxins. Food Chem 2017; 224:423-431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Careful with That Axe, Gene, Genome Perturbation after a PEG-Mediated Protoplast Transformation in Fusarium verticillioides. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9060183. [PMID: 28561789 PMCID: PMC5488033 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides causes ear rot disease in maize and its contamination with fumonisins, mycotoxins harmful for humans and livestock. Lipids, and their oxidized forms, may drive the fate of this disease. In a previous study, we have explored the role of oxylipins in this interaction by deleting by standard transformation procedures a linoleate diol synthase-coding gene, lds1, in F. verticillioides. A profound phenotypic diversity in the mutants generated has prompted us to investigate more deeply the whole genome of two lds1-deleted strains. Bioinformatics analyses pinpoint significant differences in the genome sequences emerged between the wild type and the lds1-mutants further than those trivially attributable to the deletion of the lds1 locus, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, small deletion/insertion polymorphisms and structural variations. Results suggest that the effect of a (theoretically) punctual transformation event might have enhanced the natural mechanisms of genomic variability and that transformation practices, commonly used in the reverse genetics of fungi, may potentially be responsible for unexpected, stochastic and henceforth off-target rearrangements throughout the genome.
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28
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D'Angeli S, Matteucci M, Fattorini L, Gismondi A, Ludovici M, Canini A, Altamura MM. OeFAD8, OeLIP and OeOSM expression and activity in cold-acclimation of Olea europaea, a perennial dicot without winter-dormancy. PLANTA 2016; 243:1279-96. [PMID: 26919986 PMCID: PMC4837226 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cold-acclimation genes in woody dicots without winter-dormancy, e.g., olive-tree, need investigation. Positive relationships between OeFAD8, OeOSM , and OeLIP19 and olive-tree cold-acclimation exist, and couple with increased lipid unsaturation and cutinisation. Olive-tree is a woody species with no winter-dormancy and low frost-tolerance. However, cold-tolerant genotypes were empirically selected, highlighting that cold-acclimation might be acquired. Proteins needed for olive-tree cold-acclimation are unknown, even if roles for osmotin (OeOSM) as leaf cryoprotectant, and seed lipid-transfer protein for endosperm cutinisation under cold, were demonstrated. In other species, FAD8, coding a desaturase producing α-linolenic acid, is activated by temperature-lowering, concomitantly with bZIP-LIP19 genes. The research was focussed on finding OeLIP19 gene(s) in olive-tree genome, and analyze it/their expression, and that of OeFAD8 and OeOSM, in drupes and leaves under different cold-conditions/developmental stages/genotypes, in comparison with changes in unsaturated lipids and cell wall cutinisation. Cold-induced cytosolic calcium transients always occurred in leaves/drupes of some genotypes, e.g., Moraiolo, but ceased in others, e.g., Canino, at specific drupe stages/cold-treatments, suggesting cold-acclimation acquisition only in the latter genotypes. Canino and Moraiolo were selected for further analyses. Cold-acclimation in Canino was confirmed by an electrolyte leakage from leaf/drupe membranes highly reduced in comparison with Moraiolo. Strong increases in fruit-epicarp/leaf-epidermis cutinisation characterized cold-acclimated Canino, and positively coupled with OeOSM expression, and immunolocalization of the coded protein. OeFAD8 expression increased with cold-acclimation, as the production of α-linolenic acid, and related compounds. An OeLIP19 gene was isolated. Its levels changed with a trend similar to OeFAD8. All together, results sustain a positive relationship between OeFAD8, OeOSM and OeLIP19 expression in olive-tree cold-acclimation. The parallel changes in unsaturated lipids and cutinisation concur to suggest orchestrated roles of the coded proteins in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone D'Angeli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università 'Sapienza', P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maya Matteucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università 'Sapienza', P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fattorini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università 'Sapienza', P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Gismondi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Ludovici
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università 'Sapienza', P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Canini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Jiménez-Sánchez C, Lozano-Sánchez J, Rodríguez-Pérez C, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. Comprehensive, untargeted, and qualitative RP-HPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS2 metabolite profiling of green asparagus (Asparagus officinalis). J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Fischer GJ, Keller NP. Production of cross-kingdom oxylipins by pathogenic fungi: An update on their role in development and pathogenicity. J Microbiol 2016; 54:254-64. [PMID: 26920885 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are a class of molecules derived from the incorporation of oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates through the action of oxygenases. While extensively investigated in the context of mammalian immune responses, over the last decade it has become apparent that oxylipins are a common means of communication among and between plants, animals, and fungi to control development and alter host-microbe interactions. In fungi, some oxylipins are derived nonenzymatically while others are produced by lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and monooxygenases with homology to plant and human enzymes. Recent investigations of numerous plant and human fungal pathogens have revealed oxylipins to be involved in the establishment and progression of disease. This review highlights oxylipin production by pathogenic fungi and their role in fungal development and pathogen/host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Fischer
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Menadione-Induced Oxidative Stress Re-Shapes the Oxylipin Profile of Aspergillus flavus and Its Lifestyle. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4315-29. [PMID: 26512693 PMCID: PMC4626736 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an efficient producer of mycotoxins, particularly aflatoxin B1, probably the most hepatocarcinogenic naturally-occurring compound. Although the inducing agents of toxin synthesis are not unanimously identified, there is evidence that oxidative stress is one of the main actors in play. In our study, we use menadione, a quinone extensively implemented in studies on ROS response in animal cells, for causing stress to A. flavus. For uncovering the molecular determinants that drive A. flavus in challenging oxidative stress conditions, we have evaluated a wide spectrum of several different parameters, ranging from metabolic (ROS and oxylipin profile) to transcriptional analysis (RNA-seq). There emerges a scenario in which A. flavus activates several metabolic processes under oxidative stress conditions for limiting the ROS-associated detrimental effects, as well as for triggering adaptive and escape strategies.
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32
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Sooman L, Oliw EH. Discovery of a Novel Linoleate Dioxygenase of Fusarium oxysporum and Linoleate Diol Synthase of Colletotrichum graminicola. Lipids 2015; 50:1243-52. [PMID: 26438098 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens constitute serious threats for many forms of life. The pathogenic fungi Fusarium and Colletotrichum and their formae speciales (f. spp.) infect many types of crops with severe consequences and Fusarium oxysporum can also induce keratitis and allergic conditions in humans. These fungi code for homologues of dioxygenase-cytochrome P450 (DOX-CYP) fusion proteins of the animal heme peroxidase (cyclooxygenase) superfamily. The objective was to characterize the enzymatic activities of the DOX-CYP homologue of Colletotrichum graminicola (EFQ34869) and the DOX homologue of F. oxysporum (EGU79548). The former oxidized oleic and linoleic acids in analogy with 7,8-linoleate diol synthases (LDSs), but with the additional biosynthesis of 8,11-dihydroxylinoleic acid. The latter metabolized fatty acids to hydroperoxides with broad substrate specificity. It oxidized 20:4n-6 and 18:2n-6 to hydroperoxides with an R configuration at the (n-10) positions, and other n-6 fatty acids in the same way. [11S-(2)H]18:2n-6 was oxidized with retention and [11R-(2)H]18:2n-6 with loss of deuterium, suggesting suprafacial hydrogen abstraction and oxygen insertion. Fatty acids of the n-3 series were oxidized less efficiently and often to hydroperoxides with an R configuration at both (n-10) and (n-7) positions. The enzyme spans 1426 amino acids with about 825 residues in the N-terminal domain with DOX homology and 600 residues at the C-terminal domain without homology to other enzymes. We conclude that fungal oxylipins can be formed by two novel subfamilies of cyclooxygenase-related DOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sooman
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Giorni P, Dall'Asta C, Reverberi M, Scala V, Ludovici M, Cirlini M, Galaverna G, Fanelli C, Battilani P. Open Field Study of Some Zea mays Hybrids, Lipid Compounds and Fumonisins Accumulation. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3657-70. [PMID: 26378580 PMCID: PMC4591652 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid molecules are increasingly recognized as signals exchanged by organisms interacting in pathogenic and/or symbiotic ways. Some classes of lipids actively determine the fate of the interactions. Host cuticle/cell wall/membrane components such as sphingolipids and oxylipins may contribute to determining the fate of host-pathogen interactions. In the present field study, we considered the relationship between specific sphingolipids and oxylipins of different hybrids of Zea mays and fumonisin by F. verticillioides, sampling ears at different growth stages from early dough to fully ripe. The amount of total and free fumonisin differed significantly between hybrids and increased significantly with maize ripening. Oxylipins and phytoceramides changed significantly within the hybrids and decreased with kernel maturation, starting from physiological maturity. Although the correlation between fumonisin accumulation and plant lipid profile is certain, the data collected so far cannot define a cause-effect relationship but open up new perspectives. Therefore, the question-"Does fumonisin alter plant lipidome or does plant lipidome modulate fumonisin accumulation?"-is still open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Giorni
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29100, Italy.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università Sapienza, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy.
| | - Valeria Scala
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università Sapienza, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy.
| | - Matteo Ludovici
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università Sapienza, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy.
| | - Martina Cirlini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy.
| | - Corrado Fanelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università Sapienza, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy.
| | - Paola Battilani
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29100, Italy.
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34
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Scala V, Giorni P, Cirlini M, Ludovici M, Visentin I, Cardinale F, Fabbri AA, Fanelli C, Reverberi M, Battilani P, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C. LDS1-produced oxylipins are negative regulators of growth, conidiation and fumonisin synthesis in the fungal maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:669. [PMID: 25566199 PMCID: PMC4263177 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are fatty acid-derived signaling compounds produced by all eukaryotes so far investigated; in mycotoxigenic fungi, they modulate toxin production and interactions with the host plants. Among the many enzymes responsible for oxylipin generation, Linoleate Diol Synthase 1 (LDS1) produces mainly 8-hydroperoxyoctadecenoic acid and subsequently different di-hydroxyoctadecenoic acids. In this study, we inactivated a copy of the putative LDS1 ortholog (acc. N. FVEG_09294.3) of Fusarium verticillioides, with the aim to investigate its influence on the oxylipin profile of the fungus, on its development, secondary metabolism and virulence. LC-MS/MS oxylipin profiling carried out on the selected mutant strain revealed significant quali-quantitative differences for several oxylipins when compared to the WT strain. The Fvlds1-deleted mutant grew better, produced more conidia, synthesized more fumonisins and infected maize cobs faster than the WT strain. We hypothesize that oxylipins may act as regulators of gene expression in the toxigenic plant pathogen F. verticillioides, in turn causing notable changes in its phenotype. These changes could relate to the ability of oxylipins to re-shape the transcriptional profile of F. verticillioides by inducing chromatin modifications and exerting a direct control on the transcription of secondary metabolism in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Scala
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Giorni
- Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia Vegetale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza, Italy
| | - Martina Cirlini
- Food Chemistry and Natural Substances Unit, Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Ludovici
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Visentin
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Science, University of Turin Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Cardinale
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Science, University of Turin Torino, Italy
| | - Anna A Fabbri
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Fanelli
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Battilani
- Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia Vegetale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Food Chemistry and Natural Substances Unit, Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Food Chemistry and Natural Substances Unit, Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma Parma, Italy
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