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Seller A, Tegeler CM, Mauermann J, Schreiber T, Hagelstein I, Liebel K, Koch A, Heitmann JS, Greiner SM, Hayn C, Dannehl D, Engler T, Hartkopf AD, Hahn M, Brucker SY, Salih HR, Märklin M. Soluble NKG2DLs Are Elevated in Breast Cancer Patients and Associate with Disease Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4126. [PMID: 38612935 PMCID: PMC11012452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ligands of the natural killer group 2D (NKG2DL) family are expressed on malignant cells and are usually absent from healthy tissues. Recognition of NKG2DLs such as MICA/B and ULBP1-3 by the activating immunoreceptor NKG2D, expressed by NK and cytotoxic T cells, stimulates anti-tumor immunity in breast cancer. Upregulation of membrane-bound NKG2DLs in breast cancer has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Tumor cells release NKG2DLs via proteolytic cleavage as soluble (s)NKG2DLs, which allows for effective immune escape and is associated with poor prognosis. In this study, we collected serum from 140 breast cancer (BC) and 20 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients at the time of initial diagnosis and 20 healthy volunteers (HVs). Serum levels of sNKG2DLs were quantified through the use of ELISA and correlated with clinical data. The analyzed sNKG2DLs were low to absent in HVs and significantly higher in BC patients. For some of the ligands analyzed, higher sNKG2DLs serum levels were associated with the classification of malignant tumor (TNM) stage and grading. Low sMICA serum levels were associated with significantly longer progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In conclusion, we provide the first insights into sNKG2DLs in BC patients and suggest their potential role in tumor immune escape in breast cancer. Furthermore, our observations suggest that serum sMICA levels may serve as a prognostic parameter in the patients analyzed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Seller
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.S.)
- Department of Women’s Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian M. Tegeler
- Department of Women’s Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Mauermann
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schreiber
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ilona Hagelstein
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kai Liebel
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - André Koch
- Department of Women’s Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonas S. Heitmann
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah M. Greiner
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.S.)
- Department of Women’s Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Clara Hayn
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Dannehl
- Department of Women’s Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Engler
- Department of Women’s Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas D. Hartkopf
- Department of Women’s Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Hahn
- Department of Women’s Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Y. Brucker
- Department of Women’s Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Helmut R. Salih
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Märklin
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Serritella AV, Saenz-Lopez Larrocha P, Dhar P, Liu S, Medd MM, Jia S, Cao Q, Wu JD. The Human Soluble NKG2D Ligand Differentially Impacts Tumorigenicity and Progression in Temporal and Model-Dependent Modes. Biomedicines 2024; 12:196. [PMID: 38255301 PMCID: PMC10812945 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating receptor expressed by all human NK cells and CD8 T cells. Harnessing the NKG2D/NKG2D ligand axis has emerged as a viable avenue for cancer immunotherapy. However, there is a long-standing controversy over whether soluble NKG2D ligands are immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory, originating from conflicting data generated from different scopes of pre-clinical investigations. Using multiple pre-clinical tumor models, we demonstrated that the impact of the most characterized human solid tumor-associated soluble NKG2D ligand, the soluble MHC I chain-related molecule (sMIC), on tumorigenesis depended on the tumor model being studied and whether the tumor cells possessed stemness-like properties. We demonstrated that the potential of tumor formation or establishment depended upon tumor cell stem-like properties irrespective of tumor cells secreting the soluble NKG2D ligand sMIC. Specifically, tumor formation was delayed or failed if sMIC-expressing tumor cells expressed low stem-cell markers; tumor formation was rapid if sMIC-expressing tumor cells expressed high stem-like cell markers. However, once tumors were formed, overexpression of sMIC unequivocally suppressed tumoral NK and CD8 T cell immunity and facilitated tumor growth. Our study distinguished the differential impacts of soluble NKG2D ligands in tumor formation and tumor progression, cleared the outstanding controversy over soluble NKG2D ligands in modulating tumor immunity, and re-enforced the viability of targeting soluble NKG2D ligands for cancer immunotherapy for established tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony V. Serritella
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Pablo Saenz-Lopez Larrocha
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (P.S.-L.L.); (P.D.); (S.L.); (M.M.M.); (S.J.); (Q.C.)
| | - Payal Dhar
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (P.S.-L.L.); (P.D.); (S.L.); (M.M.M.); (S.J.); (Q.C.)
| | - Sizhe Liu
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (P.S.-L.L.); (P.D.); (S.L.); (M.M.M.); (S.J.); (Q.C.)
| | - Milan M. Medd
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (P.S.-L.L.); (P.D.); (S.L.); (M.M.M.); (S.J.); (Q.C.)
| | - Shengxian Jia
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (P.S.-L.L.); (P.D.); (S.L.); (M.M.M.); (S.J.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (P.S.-L.L.); (P.D.); (S.L.); (M.M.M.); (S.J.); (Q.C.)
| | - Jennifer D. Wu
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (P.S.-L.L.); (P.D.); (S.L.); (M.M.M.); (S.J.); (Q.C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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3
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Torres-Martínez S, Calabuig-Fariñas S, Gallach S, Mosqueda M, Munera-Maravilla E, Sirera R, Navarro L, Blasco A, Camps C, Jantus-Lewintre E. Circulating Immune Proteins: Improving the Diagnosis and Clinical Outcome in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17587. [PMID: 38139416 PMCID: PMC10743468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been proven a viable treatment option for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment in patients. However, some patients still do not benefit. Finding new predictive biomarkers for immunocheckpoint inhibitor (ICI) response will improve treatment management in the clinical routine. In this regard, liquid biopsy is a useful and noninvasive alternative to surgical biopsies. In the present study, we evaluated the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value of seven different soluble mediators involved in immunoregulation. Fifty-two plasma samples from advanced NSCLC treated in first-line with pembrolizumab at baseline (PRE) and at first response assessment (FR) were analyzed. In terms of diagnostic value, our results revealed that sFGL1, sGAL-3, and sGAL-1 allowed for optimal diagnostic efficacy for cancer patients. Additionally, the combination of sFGL1 and sGAL-3 significantly improved diagnostic accuracy. Regarding the predictive value to assess patients' immune response, sCD276 levels at PRE were significantly higher in patients without tumor response (p = 0.035). Moreover, we observed that high levels of sMICB at PRE were associated with absence of clinical benefit (pembrolizumab treatment less than 6 months) (p = 0.049), and high levels of sMICB and sGAL-3 at FR are also related to a lack of clinical benefit (p = 0.027 and p = 0.03, respectively). Finally, in relation to prognosis significance, at PRE and FR, sMICB levels above the 75th percentile are related to poor progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.013 and p = 0.023, respectively) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). An increase in sGAL3 levels at FR was associated with worse PFS (p = 0.037). Interestingly, high sGAL-3 at PRE was independently associated with PFS and OS with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.45 (95% CI 1.14-5.25; p = 0.021) and 4.915 (95% CI 1.89-12.73; p = 0.001). In conclusion, plasma levels of sFGL1, sGAL-3, and sGAL-1 could serve as diagnostic indicators and sMICB, sCD276, and sGAL3 were linked to outcomes, suggesting their potential in assessing NSCLC under pembrolizumab treatment. Our results highlight the value of employing soluble immune biomarkers in advanced lung cancer patients treated with pembrolizumab at first-line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Torres-Martínez
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Calabuig-Fariñas
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Gallach
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marais Mosqueda
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ester Munera-Maravilla
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Sirera
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Lara Navarro
- Department of Pathology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ana Blasco
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Camps
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eloisa Jantus-Lewintre
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain; (S.T.-M.); (S.G.); (M.M.); (E.M.-M.); (C.C.); (E.J.-L.)
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- Nanomedicine, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe—Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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4
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Akbar S, Raza A, Mohsin R, Kanbour A, Qadri S, Parray A, Zar Gul AR, Philip A, Vijayakumar S, Merhi M, Hydrose S, Inchakalody VP, Al-Abdulla R, Abualainin W, Sirriya SA, Al-Bozom I, Uddin S, Khan OM, Mohamed Ibrahim MI, Al Homsi U, Dermime S. Circulating exosomal immuno-oncological checkpoints and cytokines are potential biomarkers to monitor tumor response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1097117. [PMID: 36741391 PMCID: PMC9890181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1097117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) including anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies, have significantly changed the treatment outcomes of NSCLC patients with better overall survival. However, 15-40% of the patients still fail to respond to ICIs therapy. Identification of biomarkers associated with responses are mandated in order to increase the efficacy of such therapy. In this study we evaluated 27 serum-derived exosomal immuno-oncological proteins and 44 cytokines/chemokines before and after ICIs therapy in 17 NSCLC patients to identify surrogate biomarkers for treatment/monitoring patient stratification for maximum therapeutic benefit. We first confirmed the identity of the isolated exosomes to have their specific markers (CD63, CD81, HSP70 and CD91). We have demonstrated that baseline concentration of exosomal-PD-L1 (p<0.0001), exosomal-PD-L2 (p=0.0413) and exosomal-PD-1 (p=0.0131) from NSCLC patients were significantly higher than their soluble-free forms. Furthermore, the exosomal-PD-L1 was present in all the patients (100%), while only 71% of patients expressed tissue PD-L1. This indicates that exosomal-PD-L1 is a more reliable diagnostic biomarker. Interestingly, exosomal-PD-L2 expression was significantly higher (p=0.0193) in tissue PD-L1-negative patients compared to tissue PD-L1-positive patients. We have also shown that immuno-oncological proteins isolated from pre-ICIs treated patients were significantly higher in exosomes compared to their soluble-free counterparts (CD152, p=0.0008; CD80, p=0.0182; IDO, p=0.0443; Arginase, p<0.0001; Nectin-2, p<0.0001; NT5E, p<0.0001; Siglec-7, p<0.0001; Siglec-9, p=0.0335; CD28, p=0.0092; GITR, p<0.0001; MICA, p<0.0001). Finally, the changes in the expression levels of exosomal immuno-oncological proteins/cytokines and their correlation with tumor response to ICIs treatment were assessed. There was a significant downregulation of exosomal PD-L1 (p=0.0156), E-Cadherin (p=0.0312), ULBP1 (p=0.0156), ULBP3 (p=0.0391), MICA (p=0.0391), MICB (p=0.0469), Siglec7 (p=0.0078) and significant upregulation of exosomal PD-1 (p=0.0156) and IFN- γ (p=0.0156) in responding patients. Non-responding patients showed a significant increase in exosomal-PD-L1 (p=0.0078). Furthermore, responding-patients without liver-metastasis showed significant-upregulation of PD-1 (p=0.0070), and downregulation of ULBP1 (p=0.0137) and Siglec-7 (p=0.0037). Non-responding patients had significant-downregulation of ULBP3 (p=0.0317) in patient without brain-metastasis and significant-upregulation/downregulation of PD-L1 and ULBP3 (p=0.0262/0.0286) in patients with pulmonary-metastasis. We demonstrated for the first time that exosomal immuno-oncological proteins/cytokines are potential biomarkers to monitor response to ICIs therapy and can predict the clinical outcomes in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayista Akbar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Afsheen Raza
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Reyad Mohsin
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aladdin Kanbour
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahnaz Qadri
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, United States
| | - Aijaz Parray
- Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdul Rehman Zar Gul
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anite Philip
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Suma Vijayakumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Shereena Hydrose
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Philipose Inchakalody
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Rajaa Al-Abdulla
- Anatomical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wafa Abualainin
- Diagnostic Genomic Division, Solid Tumor Section, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shaza Abu Sirriya
- Diagnostic Genomic Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Issam Al-Bozom
- Anatomical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar Muhammad Khan
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ussama Al Homsi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar,Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar,Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar,*Correspondence: Said Dermime,
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5
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López-Borrego S, Campos-Silva C, Sandúa A, Camino T, Téllez-Pérez L, Alegre E, Beneitez A, Jara-Acevedo R, Paschen A, Pardo M, González Á, Valés-Gómez M. MAPK inhibitors dynamically affect melanoma release of immune NKG2D-ligands, as soluble protein and extracellular vesicle-associated. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1055288. [PMID: 36726591 PMCID: PMC9884675 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1055288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma presents, in many cases, oncogenic mutations in BRAF, a MAPK involved in proliferation of tumour cells. BRAF inhibitors, used as therapy in patients with these mutations, often lead to tumour resistance and, thus, the use of MEK inhibitors was introduced in clinics. BRAFi/MEKi, a combination that has modestly increased overall survival in patients, has been proven to differentially affect immune ligands, such as NKG2D-ligands, in drug-sensitive vs. drug-resistant cells. However, the fact that NKG2D-ligands can be released as soluble molecules or in extracellular vesicles represents an additional level of complexity that has not been explored. Here we demonstrate that inhibition of MAPK using MEKi, and the combination of BRAFi with MEKi in vitro, modulates NKG2D-ligands in BRAF-mutant and WT melanoma cells, together with other NK activating ligands. These observations reinforce a role of the immune system in the generation of resistance to directed therapies and support the potential benefit of MAPK inhibition in combination with immunotherapies. Both soluble and EV-associated NKG2D-ligands, generally decreased in BRAF-mutant melanoma cell supernatants after MAPKi in vitro, replicating cell surface expression. Because potential NKG2D-ligand fluctuation during MAPKi treatment could have different consequences for the immune response, a pilot study to measure NKG2D-ligand variation in plasma or serum from metastatic melanoma patients, at different time points during MAPKi treatment, was performed. Not all NKG2D-ligands were equally detected. Further, EV detection did not parallel soluble protein. Altogether, our data confirm the heterogeneity between melanoma lesions, and suggest testing several NKG2D-ligands and other melanoma antigens in serum, both as soluble or vesicle-released proteins, to help classifying immune competence of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia López-Borrego
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Campos-Silva
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Tamara Camino
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Lucía Téllez-Pérez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Annette Paschen
- Clinic for Dermatology University Hospital of Essen, Essen, North RhineWestphalia, Germany
| | - María Pardo
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | | | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Mar Valés-Gómez,
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6
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Voronova V, Vislobokova A, Mutig K, Samsonov M, Peskov K, Sekacheva M, Materenchuk M, Bunyatyan N, Lebedeva S. Combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors with radiation therapy in cancer: A hammer breaking the wall of resistance. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1035884. [PMID: 36544712 PMCID: PMC9760959 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1035884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-oncology is an emerging field in the treatment of oncological diseases, that is based on recruitment of the host immune system to attack the tumor. Radiation exposure may help to unlock the potential of the immune activating agents by enhancing the antigen release and presentation, attraction of immunocompetent cells to the inflammation site, and eliminating the tumor cells by phagocytosis, thereby leading to an overall enhancement of the immune response. Numerous preclinical studies in mouse models of glioma, murine melanoma, extracranial cancer, or colorectal cancer have contributed to determination of the optimal radiotherapy fractionation, as well as the radio- and immunotherapy sequencing strategies for maximizing the antitumor activity of the treatment regimen. At the same time, efficacy of combined radio- and immunotherapy has been actively investigated in clinical trials of metastatic melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and renal cell carcinoma. The present review summarizes the current advancements and challenges related to the aforementioned treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Voronova
- Department of Pharmacological Modeling, M&S Decisions LLC, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Vislobokova
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kerim Mutig
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Samsonov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Peskov
- Department of Pharmacological Modeling, M&S Decisions LLC, Moscow, Russia,MID3 Research Center, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia,Artificial Intelligence Research Center, STU Sirius, Sochi, Russia
| | - Marina Sekacheva
- World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Materenchuk
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya Bunyatyan
- Institute of Professional Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia,Federal State Budgetary Institution “Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Lebedeva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia,Institute of Professional Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia,*Correspondence: Svetlana Lebedeva,
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7
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Immune-related 3-lncRNA signature with prognostic connotation in a multi-cancer setting. J Transl Med 2022; 20:442. [PMID: 36180904 PMCID: PMC9523969 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advances in our understanding of the tumor microenvironment have radically changed the cancer field, highlighting the emerging need for biomarkers of an active, favorable tumor immune phenotype to aid treatment stratification and clinical prognostication. Numerous immune-related gene signatures have been defined; however, their prognostic value is often limited to one or few cancer types. Moreover, the area of non-coding RNA as biomarkers remains largely unexplored although their number and biological roles are rapidly expanding. Methods We developed a multi-step process to identify immune-related long non-coding RNA signatures with prognostic connotation in multiple TCGA solid cancer datasets. Results Using the breast cancer dataset as a discovery cohort we found 2988 differentially expressed lncRNAs between immune favorable and unfavorable tumors, as defined by the immunologic constant of rejection (ICR) gene signature. Mapping of the lncRNAs to a coding-non-coding network identified 127 proxy protein-coding genes that are enriched in immune-related diseases and functions. Next, we defined two distinct 20-lncRNA prognostic signatures that show a stronger effect on overall survival than the ICR signature in multiple solid cancers. Furthermore, we found a 3 lncRNA signature that demonstrated prognostic significance across 5 solid cancer types with a stronger association with clinical outcome than ICR. Moreover, this 3 lncRNA signature showed additional prognostic significance in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma and cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma as compared to ICR. Conclusion We identified an immune-related 3-lncRNA signature with prognostic connotation in multiple solid cancer types which performed equally well and in some cases better than the 20-gene ICR signature, indicating that it could be used as a minimal informative signature for clinical implementation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03654-7.
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8
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Ruan GT, Xie HL, Zhu LC, Ge YZ, Yan L, Liao C, Gong YZ, Shi HP. Immune ULBP1 is Elevated in Colon Adenocarcinoma and Predicts Prognosis. Front Genet 2022; 13:762514. [PMID: 35211154 PMCID: PMC8862730 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.762514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is still the main cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although immunotherapy has made progress in recent years, there is still a need to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment tools. UL-16 binding protein 1 (ULBP1) is a ligand that activates the receptor natural killer cell group 2 receptor D (NKG2D) and plays an important immunomodulatory role. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of ULBP1 in COAD. Methods: We obtained the relevant data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A total of 438 patients with COAD were included in this study, with a mean age of 67.1 ± 13.03 years old, of which 234 (53.42%) were male. The diagnostic value of COAD tumor tissues and adjacent tissues was analyzed by ROC curve. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis investigated the prognostic value of ULBP1 gene, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) curve was performed to analyze the biological process and enriched enrichment pathway of ULBP1 in COAD. Combination survival analysis investigated the combined prognostic effect of prognostic genes. Results:ULBP1 gene had a high diagnostic value in COAD [AUC (TCGA) = 0.959; AUC (Guangxi) = 0.898]. Up-regulated ULBP1 gene of patients with COAD predicted a worse prognosis compared to those patients with down-regulated ULBP1 gene (Adjusted HR = 1.544, 95% CI = 1.020–2.337, p = 0.040). The GSEA showed that ULBP1 was involved in the apoptotic pathway and biological process of T cell mediated cytotoxicity, regulation of natural killer cell activation, and T cell mediated immunity of COAD. The combination survival analysis showed that the combination of high expression of ULBP1, AARS1, and DDIT3 would increase the 2.2-fold death risk of COAD when compared with those of low expression genes. Conclusion: The immune-related ULBP1 gene had diagnostic and prognostic value in COAD. The combination of ULBP1, AARS1, and DDIT3 genes could improve the prognostic prediction performance in COAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Tian Ruan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Cancer Metabolism and Nutrition, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Lun Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Cancer Metabolism and Nutrition, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Chen Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yi-Zhong Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Cancer Metabolism and Nutrition, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, China
| | - Cun Liao
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yi-Zhen Gong
- Division of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Han-Ping Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Cancer Metabolism and Nutrition, Beijing, China
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9
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Zhou J, Zhang S, Guo C. Crosstalk between macrophages and natural killer cells in the tumor microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108374. [PMID: 34824036 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is jointly constructed by a variety of cell types, including tumor cells, immune cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, among others. The cells within the TME interact with each other and with tumor cells to influence tumor development and progression. As the most abundant immune cells in the TME, macrophages regulate the immune network by not only secreting a large amount of versatile cytokines but also expressing a series of ligands or receptors on the surface to interact with other cells directly. Due to their strong plasticity, they exert both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects in the complex TME. The major effector cells of the immune system that directly target cancer cells include but are not limited to natural killer cells (NKs), dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, mast cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Among them, NK cells are the predominant innate lymphocyte subsets that mediate antitumor and antiviral responses. The activation and inhibition of NK cells are regulated by cytokines and the balance between activating and inhibitory receptors. There is an inextricable regulatory relationship between macrophages and NK cells. Herein, we systematically elaborate on the regulatory network between macrophages and NK cells through soluble mediator crosstalk and cell-to-cell interactions. We believe that a better understanding of the crosstalk between macrophages and NKs in the TME will benefit the development of novel macrophage- or NK cell-focused therapeutic strategies with superior efficacies in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Changying Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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10
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Frazao A, Rethacker L, Jeudy G, Colombo M, Pasmant E, Avril MF, Toubert A, Moins-Teisserenc H, Roelens M, Dalac S, Maubec E, Caignard A. BRAF inhibitor resistance of melanoma cells triggers increased susceptibility to natural killer cell-mediated lysis. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000275. [PMID: 32912923 PMCID: PMC7482503 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted therapies and immunotherapies are first-line treatments for patients with advanced melanoma. Serine–threonine protein kinase B-RAF (BRAF) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibition leads to a 70% response rate in patients with advanced melanoma with a BRAFV600E/K mutation. However, acquired resistance occurs in the majority of patients, leading to relapse. Immunotherapies that activate immune cytotoxic effectors induce long-lasting responses in 30% of patients. In that context, combination of targeted therapies with immunotherapy (IT) is a promising approach. We considered boosting natural killer (NK) cell tumor immunosurveillance, as melanoma cells express stress-induced molecules and activate NK cell lysis. Methods Here we have generated vemurafenib (a BRAF inihibitor)-resistant (R) cells from BRAFV600E SK28 and M14-sensitive (S) melanoma cell lines and investigated how resistance interferes with immunogenicity to NK cells. We determined the levels of several soluble molecules including NK ligands in 61 melanoma patients at baseline and 6 months M post-treatment with targeted therapies or immunotherapies. Results Vemurafenib resistance involved activation of p-AKT in SK28R and of p-MEK/p-ERK in M14R cells and was accompanied by modulation of NK ligands. Compared with S cells, SK28R displayed an increased expression of natural killer group 2 D (NKG2D) receptor ligands (major histocompatibility complex class (MHC) I chain-related protein A (MICA) and UL16-binding protein 2 (ULBP2)) whereas M14R exhibited decreased ULBP2. SK28R and M14R cells induced higher NK degranulation and interferon gamma secretion and were more efficiently lysed by donor and patient NK cells. SK28R showed increased tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor II (TRAIL-RII) expression and TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and TRAIL-induced apoptosis of M14R was decreased. Combined BRAF/MEK inhibitors abrogated the growth of SK28S, M14S, and M14R cells, while growth of SK28R was maintained. BRAF/MEK inhibition attenuated NK activity but R cell lines activated polyfunctional NK cells and were lysed with high efficiency. We investigated the relationship of soluble NK ligands and response to treatment in a series of melanoma patients. Soluble NKG2D ligands known to regulate the receptor function have been associated to cancer progression. Serum analysis of patients treated with target therapies or IT indicates that soluble forms of NK ligands (MICA, B7H6, programmed cell death ligand 1, and carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1) may correlate with clinical response. Conclusion These results support strategies combining targeted therapies and NK-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Frazao
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS-1160, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Louise Rethacker
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS-1160, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Jeudy
- University Hospital Centre Dijon Bocage Complex, Dermatology Department, Dijon, France
| | - Marina Colombo
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS-1160, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Eric Pasmant
- Université de Paris, AP-HP Hôpital Cochin, Genetic and Molecular Biology Department, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Avril
- Université de Paris, AP-HP Hôpital Cochin, Dermatology Department, Institute Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS-1160, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Helene Moins-Teisserenc
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS-1160, AP-HP hopital Saint-Louis, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Marie Roelens
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS-1160, AP-HP hopital Saint-Louis, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Dalac
- University Hospital Centre Dijon Bocage Complex, Dermatology Department, Dijon, France
| | - Eve Maubec
- Université de Paris 13, AP-HP Hôpital Avicenne, Dermatology Department, Bobigny, France
| | - Anne Caignard
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS-1160, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
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11
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Pilard C, Ancion M, Delvenne P, Jerusalem G, Hubert P, Herfs M. Cancer immunotherapy: it's time to better predict patients' response. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:927-938. [PMID: 34112949 PMCID: PMC8476530 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In less than a decade, half a dozen immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved and are currently revolutionising the treatment of many cancer (sub)types. With the clinical evaluation of novel delivery approaches (e.g. oncolytic viruses, cancer vaccines, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity) and combination therapies (e.g. chemo/radio-immunotherapy) as well as the emergence of novel promising targets (e.g. TIGIT, LAG-3, TIM-3), the 'immunotherapy tsunami' is not about to end anytime soon. However, this enthusiasm in the field is somewhat tempered by both the relatively low percentage (<15%) of patients who display an effective anti-cancer immune response and the inability to accurately identify them. Recently, several existing or acquired features/parameters have been shown to impact the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In the present review, we critically discuss current knowledge regarding predictive biomarkers for checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy, highlight the missing/unclear links and emphasise the importance of characterising each neoplasm and its microenvironment in order to better guide the course of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pilard
- grid.4861.b0000 0001 0805 7253Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie Ancion
- grid.4861.b0000 0001 0805 7253Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- grid.4861.b0000 0001 0805 7253Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium ,grid.411374.40000 0000 8607 6858Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Guy Jerusalem
- grid.411374.40000 0000 8607 6858Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pascale Hubert
- grid.4861.b0000 0001 0805 7253Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Michael Herfs
- grid.4861.b0000 0001 0805 7253Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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12
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Cancer Stem Cells Are Possible Key Players in Regulating Anti-Tumor Immune Responses: The Role of Immunomodulating Molecules and MicroRNAs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071674. [PMID: 33918136 PMCID: PMC8037840 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review provides a critical overview of the state of the art of the characterization of the immunological profile of a rare component of the tumors, denominated cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer initiating cells (CICs). These cells are endowed with the ability to form and propagate tumors and resistance to therapies, including the most innovative approaches. These investigations contribute to understanding the mechanisms regulating the interaction of CSCs/CICs with the immune system and identifying novel therapeutic approaches to render these cells visible and susceptible to immune responses. Abstract Cancer cells endowed with stemness properties and representing a rare population of cells within malignant lesions have been isolated from tumors with different histological origins. These cells, denominated as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer initiating cells (CICs), are responsible for tumor initiation, progression and resistance to therapies, including immunotherapy. The dynamic crosstalk of CSCs/CICs with the tumor microenvironment orchestrates their fate and plasticity as well as their immunogenicity. CSCs/CICs, as observed in multiple studies, display either the aberrant expression of immunomodulatory molecules or suboptimal levels of molecules involved in antigen processing and presentation, leading to immune evasion. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that can regulate either stemness properties or their immunological profile, with in some cases dual functions, can provide insights into these mechanisms and possible interventions to develop novel therapeutic strategies targeting CSCs/CICs and reverting their immunogenicity. In this review, we provide an overview of the immunoregulatory features of CSCs/CICs including miRNA profiles involved in the regulation of the interplay between stemness and immunological properties.
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13
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Lee H, Da Silva IP, Palendira U, Scolyer RA, Long GV, Wilmott JS. Targeting NK Cells to Enhance Melanoma Response to Immunotherapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061363. [PMID: 33802954 PMCID: PMC8002669 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a key component of an innate immune system. They are important not only in initiating, but also in augmenting adaptive immune responses. NK cell activation is mediated by a carefully orchestrated balance between the signals from inhibitory and activating NK cell receptors. NK cells are potent producers of proinflammatory cytokines and are also able to elicit strong antitumor responses through secretion of perforin and granzyme B. Tumors can develop many mechanisms to evade NK cell antitumor responses, such as upregulating ligands for inhibitory receptors, secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines and recruiting immunosuppressive cells. Enhancing NK cell responses will likely augment the effectiveness of immunotherapies, and strategies to accomplish this are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. A comprehensive understanding of NK cell biology will likely provide additional opportunities to further leverage the antitumor effects of NK cells. In this review, we therefore sought to highlight NK cell biology, tumor evasion of NK cells and clinical trials that target NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Lee
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Inês Pires Da Silva
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Richard A. Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Georgina V. Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital and Mater Hospital, Sydney 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9911-7336
| | - James S. Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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14
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Viet NH, Trung NQ, Dong LT, Trung LQ, Espinoza JL. Genetic variants in NKG2D axis and susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus-induced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:713-723. [PMID: 33392659 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare epithelial carcinoma arising from the nasopharyngeal region. The pathogenesis of NPC is linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, although genetics and lifestyle factors appears to be also implicated. NKG2D is an immunoreceptor expressed by NK and T-cell subsets that recognizes MICA protein and other ligands on tumor cells. NKG2D interaction with MICA plays a role in the immunosurveillance to viruses and cancer. METHODS We investigated potential associations between functional polymorphisms in NKG2D and MICA genes with NPC susceptibility. We conducted a case-control study including 255 Vietnamese patients with EBV + non-differentiated NPC and 220 healthy controls. RESULTS We observed a significant association between the LNK/LNK genotype of rs1049174 (a variant associated with lower NKG2D receptor expression and reduced NK cell cytotoxicity) and increased susceptibility to NPC (adjusted OR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.07-2.59; p = 0.024). Similarly, the AA genotype of MICA rs2596542 was significantly associated with NPC (adjusted OR = 2.12; 95% CI 1.22-3.81; p = 0.009). In addition, tumor specimens of NPC patients with the AA genotype displayed a higher expression level of MICA proteins and showed higher EBV titers compared with tumor tissues from patients with the GG or GA genotypes. Higher EBV copy numbers were also observed in tumors with the A allele of MICA rs1051792 (also known as MICA-129 Met/Val) compared with those with the G allele; however, MICA rs1051792 variants were not associated with NPC susceptibility. These results suggest that genetic variants in components of the NKG2D axis may influence the individual susceptibility to EBV-induced NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoang Viet
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Center for Gene-Protein Research, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quang Trung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Thanh Dong
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ly Quoc Trung
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Soc Trang Community College, Soc Trang, Vietnam
| | - J Luis Espinoza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kodatsuno 5-11-80, Kanazawa, 920-0942, Japan.
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Luo H, Ma C, Shao J, Cao J. Prognostic Implications of Novel Ten-Gene Signature in Uveal Melanoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:567512. [PMID: 33194647 PMCID: PMC7661968 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.567512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults. Genomic studies have provided insights into molecular subgroups and oncogenic drivers of UM that may lead to novel therapeutic strategies. Methods: Dataset TCGA-UVM, download from TCGA portal, were taken as the training cohort, and dataset GSE22138, obtained from GEO database, was set as the validation cohort. In training cohort, Kaplan-Meier analysis and univariate Cox regression model were applied to preliminary screen prognostic genes. Besides, the Cox regression model with LASSO was implemented to build a multi-gene signature, which was then validated in the validation cohorts through Kaplan-Meier, Cox, and ROC analyses. In addition, the correlation between copy number aberrations and risk score was evaluated by Spearman test. GSEA and immune infiltrating analyses were conducted for understanding function annotation and the role of the signature in the tumor microenvironment. Results: A ten-gene signature was built, and it was examined by Kaplan-Meier analysis revealing that significantly overall survival, progression-free survival, and metastasis-free survival difference was seen. The ten-gene signature was further proven to be an independent risk factor compared to other clinic-pathological parameters via the Cox regression analysis. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis results demonstrated a better predictive power of the UM prognosis that our signature owned. The ten-gene signature was significantly correlated with copy numbers of chromosome 3, 8q, 6q, and 6p. Furthermore, GSEA and immune infiltrating analyses showed that the signature had close interactions with immune-related pathways and the tumor environment. Conclusions: Identifying the ten-gene signature (SIRT3, HMCES, SLC44A3, TCTN1, STPG1, POMGNT2, RNF208, ANXA2P2, ULBP1, and CA12) could accurately identify patients' prognosis and had close interactions with the immunodominant tumor environment, which may provide UM patients with personalized prognosis prediction and new treatment insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Luo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chao Ma
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BCRT-Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jinping Shao
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Ivanova M, Shivarov V. HLA genotyping meets response to immune checkpoint inhibitors prediction: A story just started. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 48:193-200. [PMID: 33112034 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of the immune checkpoint blockade as a therapeutic option in contemporary oncology is one of the significant immunological achievements in the last century. Constantly accumulating evidence suggests that the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is not universal. Therefore, it is critical to identify determinants for response, resistance and adverse effects of immune checkpoint therapy that could be developed as prognostic and predictive markers. Recent large scale analyses of cancer genome data revealed the key role of HLA class I and class II molecules in cancer immunoediting, and it appears that HLA diversity can predict response to ICIs. In the present review, we summarize the emerging data on the role of HLA germline variations as a marker for response to ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Ivanova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Velizar Shivarov
- Department of Genetics, St. Kliment Ohridski University, Sofia, Bulgaria
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17
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Rodrigues Mantuano N, Natoli M, Zippelius A, Läubli H. Tumor-associated carbohydrates and immunomodulatory lectins as targets for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001222. [PMID: 33020245 PMCID: PMC7537339 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During oncogenesis, tumor cells present specific carbohydrate chains that are new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Whereas these tumor-associated carbohydrates (TACA) can be targeted with antibodies and vaccination approaches, TACA including sialic acid-containing glycans are able to inhibit anticancer immune responses by engagement of immune receptors on leukocytes. A family of immune-modulating receptors are sialic acid-binding Siglec receptors that have been recently described to inhibit antitumor activity mediated by myeloid cells, natural killer cells and T cells. Other TACA-binding receptors including selectins have been linked to cancer progression. Recent studies have shown that glycan-lectin interactions can be targeted to improve cancer immunotherapy. For example, interactions between the immune checkpoint T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 and the lectin galectin-9 are targeted in clinical trials. In addition, an antibody against the lectin Siglec-15 is being tested in an early clinical trial. In this review, we summarize the previous and current efforts to target TACA and to inhibit inhibitory immune receptors binding to TACA including the Siglec-sialoglycan axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Natoli
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Department of Biomedicine, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Basher F, Dhar P, Wang X, Wainwright DA, Zhang B, Sosman J, Ji Z, Wu JD. Antibody targeting tumor-derived soluble NKG2D ligand sMIC reprograms NK cell homeostatic survival and function and enhances melanoma response to PDL1 blockade therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:74. [PMID: 32517713 PMCID: PMC7285527 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma patients who have detectable serum soluble NKG2D ligands either at the baseline or post-treatment of PD1/PDL1 blockade exhibit poor overall survival. Among families of soluble human NKG2D ligands, the soluble human MHC I chain-related molecule (sMIC) was found to be elevated in melanoma patients and mostly associated with poor response to PD1/PDL1 blockade therapy. METHODS In this study, we aim to investigate whether co-targeting tumor-released sMIC enhances the therapeutic outcome of PD1/PDL1 blockade therapy for melanoma. We implanted sMIC-expressing B16F10 melanoma tumors into syngeneic host and evaluated therapeutic efficacy of anti-sMIC antibody and anti-PDL1 antibody combination therapy in comparison with monotherapy. We analyzed associated effector mechanism. We also assessed sMIC/MIC prevalence in metastatic human melanoma tumors. RESULTS We found that the combination therapy of the anti-PDL1 antibody with an antibody targeting sMIC significantly improved animal survival as compared to monotherapies and that the effect of combination therapy depends significantly on NK cells. We show that combination therapy significantly increased IL-2Rα (CD25) on NK cells which sensitizes NK cells to low dose IL-2 for survival. We demonstrate that sMIC negatively reprograms gene expression related to NK cell homeostatic survival and proliferation and that antibody clearing sMIC reverses the effect of sMIC and reprograms NK cell for survival. We further show that sMIC/MIC is abundantly present in metastatic human melanoma tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a pre-clinical proof-of-concept and a new mechanistic understanding to underscore the significance of antibody targeting sMIC to improve therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD1/PDL1 antibody for MIC/sMIC+ metastatic melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmin Basher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Current address: Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Payal Dhar
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Driskill Graduate Program in Life Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Driskill Graduate Program in Life Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jeffrey Sosman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60628, USA
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Driskill Graduate Program in Life Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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19
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Karakousis G. Immune checkpoint blockade: an urgent call for biomarkers to help guide treatment. Br J Dermatol 2020; 182:1085-1086. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Karakousis
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 U.S.A
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20
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Ravindran S, Rasool S, Maccalli C. The Cross Talk between Cancer Stem Cells/Cancer Initiating Cells and Tumor Microenvironment: The Missing Piece of the Puzzle for the Efficient Targeting of these Cells with Immunotherapy. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2019; 12:133-148. [PMID: 31758404 PMCID: PMC6937350 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-019-00233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer Stem Cells/Cancer Initiating Cells (CSCs/CICs) is a rare sub-population within a tumor that is responsible for tumor formation, progression and resistance to therapies. The interaction between CSCs/CICs and tumor microenvironment (TME) can sustain “stemness” properties and promote their survival and plasticity. This cross-talk is also pivotal in regulating and modulating CSC/CIC properties. This review will provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the mutual interaction between CSCs/CICs and TME. Particular focus will be dedicated to the immunological profile of CSCs/CICs and its role in orchestrating cancer immunosurveillance. Moreover, the available immunotherapy strategies that can target CSCs/CICs and of their possible implementation will be discussed. Overall, the dissection of the mechanisms regulating the CSC/CIC-TME interaction is warranted to understand the plasticity and immunoregulatory properties of stem-like tumor cells and to achieve complete eradications of tumors through the optimization of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Ravindran
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Al Luqta Street, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saad Rasool
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Al Luqta Street, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Cristina Maccalli
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Al Luqta Street, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar.
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21
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Liu H, Wang S, Xin J, Wang J, Yao C, Zhang Z. Role of NKG2D and its ligands in cancer immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2064-2078. [PMID: 31720075 PMCID: PMC6834480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The activating receptor natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) is involved in both innate and adaptive immunities, and functions as a "master switch" in determining the activation status of natural killer (NK) cells. NKG2D binds to a diverse family of ligand molecules, which are only expressed at low levels in normal cells but can be upregulated by a cellular stress response. The NKG2D-NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) pathway has been considered to be promising target for immunotherapy because of the selective expression of "stress-induced ligands" on tumor cells and the strong NK cell activating potency of NKG2D. Diverse strategies that are aimed at targeting the NKG2D pathway for cancer therapy are based on a thorough understanding of this mechanism, as well as that of NKG2D-mediated cancer immunity. In this review, we summarize the major findings regarding the antitumor immune response mediated by the NKG2D receptor and its ligands, and discuss the potential clinical applications of targeting the NKG2D/NKG2DL pathway for immunotherapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Xin
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cuiping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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22
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Boettcher AN, Usman A, Morgans A, VanderWeele DJ, Sosman J, Wu JD. Past, Current, and Future of Immunotherapies for Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:884. [PMID: 31572678 PMCID: PMC6749031 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men, and the second leading cause of cancer related death in men in Western countries. The standard therapy for metastatic PCa is androgen suppression therapy (AST). Men undergoing AST eventually develop metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), of which there are limited treatment options available. Immunotherapy has presented substantial benefits for many types of cancer, but only a marginal benefit for mCRPC, at least in part, due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Current clinical trials are investigating monotherapies or combination therapies involving adoptive cellular therapy, viral, DNA vaccines, oncolytic viruses, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Immunotherapies are also being combined with chemotherapy, radiation, and AST. Additionally, preclinical investigations show promise with the recent description of alternative ways to circumvent the immunosuppressive nature of the prostate tumor microenvironment, including harnessing the immune stimulatory NKG2D pathway, inhibiting myeloid derived suppressor cells, and utilizing immunomodulatory oncolytic viruses. Herein we provide an overview of recent preclinical and clinical developments in cancer immunotherapies and discuss the perspectives for future immunotherapies in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline N Boettcher
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ahmed Usman
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alicia Morgans
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David J VanderWeele
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey Sosman
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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23
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Lee EY, Kulkarni RP. Circulating biomarkers predictive of tumor response to cancer immunotherapy. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 19:895-904. [PMID: 31469965 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1659728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The advent of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, but clinical response to immunotherapies is highly heterogeneous among individual patients and between cancer types. This represents a challenge to oncologists when choosing specific immunotherapies for personalized medicine. Thus, biomarkers that can predict tumor responsiveness to immunotherapies before and during treatment are invaluable. Areas covered: We review the latest advances in 'liquid biopsy' biomarkers for noninvasive prediction and in-treatment monitoring of tumor response to immunotherapy, focusing primarily on melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. We concentrate on high-quality studies published within the last five years on checkpoint blockade immunotherapies, and highlight significant breakthroughs, identify key areas for improvement, and provide recommendations for how these diagnostic tools can be translated into clinical practice. Expert opinion: The first biomarkers proposed to predict tumor response to immunotherapy were based on PD1/PDL1 expression, but their predictive value is limited to specific cancers or patient populations. Recent advances in single-cell molecular profiling of circulating tumor cells and host cells using next-generation sequencing has dramatically expanded the pool of potentially useful predictive biomarkers. As immunotherapy moves toward personalized medicine, a composite panel of both genomic and proteomic biomarkers will have enormous utility in therapeutic decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Y Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,Department of Dermatology, UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Rajan P Kulkarni
- Department of Dermatology, OHSU , Portland , OR , USA.,Cancer Early Detection and Advanced Research Center (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute (KCI), OHSU , Portland , OR , USA.,Division of Operative Care, Portland VA Medical Center (PVAMC) , Portland , OR , USA
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24
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Zhang J, Larrocha PSL, Zhang B, Wainwright D, Dhar P, Wu JD. Antibody targeting tumor-derived soluble NKG2D ligand sMIC provides dual co-stimulation of CD8 T cells and enables sMIC + tumors respond to PD1/PD-L1 blockade therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:223. [PMID: 31446896 PMCID: PMC6709558 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insufficient co-stimulation accounts for a great deal of the suboptimal activation of cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CTLs) and presumably unsatisfactory clinical expectation of PD1/PD-L1 therapy. Tumor-derived soluble NKG2D ligands are associated with poor clinical response to PD1/PD-L1 blockade therapy in cancer patients. One of the mostly occurring tumor-derived soluble NKG2D ligands, the soluble MHC I chain related molecule (sMIC) can impair co-stimulation to CD8 T cells. We investigated whether co-targeting sMIC can provide optimal co-stimulation to CTLs and enhance the therapeutic effect of PD1/PD-L1 blockades. Methods Single agent therapy of a PD1/PD-L1 blockade antibody or a sMIC-targeting non-blocking antibody or a combination therapy of the two antibodies were implied to well-characterized pre-clinical MIC/sMIC+ tumor models that closely resemble the NKG2D-mediated oncoimmune dynamics of MIC+ cancer patients. Therapeutic efficacy and associated effector mechanisms were evaluated. Results We show that antibody co-targeting sMIC enables or enhances the response of sMIC+ tumors to PD1/PD-L1 blockade therapy. The therapy response of the combination therapy was associated with enhanced antigen-specific CD8 T cell enrichment and function in tumors. We show that co-targeting sMIC with a nonblocking antibody provides antigen-specific CD8 T cells with NKG2D and CD28 dual co-stimulation, in addition to elimination of inhibitory signals, and thus amplifies antigen-specific CD8 T cell anti-tumor responses. Conclusion Our findings provide the proof-of-concept rationale and previously undiscovered mechanisms for co-targeting sMIC to enable and enhance the response to PD1/PD-L1 blockade therapy in sMIC+ cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0693-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Bin Zhang
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Derek Wainwright
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Payal Dhar
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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25
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Prognostic and predictive role of elevated lactate dehydrogenase in patients with melanoma treated with immunotherapy and BRAF inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Melanoma Res 2019; 29:1-12. [PMID: 30308577 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are a recognized prognostic factor in malignant melanoma (MM). It is relevant to confirm its prognostic role in patients treated with targeted therapies [BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) and MEK inhibitors (MEKi)] and immunotherapy (IT). Furthermore, its role as a predictive marker in patients treated with these drugs had still not been investigated. We performed an electronic search for studies reporting information on overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS) according to LDH levels and on their predictive effect in patients treated with targeted therapies (BRAFi and MEKi) and IT. Data were pooled using hazard ratios (HRs) for OS and HRs for PFS according to a fixed-effect or a random-effect model. For predictive analysys, effect of new agents versus standard therapy was evaluated in LDH high population. A total of 71 publications were retrieved for a total of 16 159 patients. Overall, elevated LDH levels were associated with an HR for OS of 1.72 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6-1.85; P<0.0001]. Similarly, HR for PFS was 1.83 (95% CI: 1.53-2.2; P<0.0001). In the LDH elevated subgroup, new agents improved OS significantly (HR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.62-0.82; P<0.0001) and PFS (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.55-0.72; P<0.0001). In advanced MM treated with IT or BRAFi±MEKi, elevated LDH level at baseline represents a poor prognostic factor. However, patients with increased LDH levels and treated with these drugs gain significant benefits in terms of PFS and OS.
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26
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Song D, Powles T, Shi L, Zhang L, Ingersoll MA, Lu YJ. Bladder cancer, a unique model to understand cancer immunity and develop immunotherapy approaches. J Pathol 2019; 249:151-165. [PMID: 31102277 PMCID: PMC6790662 DOI: 10.1002/path.5306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the mechanistic understanding of immune checkpoints and success in checkpoint blockade using antibodies for the treatment of certain cancers, immunotherapy has become one of the hottest areas in cancer research, with promise of long‐lasting therapeutic effect. Currently, however, only a proportion of cancers have a good response to checkpoint inhibition immunotherapy. Better understanding of the cancer response and resistance mechanisms is essential to fully explore the potential of immunotherapy to cure the majority of cancers. Bladder cancer, one of the most common and aggressive malignant diseases, has been successfully treated both at early and advanced stages by different immunotherapeutic approaches, bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) intravesical instillation and anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 immune checkpoint blockade, respectively. Therefore, it provides a good model to investigate cancer immune response mechanisms and to improve the efficiency of immunotherapy. Here, we review bladder cancer immunotherapy with equal weight on BCG and anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapies and demonstrate why and how bladder cancer can be used as a model to study the predictors and mechanisms of cancer immune response and shine light on further development of immunotherapy approaches and response predictive biomarkers to improve immunotherapy of bladder cancer and other malignancies. We review the success of BCG and anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 treatment of bladder cancer, the underlying mechanisms and the therapeutic response predictors, including the limits to our knowledge. We then highlight briefly the adaptation of immunotherapy approaches and predictors developed in other cancers for bladder cancer therapy. Finally, we explore the potential of using bladder cancer as a model to investigate cancer immune response mechanisms and new therapeutic approaches, which may be translated into immunotherapy of other human cancers. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkui Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Thomas Powles
- Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Health NHS, London, UK
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Molly A Ingersoll
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.,Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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27
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Nakamura Y. Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Mediated Tumor Response and Adverse Events. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:119. [PMID: 31192215 PMCID: PMC6549005 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, inhibitors targeting immune checkpoint molecules such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) brought about a major paradigm shift in cancer treatment. These immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) improved the overall survival of a variety of cancer such as malignant melanoma and non-small lung cancer. In addition, numerous clinical trials for additional indication of ICIs including adjuvant and neo-adjuvant therapies are also currently ongoing. Therefore, more and more patients will receive ICIs in the future. However, despite the improved outcome of the cancer treatment by ICIs, the efficacy remains still limited and tumor regression have not been obtained in many cancer patients. In addition, treatment with ICIs is also associated with substantial toxicities, described as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Therefore, biomarkers to predict tumor response and occurrence of irAEs by the treatment with ICIs are required to avoid overtreatment of ICIs and minimize irAEs development. Whereas, numerous factors have been reported as potential biomarkers for tumor response to ICIs, factors for predicting irAE have been less reported. In this review, we show recent advances in the understanding of biomarkers for tumor response and occurrence of irAEs in cancer patients treated with ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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28
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Frazao A, Rethacker L, Messaoudene M, Avril MF, Toubert A, Dulphy N, Caignard A. NKG2D/NKG2-Ligand Pathway Offers New Opportunities in Cancer Treatment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:661. [PMID: 30984204 PMCID: PMC6449444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor functions of NK cells are regulated by the integration of positive and negative signals triggered by numerous membrane receptors present on the NK cells themselves. Among the main activating receptors, NKG2D binds several stress-induced molecules on tumor targets. Engagement of NKG2D by its ligands (NKG2D-Ls) induces NK cell activation leading to production of cytokines and target cell lysis. These effects have therapeutic potential as NKG2D-Ls are widely expressed by solid tumors, whereas their expression in healthy cells is limited. Here, we describe the genetic and environmental factors regulating the NKG2D/NKG2D-L pathway in tumors. NKG2D-L expression is linked to cellular stress and cell proliferation, and has been associated with oncogenic mutations. Tumors have been found to alter their to NKG2D-L expression as they progress, which interferes with the antitumor function of the pathway. Nevertheless, this pathway could be advantageously exploited for cancer therapy. Various cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and targeted therapies, indirectly interfere with the cellular and soluble forms of NKG2D-Ls. In addition, NKG2D introduced into chimeric antigen receptors in T- and NK cells is a promising tumor immunotherapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Frazao
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Louise Rethacker
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Messaoudene
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,U1015 INSERM-CIC, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Avril
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Cochin, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dulphy
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Paris, France
| | - Anne Caignard
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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Ménétrier-Caux C, Ray-Coquard I, Blay JY, Caux C. Lymphopenia in Cancer Patients and its Effects on Response to Immunotherapy: an opportunity for combination with Cytokines? J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:85. [PMID: 30922400 PMCID: PMC6437964 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative lymphocyte alterations are frequent in patients with cancer, and strongly impact prognosis and survival. The development of cancers in immunosuppressed patients has demonstrated the contribution of different T cell populations, including CD4+ cells, in the control of cancer occurrence.Whereas absolute numbers of neutrophils, platelets and red blood cells are routinely monitored in clinic following treatments, because of possible short-term complications, absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC), their subpopulations or diversity (phenotype, TCR) are rarely analyzed and never used to choose therapy or as prognostic criteria. The recent identification of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPi) as powerful therapeutic agents has revitalized immunotherapy of cancer in a broader group of diseases than anticipated. The status of the immune system is now recognized as an important biomarker for response to these novel treatments. Blood ALC values, along with tumor infiltration by CD8+T cells, and ICPi and ICPi-ligand expression, are likely to be a potential marker of sensitivity to anti-ICPi therapy.In this article, we review the current knowledge on the incidence and significance of lymphopenia in cancer patients, and discuss therapeutic strategies to restore lymphocyte numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ménétrier-Caux
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France. .,Innovation in Immuno-monitoring and Immunotherapy Platform (PI3), Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France.
| | | | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France.,Medical Oncology department, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Caux
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France.,Innovation in Immuno-monitoring and Immunotherapy Platform (PI3), Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France
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30
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Lhuillier C, Vanpouille-Box C, Galluzzi L, Formenti SC, Demaria S. Emerging biomarkers for the combination of radiotherapy and immune checkpoint blockers. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 52:125-134. [PMID: 29258856 PMCID: PMC6004231 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, multiple immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) have achieved unprecedented clinical success and have been approved by regulatory agencies for the treatment of an increasing number of malignancies. However, only a limited fraction of patients responds to ICBs employed as a standalone intervention, calling for the development of combinatorial regimens. Radiation therapy (RT) stands out as a very promising candidate for this purpose. Indeed, RT mediates antineoplastic effects not only by cytotoxic and cytostatic mechanisms, but also by modulating immunological functions, both locally (within the irradiated field) and systemically. As combinatorial regimens involving RT and ICBs are being developed and clinically tested at an accelerating pace, it is paramount to identify biomarkers that reliably predict the likelihood of individual patients to respond. Here, we discuss emerging biomarkers that may potentially predict the response of cancer patients to RT plus ICBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lhuillier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia Chiara Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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31
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Schmiedel D, Mandelboim O. NKG2D Ligands-Critical Targets for Cancer Immune Escape and Therapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2040. [PMID: 30254634 PMCID: PMC6141707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage, oncogene activation and excessive proliferation, chromatin modulations or oxidative stress are all important hallmarks of cancer. Interestingly, all of these abnormalities also induce a cellular stress response. By upregulating “stress-induced ligands,” damaged or transformed cells can be recognized by immune cells and cleared. The human genome encodes eight functional “stress-induced ligands”: MICA, MICB, and ULBP1-6. All of them are recognized by a single receptor, NKG2D, which is expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T cells and other T cell subsets. The NKG2D ligand/NKG2D-axis is well-recognized as an important mediator of anti-tumor activity; however, patient data about the role of NKG2D ligands in immune surveillance and escape appears conflicting. As these ligands are often actively transcribed, tumor cells are urged to manipulate the expression of these ligands on post-transcriptional or post-translational level. Although our knowledge on the regulation of NKG2D ligand expression remains fragmentary, research of the past years revealed multiple cellular mechanisms that are adopted by tumor cells to reduce the expression of “stress-induced ligands” and therefore escape immune recognition. Here, we review the post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms by which NKG2D ligands are modulated in cancer cells and their impact on patient prognosis.We discuss controversies and approaches to apply our understanding of the NKG2D ligand/NKG2D-axis for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schmiedel
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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32
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Sheppard S, Ferry A, Guedes J, Guerra N. The Paradoxical Role of NKG2D in Cancer Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1808. [PMID: 30150983 PMCID: PMC6099450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activating receptor NKG2D and its ligands are recognized as a potent immune axis that controls tumor growth and microbial infections. With regards to cancer surveillance, various studies have demonstrated the antitumor function mediated by NKG2D on natural killer cells and on conventional and unconventional T cells. The use of NKG2D-deficient mice established the importance of NKG2D in delaying tumor development in transgenic mouse models of cancer. However, we recently demonstrated an unexpected, flip side to this coin, the ability for NKG2D to contribute to tumor growth in a model of inflammation-driven liver cancer. With a focus on the liver, here, we review current knowledge of NKG2D-mediated tumor surveillance and discuss evidence supporting a dual role for NKG2D in cancer immunity. We postulate that in certain advanced cancers, expression of ligands for NKG2D can drive cancer progression rather than rejection. We propose that the nature of the microenvironment within and surrounding tumors impacts the outcome of NKG2D activation. In a form of autoimmune attack, NKG2D promotes tissue damage, mostly in the inflamed tissue adjacent to the tumor, facilitating tumor progression while being ineffective at rejecting transformed cells in the tumor bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Sheppard
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Zuckerman Research Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Amir Ferry
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Guedes
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Guerra
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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33
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Immune Profiling of Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy: Advances and Challenges. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6030076. [PMID: 30004433 PMCID: PMC6163220 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent advances in immunotherapy and the availability of novel drugs to target the tumor microenvironment have dramatically changed the paradigm of cancer treatment. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of cancer patients are unresponsive or develop resistance to these treatments. With the aim to increase the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy, combinations of agents and standard therapies with complementary actions have been developed mostly on an empirical base, since their mechanisms of actions are not yet fully dissected. The characterization of immune responsiveness and its monitoring along with the treatment of cancer patients with immunotherapy can provide insights into the mechanisms of action of these therapeutic regimens and contribute to the optimization of patients’ stratification and of combination strategies and to the prediction of treatment-related toxicities. Thus far, none of the immunomonitoring strategies has been validated for routine clinical practice. Moreover, it is becoming clear that the genomic and molecular make-up of tumors and of the infiltrating immune system represent important determinants of the clinical responses to immunotherapy. This review provides an overview of different approaches for the immune profiling of cancer patients and discusses their advantages and limitations. Recent advances in genomic-based assays and in the identification of host genomic relationships with immune responses represent promising approaches to identify molecular determinants and biomarkers to improve the clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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34
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Buder-Bakhaya K, Hassel JC. Biomarkers for Clinical Benefit of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment-A Review From the Melanoma Perspective and Beyond. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1474. [PMID: 30002656 PMCID: PMC6031714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) with anti-CTLA-4 and/or anti-PD-1 antibodies is standard treatment for metastatic melanoma. Anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab, nivolumab) and anti-PD-L1 antibodies (atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab) have been approved for treatment of several other advanced malignancies, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC); renal cell, and urothelial carcinoma; head and neck cancer; gastric, hepatocellular, and Merkel-cell carcinoma; and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. In some of these malignancies approval was based on the detection of biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression or high microsatellite instability. Methods We review the current status of prognostic and predictive biomarkers used in ICI for melanoma and other malignancies. We include clinical, tissue, blood, and stool biomarkers, as well as imaging biomarkers. Results Several biomarkers have been studied in ICI for metastatic melanoma. In clinical practice, pre-treatment tumor burden measured by means of imaging and serum lactate dehydrogenase level is already being used to estimate the likelihood of effective ICI treatment. In peripheral blood, the number of different immune cell types, such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils, as well as different soluble factors, have been correlated with clinical outcome. For intra-tumoral biomarkers, expression of the PD-1 ligand PD-L1 has been found to be of some predictive value for anti-PD-1-directed therapy for NSCLC and melanoma. A high mutational load, particularly when accompanied by neoantigens, seems to facilitate immune response and correlates with patient survival for all entities treated by use of ICI. Tumor microenvironment also seems to be of major importance. Interestingly, even the gut microbiome has been found to correlate with response to ICI, most likely through immuno-stimulatory effects of distinct bacteria. New imaging biomarkers, e.g., for PET, and magnetic resonance imaging are also being investigated, and results suggest they will make early prediction of patient response possible. Conclusion Several promising results are available regarding possible biomarkers for response to ICI, which need to be validated in large clinical trials. A better understanding of how ICI works will enable the development of biomarkers that can predict the response of individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Buder-Bakhaya
- Section of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica C Hassel
- Section of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Forget MA, Haymaker C, Hess KR, Meng YJ, Creasy C, Karpinets T, Fulbright OJ, Roszik J, Woodman SE, Kim YU, Sakellariou-Thompson D, Bhatta A, Wahl A, Flores E, Thorsen ST, Tavera RJ, Ramachandran R, Gonzalez AM, Toth CL, Wardell S, Mansaray R, Patel V, Carpio DJ, Vaughn C, Farinas CM, Velasquez PG, Hwu WJ, Patel SP, Davies MA, Diab A, Glitza IC, Tawbi H, Wong MK, Cain S, Ross MI, Lee JE, Gershenwald JE, Lucci A, Royal R, Cormier JN, Wargo JA, Radvanyi LG, Torres-Cabala CA, Beroukhim R, Hwu P, Amaria RN, Bernatchez C. Prospective Analysis of Adoptive TIL Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma: Response, Impact of Anti-CTLA4, and Biomarkers to Predict Clinical Outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4416-4428. [PMID: 29848573 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has consistently demonstrated clinical efficacy in metastatic melanoma. Recent widespread use of checkpoint blockade has shifted the treatment landscape, raising questions regarding impact of these therapies on response to TIL and appropriate immunotherapy sequence.Patients and Methods: Seventy-four metastatic melanoma patients were treated with autologous TIL and evaluated for clinical response according to irRC, overall survival, and progression-free survival. Immunologic factors associated with response were also evaluated.Results: Best overall response for the entire cohort was 42%; 47% in 43 checkpoint-naïve patients, 38% when patients were exposed to anti-CTLA4 alone (21 patients) and 33% if also exposed to anti-PD1 (9 patients) prior to TIL ACT. Median overall survival was 17.3 months; 24.6 months in CTLA4-naïve patients and 8.6 months in patients with prior CTLA4 blockade. The latter patients were infused with fewer TIL and experienced a shorter duration of response. Infusion of higher numbers of TIL with CD8 predominance and expression of BTLA correlated with improved response in anti-CTLA4 naïve patients, but not in anti-CTLA4 refractory patients. Baseline serum levels of IL9 predicted response to TIL ACT, while TIL persistence, tumor recognition, and mutation burden did not correlate with outcome.Conclusions: This study demonstrates the deleterious effects of prior exposure to anti-CTLA4 on TIL ACT response and shows that baseline IL9 levels can potentially serve as a predictive tool to select the appropriate sequence of immunotherapies. Clin Cancer Res; 24(18); 4416-28. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Andrée Forget
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Cara Haymaker
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Kenneth R Hess
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MDACC, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuzhong Jeff Meng
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caitlin Creasy
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Tatiana Karpinets
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MDACC, Houston, Texas
| | - Orenthial J Fulbright
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas.,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MDACC, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott E Woodman
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Young Uk Kim
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | | | - Ankit Bhatta
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Arely Wahl
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Esteban Flores
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Shawne T Thorsen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - René J Tavera
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Renjith Ramachandran
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Audrey M Gonzalez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher L Toth
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Seth Wardell
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Rahmatu Mansaray
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Vruti Patel
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Destiny Joy Carpio
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Carol Vaughn
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Chantell M Farinas
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Portia G Velasquez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Wen-Jen Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Sapna P Patel
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Adi Diab
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Isabella C Glitza
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Hussein Tawbi
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Michael K Wong
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Suzanne Cain
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Merrick I Ross
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MDACC, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MDACC, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Anthony Lucci
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MDACC, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard Royal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MDACC, Houston, Texas
| | - Janice N Cormier
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MDACC, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MDACC, Houston, Texas.,Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MDACC, Houston, Texas
| | - Laszlo G Radvanyi
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | | | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas
| | - Rodabe N Amaria
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas.
| | - Chantale Bernatchez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, Texas.
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López-Cobo S, Campos-Silva C, Moyano A, Oliveira-Rodríguez M, Paschen A, Yáñez-Mó M, Blanco-López MC, Valés-Gómez M. Immunoassays for scarce tumour-antigens in exosomes: detection of the human NKG2D-Ligand, MICA, in tetraspanin-containing nanovesicles from melanoma. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:47. [PMID: 29720199 PMCID: PMC5932892 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour-derived exosomes can be released to serum and provide information on the features of the malignancy, however, in order to perform systematic studies in biological samples, faster diagnostic techniques are needed, especially for detection of low abundance proteins. Most human cancer cells are positive for at least one ligand for the activating immune receptor NKG2D and the presence in plasma of NKG2D-ligands can be associated with prognosis. Methods Using MICA as example of a tumour-derived antigen, endogenously expressed in metastatic melanoma and recruited to exosomes, we have developed two immunocapture-based assays for detection of different epitopes in nanovesicles. Although both techniques, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) have the same theoretical basis, that is, using capture and detection antibodies for a colorimetric read-out, analysis of exosome-bound proteins poses methodological problems that do not occur when these techniques are used for detection of soluble molecules, due to the presence of multiple epitopes on the vesicle. Results Here we demonstrate that, in ELISA, the signal obtained was directly proportional to the amount of epitopes per exosome. In LFIA, the amount of detection antibody immobilized in Au-nanoparticles needs to be low for efficient detection, otherwise steric hindrance results in lower signal. We describe the conditions for detection of MICA in exosomes and prove, for the first time using both techniques, the co-existence in one vesicle of exosomal markers (the tetraspanins CD9, CD63 and CD81) and an endogenously expressed tumour-derived antigen. The study also reveals that scarce proteins can be used as targets for detection antibody in LFIA with a better result than very abundant proteins and that the conditions can be optimized for detection of the protein in plasma. Conclusions These results open the possibility of analyzing biological samples for the presence of tumour-derived exosomes using high throughput techniques. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-018-0372-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila López-Cobo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Campos-Silva
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Moyano
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Department of Molecular Biology, UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM-SO), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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37
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Dhar P, Wu JD. NKG2D and its ligands in cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:55-61. [PMID: 29525346 PMCID: PMC6145810 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating immune receptor expressed by NK and effector T cells. Induced expression of NKG2D ligand on tumor cell surface during oncogenic insults renders cancer cells susceptible to immune destruction. In advanced human cancers, tumor cells shed NKG2D ligand to produce an immune soluble form as a means of immune evasion. Soluble NKG2D ligands have been associated with poor clinical prognosis in cancer patients. Harnessing NKG2D pathway is considered a viable avenue in cancer immunotherapy over recent years. In this review, we will discuss the progress and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Dhar
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL60611, United States; Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago IL60611, United States
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL60611, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL60611, United States; Robert Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago IL60611, United States.
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38
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López-Soto A, Gonzalez S, Galluzzi L. Soluble NKG2D ligands limit the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1346766. [PMID: 29123961 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1346766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Soto
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Inmunología, Universidad de Oviedo, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Segundo Gonzalez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Inmunología, Universidad de Oviedo, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, US.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, US.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
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