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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Posttranscriptional Events Orchestrate Immune Homeostasis of CD8 + T Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2782:65-80. [PMID: 38622392 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3754-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining immune homeostasis is instrumental for host health. Immune cells, such as T cells, are instrumental for the eradication of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses. Furthermore, T cells also play a major role in the fight against cancer. Through the formation of immunological memory, a pool of antigen-experienced T cells remains in the body to rapidly protect the host upon reinfection or retransformation. In order to perform their protective function, T cells produce cytolytic molecules, such as granzymes and perforin, and cytokines such as interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α. Recently, it has become evident that posttranscriptional regulatory events dictate the kinetics and magnitude of cytokine production by murine and human CD8+ T cells. Here, the recent literature regarding the role posttranscriptional regulation plays in maintaining immune homeostasis of antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells is reviewed.
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2
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van Eijs MJM, Verheijden RJ, van der Wees SA, Nierkens S, van Lindert ASR, Suijkerbuijk KPM, van Wijk F. Toxicity-specific peripheral blood T and B cell dynamics in anti-PD-1 and combined immune checkpoint inhibition. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:4049-4064. [PMID: 37794264 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment landscape of advanced malignancies, but come with a diverse spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Mechanistic studies can aid the transition from expert-opinion to evidence-based irAE treatment strategies. We aimed to longitudinally characterize peripheral blood T and B cell dynamics in ICI-treated patients by multicolor flow cytometry and serum multiplex immunoassay at baseline, ± 3 weeks and ± 6 weeks or upon clinically relevant irAEs. We analyzed samples from 44 ICI-treated patients (24 anti-PD-1 monotherapy, 20 combined anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4; cICI), of whom 21 developed irAEs, and 10 healthy donors. IrAEs after cICI were characterized by significantly enhanced proliferation of Th1-associated, mainly (CD4+) CD27- effector memory T cells, as well as Th17-associated immune responses and germinal center activation (reflected by CXCL13 and IL-21 increases). We observed no changes in CD21lo, memory, class-switched or newly activated B cell subsets. Particularly double-positive PD-1+LAG-3+ CD8+ T cells showed enhanced cytotoxic capacity in patients with irAEs after cICI. Within anti-PD-1 monotherapy, irAEs were associated with modestly enhanced Th1-associated responses reflected by increased serum CXCL9 and CXCL10. In conclusion, ICI-induced toxicity is dominated by enhanced Th1-associated responses, but in cICI we also found evidence for Th17-associated responses and germinal center activation. Together, our data add to the growing body of evidence that irAEs may be driven by newly activated CD4+ helper T cells, specifically after cICI. This study also supports tailored irAE treatment, based on ICI regimen, and to deploy specific strategies such as Th17 inhibition especially in cICI-associated irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick J M van Eijs
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, KC.02.085.2, P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Rik J Verheijden
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, KC.02.085.2, P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie A van der Wees
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne S R van Lindert
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karijn P M Suijkerbuijk
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, KC.02.085.2, P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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3
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Foskolou IP, Cunha PP, Sánchez-López E, Minogue EA, Nicolet BP, Guislain A, Jorgensen C, Kostidis S, Zandhuis ND, Barbieri L, Bargiela D, Nathanael D, Tyrakis PA, Palazon A, Giera M, Wolkers MC, Johnson RS. The two enantiomers of 2-hydroxyglutarate differentially regulate cytotoxic T cell function. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113013. [PMID: 37632752 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Hydroxyglutarate (2HG) is a byproduct of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and is readily detected in the tissues of healthy individuals. 2HG is found in two enantiomeric forms: S-2HG and R-2HG. Here, we investigate the differential roles of these two enantiomers in cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ T cell biology, where we find they have highly divergent effects on proliferation, differentiation, and T cell function. We show here an analysis of structural determinants that likely underlie these differential effects on specific α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent enzymes. Treatment of CD8+ T cells with exogenous S-2HG, but not R-2HG, increased CD8+ T cell fitness in vivo and enhanced anti-tumor activity. These data show that S-2HG and R-2HG should be considered as two distinct and important actors in the regulation of T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosifina P Foskolou
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Pedro P Cunha
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eleanor A Minogue
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Benoît P Nicolet
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Guislain
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sarantos Kostidis
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nordin D Zandhuis
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Barbieri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - David Bargiela
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Demitris Nathanael
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Petros A Tyrakis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Asis Palazon
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Martin Giera
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Monika C Wolkers
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Randall S Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Sweden.
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4
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Popović B, Nicolet BP, Guislain A, Engels S, Jurgens AP, Paravinja N, Freen-van Heeren JJ, van Alphen FPJ, van den Biggelaar M, Salerno F, Wolkers MC. Time-dependent regulation of cytokine production by RNA binding proteins defines T cell effector function. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112419. [PMID: 37074914 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Potent T cell responses against infections and malignancies require a rapid yet tightly regulated production of toxic effector molecules. Their production level is defined by post-transcriptional events at 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs). RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are key regulators in this process. With an RNA aptamer-based capture assay, we identify >130 RBPs interacting with IFNG, TNF, and IL2 3' UTRs in human T cells. RBP-RNA interactions show plasticity upon T cell activation. Furthermore, we uncover the intricate and time-dependent regulation of cytokine production by RBPs: whereas HuR supports early cytokine production, ZFP36L1, ATXN2L, and ZC3HAV1 dampen and shorten the production duration, each at different time points. Strikingly, even though ZFP36L1 deletion does not rescue the dysfunctional phenotype, tumor-infiltrating T cells produce more cytokines and cytotoxic molecules, resulting in superior anti-tumoral T cell responses. Our findings thus show that identifying RBP-RNA interactions reveals key modulators of T cell responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Popović
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Benoît P Nicolet
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Guislain
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Engels
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk P Jurgens
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Natali Paravinja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julian J Freen-van Heeren
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floris P J van Alphen
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Fiamma Salerno
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monika C Wolkers
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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5
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Opposing Roles of DCs and iNKT Cells in the Induction of Foxp3 Expression by MLN CD25 +CD4 + T Cells during IFNγ-Driven Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315316. [PMID: 36499642 PMCID: PMC9738888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that a deficiency of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells exacerbates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in Yeti mice that exhibit IFNγ-mediated hyper-inflammation. Although iNKT cell-deficiency resulted in reduced Foxp3 expression by mesenteric lymph node (MLN) CD4+ T cells in DSS-treated Yeti mice, the cellular mechanisms that regulate Foxp3 expression by CD25+CD4+ T cells during intestinal inflammation remain unclear. We found that Foxp3-CD25+CD4+ T cells expressing Th1 and Th17 phenotypic hallmarks preferentially expanded in the MLNs of DSS-treated Yeti/CD1d knockout (KO) mice. Moreover, adoptive transfer of Yeti iNKT cells into iNKT cell-deficient Jα18 KO mice effectively suppressed the expansion of MLN Foxp3-CD25+CD4+ T cells during DSS-induced colitis. Interestingly, MLN dendritic cells (DCs) purified from DSS-treated Yeti/CD1d KO mice promoted the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Foxp3-CD25+CD4+ T cells rather than regulatory T (Treg) cells, indicating that MLN DCs might mediate Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ T cell expansion in iNKT cell-sufficient Yeti mice. Furthermore, we showed that Foxp3-CD25+CD4+ T cells were pathogenic in DSS-treated Yeti/CD1d KO mice. Our result suggests that pro-inflammatory DCs and CD1d-restricted iNKT cells play opposing roles in Foxp3 expression by MLN CD25+CD4+ T cells during IFNγ-mediated intestinal inflammation, with potential therapeutic implications.
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6
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Nicolet BP, Wolkers MC. The relationship of mRNA with protein expression in CD8+ T cells associates with gene class and gene characteristics. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276294. [PMID: 36260607 PMCID: PMC9581405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are key players in our defence against infections and malignancies. When T cells differentiate or become activated, they undergo substantial alterations in gene expression. Even though RNA expression levels are now well documented throughout different stages of T cells, it is not well understood how mRNA expression translates into the protein landscape. By combining paired RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry data of primary human CD8+ T cells, we report that mRNA expression is a poor proxy for the overall protein output, irrespective of the differentiation or activation status. Yet, gene class stratification revealed a function-specific correlation of mRNA with protein expression. This gene class-specific expression pattern associated with differences in gene characteristics such as sequence conservation and untranslated region (UTR) lengths. In addition, the presence of AU-rich elements in the 3'UTR associated with alterations in mRNA and protein abundance T cell activation dependent, gene class-specific manner. In conclusion, our study highlights the role of gene characteristics as a determinant for gene expression in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît P. Nicolet
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monika C. Wolkers
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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7
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Yue Z, Sun J, Shi L. Construction and Validation of a 6-Ferroptosis Related Gene Signature for Prognosis and Immune Landscape Prediction in Melanoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:887542. [PMID: 35692844 PMCID: PMC9174666 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.887542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of non-apoptotic cell death that relies on iron-mediated oxidative damage, playing a crucial role in the progression and therapy resistance of melanoma. Hence, the potential value of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) as a prognostic model and therapeutic target in melanoma requires further investigation. In this study, the relationship between FRGs and melanoma was revealed by analyzing the mRNA expression profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Synthesis (GEO). A 6-FRGs signature was constructed by Univariate, multivariate, and lasso Cox regression analyses in the TCGA cohort. The GEO database was used to validate the efficacy of the signature. The protein and mRNA expression level of the signature genes were examined in real-world melanoma tissues via immunohistochemical and quantificational real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Functional enrichment analysis and immune-related analysis were conducted to identify the potential biological functions and pathways of the signature. Ten putative small molecule drugs were predicted by Connectivity Map (CMAP). As a result, a 6-FRGs signature was constructed to stratify melanoma patients into two risk groups. Compared with the low-risk group, patients in the high-risk group had a worse prognosis and a lower ImmuneScore. Immune-related pathways were enriched in the low-risk group. Immune Function and immune cell infiltration of the low-risk group were significantly higher than that of the high-risk group. The differential expression of these six FRGs in melanoma and adjacent normal tissues was confirmed. Moreover, higher expression of immune checkpoint molecules and a greater sensitivity to immunotherapy were observed in the low-risk group. Some small molecular drugs in the CMAP database hold the potential to treat melanoma. Overall, we identified a novel FRGs signature for prognostic prediction in melanoma. Based on the signature-related immune infiltration landscape found in our study, targeting the FRGs might be a therapeutic alternative for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liqing Shi
- *Correspondence: Jianfang Sun, ; Liqing Shi,
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8
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Philip M, Schietinger A. CD8 + T cell differentiation and dysfunction in cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:209-223. [PMID: 34253904 PMCID: PMC9792152 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 155.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells specific for cancer cells are detected within tumours. However, despite their presence, tumours progress. The clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive T cell therapy demonstrates the potential of CD8+ T cells to mediate antitumour responses; however, most patients with cancer fail to achieve long-term responses to immunotherapy. Here we review CD8+ T cell differentiation to dysfunctional states during tumorigenesis. We highlight similarities and differences between T cell dysfunction and other hyporesponsive T cell states and discuss the spatio-temporal factors contributing to T cell state heterogeneity in tumours. An important challenge is predicting which patients will respond to immunotherapeutic interventions and understanding which T cell subsets mediate the clinical response. We explore our current understanding of what determines T cell responsiveness and resistance to immunotherapy and point out the outstanding research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Philip
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,;
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,;
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9
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Beider K, Itzhaki O, Schachter J, Grushchenko-Polaq AH, Voevoda-Dimenshtein V, Rosenberg E, Ostrovsky O, Devillers O, Shapira Frommer R, Zeltzer LA, Toren A, Jacoby E, Shimoni A, Avigdor A, Nagler A, Besser MJ. Molecular and Functional Signatures Associated with CAR T Cell Exhaustion and Impaired Clinical Response in Patients with B Cell Malignancies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071140. [PMID: 35406703 PMCID: PMC8997745 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high rates of complete remission following chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, its full capacity is currently limited by the generation of dysfunctional CAR T cells. Senescent or exhausted CAR T cells possess poor targeting and effector functions, as well as impaired cell proliferation and persistence in vivo. Strategies to detect, prevent or reverse T cell exhaustion are therefore required in order to enhance the effectiveness of CAR T immunotherapy. Here we report that CD19 CAR T cells from non-responding patients with B cell malignancies show enrichment of CD8+ cells with exhausted/senescent phenotype and display a distinct transcriptional signature with dysregulation of genes associated with terminal exhaustion. Furthermore, CAR T cells from non-responding patients exhibit reduced proliferative capacity and decreased IL-2 production in vitro, indicating functional impairment. Overall, our work reveals potential mediators of resistance, paving the way to studies that will enhance the efficacy and durability of CAR T therapy in B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Beider
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (K.B.); (A.H.G.-P.); (V.V.-D.); (E.R.); (O.O.); (O.D.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Orit Itzhaki
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (O.I.); (J.S.); (R.S.F.); (L.-a.Z.)
| | - Jacob Schachter
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (O.I.); (J.S.); (R.S.F.); (L.-a.Z.)
| | - Ania Hava Grushchenko-Polaq
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (K.B.); (A.H.G.-P.); (V.V.-D.); (E.R.); (O.O.); (O.D.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Valeria Voevoda-Dimenshtein
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (K.B.); (A.H.G.-P.); (V.V.-D.); (E.R.); (O.O.); (O.D.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Evgenia Rosenberg
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (K.B.); (A.H.G.-P.); (V.V.-D.); (E.R.); (O.O.); (O.D.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Olga Ostrovsky
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (K.B.); (A.H.G.-P.); (V.V.-D.); (E.R.); (O.O.); (O.D.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Olivia Devillers
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (K.B.); (A.H.G.-P.); (V.V.-D.); (E.R.); (O.O.); (O.D.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Ronnie Shapira Frommer
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (O.I.); (J.S.); (R.S.F.); (L.-a.Z.)
| | - Li-at Zeltzer
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (O.I.); (J.S.); (R.S.F.); (L.-a.Z.)
| | - Amos Toren
- Center for Pediatric Cell Therapy, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.T.); (E.J.)
| | - Elad Jacoby
- Center for Pediatric Cell Therapy, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.T.); (E.J.)
| | - Avichai Shimoni
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (K.B.); (A.H.G.-P.); (V.V.-D.); (E.R.); (O.O.); (O.D.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Abraham Avigdor
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (K.B.); (A.H.G.-P.); (V.V.-D.); (E.R.); (O.O.); (O.D.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (K.B.); (A.H.G.-P.); (V.V.-D.); (E.R.); (O.O.); (O.D.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Michal J. Besser
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (O.I.); (J.S.); (R.S.F.); (L.-a.Z.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (M.J.B.)
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10
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Du W, Frankel TL, Green M, Zou W. IFNγ signaling integrity in colorectal cancer immunity and immunotherapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:23-32. [PMID: 34385592 PMCID: PMC8752802 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of colorectal cancer patients are not responsive to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). The interferon gamma (IFNγ) signaling pathway drives spontaneous and ICB-induced antitumor immunity. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the epigenetic, genetic, and functional integrity of the IFNγ signaling pathway in the colorectal cancer microenvironment and its immunological relevance in the therapeutic efficacy of and resistance to ICB. Moreover, we discuss how to target IFNγ signaling to inform novel clinical trials to treat patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Du
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Timothy L Frankel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Green
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Graduate Programs in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Graduate Programs in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Tumor Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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11
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Chen X, MacNabb BW, Flood B, Blazar BR, Kline J. Divergent fates of antigen-specific CD8 + T cell clones in mice with acute leukemia. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109991. [PMID: 34758311 PMCID: PMC8656370 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of a dysfunctional CD8+ T cell state in cancer is well established. However, the degree to which CD8+ T cell fates are influenced by the context in which they encounter cognate tumor antigen is less clear. We previously demonstrated that CD8+ T cells reactive to a model leukemia antigen were deleted by antigen cross-presenting type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s). Here, through a study of T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD8+ T cells (TCRTg101) reactive to a native C1498 leukemia cell antigen, we uncover a different mode of T cell tolerance in which TCRTg101 undergo progressive expansion and differentiation into an exhausted state. Antigen encounter by TCRTg101 requires leukemia cell major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I expression and is independent of DCs, implying that leukemia cells directly mediate the exhausted TCRTg101 phenotype. Collectively, our data reveal that leukemia antigens are presented to CD8+ T cells via discrete pathways, leading to distinct tolerant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufen Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Blake Flood
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Justin Kline
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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12
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Nicolet BP, Zandhuis ND, Lattanzio VM, Wolkers MC. Sequence determinants as key regulators in gene expression of T cells. Immunol Rev 2021; 304:10-29. [PMID: 34486113 PMCID: PMC9292449 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell homeostasis, T cell differentiation, and T cell effector function rely on the constant fine-tuning of gene expression. To alter the T cell state, substantial remodeling of the proteome is required. This remodeling depends on the intricate interplay of regulatory mechanisms, including post-transcriptional gene regulation. In this review, we discuss how the sequence of a transcript influences these post-transcriptional events. In particular, we review how sequence determinants such as sequence conservation, GC content, and chemical modifications define the levels of the mRNA and the protein in a T cell. We describe the effect of different forms of alternative splicing on mRNA expression and protein production, and their effect on subcellular localization. In addition, we discuss the role of sequences and structures as binding hubs for miRNAs and RNA-binding proteins in T cells. The review thus highlights how the intimate interplay of post-transcriptional mechanisms dictate cellular fate decisions in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit P. Nicolet
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Nordin D. Zandhuis
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - V. Maria Lattanzio
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Monika C. Wolkers
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
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13
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Alphavirus-Driven Interferon Gamma (IFNg) Expression Inhibits Tumor Growth in Orthotopic 4T1 Breast Cancer Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111247. [PMID: 34835178 PMCID: PMC8620866 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNg) is a pleiotropic cytokine that can potentially reprogram the tumor microenvironment; however, the antitumor immunomodulatory properties of IFNg still need to be validated due to variable therapeutic outcomes in preclinical and clinical studies. We developed a replication-deficient Semliki Forest virus vector expressing IFNg (SFV/IFNg) and evaluated its immunomodulatory antitumor potential in vitro in a model of 3D spheroids and in vivo in an immunocompetent 4T1 mouse breast cancer model. We demonstrated that SFV-derived, IFN-g-stimulated bone marrow macrophages can be used to acquire the tumoricidal M1 phenotype in 3D nonattached conditions. Coculturing SFV/IFNg-infected 4T1 spheroids with BMDMs inhibited spheroid growth. In the orthotopic 4T1 mouse model, intratumoral administration of SFV/IFNg virus particles alone or in combination with the Pam3CSK4 TLR2/1 ligand led to significant inhibition of tumor growth compared to the administration of the control SFV/Luc virus particles. Analysis of the composition of intratumoral lymphoid cells isolated from tumors after SFV/IFNg treatment revealed increased CD4+ and CD8+ and decreased T-reg (CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+) cell populations. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the populations of cells bearing myeloid cell markers CD11b, CD38, and CD206 was observed. In conclusion, the SFV/IFNg vector induces a therapeutic antitumor T-cell response and inhibits myeloid cell infiltration in treated tumors.
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14
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Ghaffari S, Khalili N, Rezaei N. CRISPR/Cas9 revitalizes adoptive T-cell therapy for cancer immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:269. [PMID: 34446084 PMCID: PMC8390258 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has gained attention as the supreme therapeutic modality for the treatment of various malignancies. Adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) is one of the most distinctive modalities of this therapeutic approach, which seeks to harness the potential of combating cancer cells by using autologous or allogenic tumor-specific T-cells. However, a plethora of circumstances must be optimized to produce functional, durable, and efficient T-cells. Recently, the potential of ACT has been further realized by the introduction of novel gene-editing platforms such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system; this technique has been utilized to create T-cells furnished with recombinant T-cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that have precise tumor antigen recognition, minimal side effects and treatment-related toxicities, robust proliferation and cytotoxicity, and nominal exhaustion. Here, we aim to review and categorize the recent breakthroughs of genetically modified TCR/CAR T-cells through CRISPR/Cas9 technology and address the pearls and pitfalls of each method. In addition, we investigate the latest ongoing clinical trials that are applying CRISPR-associated TCR/CAR T-cells for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Ghaffari
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Hematology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Khalili
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Abstract
Introduction: Innate immunity is armed with interferons (IFNs) that link innate immunity to adaptive immunity to generate long-term and protective immune responses against invading pathogens and tumors. However, regulation of IFN production is crucial because chronic IFN responses can have deleterious effects on both antitumor and antimicrobial immunity in addition to provoking autoinflammatory or autoimmune conditions.Areas covered: Here, we focus on the accumulated evidence on antimicrobial and antitumor activities of type I and II IFNs. We first summarize the intracellular and intercellular mechanisms regulating IFN production and signaling. Then, we discuss the mechanisms modulating the dual nature of IFNs for both antitumor and antimicrobial immune responses. Finally, we review the detrimental role of IFNs for induction of autoinflammation and autoimmunity.Expert opinion: The current evidence suggests that the dual role of IFNs for antimicrobial and antitumor immunity is dependent not only on the timing, administration route, and dose of IFNs but also on the type of pathogen/tumor. Therefore, we think that combinatorial therapies involving IFN-inducing adjuvants and immune-checkpoint blockers may offer therapeutic potential, especially for cancer, whereas infectious, autoinflammatory or autoimmune diseases require fine adjustment of timing, dose, and route of the administration for candidate IFN-based vaccines or immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Temizoz
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
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16
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Post-transcriptional control of T-cell cytokine production: Implications for cancer therapy. Immunology 2021; 164:57-72. [PMID: 33884612 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the adaptive immune system, T cells are vital for the eradication of infected and malignantly transformed cells. To perform their protective function, T cells produce effector molecules that are either directly cytotoxic, such as granzymes, perforin, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor α, or attract and stimulate (immune) cells, such as interleukin-2. As these molecules can also induce immunopathology, tight control of their production is required. Indeed, inflammatory cytokine production is regulated on multiple levels. Firstly, locus accessibility and transcription factor availability and activity determine the amount of mRNA produced. Secondly, post-transcriptional mechanisms, influencing mRNA splicing/codon usage, stability, decay, localization and translation rate subsequently determine the amount of protein that is produced. In the immune suppressive environments of tumours, T cells gradually lose the capacity to produce effector molecules, resulting in tumour immune escape. Recently, the role of post-transcriptional regulation in fine-tuning T-cell effector function has become more appreciated. Furthermore, several groups have shown that exhausted or dysfunctional T cells from cancer patients or murine models possess mRNA for inflammatory mediators, but fail to produce effector molecules, hinting that post-transcriptional events also play a role in hampering tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte effector function. Here, the post-transcriptional regulatory events governing T-cell cytokine production are reviewed, with a specific focus on the importance of post-transcriptional regulation in anti-tumour responses. Furthermore, potential approaches to circumvent tumour-mediated dampening of T-cell effector function through the (dis)engagement of post-transcriptional events are explored, such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing or chimeric antigen receptors.
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17
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Fenton SE, Saleiro D, Platanias LC. Type I and II Interferons in the Anti-Tumor Immune Response. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1037. [PMID: 33801234 PMCID: PMC7957896 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferons (IFNs) are essential components of the immune response against infections and malignancies. IFNs are potent promoters of the anti-tumor response, but there is also evidence that feedback mechanisms regulated by IFNs negatively control immune responses to avoid hyper-activation and limit inflammation. This balance of responses plays an important role in cancer surveillance, immunoediting and response to anticancer therapeutic approaches. Here we review the roles of both type I and type II IFNs on the control of the immune response against malignancies in the context of effects on both malignant cells and cells of the immune system in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Fenton
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.E.F.); (D.S.)
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Diana Saleiro
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.E.F.); (D.S.)
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.E.F.); (D.S.)
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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18
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Harnessing high-throughput flow cytometric protein and RNA detection to enhance TIL therapy. Cytometry A 2021; 99:766-768. [PMID: 33609079 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Toll-like receptor-2/7-mediated T cell activation: An innate potential to augment CD8 + T cell cytokine production. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13019. [PMID: 33377182 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are critical to combat pathogens and eradicate malignantly transformed cells. To exert their effector function and kill target cells, T cells produce copious amounts of effector molecules, including the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon γ, tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 2. TCR triggering alone is sufficient to induce cytokine secretion by effector and memory CD8+ T cells. However, T cells can also be directly activated by pathogen-derived molecules, such as through the triggering of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR-mediated pathogen sensing by T cells results in the production of only interferon γ. However, in particular when the antigen load on target cells is low, or when TCR affinity to the antigen is limited, antigen-experienced T cells can benefit from costimulatory signals. TLR stimulation can also function in a costimulatory fashion to enhance TCR triggering. Combined TCR and TLR triggering enhances the proliferation, memory formation and effector function of T cells, resulting in enhanced production of interferon γ, tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 2. Therefore, TLR ligands or the exploitation of TLR signalling could provide novel opportunities for immunotherapy approaches. In fact, CD19 CAR T cells bearing an intracellular TLR2 costimulatory domain were recently employed to treat cancer patients in a clinical trial. Here, the current knowledge regarding TLR2/7 stimulation-induced cytokine production by T cells is reviewed. Specifically, the transcriptional and post-transcriptional pathways engaged upon TLR2/7 sensing and TLR2/7 signalling are discussed. Finally, the potential uses of TLRs to enhance the anti-tumor effector function of T cells are explored.
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20
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Using CRISPR to enhance T cell effector function for therapeutic applications. Cytokine X 2020; 3:100049. [PMID: 33604565 PMCID: PMC7885876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical to fight pathogenic microbes and combat malignantly transformed cells in the fight against cancer. To exert their effector function, T cells produce effector molecules, such as the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2. Tumors possess many inhibitory mechanisms that dampen T cell effector function, limiting the secretion of cytotoxic molecules. As a result, the control and elimination of tumors is impaired. Through recent advances in genomic editing, T cells can now be successfully modified via CRISPR/Cas9 technology. For instance, engaging (post-)transcriptional mechanisms to enhance T cell cytokine production, the retargeting of T cell antigen specificity or rendering T cells refractive to inhibitory receptor signaling can augment T cell effector function. Therefore, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing might provide novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Recently, the first-in-patient clinical trial was successfully performed with CRISPR/Cas9-modified human T cell therapy. In this review, a brief overview of currently available techniques is provided, and recent advances in T cell genomic engineering for the enhancement of T cell effector function for therapeutic purposes are discussed.
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Key Words
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- ARE, AU-rich element
- ARE-Del, deletion of the 3′UTR AREs from the Ifng/IFNG gene
- CAR T cells
- CAR, Chimeric Antigen Receptor
- CRISPR
- CRISPR, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat
- CRS, cytokine release syndrome
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- Cas, CRISPR-associated
- Cas9
- Cytokines
- DGK, Diacylglycerol kinase
- DHX37, DEAH-box helicase 37
- EBV, Epstein Barr virus
- FOXP3, Forkhead box P3
- GATA, GATA binding protein
- Genome editing
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LAG-3, Lymphocyte Activating 3
- NF-κB, nuclear factor of activated B cells
- PD-1, Programmed cell Death 1
- PD-L1, Programmed Death Ligand 1
- PTPN2, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor 2
- Pdia3, Protein Disulfide Isomerase Family A Member 3
- RBP, RNA-binding protein
- RNP, ribonuclear protein
- T cell effector function
- T cells
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TIL, Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocyte
- TLRs, Toll-like receptors
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRAC, TCR-α chain
- TRBC, TCR-β chain
- UTR, untranslated region
- tTCR, transgenic TCR
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21
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Kongsomboonvech AK, Rodriguez F, Diep AL, Justice BM, Castallanos BE, Camejo A, Mukhopadhyay D, Taylor GA, Yamamoto M, Saeij JPJ, Reese ML, Jensen KDC. Naïve CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to a vacuolar antigen are regulated by an inflammasome-independent NLRP3 pathway and Toxoplasma gondii ROP5. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008327. [PMID: 32853276 PMCID: PMC7480859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii relies on CD8 T cell IFNγ responses, which if modulated by the host or parasite could influence chronic infection and parasite transmission between hosts. Since host-parasite interactions that govern this response are not fully elucidated, we investigated requirements for eliciting naïve CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to a vacuolar resident antigen of T. gondii, TGD057. Naïve TGD057 antigen-specific CD8 T cells (T57) were isolated from transnuclear mice and responded to parasite-infected bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in an antigen-dependent manner, first by producing IL-2 and then IFNγ. T57 IFNγ responses to TGD057 were independent of the parasite’s protein export machinery ASP5 and MYR1. Instead, host immunity pathways downstream of the regulatory Immunity-Related GTPases (IRG), including partial dependence on Guanylate-Binding Proteins, are required. Multiple T. gondii ROP5 isoforms and allele types, including ‘avirulent’ ROP5A from clade A and D parasite strains, were able to suppress CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to parasite-infected BMDMs. Phenotypic variance between clades B, C, D, F, and A strains suggest T57 IFNγ differentiation occurs independently of parasite virulence or any known IRG-ROP5 interaction. Consistent with this, removal of ROP5 is not enough to elicit maximal CD8 T cell IFNγ production to parasite-infected cells. Instead, macrophage expression of the pathogen sensors, NLRP3 and to a large extent NLRP1, were absolute requirements. Other members of the conventional inflammasome cascade are only partially required, as revealed by decreased but not abrogated T57 IFNγ responses to parasite-infected ASC, caspase-1/11, and gasdermin D deficient cells. Moreover, IFNγ production was only partially reduced in the absence of IL-12, IL-18 or IL-1R signaling. In summary, T. gondii effectors and host machinery that modulate parasitophorous vacuolar membranes, as well as NLR-dependent but inflammasome-independent pathways, determine the full commitment of CD8 T cells IFNγ responses to a vacuolar antigen. Parasites are excellent “students” of our immune system as they can deflect, antagonize and confuse the immune response making it difficult to vaccinate against these pathogens. In this report, we analyzed how a widespread parasite of mammals, Toxoplasma gondii, manipulates an immune cell needed for immunity to many intracellular pathogens, the CD8 T cell. Host pathways that govern CD8 T cell production of the immune protective cytokine, IFNγ, were also explored. We hypothesized the secreted T. gondii virulence factor, ROP5, work to inhibit the MHC 1 antigen presentation pathway therefore making it difficult for CD8 T cells to see T. gondii antigens sequestered inside a parasitophorous vacuole. However, manipulation through T. gondii ROP5 does not fully explain how CD8 T cells commit to making IFNγ in response to infection. Importantly, CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to T. gondii require the pathogen sensor NLRP3 to be expressed in the infected cell. Other proteins associated with NLRP3 activation, including members of the conventional inflammasome activation cascade pathway, are only partially involved. Our results identify a novel pathway by which NLRP3 regulates T cell function and underscore the need for NLRP3-activating adjuvants in vaccines aimed at inducing CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel K. Kongsomboonvech
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Felipe Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Anh L. Diep
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon M. Justice
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Brayan E. Castallanos
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Ana Camejo
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Debanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Taylor
- Departments of Medicine; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; and Immunology; and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeroen P. J. Saeij
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Reese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kirk D. C. Jensen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Fan J, Gao Z, Zhao DP, Wang P, Wu ZZ, Li XM. Effects of nitric oxide donor N,N'-di-sec-butyl-N,N'-dinitroso-1,4-phenylenediamine on the expression of interferon-gamma in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Med Gas Res 2020; 9:171-175. [PMID: 31898601 PMCID: PMC7802422 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.273954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been proven to be a key regulator in the mammalian immune response, such as the innate and adaptive immune responses to tumors. The messenger NO involves T helper cell differentiation and lymphocyte biofunctions. In this study, we employed N,N’-di-sec-butyl-N,N’-dinitroso-1,4-phenylenediamine as NO donor and released NO around tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in vitro by short-time blue light irradiation. The interferon-γ secretion of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes was investigated to study the functional changes caused by the accurate spatio-temporal delivery of NO. The downregulation of interferon-γ in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes after NO treatment indicates promising biological applications to potentially play a role in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (approved No. 065) on February 12, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen; The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou; Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou; Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - De-Peng Zhao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zheng-Zhong Wu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue-Mei Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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van der Leun AM, Thommen DS, Schumacher TN. CD8 + T cell states in human cancer: insights from single-cell analysis. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:218-232. [PMID: 32024970 PMCID: PMC7115982 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 169.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The T cell infiltrates that are formed in human cancers are a modifier of natural disease progression and also determine the probability of clinical response to cancer immunotherapies. Recent technological advances that allow the single-cell analysis of phenotypic and transcriptional states have revealed a vast heterogeneity of intratumoural T cell states, both within and between patients, and the observation of this heterogeneity makes it critical to understand the relationship between individual T cell states and therapy response. This Review covers our current knowledge of the T cell states that are present in human tumours and the role that different T cell populations have been hypothesized to play within the tumour microenvironment, with a particular focus on CD8+ T cells. The three key models that are discussed herein are as follows: (1) the dysfunction of T cells in human cancer is associated with a change in T cell functionality rather than inactivity; (2) antigen recognition in the tumour microenvironment is an important driver of T cell dysfunctionality and the presence of dysfunctional T cells can hence be used as a proxy for the presence of a tumour-reactive T cell compartment; (3) a less dysfunctional population of tumour-reactive T cells may be required to drive a durable response to T cell immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M van der Leun
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniela S Thommen
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Freen-van Heeren JJ, Popović B, Guislain A, Wolkers MC. Human T cells employ conserved AU-rich elements to fine-tune IFN-γ production. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:949-958. [PMID: 32112565 PMCID: PMC7384093 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Long‐lasting CD8+ T cell responses are critical in combatting infections and tumors. The pro‐inflammatory cytokine IFN‐γ is a key effector molecule herein. We recently showed that in murine T cells the production of IFN‐γ is tightly regulated through adenylate uridylate–rich elements (AREs) that are located in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the Ifng mRNA molecule. Loss of AREs resulted in prolonged cytokine production in activated T cells and boosted anti‐tumoral T cell responses. Here, we investigated whether these findings can be translated to primary human T cells. Utilizing CRISPR‐Cas9 technology, we deleted the ARE region from the IFNG 3′ UTR in peripheral blood‐derived human T cells. Loss of AREs stabilized the IFNG mRNA in T cells and supported a higher proportion of IFN‐γ protein‐producing T cells. Importantly, combining MART‐1 T cell receptor engineering with ARE‐Del gene editing showed that this was also true for antigen‐specific activation of T cells. MART‐1‐specific ARE‐Del T cells showed higher percentages of IFN‐γ producing T cells in response to MART‐1 expressing tumor cells. Combined, our study reveals that ARE‐mediated posttranscriptional regulation is conserved between murine and human T cells. Furthermore, generating antigen‐specific ARE‐Del T cells is feasible, a feature that could potentially be used for therapeutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian J Freen-van Heeren
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Branka Popović
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Guislain
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monika C Wolkers
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Salerno F, Turner M, Wolkers MC. Dynamic Post-Transcriptional Events Governing CD8+ T Cell Homeostasis and Effector Function. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:240-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lack of cell movement impairs survival of peripheral blood IL-2-stimulated natural killer cells originating from solid cancer and promotes red blood cells to induce their switch toward a regulatory phenotype. Immunol Lett 2020; 221:6-17. [PMID: 32027874 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cells (RBCs) can have a modulatory effect on immune cells; so changes in their dynamism could considerably influence their physiology, and consequently the immune activities of neighbouring cells, like natural killer (NK) cells. Herein, we studied the effect of both RBCs and lack of cell movement on the proliferation, survival and regulation of peripheral IL-2-stimulated NK cells from normal and solid malignant conditions. METHODS Experiments were conducted on twelve cell culture groups, including NK cells from patients with solid malignant tumor or healthy controls, cultured alone or with autologous or nonautologous RBCs under shaking or no shaking conditions. RESULTS NK cells from neoplastic patients behaved differently depending on the culture conditions including shaking and/or RBCs presence. Therefore, NK cells survival was downregulated in the absence of shaking; whereas, shaking have not only upregulated cell survival, but also downregulated the levels of p53-related apoptosis. Moreover, RBCs enhanced NK cells proliferation; while, this effect was modulated by shaking. Furthermore, RBCs can generate opposite effects on the production and modulation of protumoral or immunosuppressive cytokines, depending on the origin of NK cells, i.e., whether they derive from healthy or solid malignant tumor conditions. Finally, NK cells become able to express Foxp3 regulatory marker when combining three main conditions that include (i) treatment with high dose of IL-2, (ii) presence of RBCs, and (iii) absence of shaking. CONCLUSIONS Our outcomes showed for the first time that cell stagnation would be markedly involved in peripheral NK cell apoptosis, as well as in switching toward a regulatory phenotype-induced Foxp3. Cell movement may be one of ex vivo potential approaches in boosting the activities and survival of such cells during solid cancer.
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Freen-van Heeren JJ, Nicolet BP, Wolkers MC. Combined Single-Cell Measurement of Cytokine mRNA and Protein in Immune Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2108:259-271. [PMID: 31939187 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0247-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of immune cells, such as T cells, is their rapid responsiveness to activation. The response rate of T cells depends on the signal strength, and the type of signals they receive. Studying the underlying mechanisms that define responsiveness, however, is confounded by the fact that immune cells do not uniformly respond to activation. Tools that measure gene products on a single-cell level therefore provide additional insights in T cell biology. Here we describe flow cytometry-based fluorescence in situ hybridization (Flow-FISH), a high-throughput assay that allows for the simultaneous measurement of cytokine mRNA and protein levels of the gene(s) of interest by flow cytometry. We present several possible applications of Flow-FISH in human and murine T cells that-with minor adjustments-should also be applicable for other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian J Freen-van Heeren
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory and Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benoit P Nicolet
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory and Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monika C Wolkers
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory and Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Salerno F, Freen-van Heeren JJ, Guislain A, Nicolet BP, Wolkers MC. Costimulation through TLR2 Drives Polyfunctional CD8 + T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:714-723. [PMID: 30578304 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Optimal T cell activation requires Ag recognition through the TCR, engagement of costimulatory molecules, and cytokines. T cells can also directly recognize danger signals through the expression of TLRs. Whether TLR ligands have the capacity to provide costimulatory signals and enhance Ag-driven T cell activation is not well understood. In this study, we show that TLR2 and TLR7 ligands potently lower the Ag threshold for cytokine production in T cells. To investigate how TLR triggering supports cytokine production, we adapted the protocol for flow cytometry-based fluorescence in situ hybridization to mouse T cells. The simultaneous detection of cytokine mRNA and protein with single-cell resolution revealed that TLR triggering primarily drives de novo mRNA transcription. Ifng mRNA stabilization only occurs when the TCR is engaged. TLR2-, but not TLR7-mediated costimulation, can enhance mRNA stability at low Ag levels. Importantly, TLR2 costimulation increases the percentage of polyfunctional T cells, a hallmark of potent T cell responses. In conclusion, TLR-mediated costimulation effectively potentiates T cell effector function to suboptimal Ag levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma Salerno
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam MC Landsteiner Laboratory, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julian J Freen-van Heeren
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam MC Landsteiner Laboratory, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aurelie Guislain
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam MC Landsteiner Laboratory, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benoit P Nicolet
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam MC Landsteiner Laboratory, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monika C Wolkers
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam MC Landsteiner Laboratory, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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