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Mills C, Campbell K. A new chapter for anti-idiotypes in low molecular weight compound immunoassays. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:1102-1120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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Oyama H, Tanaka E, Kawanaka T, Morita I, Niwa T, Kobayashi N. Anti-Idiotype scFv–Enzyme Fusion Proteins: A Clonable Analyte-Mimicking Probe for Standardized Immunoassays Targeting Small Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11553-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402868f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Oyama
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Eri Tanaka
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kawanaka
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Izumi Morita
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Niwa
- Department
of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1,
Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kobayashi
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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HE J, LIANG Y, FAN MT, LIU XJ. Preparation of Anti-idiotype Antibodies of O,O-Dimethyl Organophosphorus Pesticides by Phage Display Technology. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(10)60415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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HE J, FAN MT, LIANG Y, LIU XJ. Application of Anti-idiotype Antibody in Small Molecules Immunoassay. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(09)60068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Walls D, Loughran ST, Cunningham O. Phage display: a powerful technology for the generation of high specificity affinity reagents from alternative immune sources. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 681:87-101. [PMID: 20978962 PMCID: PMC7120213 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-913-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are critical reagents in many fundamental biochemical methods such as affinity chromatography. As our understanding of the proteome becomes more complex, demand is rising for rapidly generated antibodies of higher specificity than ever before. It is therefore surprising that few investigators have moved beyond the classical methods of antibody production in their search for new reagents. Despite their long-standing efficacy, recombinant antibody generation technologies such as phage display are still largely the tools of biotechnology companies or research groups with a direct interest in protein engineering. In this chapter, we discuss the inherent limitations of classical polyclonal and monoclonal antibody generation and highlight an attractive alternative: generating high specificity, high affinity recombinant antibodies from alternative immune sources such as chickens, via phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot Walls
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9 Ireland
| | - Sinéad T. Loughran
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9 Ireland
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Roodink I, Franssen M, Zuidscherwoude M, Verrijp K, van der Donk T, Raats J, Leenders WP. Isolation of targeting nanobodies against co-opted tumor vasculature. J Transl Med 2010; 90:61-7. [PMID: 19823171 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor vasculature is in general highly heterogeneous. This characteristic is most prominent in high-grade gliomas, which present with areas of angiogenic growth, next to large areas of diffuse infiltrative growth in which tumor cells thrive on pre-existent brain vasculature. This limits the effectiveness of anti-angiogenic compounds as these will not affect more matured and co-opted vessels. Therefore, additional destruction of existing tumor vasculature may be a promising alternative avenue to effectively deprive tumors from blood. This approach requires the identification of novel tumor vascular targeting agents, which have broad tumor vessel specificities, ie are not restricted to newly formed vessels. Here, we describe the generation of a phage library displaying nanobodies that were cloned from lymphocytes of a Llama which had been immunized with clinical glioma tissue. In vivo biopanning with this library in the orthotopic glioma xenograft models E98 and E434 resulted in the selection of various nanobodies which specifically recognized glioma vessels in corresponding glioma xenografts. Importantly, also nanobodies were isolated which discriminated incorporated pre-existent vessels in highly infiltrative cerebral E434 xenografts from normal brain vessels. Our results suggest that the generation of nanobody-displaying immune phage libraries and subsequent in vivo biopanning in appropriate animal models is a promising approach for the identification of novel vascular targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Roodink
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Reulen SWA, van Baal I, Raats JMH, Merkx M. Efficient, chemoselective synthesis of immunomicelles using single-domain antibodies with a C-terminal thioester. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:66. [PMID: 19619333 PMCID: PMC2719619 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Classical bioconjugation strategies for generating antibody-functionalized nanoparticles are non-specific and typically result in heterogeneous compounds that can be compromised in activity. Expression systems based on self-cleavable intein domains allow the generation of recombinant proteins with a C-terminal thioester, providing a unique handle for site-specific conjugation using native chemical ligation (NCL). However, current methods to generate antibody fragments with C-terminal thioesters require cumbersome refolding procedures, effectively preventing application of NCL for antibody-mediated targeting and molecular imaging. Results Targeting to the periplasm of E. coli allowed efficient production of correctly-folded single-domain antibody (sdAb)-intein fusions proteins. On column purification and 2-mercapthoethanesulfonic acid (MESNA)-induced cleavage yielded single-domain antibodies with a reactive C-terminal MESNA thioester in good yields. These thioester-functionalized single-domain antibodies allowed synthesis of immunomicelles via native chemical ligation in a single step. Conclusion A novel procedure was developed to obtain soluble, well-folded single-domain antibodies with reactive C-terminal thioesters in good yields. These proteins are promising building blocks for the chemoselective functionalization via NCL of a broad range of nanoparticle scaffolds, including micelles, liposomes and dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne W A Reulen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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Niwa T, Kobayashi T, Sun P, Goto J, Oyama H, Kobayashi N. An enzyme-linked immunometric assay for cortisol based on idiotype-anti-idiotype reactions. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 638:94-100. [PMID: 19298885 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol levels in body fluids are useful for monitoring the function of the pituitary-adrenal axis. Here, we established an "enzyme-linked immunometric assay" (a noncompetitive-type ELISA) for cortisol based on idiotype-anti-idiotype reactions. Six different anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies that recognized the variable regions of a newly established anti-cortisol antibody were generated using hybridoma technology; these were two beta-type and four alpha-type anti-idiotype antibodies, recognizing the paratope and framework regions, respectively. An immunometric assay was established using a combination of a selected alpha-type and a selected beta-type antibody. The analyte (cortisol) was captured by an excess amount of anti-cortisol antibody immobilized on microplates, and the unoccupied paratope was saturated with the beta-type antibody. Hapten-occupied anti-cortisol antibody, with less steric hindrance, was then selectively bound by the alpha-type antibody, labeled with biotin. The amount of biotin residue on the microplates was colorimetrically monitored using a peroxidase-labeled streptavidin. This assay had an approximately threefold higher sensitivity (detection limit: 90 pg = 248 fmol cortisol) than a competitive ELISA using the same anti-cortisol antibody, as well as a practical specificity for providing reasonable determination of normal urinary cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Niwa
- Department of Medical Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Pulli T, Höyhtyä M, Söderlund H, Takkinen K. One-step homogeneous immunoassay for small analytes. Anal Chem 2007; 77:2637-42. [PMID: 15828804 DOI: 10.1021/ac048379l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a one-step, homogeneous noncompetitive immunoassay for small analytes using recombinant antibodies and morphine as the model analyte. A highly specific antibody against the immune complex (IC) formed between an anti-morphine antibody and morphine was selected from a naive scFv phage display library. The in vitro phage library selection procedure avoids the difficulties associated with the production of anti-IC antibodies by animal immunization. The anti-morphine and the anti-IC antibodies were labeled with a pair of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) fluorophores. In the FRET assay the labeled antibodies were incubated with saliva samples spiked with morphine, codeine, or heroin. Within 2 min, 5 ng/mL morphine, which is clearly under the recommended cutoff level, was detected without cross-reactivity to codeine or heroin. This assay principle is also widely applicable to other small analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Pulli
- VTT Biotechnology, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1500, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
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Hof D, Cheung K, Roossien HE, Pruijn GJM, Raats JMH. A Novel Subtractive Antibody Phage Display Method to Discover Disease Markers. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 5:245-55. [PMID: 16263701 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500239-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Today's research demands fast identification of potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. We describe a novel phage display strategy to identify disease-related proteins that are specifically expressed in a certain (diseased) tissue or cells. Phages displaying antibody fragments are selected on complex protein mixtures in a two-step manner combining subtractive selection in solution with further enrichment of specific phages on two-dimensional Western blots. Targets recognized by the resulting recombinant antibodies are immunoaffinity-purified and identified by mass spectrometry. We used antibody fragment libraries from autoimmune patients to discover apoptosis-specific and disease-related targets. One of the three identified targets is the U1-70K protein, a marker for systemic lupus erythematosus overlap disease. Interestingly the epitope on U1-70K recognized by the selected recombinant antibody was shown to be apoptosis-dependent, and such epitopes are believed to be involved in breaking tolerance to self-antigens. The other two proteins were identified as polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor (PSF)/nuclear RNA- and DNA-binding protein of 54 kDa (p54nrb) and heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Hof
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Roodink I, Raats J, van der Zwaag B, Verrijp K, Kusters B, van Bokhoven H, Linkels M, de Waal RMW, Leenders WPJ. Plexin D1 Expression Is Induced on Tumor Vasculature and Tumor Cells: A Novel Target for Diagnosis and Therapy? Cancer Res 2005; 65:8317-23. [PMID: 16166308 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that during mouse embryogenesis, plexin D1 (plxnD1) is expressed on neuronal and endothelial cells. Endothelial cells gradually loose plxnD1 expression during development. Here we describe, using in situ hybridization, that endothelial plxnD1 expression is regained during tumor angiogenesis in a mouse model of brain metastasis. Importantly, we found PLXND1 expression also in a number of human brain tumors, both of primary and metastatic origin. Apart from the tumor vasculature, abundant expression was also found on tumor cells. Via panning of a phage display library, we isolated two phages that carry single-domain antibodies with specific affinity towards a PLXND1-specific peptide. Immunohistochemistry with these single-domain antibodies on the same tumors that were used for in situ hybridization confirmed PLXND1 expression on the protein level. Furthermore, both these phages and the derived antibodies specifically homed to vessels in brain lesions of angiogenic melanoma in mice after i.v. injection. These results show that PLXND1 is a clinically relevant marker of tumor vasculature that can be targeted via i.v. injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Roodink
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Raats JMH, Hof D. Recombinant antibody expression vectors enabling double and triple immunostaining of tissue culture cells using monoclonal antibodies. Eur J Cell Biol 2005; 84:517-21. [PMID: 15900710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2004.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Next to the already available mouse monoclonal and laboratory animal-derived polyclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies offer an additional and virtually unlimited arsenal of new immunohistochemical research tools. The major advantages of recombinant antibodies are their rapid and easy generation against virtually any target. The avidity of antibody fragments can be increased by partial dimerisation. This can be achieved by fusion of CL domains derived of different species to recombinant antibody domains. The VL-linker-VH-CL constructs result in significantly lower dimerisation levels compared to the VH-linker-VL-CL antibody constructs. The most efficient dimerisation occurs with the Jun-tagged scFvs. The very large and rapidly expanding collection of recombinant antibodies already available combined with the ease of introducing various tag sequences allows for an almost unrestricted number of easily adjustable research tools. To our best knowledge we report for the first time that using CL domains derived from different species, in combination with readily available commercial secondary antibodies specific for these CL domains, provides an easy method for the application of recombinant monoclonal antibodies of various origins in immunohistochemical analyses eliminating the problem of co-staining with multiple mono- or polyclonal antibodies. Both double and triple labelling experiments can be performed successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos M H Raats
- Department of Biochemistry, 161, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Salomonsson S, Ottosson L, Säfsten P, Hof D, Brauner H, Sunnerhagen M, Raats J, Wahren-Herlenius M. Cloning and characterization of two human Ro52-specific monoclonal autoantibodies directed towards a domain associated with congenital heart block. J Autoimmun 2004; 22:167-77. [PMID: 14987746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Revised: 09/23/2003] [Accepted: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies against amino acid 200-239 (p200) in the predicted leucine zipper region of the Ro52 protein are associated with congenital heart block, a potentially fatal condition that may affect fetuses of women with Ro52 autoantibodies. To allow detailed studies of the antibodies associated with congenital heart block, B-cell derived combinatorial antibody libraries from patients were screened for Ro52 and p200 specific antibody clones. Two human monoclonal anti-p200 antibody fragments, S3A8 and M4H1, were isolated and analysed with regard to VHand VL gene utilization, somatic mutations and binding properties. Both identified clones recognized recombinant and native intact Ro52, and reacted only with p200 in a set of related Ro52 peptides. The specificity and affinity was confirmed by biosensor measurements. Structural analysis of overlapping peptides revealed increased helicity in the p200 peptide compared to non-recognized peptides, indicating epitope conformation as essential for antibody binding. Both monoclonals produced punctate nuclear and diffuse cytoplasmic staining in human and mouse cell lines. The identified antibodies, which react specifically with the leucine zipper structure of Ro52, will be valuable in further exploration of the mechanisms operating during development of Ro52 antibody-associated congenital heart block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Salomonsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, CMM L8:04, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Raats JMH, Roeffen WF, Litjens S, Bulduk I, Mans G, van Venrooij WJ, Pruijn GJM. Human recombinant anti-La (SS-B) autoantibodies demonstrate the accumulation of phosphoserine-366-containing la isoforms in nucleoplasmic speckles. Eur J Cell Biol 2003; 82:131-41. [PMID: 12691262 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the recombinant La (SS-B) protein or a phosphorylated peptide derived thereof 27 La-specific human recombinant autoantibodies were selected from anti-La-positive systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis patient-derived combinatorial phage display antibody libraries. Binding of these anti-La antibodies to various isoforms of the La protein present in normal and apoptotic cell extracts was analysed by Western blotting. Twenty-four of the selected antibodies recognize most, if not all isoforms of La, whereas three are exclusively reactive with the protein phosphorylated at serine-366. Sequence analysis of the selected antibodies showed a restricted spectrum of diversity in their VH germline gene usage. Remarkably, the recombinant antibodies recognizing exclusively the phosphoserine-366-containing isoform of La displayed a spleckled nucleoplasmic staining pattern in immunofluorescence analysis of HeLa and HEp-2 cells. This pattern differed markedly from those obtained with anti-La antibodies recognizing all isoforms of the La protein. Colocalization experiments with marker antibodies for spliceosomal UsnRNPs and RNA polymerase III subunits revealed that the anti-phosphorylated La antibodies stain the same nucleoplasmic speckles as anti-UsnRNP antibodies. In contrast to anti-UsnRNP antibodies the anti-phosphorylated La antibodies did not stain the Cajal bodies. In addition, no colocalization of phosphorylated La with RNA polymerase III was observed. Potential functional implications of the accumulation of phosphorylated La in nucleoplasmic speckles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos M H Raats
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen/The Netherlands.
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