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Determination of Gefitinib Using Routine and Greener Stability-Indicating HPTLC Methods: A Comparative Evaluation of Validation Parameters. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
“High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)” methods for gefitinib (GFT) estimation are scarce in the literature. In addition, greener analytical techniques for GFT estimation are also lacking in the literature. Accordingly, an attempt was undertaken to invent and validate a sensitive and greener normal-phase HPTLC method for GFT analysis in commercial tablets in comparison to the routine normal-phase HPTLC method. The greenness index for both methods was assessed using “Analytical GREENness (AGREE)” methodology. GFT detection was carried out using both methods at 332.0 nm. In the 30–700 ng/band and 20–1400 ng/band ranges, the routine and greener HPTLC assays were linear for GFT estimation. The greener HPTLC method was highly sensitive, more accurate, more precise, and more robust than the routine HPTLC assay for GFT estimation. Both methods were able to detect GFT in the presence of its degradation products, suggesting the stability-indicating property of both methods. The assay of GFT in commercial tablets was 92.45% and 99.74% using the routine and greener HPTLC assays, respectively. The AGREE index for routine and greener analytical assays was predicted to be 0.44 and 0.77, respectively, indicating the excellent greenness index of the greener HPTLC assay over the routine HPTLC assay. The greener HPTLC assay is considered superior to the routine HPTLC assay based on these results.
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Khodayari P, Jalilian N, Ebrahimzadeh H, Amini S. Electrospun cellulose acetate /polyacrylonitrile /thymol /Mg-metal organic framework nanofibers as efficient sorbent for pipette-tip micro-solid phase extraction of anti-cancer drugs. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zheng N, Zhao C, He XR, Jiang ST, Han SY, Xu GB, Li PP. Simultaneous determination of gefitinib and its major metabolites in mouse plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetics study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1011:215-22. [PMID: 26795401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gefitinib (Iressa) is the first oral EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor and it brings benefits to non-small cell lung cancer patients with EGFR mutation. In this study, a simple, rapid and credible high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was established and validated for the simultaneous quantification of gefitinib and its main metabolites M523595, M537194, M387783 and M608236 in NSCLC tumor-bearing mouse plasma. Sample extraction was done by protein precipitation using acetonitrile containing dasatinib as the internal standard. The chromatography run time was 6min using an Agilent RRHD SB-C18 column with a gradient of acetonitrile and water (0.1% formic acid, v/v). The mass analysis was performed by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in positive multiple reaction monitoring mode. The calibration range was 0.5-100ng/mL for M608236 and 1-200ng/mL for other analytes with the correlation coefficients (r(2))≥0.99. For quality control samples, inter- and intra-assay precision was less than 15% and accuracies ranged from 92.6% to 107.58% for all analytes. The extraction recoveries were in the range of 86-105% and no significant matrix effect was observed. This simple and reproducible high-throughput method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of gefitinib and its major metabolites in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zheng
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing 100142, PR China; National Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China
| | - Can Zhao
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing 100142, PR China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China
| | - Xi-Ran He
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing 100142, PR China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China
| | - Shan-Tong Jiang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing 100142, PR China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China
| | - Shu-Yan Han
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing 100142, PR China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China.
| | - Guo-Bing Xu
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing 100142, PR China; National Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China
| | - Ping-Ping Li
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing 100142, PR China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China.
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Karunakara C, Aparna U, Reddy CG. Separation and Estimation of Intermediates Formed During Synthesis of Gefitinib via 4-Methylthio-Quinazoline Route Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.962146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Udupi Aparna
- Vittal Mallya Scientific Research Foundation (VMSRF), Bengaluru, India
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Rahman AFMM, Korashy HM, Kassem MG. Gefitinib. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2014; 39:239-264. [PMID: 24794908 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800173-8.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gefitinib (Iressa®) is a selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor, a growth factor that plays a pivotal role in the control of cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Gefitinib is clinically used for the treatment of chemoresistant non-small cell lung cancer patients. Gefitinib is freely soluble in dimethylsulphoxide but slightly soluble in methanol and ethanol. Several methods of gefitinib synthesis are included in this review. UV spectroscopy of gefitinib showed a λmax of approximately 331nm, whereas IR spectroscopy principal peaks were observed at 3400cm(-1) (NH), 2956cm(-1) (CH2, CH, alkyl), 1625cm(-1) (CC, CN), 1500cm(-1) (HCCH, aryl), 1110cm(-1) (CO), 1028cm(-1) (CF). In addition, different analytical methods for determination of gefitinib are also described in this review. Pharmacokinetically, after oral administration, gefitinib is slowly absorbed with bioavailability of approximately 60% in human. Gefitinib is metabolized extensively in the liver into five metabolites by cytochrome P450s, primarily by CYP3A4 and to a lesser extent by CYP3A5 and CYP2D6. Gefitinib is eliminated mainly hepatically with total plasma clearance of 595mL/min after intravenous administration. Most of the adverse effects associated with gefitinib therapy are mild to moderate in severity and are usually reversible and manageable with appropriate intervention, such as diarrhea, dry skin, rash, nausea, and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F M Motiur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham M Korashy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Gabr Kassem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Chandrashekara KA, Udupi A, Reddy CG. Separation and estimation of process-related impurities of gefitinib by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:799-805. [PMID: 23897663 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous separation and estimation of gefitinib (an anti-cancer drug) and its process-related impurities. Five process-related impurities of gefitinib were separated on an Inertsil ODS-3V column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d.; particle size 5 μm) using 130 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile (63:37, v/v) as mobile phase (pH 5.0) with a photodiode array (PDA) detector. The correlation coefficients for gefitinib and its process-related impurities were in the range of 0.9991-0.9994 with limit of detection and limit of quantification in the range of 0.012-0.033 and 0.04-0.10 µg/mL, respectively. The recovery values were in the range of 98.26-99.90% for gefitinib and 95.99-100.55% for process-related impurities, while precision values were less than 3%. The method was found to be specific, precise and reliable for the determination of gefitinib and its impurities in gefitinib bulk drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunakara A Chandrashekara
- Vittal Mallya Scientific Research Foundation (VMSRF), #94/3 & 94/5, 23rd Cross, 29th Main, BTM II Stage, Bengaluru 560076, India
| | - Aparna Udupi
- Vittal Mallya Scientific Research Foundation (VMSRF), #94/3 & 94/5, 23rd Cross, 29th Main, BTM II Stage, Bengaluru 560076, India
| | - Chandrasekara G Reddy
- Vittal Mallya Scientific Research Foundation (VMSRF), #94/3 & 94/5, 23rd Cross, 29th Main, BTM II Stage, Bengaluru 560076, India
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LC–MS–MS Quantitative Determination of Gefitinib in Human Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pollack IF, Stewart CF, Kocak M, Poussaint TY, Broniscer A, Banerjee A, Douglas JG, Kun LE, Boyett JM, Geyer JR. A phase II study of gefitinib and irradiation in children with newly diagnosed brainstem gliomas: a report from the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:290-7. [PMID: 21292687 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This phase II study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of gefitinib given with and following radiation therapy in children newly diagnosed with a poor prognosis brainstem glioma. Eligible patients were those with a previously untreated nondisseminated diffuse intrinsic brainstem glioma. Histological confirmation was not required, provided patients had a characteristic clinical history and MRI findings. Treatment consisted of gefitinib, administered orally, 250 mg/m(2)/day, during standard external beam radiotherapy, continuing for up to 13 monthly courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Toxicities, particularly intratumoral hemorrhage, were monitored. Pharmacokinetics and investigational imaging studies were performed in consenting patients. Forty-three eligible patients were included in the study. Therapy was well tolerated; only 4 patients were withdrawn from the study for dose-limiting toxicity after receiving therapy for 6, 9, 17, and 24 weeks. The 12- and 24-month progression-free survival rates were 20.9 ±5.6 % and 9.3 ±4%, respectively. Overall survival rates were 56.4 ±7.6% and 19.6 ±5.9%, respectively, which appear nominally superior to other contemporaneous Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium trials. Three patients remain progression-free survivors with ≥36 months follow-up. The observation that a subset of children with this generally fatal tumor experienced long-term progression-free survival, coupled with recent observations regarding the molecular features of brainstem gliomas, raises the possibility that prospective molecular characterization may allow enrichment of treatment responders and improvement in outcome results in future studies of biologically targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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A phase I and biology study of gefitinib and radiation in children with newly diagnosed brain stem gliomas or supratentorial malignant gliomas. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:3287-93. [PMID: 20708924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD); study the pharmacology of escalating doses of gefitinib combined with radiation therapy in patients ⩽21 years with newly diagnosed intrinsic brainstem gliomas (BSG) and incompletely resected supratentorial malignant gliomas (STMG); and to investigate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification and expression in STMG. PATIENTS AND METHODS Three strata were identified: stratum 1A--BSG; stratum IB--incompletely resected STMG not receiving enzyme-inducing anticonvulsant drugs (EIACD); and stratum II--incompletely resected STMG receiving EIACD. Dose escalation using a modified 3+3 cohort design was performed in strata IA and II. The initial gefitinib dosage was 100mg/m(2)/d commencing with radiation therapy and the dose-finding period extended until 2 weeks post-radiation. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and biology studies were performed in consenting patients. RESULTS Of the 23 eligible patients, 20 were evaluable for dose-finding. MTDs for strata IA and II were not established as accrual was halted due to four patients experiencing symptomatic intratumoral haemorrhage (ITH); two during and two post dose-finding. ITH was observed in 0 of 11 patients treated at 100mg/m(2)/d, 1 of 10 at 250 mg/m(2)/d and 3 of 12 at 375 mg/m(2)/d. Subsequently a second patient at 250 mg/m(2)/d experienced ITH. PK analysis showed that the median gefitinib systemic exposure increased with dosage (p = 0.04). EGFR was over-expressed in 5 of 11 STMG and amplified in 4 (36%) samples. CONCLUSION This trial provides clear evidence of EGFR amplification in a significant proportion of paediatric STMG and 250 mg/m(2)/d was selected for the phase II trial.
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Honeywell R, Yarzadah K, Giovannetti E, Losekoot N, Smit E, Walraven M, Lind J, Tibaldi C, Verheul H, Peters G. Simple and selective method for the determination of various tyrosine kinase inhibitors used in the clinical setting by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1059-68. [PMID: 20382575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Meyerhardt JA, Clark JW, Supko JG, Eder JP, Ogino S, Stewart CF, D'Amato F, Dancey J, Enzinger PC, Zhu AX, Ryan DP, Earle CC, Mayer RJ, Michelini A, Kinsella K, Fuchs CS. Phase I study of gefitinib, irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 60:661-70. [PMID: 17216531 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the maximum tolerated doses (MTD), toxicities, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of gefitinib combined with irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (IFL) in patients with previously untreated advanced colorectal cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Starting doses were gefitinib 250 mg/day orally without interruption, irinotecan 100 mg/m(2) as a 90 min intravenous (i.v.) infusion, 5-FU 400 mg/m(2) bolus i.v. and leucovorin 20 mg/m(2) i.v. on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. Dose escalations involved increasing gefitinib to 500 mg then increasing irinotecan to 125 mg/m(2) and 5-FU to 500 mg/m(2). RESULTS Twenty-four patients received therapy. The starting doses proved to be the MTD, as attempts to increase the dose of either gefitinib or the chemotherapeutic agents resulted in dose-limiting toxicities. Gastrointestinal effects and bone marrow suppression were the principal toxicities; however, only 1/17 (6%) patients treated with the MTD had severe (grades 3-4) diarrhea and severe neutropenia occurred in only two (12%) patients. Partial responses occurred in 10/17 patients receiving the MTD and another five had stable disease. Median progression-free and overall survivals were 12.2 and 26.6 months, respectively. In ten patients treated with the MTD, the steady-state PK of gefitinib was not affected by IFL nor did gefitinib appear to influence the PK of either irinotecan or 5-FU. CONCLUSIONS Gefitinib can be safely combined with an intermittent weekly schedule of IFL. Evidence of promising activity should encourage further clinical evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as gefitinib, combined with multiagent chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Zhuang Y, Fraga CH, Hubbard KE, Hagedorn N, Panetta JC, Waters CM, Stewart CF. Topotecan Central Nervous System Penetration Is Altered by a Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. Cancer Res 2006; 66:11305-13. [PMID: 17145877 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A potential strategy to increase the efficacy of topotecan to treat central nervous system (CNS) malignancies is modulation of the activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers to enhance topotecan CNS penetration. This study focused on topotecan penetration into the brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a mouse model and the effect of modulation of ABC transporters at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (gefitinib). After 4 and 8 mg/kg topotecan i.v., the brain ECF to plasma AUC ratio of unbound topotecan lactone was 0.21 +/- 0.04 and 0.61 +/- 0.16, respectively; the ventricular CSF to plasma AUC ratio was 1.18 +/- 0.10 and 1.30 +/- 0.13, respectively. To study the effect of gefitinib on topotecan CNS penetration, 200 mg/kg gefitinib was administered orally 1 hour before 4 mg/kg topotecan i.v. The brain ECF to plasma AUC ratio of unbound topotecan lactone increased by 1.6-fold to 0.35 +/- 0.04, which was significantly different from the ratio without gefitinib (P < 0.05). The ventricular CSF to plasma AUC ratio significantly decreased to 0.98 +/- 0.05 (P < 0.05). Breast cancer resistance protein 1 (Bcrp1), an efficient topotecan transporter, was detected at the apical aspect of the choroid plexus in FVB mice. In conclusion, topotecan brain ECF penetration was lower compared with ventricular CSF penetration. Gefitinib increased topotecan brain ECF penetration but decreased the ventricular CSF penetration. These results are consistent with the possibility that expression of Bcrp1 and P-glycoprotein at the apical side of the choroid plexus facilitates an influx transport mechanism across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, resulting in high topotecan CSF penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Leggas M, Panetta JC, Zhuang Y, Schuetz JD, Johnston B, Bai F, Sorrentino B, Zhou S, Houghton PJ, Stewart CF. Gefitinib modulates the function of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters in vivo. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4802-7. [PMID: 16651435 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 4-anilinoquinazoline (4-AQ) derivative gefitinib (Iressa) is an oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Oral administration of 4-AQ molecules, such as gefitinib, inhibits ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-mediated drug efflux and strongly increases the apparent bioavailability of coadministered drug molecules that are transporter substrates. Based on in vitro studies investigating 4-AQ interactions with several transporters, these effects have primarily been attributed to the inhibition of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; ABCG2). Although 4-AQ shows in vitro inhibition of P-glycoprotein [multidrug resistance protein (MDR1); ABCB1], the in vivo effect on this and other transporters is not known. In our studies, pretreatment of Abcg2(-/-) and Mdr1(a/b)(-/-) mice with gefitinib increased oral absorption and decreased systemic clearance of topotecan, a model substrate, indicating that additional transporters were inhibited. These results were extended to human orthologues using engineered cell lines to show that gefitinib inhibited the efflux of BCRP and MDR1 substrates and restored vincristine sensitivity in MDR1-expressing cells. Although gefitinib inhibited BCRP more potently than MDR1 (10-fold), the inhibition of both transporters occurred at clinically relevant concentrations (e.g., 1-5 micromol/L). These studies illustrate the broad implications for the therapeutic combination of gefitinib or other 4-AQ molecules with agents that are BCRP and MDR1 substrates. 4-AQ molecules may offer a means to increase the low and variable oral drug absorption of transporter substrates while decreasing interpatient variability and reversing tumor drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Leggas
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hematology-Oncology, and Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.
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Daw NC, Furman WL, Stewart CF, Iacono LC, Krailo M, Bernstein ML, Dancey JE, Speights RA, Blaney SM, Croop JM, Reaman GH, Adamson PC. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of gefitinib in children with refractory solid tumors: a Children's Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:6172-80. [PMID: 16135484 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.11.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidermal growth factor receptor is expressed in pediatric malignant solid tumors. We conducted a phase I trial of gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in children with refractory solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Gefitinib (150, 300, 400, or 500 mg/m2) was administered orally to cohorts of three to six patients once daily continuously until disease progression or significant toxicity. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed during course one (day 1 through 28). RESULTS Of the 25 enrolled patients, 19 (median age, 15 years) were fully evaluable for toxicity and received 54 courses. Dose-limiting toxicity was rash in two patients treated with 500 mg/m2 and elevated ALT and AST in one patient treated with 400 mg/m2. The maximum-tolerated dose was 400 mg/m2/d. The most frequent non-dose-limiting toxicities were grade 1 or 2 dry skin, anemia, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. One patient with Ewing's sarcoma had a partial response. Disease stabilized for 8 to > or = 60 weeks in two patients with Wilms' tumor and two with brainstem glioma (one exophytic). At 400 mg/m2, the median peak gefitinib plasma concentration was 2.2 microg/mL (range, 1.2 to 3.6 microg/mL) and occurred at a median of 2.3 hours (range, 2.0 to 8.3 hours) after drug administration. The median apparent clearance and median half-life were 14.8 L/h/m2 (range, 3.8 to 24.8 L/h/m2) and 11.7 hours (range, 5.6 to 22.8 hours), respectively. Gefitinib systemic exposures were comparable with those associated with antitumor activity in adults. CONCLUSION Oral gefitinib is well tolerated in children. Development of the drug in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy will be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najat C Daw
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Mail Stop 260, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:416-427. [PMID: 15751104 DOI: 10.1002/jms.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of mass spectrometry. Each bibliography is divided into 11 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 Instrumental Techniques & Methods; 3 Gas Phase Ion Chemistry; 4 Biology/Biochemistry: Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; 5 Pharmacology/Toxicology; 6 Natural Products; 7 Analysis of Organic Compounds; 8 Analysis of Inorganics/Organometallics; 9 Surface Analysis; 10 Environmental Analysis; 11 Elemental Analysis. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author (4 Weeks journals - Search completed at 12th. Jan. 2005).
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