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Raj A, Yousfi M, Prashantha K, Samuel C. Morphologies, Compatibilization and Properties of Immiscible PLA-Based Blends with Engineering Polymers: An Overview of Recent Works. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1776. [PMID: 39000632 PMCID: PMC11244106 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(L-Lactide) (PLA), a fully biobased aliphatic polyester, has attracted significant attention in the last decade due to its exceptional set of properties, such as high tensile modulus/strength, biocompatibility, (bio)degradability in various media, easy recyclability and good melt-state processability by the conventional processes of the plastic/textile industry. Blending PLA with other polymers represents one of the most cost-effective and efficient approaches to develop a next-generation of PLA-based materials with superior properties. In particular, intensive research has been carried out on PLA-based blends with engineering polymers such as polycarbonate (PC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and various polyamides (PA). This overview, consequently, aims to gather recent works over the last 10 years on these immiscible PLA-based blends processed by melt extrusion, such as twin screw compounding. Furthermore, for a better scientific understanding of various ultimate properties, processing by internal mixers has also been ventured. A specific emphasis on blend morphologies, compatibilization strategies and final (thermo)mechanical properties (tensile/impact strength, ductility and heat deflection temperature) for potential durable and high-performance applications, such as electronic parts (3C parts, electronic cases) to replace PC/ABS blends, has been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Raj
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Mohamed Yousfi
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Kalappa Prashantha
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, 59000 Lille, France
- ACU-Centre for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara, Mandya 571448, Karnataka, India
| | - Cédric Samuel
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, 59000 Lille, France
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2
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Goetze JW, Benitez C, Bates FS, Ellison CJ. Porous Melt Blown Poly(butylene terephthalate) Fibers with High Ductility and High-Temperature Structural Stability. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:558-564. [PMID: 38635370 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
In this study, porous poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) fibers were produced by melt blowing cocontinuous blends of PBT and polystyrene (PS) and selectively extracting the interconnected PS domains. Small amounts of hydroxyl terminated PS additives that can undergo transesterification with the ester units in PBT were added to stabilize the cocontinuous structure during melt processing. The resulting fibers are highly ductile and display fine porous structural features, which persist at temperatures over 150 °C. Single fiber tensile testing and electron microscopy are presented to demonstrate the role of rapid quenching and drawing of the melt blowing process in defining the fiber properties. The templated highly aligned pore structure, which is not easily produced in solvent-based fiber spinning methods, leads to remarkable mechanical properties of the porous fibers and overcomes the notoriously poor tensile properties common to other cellular materials like foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Goetze
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Cesar Benitez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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3
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Sun M, Peng F, Xu S, Liu X, Dai K, Zheng G, Liu C, Shen C. Polyethylene fibers containing directional microchannels for passive radiative cooling. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1787-1796. [PMID: 38315195 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01881d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Passive radiative cooling (PRC) that realizes thermal management without consuming any energy has attracted increasing attention. Unfortunately, polymer fibers with radiative cooling function fabricated via a facile, continuous, large-scale and eco-friendly method have been scarcely reported. Herein, polyethylene fibers containing directional microchannels (PFCDM) are facilely fabricated via melt extrusion and water leaching. Interestingly, fabric based on such hydrophobic PFCDM shows high sunlight reflectivity (93.6%), and mid-infrared emissivity (93.9%), endowing it with remarkable PRC performance. Compared with other reported examples, the as-prepared PFDCM fabric has the highest cooling power (i.e., 104.285 W m-2) and temperature drop (i.e., 27.71 °C). Furthermore, decent self-cleaning performance can keep the PFCDM fabric away from contamination and enable it to retain an excellent radiative cooling effect. The method proposed to fabricate PFCDM in this paper will widen the potential application of thermoplastic polyolefins in the field of radiative cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China.
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China.
| | - Shanshan Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China.
| | - Xianhu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China.
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China.
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China.
| | - Chuntai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China.
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China.
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Deac A, Luebbert C, Qi Q, Courtney RM, Indulkar AS, Gao Y, Zhang GGZ, Sadowski G, Taylor LS. Dissolution Mechanisms of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Application of Ternary Phase Diagrams To Explain Release Behavior. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1900-1918. [PMID: 38469754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The use of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) in commercial drug products has increased in recent years due to the large number of poorly soluble drugs in the pharmaceutical pipeline. However, the release behavior of ASDs is complex and remains not well understood. Often, the drug release from ASDs is rapid and complete at lower drug loadings (DLs) but becomes slow and incomplete at higher DLs. The DL where release becomes hindered is termed the limit of congruency (LoC). Currently, there are no approaches to predict the LoC. However, recent findings show that one potential cause leading to the LoC is a change in phase morphology after water-induced phase separation at the ASD/solution interface. In this study, the phase behavior of ASDs in contact with aqueous solutions was described thermodynamically by constructing experimental and computational ternary phase diagrams, and these were used to predict morphology changes and ultimately the LoC. Experimental ternary phase diagrams were obtained by equilibrating ASD/water mixtures over time. Computational ternary phase diagrams were obtained by Perturbed Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT). The morphology of the hydrophobic phase was studied with fluorescence confocal microscopy. It was demonstrated that critical point (plait point) composition approximately corresponded to the ASD DL, where the hydrophobic phase, formed during phase separation, became interconnected and hindered ASD release. This work provides mechanistic insights into the ASD release behavior and highlights the potential of in silico ASD design using phase diagrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Deac
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Qingqing Qi
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Reagan M Courtney
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anura S Indulkar
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi Gao
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | | | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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de Jesus TWS, Pasquini D, Benvenuti T. Characterization of PS/PP/HDPE/LDPE Polymer Blend Obtained from Plastic Waste Collected on Beaches in Ilhéus-Bahia, Brazil. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4155. [PMID: 37896399 PMCID: PMC10610558 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A large volume of polymeric waste is generated in cities, and some of this reaches the sea and beaches. This waste stays for hundreds of years, damaging marine environments and organisms. To minimize the effects of pollution, collection and recycling allow a return to the production chain. This research aims to produce and evaluate a polymeric mixture obtained via processing plastic waste collected on the beaches of the city of Ilhéus-Bahia. Subsequently, the mixture is converted into a granulated form for application as fine aggregate in the production of cementitious matrices. A polymer blend of polystyrene, polypropylene, and high- and low-density polyethylene was obtained and evaluated by thermal, morphological, and mechanical tests in three processing stages. The degradation temperatures were close for the three processing stages and the level of processing influenced the mechanical strength. As for elastic modulus and deformation, there was no significant difference in using the mixture processed once or twice. The results showed that the reuse of the waste is applicable, the mixture presented a compact, reasonably homogeneous material with different morphology. Therefore, this work finds importance in the possibility of promoting waste recycling and adding value to a material that would become waste, thus showing its potential for application in the construction industry as an addition to cementitious mixtures and leading to savings in inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauane Winny Silva de Jesus
- Post Graduation Program on Science, Innovation and Modelling Materials, Department of Exact and Technological Sciences Rodovia Jorge Amado, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus 45662-200, Brazil;
| | - Daniel Pasquini
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Bloco 1D, Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlandia 38400-902, Brazil;
| | - Tatiane Benvenuti
- Post Graduation Program on Science, Innovation and Modelling Materials, Department of Exact and Technological Sciences Rodovia Jorge Amado, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus 45662-200, Brazil;
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Korycki A, Carassus F, Tramis O, Garnier C, Djilali T, Chabert F. Polyaryletherketone Based Blends: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3943. [PMID: 37835993 PMCID: PMC10575340 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to report the status of the research on polyaryletherketone-based thermoplastic blends (PAEK). PAEK are high-performance copolymers able to replace metals in many applications including those related to the environmental and energy transition. PAEK lead to the extension of high-performance multifunctional materials to target embedded electronics, robotics, aerospace, medical devices and prostheses. Blending PAEK with other thermostable thermoplastic polymers is a viable option to obtain materials with new affordable properties. First, this study investigates the miscibility of each couple. Due to different types of interactions, PAEK-based thermoplastic blends go from fully miscible (with some polyetherimides) to immiscible (with polytetrafluoroethylene). Depending on the ether-to-ketone ratio of PAEK as well as the nature of the second component, a large range of crystalline structures and blend morphologies are reported. The PAEK-based thermoplastic blends are elaborated by melt-mixing or solution blending. Then, the effect of the composition and blending preparation on the mechanical properties are investigated. PAEK-based thermoplastic blends give rise to the possibility of tuning their properties to design novel materials. However, we demonstrate hereby that significant research effort is needed to overcome the lack of knowledge on the structure/morphology/property relationships for those types of high-performance thermoplastic blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Korycki
- LGP-ENIT-INPT, Université de Toulouse, 47 Avenue d’Azereix, 65016 Tarbes, France; (A.K.); (F.C.); (O.T.); (C.G.)
- LAUAK Service Innovation, 8 Rue Louis Caddau, 65000 Tarbes, France;
| | - Fabrice Carassus
- LGP-ENIT-INPT, Université de Toulouse, 47 Avenue d’Azereix, 65016 Tarbes, France; (A.K.); (F.C.); (O.T.); (C.G.)
- LAUAK Service Innovation, 8 Rue Louis Caddau, 65000 Tarbes, France;
| | - Olivier Tramis
- LGP-ENIT-INPT, Université de Toulouse, 47 Avenue d’Azereix, 65016 Tarbes, France; (A.K.); (F.C.); (O.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Christian Garnier
- LGP-ENIT-INPT, Université de Toulouse, 47 Avenue d’Azereix, 65016 Tarbes, France; (A.K.); (F.C.); (O.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Toufik Djilali
- LAUAK Service Innovation, 8 Rue Louis Caddau, 65000 Tarbes, France;
| | - France Chabert
- LGP-ENIT-INPT, Université de Toulouse, 47 Avenue d’Azereix, 65016 Tarbes, France; (A.K.); (F.C.); (O.T.); (C.G.)
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7
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Azubuike L, Wang J, Sundararaj U. Carbon Nanotube Migration in a Compatibilized Blend System, Leading to Kinetically Induced Enhancement in Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1039. [PMID: 36985933 PMCID: PMC10051242 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic factors that facilitate carbon nanotube (CNT) migration in a polymer blend from a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) phase to a poly (p-phenylene ether) (PPE) phase were studied, with the objective to induce CNT migration and localization at the interface. Herein, a CNT filler was pre-localized in an HDPE polymer and then blended with PPE at different blend compositions of 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20 of PPE/HDPE at a constant filler concentration of 1 wt%. The level of CNT migration was studied at different mixing times of 5 and 10 min. The electrical conductivity initially increased by 2-3 orders of magnitude, with an increase in the PPE content up to 40%, and then it decreased significantly by up to 12 orders of magnitude at high PPE content up to 100%. We determined that the extent of migration was related to the difference in the melt viscosity between the constituent polymers. A triblock copolymer styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS) was used to improve the blend miscibility, and 2 wt% copolymer was found to be the optimum concentration for the electrical properties for the two blend compositions of 20:80 and 80:20 of PPE/HDPE, at a constant filler concentration of 1 wt%. The introduction of the SEBS triblock copolymer significantly increased the conductivity almost by almost four orders of magnitude for PPE/HDPE/80:20 composites with 1 wt% CNT and 2 wt% SEBS compared to the uncompatibilized blend nanocomposite. The mechanical strength of the compatibilized blend nanocomposites was found to be higher than the unfilled compatibilized blend (i.e., without CNT), uncompatibilized blend nanocomposites, and the pristine blend, illustrating the synergistic effect of adding nanofillers and a compatibilizer. SEM and TEM microstructures were used to interpret the structure-property relationships of these polymer blend nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Azubuike
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Advanced Materials Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511453, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Uttandaraman Sundararaj
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Zhang B, Cui S, Lodge TP, Bates FS. Structure and Phase Behavior of Bottlebrush Diblock Copolymer-Linear Homopolymer Ternary Blends. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shuquan Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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9
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Huang B, Wang Z, Tu J, Liu C, Xu P, Ding Y. Interfacial distribution and compatibilization of imidazolium functionalized CNTs in poly(lactic acid)/polycaprolactone composites with excellent EMI shielding and mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:1182-1190. [PMID: 36462589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Imidazolium-functionalized polyurethane (IPU) functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was used to control interfacial distribution and compatibilization of CNTs, and enhance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) based composites. IPU facilitated the uniformly dispersion of CNTs and induced the selectively location of CNTs at the interface and PCL phase, which is beneficial to build more effective three-dimensional network structure at the co-continuous interphase. The EMI shielding properties for the PLA/PCL/8CNT/0.8IPU composites have been evidently increased to 35.6 dB. Meanwhile, the elongation at break and the notched impact strength of the PLA/PCL/8CNT/0.8IPU composite reached 307.8 % and 51.3 kJ/m2, respectively, which are increased by 27 and 53 % of PLA/PCL/8CNT because of the compatibilization effect of IPU and the distribution of CNTs. This work presented a promising prospect of polymer-based composites with satisfactory EMI shielding and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bincheng Huang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jiaying Tu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Yunsheng Ding
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
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Calore AR, Srinivas V, Groenendijk L, Serafim A, Stancu IC, Wilbers A, Leoné N, Sanchez AA, Auhl D, Mota C, Bernaerts K, Harings JAW, Moroni L. Manufacturing of scaffolds with interconnected internal open porosity and surface roughness. Acta Biomater 2023; 156:158-176. [PMID: 35868592 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturing of three-dimensional scaffolds with multiple levels of porosity are an advantage in tissue regeneration approaches to influence cell behavior. Three-dimensional scaffolds with surface roughness and intra-filament open porosity were successfully fabricated by additive manufacturing combined with chemical foaming and porogen leaching without the need of toxic solvents. The decomposition of sodium citrate, a chemical blowing agent, generated pores within the scaffold filaments, which were interconnected and opened to the external environment by leaching of a water-soluble sacrificial phase, as confirmed by micro-CT and buoyancy measurements. The additional porosity did not result in lower elastic modulus, but in higher strain at maximum load, i.e. scaffold ductility. Human mesenchymal stromal cells cultured for 24 h adhered in greater numbers on these scaffolds when compared to plain additive-manufactured ones, irrespectively of the scaffold pre-treatment method. Additionally, they showed a more spread and random morphology, which is known to influence cell fate. Cells cultured for a longer period exhibited enhanced metabolic activity while secreting higher osteogenic markers after 7 days in culture. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Inspired by the function of hierarchical cellular structures in natural materials, this work elucidates the development of scaffolds with multiscale porosity by combining in-situ foaming and additive manufacturing, and successive porogen leaching. The resulting scaffolds displayed enhanced mechanical toughness and multiscale pore network interconnectivity, combined with early differentiation of adult mesenchymal stromal cells into the osteogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Roberto Calore
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Varun Srinivas
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Linda Groenendijk
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrada Serafim
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Nils Leoné
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ane Albillos Sanchez
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Auhl
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands; Polymerwerkstoffe und -technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos Mota
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Katrien Bernaerts
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Jules A W Harings
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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11
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Yang R, Zhang GGZ, Zemlyanov DY, Purohit HS, Taylor LS. Release Mechanisms of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Role of Drug-Polymer Phase Separation and Morphology. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:304-317. [PMID: 36306863 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Formulating poorly soluble molecules as amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) is an effective strategy to improve drug release. However, drug release rate and extent tend to rapidly diminish with increasing drug loading (DL). The poor release at high DLs has been postulated to be linked to the process of amorphous-amorphous phase separation (AAPS), although the exact connection between phase separation and release properties remains somewhat unclear. Herein, release profiles of ASDs formulated with ritonavir (RTV) and polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVPVA) at different DLs were determined using surface normalized dissolution. Surface morphologies of partially dissolved ASD compacts were evaluated with confocal fluorescence microscopy, using Nile red and Alexa Fluor 488 as fluorescence markers to track the hydrophobic and hydrophilic phases respectively. ASD phase behavior during hydration and release of components were also visualized in real time using a newly developed in situ confocal fluorescence microscopy method. RTV-PVPVA ASDs showed complete and rapid drug release below 30% DL, partial drug release at 30% DL and no drug release above 30% DL. It was observed that formation of discrete drug-rich droplets at lower DLs led to rapid and congruent release of both drug and polymer, whereas formation of continuous drug-rich phase at the ASD matrix-solution interface was the cause of poor release above certain DLs. Thus, the domain size and interconnectivity of phase separated drug-rich domains appear to be critical factors impacting drug release from RTV-PVPVPA ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Yang
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hitesh S Purohit
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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12
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Jheng LC, Park J, Wook Yoon H, Chang FC. Mixed matrix membranes comprising 6FDA-based polyimide blends and UiO-66 with co-continuous structures for gas separations. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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He HL, Liang FX. Interfacial Engineering of Polymer Blend with Janus Particle as Compatibilizer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Huang DE, Kotula AP, Snyder CR, Migler KB. Crystallization Kinetics in an Immiscible Polyolefin Blend. Macromolecules 2022; 55. [PMID: 36969109 PMCID: PMC10037551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by the problem of brittle mechanical behavior in recycled blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP), we employ optical microscopy, rheo-Raman, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure the composition dependence of their crystallization kinetics. Raman spectra are analyzed via multivariate curve resolution with alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) to provide component crystallization values. We find that iPP crystallization behavior varies strongly with blend composition. Optical microscopy shows that three crystallization kinetic regimes correspond to three underlying two-phase morphologies: HDPE droplets in iPP, the inverse, and cocontinuous structures. In the HDPE droplet regime, iPP crystallization temperature decreases sharply with increasing HDPE composition. For cocontinuous morphologies, iPP crystallization is delayed, but the onset temperature changes little with the exact blend composition. In the iPP droplet regime, the two components crystallize nearly concurrently. Rheological measurements are consistent with these observations. DSC indicates that the enthalpy of crystallization of the blends is less than the weighted values of the individual components, providing a possible clue for the decreased iPP crystallization temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek E. Huang
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Anthony P. Kotula
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Chad R. Snyder
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kalman B. Migler
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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15
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Marotta A, Causa A, Salzano de Luna M, Ambrogi V, Filippone G. Tuning the Morphology of HDPE/PP/PET Ternary Blends by Nanoparticles: A Simple Way to Improve the Performance of Mixed Recycled Plastics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245390. [PMID: 36559757 PMCID: PMC9782910 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a very low mixing entropy, most of the polymer pairs are immiscible. As a result, mixing polymers of different natures in a typical mechanical recycling process leads to materials with multiple interfaces and scarce interfacial adhesion and, consequently, with unacceptably low mechanical properties. Adding nanoparticles to multiphase polymeric matrices represents a viable route to mitigate this drawback of recycled plastics. Here, we use low amounts of organo-modified clay (Cloisite® 15A) to improve the performance of a ternary blend made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephtalate (PET). Rather than looking for the inherent reinforcing action of the nanofiller, this goal is pursued by using nanoparticles as a clever means to manipulate the micro-scale arrangement of the polymer phases. Starting from theoretical calculations, we obtained a radical change in the blend microstructure upon the addition of only 2-wt.% of nanoclay, with the obtaining of a finer morphology with an intimate interpenetration of the polymeric phases. Rather than on flexural and impact properties, this microstructure, deliberately promoted by nanoparticles, led to a substantial increase (>50 °C) of a softening temperature conventionally defined from dynamic-mechanical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marotta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (INSTM Consortium–UdR Naples), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Causa
- Pirelli Tyre S. p. A., R&D, Viale Piero e Alberto Pirelli 25, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Salzano de Luna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (INSTM Consortium–UdR Naples), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (INSTM Consortium–UdR Naples), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Filippone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (INSTM Consortium–UdR Naples), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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16
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Nguyen D, Desse M, Jegat C. Oily phase migration control at the interface of hydrophobic/hydrophilic polymer blends. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Grest GS, Ge T, Plimpton SJ, Rubinstein M, O’Connor TC. Entropic Mixing of Ring/Linear Polymer Blends. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 3:209-216. [PMID: 37065717 PMCID: PMC10103188 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The topological constraints of nonconcatenated ring polymers force them to form compact loopy globular conformations with much lower entropy than unconstrained ideal rings. The closed-loop structure of ring polymers also enables them to be threaded by linear polymers in ring/linear blends, resulting in less compact ring conformations with higher entropy. This conformational entropy increase promotes mixing rings with linear polymers. Here, using molecular dynamics simulations for bead-spring chains, ring/linear blends are shown to be significantly more miscible than linear/linear blends and that there is an entropic mixing, negative χ, for ring/linear blends compared to linear/linear and ring/ring blends. In analogy with small angle neutron scattering, the static structure function S(q) is measured, and the resulting data are fit to the random phase approximation model to determine χ. In the limit that the two components are the same, χ = 0 for the linear/linear and ring/ring blends as expected, while χ < 0 for the ring/linear blends. With increasing chain stiffness, χ for the ring/linear blends becomes more negative, varying reciprocally with the number of monomers between entanglements. Ring/linear blends are also shown to be more miscible than either ring/ring or linear/linear blends and stay in single phase for a wider range of increasing repulsion between the two components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S. Grest
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Ting Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Steven J. Plimpton
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Physics Departments, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Thomas C. O’Connor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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18
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Masarra NA, Quantin JC, Batistella M, El Hage R, Pucci MF, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Influence of Polymer Processing on the Double Electrical Percolation Threshold in PLA/PCL/GNP Nanocomposites. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9231. [PMID: 36501934 PMCID: PMC9738525 DOI: 10.3390/s22239231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the double electrical percolation threshold was obtained in polylactide (PLA)/polycaprolactone (PCL)/graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) composite systems, prepared by compression moulding and fused filament fabrication (FFF). Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), the localisation of the GNP, as well as the morphology of PLA and PCL phases, were evaluated and correlated with the electrical conductivity results estimated by the four-point probe method electrical measurements. The solvent extraction method was used to confirm and quantify the co-continuity in these samples. At 10 wt.% of the GNP, compression-moulded samples possessed a wide co-continuity range, varying from PLA55/PCL45 to PLA70/PCL30. The best electrical conductivity results were found for compression-moulded and 3D-printed PLA65/PCL35/GNP that have the fully co-continuous structure, based on the experimental and theoretical findings. This composite owns the highest storage modulus and complex viscosity at low angular frequency range, according to the melt shear rheology. Moreover, it exhibited the highest char formation and polymers degrees of crystallinity after the thermal investigation by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The effect of the GNP content, compression moulding time, and multiple twin-screw extrusion blending steps on the co-continuity were also evaluated. The results showed that increasing the GNP content decreased the continuity of the polymer phases. Therefore, this work concluded that polymer processing methods impact the electrical percolation threshold and that the 3D printing of polymer composites entails higher electrical resistance as compared to compression moulding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos Batistella
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France
| | - Roland El Hage
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials (LCPM), PR2N (EDST), Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Campus Fanar P.O. Box 90656, Lebanon
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19
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Upcycling of Poly(Lactic Acid) by Reactive Extrusion with Recycled Polycarbonate: Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235058. [PMID: 36501453 PMCID: PMC9740999 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most promising renewable polymers to be employed to foster ecological and renewable materials in many fields of application. To develop high-performance products, however, the thermal resistance and the impact properties should be improved. At the same time, it is also necessary to consider the end of life through the exploration of property assessment, following reprocessing. In this context the aim of the paper is to develop PLA/PC blends, obtained from recycled materials, in particular scraps from secondary processing, to close the recycling loop. Indeed, the blending of PLA with polycarbonate (PC) was demonstrated to be a successful strategy to improve thermomechanical properties that happens after several work cycles. The correlation between the compositions and properties was then investigated by considering the morphology of the blends; in addition, the reactive extrusions resulting in the formation of a PLA-PC co-polymer were investigated. The materials obtained are then examined by means of a dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMTA) to study the relaxations and transitions.
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20
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Bose S, Padilla V, Salinas A, Ahmad F, Lodge TP, Ellison CJ, Lozano K. Hierarchical Design Strategies to Produce Internally Structured Nanofibers. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2132509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saptasree Bose
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Victoria Padilla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Alexandra Salinas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Fariha Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Karen Lozano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
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21
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Liu H, Chen N, Peng C, Zhang S, Liu T, Song P, Zhong G, Liu H. Diisocyanate-Induced Dynamic Vulcanization of Difunctional Fatty Acids toward Mechanically Robust PLA Blends with Enhanced Luminescence Emission. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, No. 1 Qianhu South Road, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin′an, Hangzhou 311300, P. R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin′an, Hangzhou 311300, P. R. China
| | - Changqing Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, No. 1 Qianhu South Road, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, No. 1 Qianhu South Road, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Tuan Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Pingan Song
- School of Agriculture and Environmental Science & Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, QLD, Australia
| | - Guolun Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, No. 1 Qianhu South Road, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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22
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Huang LH, Hua CC. Predictive Mesoscale Simulation of Flow-Induced Blend Morphology, Interfacial Relaxation, and Linear Viscoelasticity of Polymer–Elastomer Blends. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Hua Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Hua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
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23
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Park J, Winey KI. Double Gyroid Morphologies in Precise Ion-Containing Multiblock Copolymers Synthesized via Step-Growth Polymerization. JACS AU 2022; 2:1769-1780. [PMID: 36032527 PMCID: PMC9400044 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The double gyroid structure was first reported in diblock copolymers about 30 years ago, and the complexity of this morphology relative to the other ordered morphologies in block copolymers continues to fascinate the soft matter community. The double gyroid microphase-separated morphology has co-continuous domains of both species, and the minority phase is subdivided into two interpenetrating network structures. In addition to diblock copolymers, this structure has been reported in similar systems including diblock copolymers blended with one or two homopolymers and ABA-type triblock copolymers. Given the narrow composition region over which the double gyroid structure is typically observed (∼3 vol %), anionic polymerization has dominated the synthesis of block copolymers to control their composition and molecular weight. This perspective will highlight recent studies that (1) employ an alternative polymerization method to make block copolymers and (2) report double gyroid structures with lattice parameters below 10 nm. Specifically, step-growth polymerization linked precise polyethylene blocks and short sulfonate-containing blocks to form strictly alternating multiblock copolymers, and these copolymers produce the double gyroid structure over a dramatically wider composition range (>14 vol %). These new (AB) n multiblock copolymers self-assemble into the double gyroid structure by having exceptional control over the polymer architecture and large interaction parameters between the blocks. This perspective proposes criteria for a broader and synthetically more accessible range of polymers that self-assemble into double gyroids and other ordered structures, so that these remarkable structures can be employed to solve a variety of technological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Park
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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24
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25
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Marano S, Laudadio E, Minnelli C, Stipa P. Tailoring the Barrier Properties of PLA: A State-of-the-Art Review for Food Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1626. [PMID: 35458376 PMCID: PMC9029979 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well recognized that the production of petroleum-based packaging materials has created serious ecological problems for the environment due to their resistance to biodegradation. In this context, substantial research efforts have been made to promote the use of biodegradable films as sustainable alternatives to conventionally used packaging materials. Among several biopolymers, poly(lactide) (PLA) has found early application in the food industry thanks to its promising properties and is currently one of the most industrially produced bioplastics. However, more efforts are needed to enhance its performance and expand its applicability in this field, as packaging materials need to meet precise functional requirements such as suitable thermal, mechanical, and gas barrier properties. In particular, improving the mass transfer properties of materials to water vapor, oxygen, and/or carbon dioxide plays a very important role in maintaining food quality and safety, as the rate of typical food degradation reactions (i.e., oxidation, microbial development, and physical reactions) can be greatly reduced. Since most reviews dealing with the properties of PLA have mainly focused on strategies to improve its thermal and mechanical properties, this work aims to review relevant strategies to tailor the barrier properties of PLA-based materials, with the ultimate goal of providing a general guide for the design of PLA-based packaging materials with the desired mass transfer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marano
- Department of Science and Engineering of Matter, Environment and Urban Planning, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Emiliano Laudadio
- Department of Science and Engineering of Matter, Environment and Urban Planning, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Cristina Minnelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Pierluigi Stipa
- Department of Science and Engineering of Matter, Environment and Urban Planning, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.L.); (P.S.)
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26
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Interfacial interaction in polypropylene-natural rubber blends: role of natural rubber on morphological, rheological, and mechanical evolution. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Gammoudi S, Rodrigue D, Mighri F. Evolution of the electrical resistivity at rest and during oscillatory shearing of
co‐continuous
morphology (
PP
/
PMMA
)/
MWCNT
systems. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saoussen Gammoudi
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC Quebec Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering Laval University Quebec QC Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC Quebec Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering Laval University Quebec QC Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CREPEC Quebec Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering Laval University Quebec QC Canada
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28
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Qi XD, Yang JH, Zhang N, Huang T, Zhou ZW, Kühnert I, Pötschke P, Wang Y. Selective localization of carbon nanotubes and its effect on the structure and properties of polymer blends. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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29
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Polymer blends with ordered distribution of conductive filler. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/polymerj.43.04.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review highlight approaches to the formation of an ordered distribution of conductive filler in polymer blends. This distribution leads to a significant decrease of the percolation threshold in the polymer mixture, i.e. to a decrease in the critical concentration of the filler, at which the transition of the system from a non-conductive to a conductive state occurs. This improves the mechanical properties of the composition and its processability. It is shown that the ordered structure of the filler is formed in the polymer blend upon mixing the components in the melt under the action of three factors - thermodynamic (the ratio between the values of the interfacial tension of the filler-polymer A and filler-polymer B, as well as between polymers A and B), kinetic (the ratio between viscosities of polymer components A and B) and technological (the intensity and temperature of processing, as well as the order of introduction of a filler into a heterogeneous polymer matrix, which can enhance or suppress the effect of thermodynamic or kinetic factors). On the example of the works performed by the author on mixtures of thermoplastics filled with electrically conductive carbon fillers such as carbon black and carbon nanotubes, as well as a metal filler - dispersed iron, with the involvement of literature data on filled polymer blends, the influence of each of the factors on the formation of an ordered structure of the conducting phase in polymer blends is shown.
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30
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Banerji A, Jin K, Mahanthappa MK, Bates FS, Ellison CJ. Porous Fibers Templated by Melt Blowing Cocontinuous Immiscible Polymer Blends. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1196-1203. [PMID: 35549054 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a scalable melt blowing method for producing porous nonwoven fibers from model cocontinuous polystyrene/high-density polyethylene polymer blends. While conventional melt compounding of cocontinuous blends typically produces domain sizes ∼1-10 μm, melt blowing these blends into fibers reduces those dimensions up to 35-fold and generates an interpenetrating domain structure. Inclusion of ≤1 wt % of a block copolymer compatibilizer in these blends crucially enables access to smaller domain sizes in the fibers by minimizing thermodynamically-driven blend coarsening inherent to cocontinuous blends. Selective solvent extraction of the sacrificial polymer phase yielded a network of porous channels within the fibers. Fiber surfaces also exhibited pores that percolate into the fiber interior, signifying the continuous and interconnected nature of the final structure. Pore sizes as small as ∼100 nm were obtained, suggesting potential applications of these porous nonwovens that rely on their high surface areas, including various filtration modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Banerji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kailong Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Mahesh K. Mahanthappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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31
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Arrigo R, Malucelli G, Mantia FPL. Effect of the Elongational Flow on the Morphology and Properties of Polymer Systems: A Brief Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3529. [PMID: 34685288 PMCID: PMC8541082 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer-processing operations with dominating elongational flow have a great relevance, especially in several relevant industrial applications. Film blowing, fiber spinning and foaming are some examples in which the polymer melt is subjected to elongational flow during processing. To gain a thorough knowledge of the material-processing behavior, the evaluation of the rheological properties of the polymers experiencing this kind of flow is fundamental. This paper reviews the main achievements regarding the processing-structure-properties relationships of polymer-based materials processed through different operations with dominating elongational flow. In particular, after a brief discussion on the theoretical features associated with the elongational flow and the differences with other flow regimes, the attention is focused on the rheological properties in elongation of the most industrially relevant polymers. Finally, the evolution of the morphology of homogeneous polymers, as well as of multiphase polymer-based systems, such as blends and micro- and nano-composites, subjected to the elongational flow is discussed, highlighting the potential and the unique characteristics of the processing operations based on elongation flow, as compared to their shear-dominated counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Arrigo
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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32
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Mohammadi M, Heuzey MC, Carreau PJ, Taguet A. Interfacial localization of CNCs in PLA/PBAT blends and its effect on rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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33
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Danti S, Anand S, Azimi B, Milazzo M, Fusco A, Ricci C, Zavagna L, Linari S, Donnarumma G, Lazzeri A, Moroni L, Mota C, Berrettini S. Chitin Nanofibril Application in Tympanic Membrane Scaffolds to Modulate Inflammatory and Immune Response. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091440. [PMID: 34575515 PMCID: PMC8468799 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin nanofibrils (CNs) are an emerging bio-based nanomaterial. Due to nanometric size and high crystallinity, CNs lose the allergenic features of chitin and interestingly acquire anti-inflammatory activity. Here we investigate the possible advantageous use of CNs in tympanic membrane (TM) scaffolds, as they are usually implanted inside highly inflamed tissue environment due to underlying infectious pathologies. In this study, the applications of CNs in TM scaffolds were twofold. A nanocomposite was used, consisting of poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) copolymer loaded with CN/polyethylene glycol (PEG) pre-composite at 50/50 (w/w %) weight ratio, and electrospun into fiber scaffolds, which were coated by CNs from crustacean or fungal sources via electrospray. The degradation behavior of the scaffolds was investigated during 4 months at 37 °C in an otitis-simulating fluid. In vitro tests were performed using cell types to mimic the eardrum, i.e., human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for connective, and human dermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) for epithelial tissues. HMSCs were able to colonize the scaffolds and produce collagen type I. The inflammatory response of HaCaT cells in contact with the CN-coated scaffolds was investigated, revealing a marked downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. CN-coated PEOT/PBT/(CN/PEG 50:50) scaffolds showed a significant indirect antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Danti
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Shivesh Anand
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Bahareh Azimi
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Milazzo
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fusco
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Ricci
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zavagna
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Linari Engineering s.r.l., 56121 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Carlos Mota
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Stefano Berrettini
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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34
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Righetti MC, Cinelli P, Aliotta L, Bianchi E, Tricoli F, Seggiani M, Lazzeri A. Immiscible
PHB/PB
S
and
PHB/PBSA
blends: morphology, phase composition and modelling of elastic modulus. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR‐IPCF, National Research Council Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes Via Moruzzi 1 Pisa 56124 Italy
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Largo Lazzarino 1 Pisa 56122 Italy
| | - Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Largo Lazzarino 1 Pisa 56122 Italy
| | - Elisa Bianchi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Largo Lazzarino 1 Pisa 56122 Italy
| | - Fabio Tricoli
- CNR‐IPCF, National Research Council Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes Via Moruzzi 1 Pisa 56124 Italy
| | - Maurizia Seggiani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Largo Lazzarino 1 Pisa 56122 Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- CNR‐IPCF, National Research Council Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes Via Moruzzi 1 Pisa 56124 Italy
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Largo Lazzarino 1 Pisa 56122 Italy
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35
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Wang J, Reyna-Valencia A, Favis BD. Surface Migration of Conductive PEBA in Ternary Polymer Blend Films with Different Wetting Morphologies. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Basil D. Favis
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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36
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Hou X, Chen S, Koh JJ, Kong J, Zhang YW, Yeo JCC, Chen H, He C. Entropy-Driven Ultratough Blends from Brittle Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:406-411. [PMID: 35549235 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymer blends with synergetic performance play an integral part in modern society. The discovery of compatible polymer systems often relies on strong chemical interactions. By contrast, the role of entropy in polymers is often neglected. In this work, we show that entropy effect could control the phase structure and mechanical behaviors of polymer blends. For weakly interacting polymer pairs, the seemingly small mixing entropy favors the formation of nanoscale cocontinuous structures. The abundant nanointerfaces could initiate large plastic deformations by crazing or shear, thus, transforming brittle polymers (elongation < 9%) into superductile materials (elongation ∼ 146%). The resultant polymer blends display high transparency, strength (∼70 MPa), and toughness (∼60 MJ/m3) beyond most engineering plastics. The principle of entropy-driven blends may also be applied in other polymer systems, offering a strategy to develop mechanically robust bulk polymeric materials for emerging applications such as biomedicine and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunan Hou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Shuai Chen
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - J. Justin Koh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR, 73 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637662, Singapore
| | - Junhua Kong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Jayven C. C. Yeo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Haiming Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Chaobin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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37
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Cellulose nanofibrils reinforced PBAT/TPS blends: Mechanical and rheological properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:267-275. [PMID: 33887294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(butylene adipate-Co-terephthalate)/thermoplasticized starch PBAT/TPS blends are among the most produced biodegradable plastic for wide application packaging, sharing more than 20% of the global production capacity of bioplastics. However, this class of material suffers from poor mechanical strength in comparison of neat PBAT, especially when the TPS content exceeds 30 wt%. Aiming at enhancing the mechanical performance of PBAT/TPS blends while maintaining relatively high TPS content, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) was incorporated into the TPS phase using twin screw extrusion. The effects of CNFs content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, melt-rheology and humidity absorption were investigated. An enhancement in the tensile strength and modulus was noted with the inclusion of CNFs, with optimal performance attained at 8 wt% of CNFs. A narrowing in the distribution of the TPS nodules within the PBAT matrix was also observed with the addition of CNFs, which is expected to be on the origin of the main evolution in the mechanical, rheological and humidity observed. Because of the availability of CNFs, biodegradability and facile processability, the ternary PBAT-TPS-CNFs blends might contribute to improve the performance of this class of biodegradable bioplastic.
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38
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Sun Z, Song Y, Ma G, Gao P, Xie Z, Gao X, Li Y, Xu J, Zhong G, Li Z. Imparting Gradient and Oriented Characters to Cocontinuous Structure for Improving Integrated Performance. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao‐Bo Sun
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Ying‐Nan Song
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Guo‐Qi Ma
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Ping‐Ping Gao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Ze‐Xiang Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Xue‐Qin Gao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Zhuang Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Gan‐Ji Zhong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Zhong‐Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
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39
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Barbosa R, Blanco GEDO, Kasama AH, Barbosa DAB, Peçanha RDA, Ambrósio JD. Rheological study of
EPDM
/silicone rubber blends phase inversion and characterization of resultant mechanical and thermal properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Barbosa
- Materials Development and Characterization Center (CCDM), Materials Engineering Department Federal University of São Carlos São Carlos Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - José Donato Ambrósio
- Materials Development and Characterization Center (CCDM), Materials Engineering Department Federal University of São Carlos São Carlos Brazil
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40
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Co-continuous phase prediction in poly(lactic acid) /poly(caprolactone) blends from melt viscosity measurements. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1904983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Compatibilization of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA)/Plasticized Cellulose Acetate Extruded Blends through the Addition of Reactively Extruded Comb Copolymers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072006. [PMID: 33916068 PMCID: PMC8037935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the perspective of producing a rigid renewable and environmentally friendly rigid packaging material, two comb-like copolymers of cellulose acetate (AC) and oligo(lactic acid) OLA, feeding different percentages of oligo(lactic acid) segments, were prepared by chemical synthesis in solvent or reactive extrusion in the melt, using a diepoxide as the coupling agent and were used as compatibilizers for poly(lactic acid)/plasticized cellulose acetate PLA/pAC blends. The blends were extruded at 230 °C or 197 °C and a similar compatibilizing behavior was observed for the different compatibilizers. The compatibilizer C1 containing 80 wt% of AC and 14 wt% of OLA resulted effective in compatibilization and it was easily obtained by reactive extrusion. Considering these results, different PLAX/pAC(100-X) compounds containing C1 as the compatibilizer were prepared by extrusion at 197 °C and tested in terms of their tensile and impact properties. Reference materials were the uncompatibilized corresponding blend (PLAX/pAC(100-X)) and the blend of PLA, at the same wt%, with C1. Significant increase in Young’s modulus and tensile strength were observed in the compatibilized blends, in dependence of their morphologic features, suggesting the achievement of an improved interfacial adhesion thanks to the occurred compatibilization.
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42
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Gültner M, Boldt R, Formanek P, Fischer D, Simon F, Pötschke P. The Localization Behavior of Different CNTs in PC/SAN Blends Containing a Reactive Component. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051312. [PMID: 33804444 PMCID: PMC7957507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-continuous blend systems of polycarbonate (PC), poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN), commercial non-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or various types of commercial and laboratory functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and a reactive component (RC, N-phenylmaleimide styrene maleic anhydride copolymer) were melt compounded in one step in a microcompounder. The blend system is immiscible, while the RC is miscible with SAN and contains maleic anhydride groups that have the potential to reactively couple with functional groups on the surface of the nanotubes. The influence of the RC on the localization of MWCNTs and SWCNTs (0.5 wt.%) was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-filtered TEM. In PC/SAN blends without RC, MWCNTs are localized in the PC component. In contrast, in PC/SAN-RC, the MWCNTs localize in the SAN-RC component, depending on the RC concentration. By adjusting the MWCNT/RC ratio, the localization of the MWCNTs can be tuned. The SWCNTs behave differently compared to the MWCNTs in PC/SAN-RC blends and their localization occurs either only in the PC or in both blend components, depending on the type of the SWCNTs. CNT defect concentration and surface functionalities seem to be responsible for the localization differences.
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43
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Stepwise behavior of surface properties caused by phase inversion in a polymer blend filled with dispersed iron. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/Poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) Compatibilized Binary Biobased Blends: Melt Fluidity, Morphological, Thermo-Mechanical and Micromechanical Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020218. [PMID: 33435479 PMCID: PMC7827856 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work poly(lactic) acid (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) biobased binary blends were investigated. PLA/PBSA mixtures with different compositions of PBSA (from 15 up to 40 wt.%) were produced by twin screw-extrusion. A first screening study was performed on these blends that were characterized from the melt fluidity, morphological and thermo-mechanical point of view. Starting from the obtained results, the effect of an epoxy oligomer (EO) (added at 2 wt.%) was further investigated. In this case a novel approach was introduced studying the micromechanical deformation processes by dilatometric uniaxial tensile tests, carried out with a videoextensometer. The characterization was then completed adopting the elasto-plastic fracture approach, by the measurement of the capability of the selected blends to absorb energy at a slow rate. The obtained results showed that EO acts as a good compatibilizer, improving the compatibility of the rubber phase into the PLA matrix. Dilatometric results showed different micromechanical responses for the 80–20 and 60–40 blends (probably linked to the different morphology). The 80–20 showed a cavitational behavior while the 60–40 a deviatoric one. It has been observed that while the addition of EO does not alter the micromechanical response of the 60–40 blend, it profoundly changes the response of the 80–20, that passed to a deviatoric behavior with the EO addition.
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45
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Super ductility in HDPE/EVA blends triggered by synthetic amorphous nanotalc. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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Gigante V, Aliotta L, Coltelli MB, Cinelli P, Botta L, La Mantia FP, Lazzeri A. Fracture behavior and mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of biodegradable films extruded by flat die and calender. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Luigi Botta
- Department of Engineering, RU INSTM of Palermo University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | | | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy
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47
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Shah RS, Bryant S, Trifkovic M. Microstructural Rearrangements and Their Rheological Signature in Coarsening of Cocontinuous Polymer Blends. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajas Sudhir Shah
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Steven Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair in Materials Engineering for Unconventional Oil Reservoirs, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Milana Trifkovic
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
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48
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Jalali Dil E, Arjmand M, Otero Navas I, Sundararaj U, Favis BD. Interface Bridging of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Polylactic Acid/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate): Morphology, Rheology, and Electrical Conductivity. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Jalali Dil
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ivonne Otero Navas
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Uttandaraman Sundararaj
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Basil D. Favis
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
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49
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Nicolino MVB, Lucas ADA, Branciforti MC. Reactive extrusion of poly (butylene succinate-co-adipate) and poly (ε-caprolactone) biodegradable blends through titanium-based transesterification catalyst. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Guo M, Chen H, Maia JM. Effects of structure and processing on the surface roughness of extruded co-continuous poly(ethylene) oxide/ethylene-vinyl acetate blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2019-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSurface roughness and sharkskin of extruded polymers, including blends are affected by the morphology and processing conditions. In this study, different effects on the roughness of the polymer blend extrudates were investigated. Co-continuous poly(ethylene) oxide/ethylene-vinyl acetate (PEO/EVA) blends with three different molecular weight (Mw) PEOs were compounded successfully. It was found that the better co-continuity of the structure and smoother surface were achieved for lower Mw PEO/EVA blend because of more effective stress transfer in the PEO phase. The effect of processing temperature was also studied with decreasing processing temperature reducing the surface roughness of the high Mw PEO/EVA blend, which was also achieved as a result of improved co-continuous morphology by adjusting the viscosity and elasticity ratio with shifting temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molin Guo
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - João M. Maia
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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