1
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Hydroxychloroquine Causes Early Inner Retinal Toxicity and Affects Autophagosome-Lysosomal Pathway and Sphingolipid Metabolism in the Retina. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3873-3887. [PMID: 35426574 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an anti-malarial drug but also widely used to treat autoimmune diseases like arthritis and lupus. Although there have been multiple reports of the adverse effect of prolonged HCQ usage on the outer retina, leading to bull's-eye maculopathy, the effect of HCQ toxicity on the inner retina as well as on overall visual functions has not been explored in detail. Furthermore, lack of an established animal model of HCQ toxicity hinders our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, using a small clinical study, we confirmed the effect of HCQ toxicity on the inner retina, in particular the reduction in central inner retinal thickness, and established a mouse model of chronic HCQ toxicity that recapitulates the effects observed in human retina. Using the mouse model, we demonstrated that chronic HCQ toxicity results in loss of inner retinal neurons and retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and compromises visual functions. We further established that HCQ treatment prevents autophagosome-lysosome fusion and alters the sphingolipid homeostasis in mouse retina. Our results affirm the notion that HCQ treatment causes early damage to the inner retina and affects visual functions before leading to characteristic toxicity in the macular region of the outer retina, 'bull's-eye maculopathy.' We also provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of HCQ retinal toxicity that may involve autophagy-lysosomal defects and alterations in sphingolipid metabolism.
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2
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Zingg JM, Stamatiou C, Montalto G, Daunert S. Modulation of CD36-mediated lipid accumulation and senescence by vitamin E analogs in monocytes and macrophages. Biofactors 2022; 48:665-682. [PMID: 35084073 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The CD36/FAT scavenger receptor/fatty acids transporter regulates cellular lipid accumulation important for inflammation, atherosclerosis, lipotoxicity, and initiation of cellular senescence. Here we compared the regulatory effects of the vitamin E analogs alpha-tocopherol (αT), alpha-tocopheryl phosphate (αTP), and αTP/βCD (a nanocarrier complex between αTP and β-cyclodextrin [βCD]) and investigated their regulatory effects on lipid accumulation, phagocytosis, and senescence in THP-1 monocytes and macrophages. Both, αTP and αTP/βCD inhibited CD36 surface exposition stronger than αT leading to more pronounced CD36-mediated events such as inhibition of DiI-labeled oxLDL uptake, phagocytosis of fluorescent Staphylococcus aureus bioparticles, and cell proliferation. When compared to βCD, the complex of αTP/βCD extracted cholesterol from cellular membranes with higher efficiency and was associated with the delivery of αTP to the cells. Interestingly, both, αTP and more so αTP/βCD inhibited lysosomal senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity and increased lysosomal pH, suggesting CD36-mediated uptake into the endo-lysosomal phagocytic compartment. Accordingly, the observed pH increase was more pronounced with αTP/βCD in macrophages whereas no significant increase occurred with αT, alpha-tocopheryl acetate (αTA) or βCD. In contrast to αT and αTA, the αTP molecule is di-anionic at neutral pH, but upon moving into the acidic endo-lysosomal compartment becomes protonated and thus is acting as a base. Moreover, it is expected to be retained in lysosomes since it still carries one negative charge, similar to lysosomotropic drugs. Thus, treatment with αTP or αTP/βCD and/or inhibition of conversion of αTP to αT as it occurs in aged cells may counteract CD36-mediated overlapping inflammatory, senescent, and atherosclerotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Christina Stamatiou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Giulia Montalto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- University of Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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3
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Myth surrounding the FDA disapproval of hydroxychloroquine sulfate and chloroquine phosphate as drugs for coronavirus disease 2019. CORONAVIRUS DRUG DISCOVERY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9217737 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85156-5.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and its analog hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are popular antimalarial drugs that also exhibit wide range of activities against other diseases such as cancer, diabetes, HIV, and microbial infections, among others. They are also reported to possess antioxidant properties. The popularity of these drugs skyrocketed with the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has caused the deaths of over 600,000,000 people worldwide just within 7 months. Due to the urgency of the time in discovering or repurposing new drugs that will be active against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, some initial in vitro studies found prospects in CQ and HCQ against SARS-CoV-2. HCQ instantly became a drug of choice over CQ for the treatment of COVID-19 patients because it is readily absorbed and less toxic. However, clinical studies found no positive indices to support the continued use of HCQ. This chapter looks into this by consulting current literatures in order to unravel the myth surrounding the approval and disapproval of the use of HCQ.
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4
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Hussein NA, Malla S, Pasternak MA, Terrero D, Brown NG, Ashby CR, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS, Tiwari AK. The role of endolysosomal trafficking in anticancer drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 57:100769. [PMID: 34217999 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major obstacle towards curative treatment of cancer. Despite considerable progress in delineating the basis of intrinsic and acquired MDR, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Emerging evidences suggest that dysregulation in endolysosomal compartments is involved in mediating MDR through multiple mechanisms, such as alterations in endosomes, lysosomes and autophagosomes, that traffic and biodegrade the molecular cargo through macropinocytosis, autophagy and endocytosis. For example, altered lysosomal pH, in combination with transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated lysosomal biogenesis, increases the sequestration of hydrophobic anti-cancer drugs that are weak bases, thereby producing an insufficient and off-target accumulation of anti-cancer drugs in MDR cancer cells. Thus, the use of well-tolerated, alkalinizing compounds that selectively block Vacuolar H⁺-ATPase (V-ATPase) may be an important strategy to overcome MDR in cancer cells and increase chemotherapeutic efficacy. Other mechanisms of endolysosomal-mediated drug resistance include increases in the expression of lysosomal proteases and cathepsins that are involved in mediating carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Therefore, blocking the trafficking and maturation of lysosomal proteases or direct inhibition of cathepsin activity in the cytosol may represent novel therapeutic modalities to overcome MDR. Furthermore, endolysosomal compartments involved in catabolic pathways, such as macropinocytosis and autophagy, are also shown to be involved in the development of MDR. Here, we review the role of endolysosomal trafficking in MDR development and discuss how targeting endolysosomal pathways could emerge as a new therapeutic strategy to overcome chemoresistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor A Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Saloni Malla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Mariah A Pasternak
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - David Terrero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Noah G Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA.
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5
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Brenna OV, Torretta S, Pignataro L, Di Berardino F. Cationic drugs and COVID-19. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2020; 34:2058738420966078. [PMID: 33045858 PMCID: PMC7557649 DOI: 10.1177/2058738420966078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the sharp spreading of COVID-19 pandemic all around the world, our attention was brought to consider that that many cationic drugs (i.e. those characterized by the presence, at physiological pH value, of one or more cationic groups, both primary, secondary, tertiary and guanidinic aminic groups) could have any effect in impairing SARS-CoV2 entry in the host cell. This could open to new therapeutic chances against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste Vittore Brenna
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Retired Professor
| | - Sara Torretta
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pignataro
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Di Berardino
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy
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6
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Hattori SI, Higshi-Kuwata N, Raghavaiah J, Das D, Bulut H, Davis DA, Takamatsu Y, Matsuda K, Takamune N, Kishimoto N, Okamura T, Misumi S, Yarchoan R, Maeda K, Ghosh AK, Mitsuya H. GRL-0920, an Indole Chloropyridinyl Ester, Completely Blocks SARS-CoV-2 Infection. mBio 2020; 11:e01833-20. [PMID: 32820005 PMCID: PMC7441487 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01833-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed various newly generated compounds that target the main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and various previously known compounds reportedly active against SARS-CoV-2, employing RNA quantitative PCR (RNA-qPCR), cytopathicity assays, and immunocytochemistry. Here, we show that two indole-chloropyridinyl-ester derivatives, GRL-0820 and GRL-0920, exerted potent activity against SARS-CoV-2 in cell-based assays performed using VeroE6 cells and TMPRSS2-overexpressing VeroE6 cells. While GRL-0820 and the nucleotide analog remdesivir blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral breakthrough occurred. No significant anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity was found for several compounds reportedly active against SARS-CoV-2 such as lopinavir, nelfinavir, nitazoxanide, favipiravir, and hydroxychroloquine. In contrast, GRL-0920 exerted potent activity against SARS-CoV-2 (50% effective concentration [EC50] = 2.8 μM) and dramatically reduced the infectivity, replication, and cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 without significant toxicity as examined with immunocytochemistry. Structural modeling shows that indole and chloropyridinyl of the derivatives interact with two catalytic dyad residues of Mpro, Cys145 and His41, resulting in covalent bonding, which was verified using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS), suggesting that the indole moiety is critical for the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of the derivatives. GRL-0920 might serve as a potential therapeutic for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and might be optimized to generate more-potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds.IMPORTANCE Targeting the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, we identified two indole-chloropyridinyl-ester derivatives, GRL-0820 and GRL-0920, active against SARS-CoV-2, employing RNA-qPCR and immunocytochemistry and show that the two compounds exerted potent activity against SARS-CoV-2. While GRL-0820 and remdesivir blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral breakthrough occurred as examined with immunocytochemistry. In contrast, GRL-0920 completely blocked the infectivity and cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 without significant toxicity. Structural modeling showed that indole and chloropyridinyl of the derivatives interacted with two catalytic dyad residues of Mpro, Cys145 and His41, resulting in covalent bonding, which was verified using HPLC/MS. The present data should shed light on the development of therapeutics for COVID-19, and optimization of GRL-0920 based on the present data is essential to develop more-potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds for treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Higshi-Kuwata
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jakka Raghavaiah
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Haydar Bulut
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David A Davis
- Viral Oncology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuki Takamatsu
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutoki Takamune
- Kumamoto Innovative Development Organization, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Kishimoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- Viral Oncology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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7
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Filppula AM, Parvizi R, Mateus A, Baranczewski P, Artursson P. Improved predictions of time-dependent drug-drug interactions by determination of cytosolic drug concentrations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5850. [PMID: 30971754 PMCID: PMC6458156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical impact of drug-drug interactions based on time-dependent inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 has often been overpredicted, likely due to use of improper inhibitor concentration estimates at the enzyme. Here, we investigated if use of cytosolic unbound inhibitor concentrations could improve predictions of time-dependent drug-drug interactions. First, we assessed the inhibitory effects of ten time-dependent CYP3A inhibitors on midazolam 1′-hydroxylation in human liver microsomes. Then, using a novel method, we determined the cytosolic bioavailability of the inhibitors in human hepatocytes, and used the obtained values to calculate their concentrations at the active site of the enzyme, i.e. the cytosolic unbound concentrations. Finally, we combined the data in mechanistic static predictions, by considering different combinations of inhibitor concentrations in intestine and liver, including hepatic concentrations corrected for cytosolic bioavailability. The results were then compared to clinical data. Compared to no correction, correction for cytosolic bioavailability resulted in higher accuracy and precision, generally in line with those obtained by more demanding modelling. The best predictions were obtained when the inhibition of hepatic CYP3A was based on unbound maximal inhibitor concentrations corrected for cytosolic bioavailability. Our findings suggest that cytosolic unbound inhibitor concentrations improves predictions of time-dependent drug-drug interactions for CYP3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Filppula
- Department of Pharmacy and Uppsala Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Rezvan Parvizi
- Department of Pharmacy and Uppsala Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - André Mateus
- Department of Pharmacy and Uppsala Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pawel Baranczewski
- Department of Pharmacy and Uppsala Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacy and SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform, ADME of Therapeutics facility, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy and Uppsala Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Pharmacy and SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform, ADME of Therapeutics facility, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
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8
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Selective upregulation of TNFα expression in classically-activated human monocyte-derived macrophages (M1) through pharmacological interference with V-ATPase. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 130:71-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Sharma TS, Joyce E, Wasko MCM. Anti-malarials: Are There Benefits Beyond Mild Disease? CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-016-0036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Rimbon J, Sánchez-Kopper A, Wahl A, Takors R. Monitoring intracellular protein degradation in antibody-producing Chinese hamster ovary cells. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Rimbon
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering; University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | | | - Andreas Wahl
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering; University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering; University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
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11
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Chen X, Liu Y, Wang L, Liu Y, Zhang W, Fan B, Ma X, Yuan Q, Ma G, Su Z. Enhanced Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Generated by Cationic Polymer-Coated PLA Microspheres with Adsorbed HBsAg. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1772-84. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400597z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Chen
- National
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- Graduated University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yuying Liu
- College
of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lianyan Wang
- National
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- National
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- Graduated University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- National
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- Graduated University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Bei Fan
- Hualan Biological Engineering Inc., Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Hualan Biological Engineering Inc., Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- College
of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- National
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- National
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
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12
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Abstract
The 4-aminoquinolines are weak bases that are completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, sequestered in peripheral tissues, metabolized in the liver to pharmacologically active by-products, and excreted via the kidneys and the feces. The parent drugs and metabolites are excreted with a half-life of elimination of approximately 40 days. However, slow release from sequestered stores of the drugs means that after discontinuation, they continue to be released into the plasma for years. Correct dosing is based on the ideal body weight of the patient, which depends on height. The 4AQs diminish autoimmunity without compromising immunity to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Browning
- grid.490463.cCharlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC USA
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13
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Identification and characterization of a proteolytically primed form of the murine coronavirus spike proteins after fusion with the target cell. J Virol 2014; 88:4943-52. [PMID: 24554652 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03451-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Enveloped viruses carry highly specialized glycoproteins that catalyze membrane fusion under strict spatial and temporal control. To prevent premature activation after biosynthesis, viral class I fusion proteins adopt a locked conformation and require proteolytic cleavage to render them fusion-ready. This priming step may occur during virus exit from the infected cell, in the extracellular milieu or during entry at or in the next target cell. Proteolytic processing of coronavirus spike (S) fusion proteins during virus entry has been suggested but not yet formally demonstrated, while the nature and functionality of the resulting subunit is still unclear. We used a prototype coronavirus--mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)--to develop a conditional biotinylation assay that enables the specific identification and biochemical characterization of viral S proteins on virions that mediated membrane fusion with the target cell. We demonstrate that MHV S proteins are indeed cleaved upon virus endocytosis, and we identify a novel processing product S2* with characteristics of a fusion-active subunit. The precise cleavage site and the enzymes involved remain to be elucidated. IMPORTANCE Virus entry determines the tropism and is a crucial step in the virus life cycle. We developed an approach to characterize structural components of virus particles after entering new target cells. A prototype coronavirus was used to illustrate how the virus fusion machinery can be controlled.
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14
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Hsp90 is cleaved by reactive oxygen species at a highly conserved N-terminal amino acid motif. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40795. [PMID: 22848402 PMCID: PMC3407180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is an essential chaperone that is necessary for the folding, stability and activity of numerous proteins. In this study, we demonstrate that free radicals formed during oxidative stress conditions can cleave Hsp90. This cleavage occurs through a Fenton reaction which requires the presence of redox-active iron. As a result of the cleavage, we observed a disruption of the chaperoning function of Hsp90 and the degradation of its client proteins, for example, Bcr-Abl, RIP, c-Raf, NEMO and hTert. Formation of Hsp90 protein radicals on exposure to oxidative stress was confirmed by immuno-spin trapping. Using a proteomic analysis, we determined that the cleavage occurs in a conserved motif of the N-terminal nucleotide binding site, between Ile-126 and Gly-127 in Hsp90β, and between Ile-131 and Gly-132 in Hsp90α. Given the importance of Hsp90 in diverse biological functions, these findings shed new light on how oxidative stress can affect cellular homeostasis.
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15
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Late-penetrating viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2011; 1:35-43. [PMID: 22440565 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many enveloped and non-enveloped animal viruses delay the penetration into the cytosol of host cells until they have arrived to endocytic vacuoles deep in the cytoplasm. The late timing is generally determined by a low pH-threshold for the acid-activated penetration process (pH 6.2-4.9), but there can be a combination of other reasons for a delay. Since late-penetrating viruses (L-PVs) must be sorted into the degradative pathway, they are particularly sensitive to perturbations that interfere with molecular sorting and proper maturation of endosomes, including switching of Rabs, formation of intraluminal vesicles, and microtubule-mediated transport. In this short review, we focus on L-PVs from several virus families, and their interactions with the endocytic machinery.
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16
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Kapetanovic R, Parlato M, Fitting C, Quesniaux V, Cavaillon JM, Adib-Conquy M. Mechanisms of TNF induction by heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus differ upon the origin of mononuclear phagocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 300:C850-9. [PMID: 21209364 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00187.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes are among the first immune cells activated after pathogens invasion. Although they all derive from the same progenitor in the bone marrow, their characteristics differ on the compartment from which they are derived. In this work, we investigated the contribution of phagocytosis for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by murine mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes, peritoneal and alveolar macrophages) in response to heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus (HKSA). Mononuclear phagocytes behaved differently, depending on their compartment of residence. Indeed, when bacterial uptake or phagosome maturation was blocked, activation through membrane receptors was sufficient for a maximal production of TNF and interleukin-10 by peritoneal macrophages. In contrast, monocytes, and to a lesser extent alveolar macrophages, required phagocytosis for optimal cytokine production. While investigating the different actors of signalization, we found that p38 kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase were playing an important role in HKSA phagocytosis and TNF production. Furthermore, blocking the α(5)β(1)-integrin significantly decreased TNF production in response to HKSA in all three cell types. Finally, using mononuclear phagocytes from NOD2 knockout mice, we observed that TNF production in response to HKSA was dependent on NOD2 for monocytes and peritoneal macrophages. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the mechanisms of activation leading to TNF production in response to HKSA are specific for each mononuclear phagocyte population and involve different recognition processes and signaling pathways. The influence of the compartments on cell properties and behavior should be taken into account, to better understand cell physiology and host-pathogen interaction, and to define efficient strategies to fight infection.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT: Although chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and quinacrine were originally developed for the treatment of malaria, these medications have been used to treat skin disease for over 50 years. Recent clinical data have confirmed the usefulness of these medications for the treatment of lupus erythematosus. Current research has further enhanced our understanding of the pharmacologic mechanisms of action of these drugs involving inhibition of endosomal toll‐like receptor (TLR) signaling limiting B cell and dendritic cell activation. With this understanding, the use of these medications in dermatology is broadening. This article highlights the different antimalarials used within dermatology through their pharmacologic properties and mechanism of action, as well as indicating their clinical uses. In addition, contraindications, adverse effects, and possible drug interactions of antimalarials are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kalia
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Ikari A, Matsumoto S, Harada H, Takagi K, Hayashi H, Suzuki Y, Degawa M, Miwa M. Phosphorylation of paracellin-1 at Ser217 by protein kinase A is essential for localization in tight junctions. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:1781-9. [PMID: 16608877 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although paracellin-1 (PCLN-1) is known to have a crucial role in the control of Mg2+ reabsorption in the kidney, the molecular pathways involved in the regulation of PCLN-1 have not been clarified. We used FLAG-tagged PCLN-1 to investigate these pathways further, and found that PCLN-1 is phosphorylated at Ser217 by protein kinase A (PKA) under physiological conditions in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. PCLN-1 expression decreased Na+ permeability, resulting in a decrease in the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). By contrast, PCLN-1 enhanced transepithelial Mg2+ transport. PKA inhibitors, N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride (H-89) and myristoylated protein kinase A inhibitor 14-22 amide PKI, and an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, 2′,5′-dideoxy adenosine (DDA), reduced the phosphoserine level of PCLN-1. The inhibitory effect of DDA was rescued by 8-bromoadenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP). PKA and adenylate cyclase inhibitors decreased transepithelial Mg2+ transport and TER. Dephosphorylated PCLN-1 moved from detergent-insoluble to soluble fractions and was dissociated from ZO-1. A fusion protein of PCLN-1 with glutathione-S-transferase revealed that Ser217 was phosphorylated by PKA. Phosphorylated PCLN-1 was localized in the tight junction (TJ) along with ZO-1, whereas dephosphorylated PCLN-1 and the S217A mutant were translocated into the lysosome. The degradation of dephosphorylated PCLN-1 and S217A mutant was inhibited by chloroquine, a specific lysosome inhibitor. Thus, the PKA-dependent phosphorylation of Ser217 in PCLN-1 is essential for its localization in the TJ and transepithelial Mg2+ transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ikari
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Prada-Delgado A, Carrasco-Marín E, Peña-Macarro C, Del Cerro-Vadillo E, Fresno-Escudero M, Leyva-Cobián F, Alvarez-Dominguez C. Inhibition of Rab5a exchange activity is a key step for Listeria monocytogenes survival. Traffic 2005; 6:252-65. [PMID: 15702993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (LM) modifies the phagocytic compartment by targeting Rab5a function through an unknown mechanism. Inhibition of Rab5a exchange by LM can be considered the main virulence mechanism as it favours viability of the parasite within the phagosome as well as the exclusion of putative listericidal lysosomal proteases such as cathepsin-D. The significance of this survival mechanism is evidenced by the overexpression of Rab5a mutants in CHO cells that promoted GDP exchange on Rab5a and eliminated pathogenic LM. The following mutants showed listericidal effects: Rab5a:Q79L, a constitutively active mutant with accelerated GDP exchange and Rab5a GEF, Vps9, which overactivates the endogenous protein. Clearance of LM from these phagosomes was controlled by the hydrolytic action of cathepsin-D as suggested by the lysosomal protease inhibitor chloroquine, or the cathepsin-D inhibitor, pepstatin A, which caused a reversion of listericidal activity. Moreover, the effects of LM on Rab5a phagocytic function mimics those reported for the GDP locked dominant negative Rab5a mutant, S34N. Transfection of these mutants into CHO cells increased pathogen survival as they showed higher numbers of viable bacteria, complete inhibition of GDP exchange on Rab5a and impairment of the listericidal action probably exerted by cathepsin-D. We cotransfected functional Rab5a GEF into this dominant negative mutant and restored normal LM intraphagosomal viability, Rab5a exchange and listericidal action of cathepsin-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Prada-Delgado
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario 'Marqués de Valdecilla', Servicio Cántabro de Salud, 39008-Santander, Spain
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20
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Hesselink RP, Wagenmakers AJM, Drost MR, Van der Vusse GJ. Lysosomal dysfunction in muscle with special reference to glycogen storage disease type II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1637:164-70. [PMID: 12633905 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(02)00229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The importance of proper lysosomal activity in cell and tissue homeostasis is underlined by "experiments of nature", i.e. genetic defects in one of the at least 40 lysosomal enzymes/proteins present in the human cell. The complete lack of 1-4 alpha-glucosidase (glycogen storage disease type II (GSD II) or Pompe disease) is life-threatening. Patients suffering from GSD II commonly die before the age of 2 years because of cardiorespiratory insufficiency. Striated muscle cells appear to be particularly vulnerable in GSD II. The high cytoplasmic glycogen content in muscle cells most likely gives rise to a high rate of glycogen engulfment by the lysosomes. The polysaccharides become subsequently trapped in these organelles when 1-4 alpha-glucosidase activity is absent. During the course of the disease, muscle wasting occurs. It is hypothesised that the gradual loss of muscle mass is caused by a combination of disuse atrophy and lipofuscine-mediated apoptosis of myocytes. Moreover, we hypothesise that in the remaining skeletal muscle cells, longitudinal transmission of force is hampered by swollen lysosomes, clustering of non-contractile material and focal regions with degraded contractile proteins, which results in muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout P Hesselink
- Department of Movement Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Thiele L, Merkle HP, Walter E. Phagocytosis and phagosomal fate of surface-modified microparticles in dendritic cells and macrophages. Pharm Res 2003; 20:221-8. [PMID: 12636160 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022271020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared cationic, polyamine-coated microparticles (MPs) and anionic, protein-coated MPs with respect to their phagocytosis and phagosomal fate in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mphi). METHODS Polystyrene MPs were surface modified by covalent coupling with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled polyamines or proteins. Phagocytosis of MP and the pH of their intracellular microenvironment was assessed in human-derived DCs and Mphi in a fluorescence plate reader. Visualization of MP phagocytosis in DCs was performed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Phagocytosis of bovine serum albumin-coated MPs was low with significant differences between DC and Mphi, whereas phagocytosis of IgG-coated MPs was significantly enhanced in both cell types. Phagocytosis of both particle types resulted in an acidified phagosomal microenvironment (pH 4.6-5.1). In contrast, cationic, polyamine-coated MPs were equally phagocytosed by DCs and Mphi to a high extent and showed lower degrees of acidification (pH 6.0-6.8) in the phagosomal microenvironment. Transmission electron microscopy examination demonstrated all phagocytosed particles to be surrounded by a phagosomal membrane, which was more tightly apposed to the surface of cationic MPs and more loosely to bovine serum albumin-coated MPs. CONCLUSION Phagocytosis of cationic, polyamine-coated MPs is suggested to lead to diminished phagosomal acidification. Thus, cationic MP are potential carriers that may display beneficial features for the intracellular delivery of immunomodulating therapeutics and their protection against lysosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Thiele
- Department of Applied BioSciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hu GF, Kim HJ, Xu CJ, Riordan JF. Fibroblast growth factors are translocated to the nucleus of human endothelial cells in a microtubule- and lysosome-independent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 273:551-6. [PMID: 10873643 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors undergo rapid nuclear translocation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. When nuclear translocation reaches saturation, more than 70% of the internalized growth factors are in the nuclear fraction. Lysosomal inhibitors, such as leupeptin and chloroquine, and microtubule inhibitors including colchicine and 2-methoxyl-beta-estradiol neither increase nor decrease nuclear translocation. The results suggest that nuclear translocation of fibroblast growth factors does not require cytosolic accumulation or lysosomal processing and that the transportation of exogenous growth factors across the cytoplasm is independent of microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- G f Hu
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Prasad M, Smith JA, Resnick A, Awtrey CS, Hrnjez BJ, Matthews JB. Ammonia inhibits cAMP-regulated intestinal Cl- transport. Asymmetric effects of apical and basolateral exposure and implications for epithelial barrier function. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:2142-51. [PMID: 7593599 PMCID: PMC185863 DOI: 10.1172/jci118268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The colon, unlike most organs, is normally exposed to high concentrations of ammonia, a weak base which exerts profound and diverse biological effects on mammalian cells. The impact of ammonia on intestinal cell function is largely unknown despite its concentration of 4-70 mM in the colonic lumen. The human intestinal epithelial cell line T84 was used to model electrogenic Cl- secretion, the transport event which hydrates mucosal surfaces and accounts for secretory diarrhea. Transepithelial transport and isotopic flux analysis indicated that physiologically-relevant concentrations of ammonia (as NH4Cl) markedly inhibit cyclic nucleotide-regulated Cl- secretion but not the response to the Ca2+ agonist carbachol. Inhibition by ammonia was 25-fold more potent with basolateral compared to apical exposure. Ion substitution indicated that the effect of NH4Cl was not due to altered cation composition or membrane potential. The site of action of ammonia is distal to cAMP generation and is not due simply to cytoplasmic alkalization. The results support a novel role for ammonia as an inhibitory modulator of intestinal epithelial Cl- secretion. Secretory responsiveness may be dampened in pathological conditions associated with increased mucosal permeability due to enhanced access of lumenal ammonia to the basolateral epithelial compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Prasad
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Carrasco-Marín E, Alvarez-Domínguez C, Leyva-Cobián F. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of phospholipase D activation, selectively blocks major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted antigen presentation. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:2031-9. [PMID: 8088323 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Wortmannin, a fungal metabolite, is a specific inhibitor of phospholipase D (PLD) activation. Presentation of defined exogenous soluble proteins to specific T cell hybridomas was studied by using different antigen-presenting cells (APC): IA-positive peritoneal macrophages (M phi), B lymphoma cells (B) or dendritic cells (DC). Major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted antigen presentation by M phi was blocked when cells were pretreated with wortmannin. However, when cells constitutively expressing IA molecules (B, DC) were used as APC, no inhibition was observed. Additionally, MHC class I antigen presentation was not impaired by wortmannin. Moreover, wortmannin does not block either peptide presentation or presentation to autoreactive T cells. This effect was time and dose dependent and occurred at the level of intracellular handling of the antigen. Mainly because it was not a toxic inhibition, it was reversible with time and neither antigen uptake and catabolism, nor IA synthesis were affected. Because M phi, but not B or DC, express PLD activity and only the former were blocked by wortmannin in antigen presentation, our results strongly suggest that a differential antigen-processing pathway exists in these disparate APC, which could be based essentially on a wortmannin-sensitive, PLD-dependent step present in M phi but absent and/or unnecessary in both B lymphoma cells and DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Carrasco-Marín
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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Avila JL. Intracellular digestion of endocytosed proteins as a source of amino acids for protein synthesis in Trypanosoma cruzi. Subcell Biochem 1992; 18:189-234. [PMID: 1485352 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1651-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Avila
- Instituto of Biomedicina, Caracas, Venezuela
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