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RNA proximity sequencing reveals the spatial organization of the transcriptome in the nucleus. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:793-802. [PMID: 31267103 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The global, three-dimensional organization of RNA molecules in the nucleus is difficult to determine using existing methods. Here we introduce Proximity RNA-seq, which identifies colocalization preferences for pairs or groups of nascent and fully transcribed RNAs in the nucleus. Proximity RNA-seq is based on massive-throughput RNA barcoding of subnuclear particles in water-in-oil emulsion droplets, followed by cDNA sequencing. Our results show RNAs of varying tissue-specificity of expression, speed of RNA polymerase elongation and extent of alternative splicing positioned at varying distances from nucleoli. The simultaneous detection of multiple RNAs in proximity to each other distinguishes RNA-dense from sparse compartments. Application of Proximity RNA-seq will facilitate study of the spatial organization of transcripts in the nucleus, including non-coding RNAs, and its functional relevance.
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von Walden F. Ribosome biogenesis in skeletal muscle: coordination of transcription and translation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:591-598. [PMID: 31219775 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00963.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass responds in a remarkable manner to alterations in loading and use. It has long been clear that skeletal muscle hypertrophy can be prevented by inhibiting RNA synthesis. Since 80% of the cell's total RNA has been estimated to be rRNA, this finding indicates that de novo production of rRNA via transcription of the corresponding genes is important for such hypertrophy to occur. Transcription of rDNA by RNA Pol I is the rate-limiting step in ribosome biogenesis, indicating in turn that this biogenesis strongly influences the hypertrophic response. The present minireview focuses on 1) a brief description of the key steps in ribosome biogenesis and the relationship of this process to skeletal muscle mass and 2) the coordination of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis for growth or atrophy, as exemplified by the intracellular AMPK and mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand von Walden
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Paul MR, Markowitz TE, Hochwagen A, Ercan S. Condensin Depletion Causes Genome Decompaction Without Altering the Level of Global Gene Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2018; 210:331-344. [PMID: 29970489 PMCID: PMC6116964 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Condensins are broadly conserved chromosome organizers that function in chromatin compaction and transcriptional regulation, but to what extent these two functions are linked has remained unclear. Here, we analyzed the effect of condensin inactivation on genome compaction and global gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by performing spike-in-controlled genome-wide chromosome conformation capture (3C-seq) and mRNA-sequencing analysis. 3C-seq analysis shows that acute condensin inactivation leads to a global decrease in close-range intrachromosomal interactions as well as more specific losses of interchromosomal tRNA gene clustering. In addition, a condensin-rich interaction domain between the ribosomal DNA and the centromere on chromosome XII is lost upon condensin inactivation. Unexpectedly, these large-scale changes in chromosome architecture are not associated with global changes in mRNA levels. Our data suggest that the global transcriptional program of proliferating S. cerevisiae is resistant to condensin inactivation and the associated profound changes in genome organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Robert Paul
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York 10003
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York 10003
| | | | | | - Sevinç Ercan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York 10003
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York 10003
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Tsekrekou M, Stratigi K, Chatzinikolaou G. The Nucleolus: In Genome Maintenance and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071411. [PMID: 28671574 PMCID: PMC5535903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is the subnuclear membrane-less organelle where rRNA is transcribed and processed and ribosomal assembly occurs. During the last 20 years, however, the nucleolus has emerged as a multifunctional organelle, regulating processes that go well beyond its traditional role. Moreover, the unique organization of rDNA in tandem arrays and its unusually high transcription rates make it prone to unscheduled DNA recombination events and frequent RNA:DNA hybrids leading to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). If not properly repaired, rDNA damage may contribute to premature disease onset and aging. Deregulation of ribosomal synthesis at any level from transcription and processing to ribosomal subunit assembly elicits a stress response and is also associated with disease onset. Here, we discuss how genome integrity is maintained within nucleoli and how such structures are functionally linked to nuclear DNA damage response and repair giving an emphasis on the newly emerging roles of the nucleolus in mammalian physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsekrekou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Kalliopi Stratigi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Georgia Chatzinikolaou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Abstract
A veritable explosion of primary research papers within the past 10 years focuses on nucleolar and ribosomal stress, and for good reason: with ribosome biosynthesis consuming ~80% of a cell’s energy, nearly all metabolic and signaling pathways lead ultimately to or from the nucleolus. We begin by describing p53 activation upon nucleolar stress resulting in cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. The significance of this mechanism cannot be understated, as oncologists are now inducing nucleolar stress strategically in cancer cells as a potential anti-cancer therapy. We also summarize the human ribosomopathies, syndromes in which ribosome biogenesis or function are impaired leading to birth defects or bone narrow failures; the perplexing problem in the ribosomopathies is why only certain cells are affected despite the fact that the causative mutation is systemic. We then describe p53-independent nucleolar stress, first in yeast which lacks p53, and then in other model metazoans that lack MDM2, the critical E3 ubiquitin ligase that normally inactivates p53. Do these presumably ancient p53-independent nucleolar stress pathways remain latent in human cells? If they still exist, can we use them to target >50% of known human cancers that lack functional p53?
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison James
- a Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge, LA USA
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Hydén H, Egyházi E. GLIAL RNA CHANGES DURING A LEARNING EXPERIMENT IN RATS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 49:618-24. [PMID: 16591076 PMCID: PMC299935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.49.5.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Hydén
- INSTITUTE OF NEUROBIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF GOTEBORG, SWEDEN
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Wells WA. The nucleolar origin of rRNA. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2005. [PMCID: PMC2255587 DOI: 10.1083/jcb1684fta2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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BIER K. [Synthesis, intercellular transport, and analysis of ribonucleic acids in the ovum of the housefly Musca domestica]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 16:436-40. [PMID: 13968182 PMCID: PMC2106248 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.16.2.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
When dark-grown cells of Ochromonas danica are placed in the light, the amount of chlorophyll a per cell increases 82-fold; the content of carotenoid pigment, 24-fold. Concomitantly with this increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment, the small proplastid of dark-grown cells develops into a large lamellate chloroplast. During the first 12 hours in the light, vesicles appear within the loose clusters of dense chloroplast granules, enlarge, align themselves into rows (plates in three dimensions), and fuse into discs. Double discs may form from the more or less simultaneous fusion of two adjacent plates of vesicles or by the addition of vesicles to an already formed single disc. Three-disc bands arise by the addition of a disc to an already formed two-disc band through the approach and fusion of more vesicles. After 24 hours in the light, most of the chloroplast bands contain three discs, but the chloroplasts are still small. After 48 hours in the light, almost all the cells contain full-sized chloroplasts with a full complement of three-disc bands. However, at this time the amount of chlorophyll a and carotenoid pigment is only one-half of maximum. During the next 3 days in the light, as the number of chlorophyll and carotenoid molecules per chloroplast approximately doubles, there is a compression of the discs in each band (from 180 to 130 A) and a precise alignment of their membranes. Changes also occur in the nucleus when dark-grown cells are placed in the light. There is an increase in the number of small nucleolar bodies, many of which lie directly against the nuclear envelope, and in a few cells a dense mass of granules is seen between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope.
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EDSTROM JE, EICHNER D, EDSTROM A. The ribonucleic acid of axons and myelin sheaths from Mauthner neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 61:178-84. [PMID: 13889252 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(62)90080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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HYDEN H, EGYHAZI E. Nuclear RNA changes of nerve cells during a learning experiment in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 48:1366-73. [PMID: 14450327 PMCID: PMC220960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.48.8.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
The nucleolus of eukaryotic cells was first described in the early 19th century and was discovered in the 1960s to be the seat of ribosome synthesis. Although rRNA transcription, rRNA processing and ribosome assembly have been clearly established as major functions of the nucleolus, recent studies suggest that the nucleolus participates in many other aspects of gene expression as well. Thus, the nucleolus has been implicated in the processing or nuclear export of certain mRNAs. In addition, new results indicate that biosyntheses of signal recognition particle RNA and telomerase RNA involve a nucleolar stage and that the nucleolus is also involved in processing of U6 RNA, one of the spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs. Interestingly, these three nucleolus-associated small nuclear RNAs (signal recognition particle RNA, telomerase RNA and U6 RNA) are components of catalytic ribonucleoprotein machines. Finally, recent work has also suggested that some transfer RNA precursors are processed in the nucleolus. The nucleolus may have evolutionarily descended from a proto-eukaryotic minimal genome that was spatially linked to vicinal RNA processing and ribonucleoprotein assembly events involved in gene read-out. The nucleolus of today's eukaryotes, now surrounded by the chromatin of over 2 billion years of genome expansion, may still perform these ancient functions, in addition to ribosome biosynthesis. The plurifunctional nucleolus concept has a strong footing in contemporary data and adds a new perspective to our current picture of the spatial-functional design of the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pederson
- Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester Foundation Campus, 222 Maple Avenue, Shrewsbury, MA 01545, USA.
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DUCK-CHONG C, POLLAK JK, NORTH RJ. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE INTRACELLULAR RIBONUCLEIC ACID DISTRIBUTION AND AMINO ACID INCORPORATION IN THE LIVER OF THE DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 20:25-35. [PMID: 14105214 PMCID: PMC2106354 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.20.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-P and DNA-P content of the nucleus and the RNA-P content of the whole cell of the livers of 8- to 20-day chick embryos and of adult fowls have been determined. The DNA-P content of the liver nuclei was slightly higher in the 8- and 10-day embryo than in all the other stages examined. A significant decrease in the RNA content of the cell occurred during embryonic development. The RNA content of the adult cell was the same as that of the 14- to 16-day embryo. The proportion of the cellular RNA contributed by the nucleus also decreased during development. In respect to both nuclear RNA content and distribution of RNA between nucleus and cytoplasm, the adult resembled the 8- to 12-day embryo. Examination of the fine structure of the cell showed that, as development progressed, free ribosomes decreased in number and the rough membranes increased. Slices of 8-, 14-, and 20-day embryonic livers and of adult livers were incubated with 14C-leucine, and the amount of labeled amino acid incorporated into whole tissue protein and into the proteins of the subcellular fractions was measured. Embryonic liver incorporated 14C-leucine 15 to 30 times more rapidly than adult liver. The microsomal protein was always more highly labelled than the protein in any other subcellular fraction; however, in the 8-day embryonic and the adult liver the proportion of total counts found in the nuclear fraction was considerably higher than in the 14- or 20-day embryonic liver. The significance of an apparent correlation between the proportion of the cell's RNA contributed by the nucleus and the proportion of total counts in the nuclear fraction is discussed.
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MCCONKEY EH, HOPKINS JW. THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE NUCLEOLUS TO THE SYNTHESIS OF RIBOSOMAL RNA IN HELA CELLS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 51:1197-204. [PMID: 14215644 PMCID: PMC300235 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.51.6.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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RITOSSA FM, SPIEGELMAN S. LOCALIZATION OF DNA COMPLEMENTARY TO RIBOSOMAL RNA IN THE NUCLEOLUS ORGANIZER REGION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 53:737-45. [PMID: 14324529 PMCID: PMC221060 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.53.4.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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PELLING C. [RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN GIANT CHROMOSOMES. AUTORADIOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS ON CHIRONOMUS TENTANS]. Chromosoma 1996; 15:71-122. [PMID: 14171171 DOI: 10.1007/bf00326915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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BIRNSTIEL ML, CHIPCHASE MI, FLAMM WG. ON THE CHEMISTRY AND ORGANISATION OF NUCLEOLAR PROTEINS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 87:111-22. [PMID: 14167426 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(64)90052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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GRANBOULAN N, GRANBOULAN P. [ULTRASTRUCTURE CYTOCHEMISTRY OF THE NUCLEOLUS. II. STUDY OF THE SITES OF RNA SYNTHESIS IN THE NUCLEOLUS AND THE NUCLEUS]. Exp Cell Res 1996; 38:604-19. [PMID: 14330679 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(65)90384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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SIRLIN JL, JACOB J, TANDLER CJ. TRANSFER OF THE METHYL GROUP OF METHIONINE TO NUCLEOLAR RIBONUCLEIC ACID. Biochem J 1996; 89:447-52. [PMID: 14101963 PMCID: PMC1202449 DOI: 10.1042/bj0890447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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EDSTROEM JE, GALL JG. THE BASE COMPOSITION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN LAMPBRUSH CHROMOSOMES, NUCLEOLI, NUCLEAR SAP, AND CYTOPLASM OF TRITURUS OOCYTES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 19:279-84. [PMID: 14090747 PMCID: PMC2106876 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.19.2.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The base composition of RNA's extracted from chromosomes, nucleoli, nuclear sap, and cytoplasm of Triturus oocytes has been determined by microelectrophoresis. The chromosomal RNA has a content of guanine+cytosine equal to that of DNA, but there is no complementarity in the composition as for DNA. Nuclear sap contains a highly variable RNA with a tendency towards high uracil values. Nucleolar and cytoplasmic RNA's are similar in composition and both are of the guanine-cytosine rich type. The chromosomes and nucleoli contain roughly equivalent amounts of RNA, somewhat less than is present in the nuclear sap. The RNA/DNA ratio of the whole chromosomes is about 10. However, the ratio in the synthetically active regions, the loops, is much higher, since the loops contain all the chromosomal RNA but only a small fraction of the DNA.
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HYDEN H, EGYHAZI E. CHANGES IN RNA CONTENT AND BASE COMPOSITION IN CORTICAL NEURONS OF RATS IN A LEARNING EXPERIMENT INVOLVING TRANSFER OF HANDEDNESS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 52:1030-5. [PMID: 14224381 PMCID: PMC300389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.52.4.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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TANDLER CJ, SIRLIN JL. DIFFERENTIAL UPTAKE OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE AND RIBONUCLEOSIDES INTO NUCLEOLAR RIBONUCLEIC ACID. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 80:315-24. [PMID: 14164212 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(64)90103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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MAGGIO R, SIEKEVITZ P, PALADE GE. STUDIES ON ISOLATED NUCLEI. II. ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NUCLEOLAR AND NUCLEOPLASMIC SUBFRACTIONS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 18:293-312. [PMID: 14079490 PMCID: PMC2106305 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.18.2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the subfractionation of nuclei isolated from guinea pig liver by the procedure presented in the first article of the series (8). Centrifugation in a density gradient system of nuclear fractions disrupted by sonication permits the isolation of the following subfractions: (a) a nucleolar subfraction which consists mainly of nucleoli surrounded by a variable amount of nucleolus-associated chromatin and contaminated by chromatin blocks derived primarily from von Kupffer cell nuclei; (b) and (c), two nucleoplasmic subfractions (I and II) which consist mainly of chromatin threads in a coarser (I) or finer (II) degree of fragmentation. The protein, RNA, and DNA content of these subfractions was determined, and their RNA's characterized in terms of NaCl-solubility, nucleotide composition, and in vivo nucleotide turnover, using inorganic 32P as a marker. The results indicate that there are at least three types of RNA in the nucleus (one in the nucleolus and two in the nucleoplasm or chromatin), which differ from one another in NaCl-solubility, nucleotide composition, turnover, and possibly sequence. Possible relations among these RNA's and those of the cytoplasm are discussed.
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Brown DD. Some genes were isolated and their structure studied before the recombinant DNA era. Bioessays 1994; 16:139-43. [PMID: 8147844 DOI: 10.1002/bies.950160211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D D Brown
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21210
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Edström JE, Neuhoff V. Micro-electrophoresis for RNA and DNA base analysis. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND BIOPHYSICS 1973; 14:215-56. [PMID: 4131697 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-80761-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Scheer U. Ultrastructure of the nuclear envelope of amphibian oocytes. IV. Chemical nature of the nuclear pore complex material. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 127:127-48. [PMID: 5018203 DOI: 10.1007/bf00582762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Gr�n G. �ber den Eidimorphismus und die Oogenese von Dinophilus gyrociliatus (Archiannelida). Cell Tissue Res 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00306995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rees EL. Nucleolar displacement during chromatolysis. A quantitative study on the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat. J Anat 1971; 110:463-75. [PMID: 5147307 PMCID: PMC1271057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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36
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Marks F, Hidvegi EJ, Yazdi E, Busch H. Isotope content of oligonucleotides of nuclear and nucleolar RNA of rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 195:340-50. [PMID: 5366925 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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37
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Hardin JH, Spicer SS, Greene WB. The paranucleolar structure, accessory body of Cajal, sex chromatin, and related structures in nuclei of rat trigeminal neurons: a cytochemical and ultrastructural study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1969; 164:403-31. [PMID: 5797926 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091640403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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38
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Siev M, Weinberg R, Penman S. The selective interruption of nucleolar RNA synthesis in HeLa cells by cordycepin. J Cell Biol 1969; 41:510-20. [PMID: 5783871 PMCID: PMC2107749 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.41.2.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin is an analogue of adenosine lacking the 3'-OH. When incorporated into a growing RNA molecule, cordycepin prevents further elongation, thus producing a prematurely terminated RNA molecule. When HeLa cells are exposed to low concentrations of cordycepin, DNA and protein synthesis are unaffected during short exposure periods. The synthesis of completed ribosomal and ribosomal-precursor (45S) RNA is significantly depressed. Partially completed 45S ribosomal precursor molecules accumulate in the nucleolus. 18S ribosomal RNA can be cleaved from these incomplete precursors, while 32S ribosomal precursor cannot be produced from partially snythesized 45S molecules. The synthesis of transfer RNA is also reduced in the presence of cordycepin. The synthesis of the nuclear heterogeneous RNA species is unaffected by the drug while the cytoplasmic heterogeneous RNA is slightly reduced.
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Higashi K, Matsuhisa T, Kitao A, Sakamoto Y. Selective suppression of nucleolar RNA metabolism in the absence of protein synthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 166:388-93. [PMID: 5680599 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sirlin JL, Loening UE. Nucleolar 4s ribonucleic acid in dipteran salivary glands in the presence of inhibitor. Biochem J 1968; 109:375-87. [PMID: 4176517 PMCID: PMC1186832 DOI: 10.1042/bj1090375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. Salivary glands of insect larvae accumulate newly made transfer RNA in the nucleolus when maintained in the presence of nucleoside antagonists that inhibit RNA synthesis preferentially at the chromosome. 2. The nucleus contains precursor transfer RNA, which, on the basis of the general evidence, may originate in the chromosome and then be methylated in the nucleolus. 3. The maturation of precursor ribosomal RNA is blocked in the nucleolus during inhibition. 4. The transport of nuclear RNA to cytoplasm is also blocked. 5. It is suggested that, if the transfer RNA accumulated in the nucleolus does indeed originate in the chromosome, the accumulation may result from the blockage of an obligatory transient association of the RNA with the nucleolus.
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Ficq A. [Metabolism of RNAs during oogenesis. Effect of histones, polylysine and actinomycin on the incorporation of H3-uridine in isolated oocytes and in ovarian fragments of Asterias rubens]. Exp Cell Res 1968; 51:12-26. [PMID: 4173659 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(68)90155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
1. The nucleic acid content of neuronal nucleoli and the total cell body nucleic acid content of neurones of the hypoglossal nucleus were measured by ultraviolet absorption microspectrography.2. After nerve injury both the nucleolar nucleic acid and the total cell body nucleic acid increased: nucleolar changes preceded those of the cell body.3. The closer to the nerve cell body that the axon was injured the earlier was the onset and the decline of the nucleolar response.4. Actinomycin D was given to prevent DNA-primed RNA synthesis, and the rate of ;decay' of nucleolar RNA was measured. This rate varied after nerve injury and was closely related to the nucleolar nucleic acid content.5. The apparent rate of transfer of labelled RNA from the neuronal nucleus into the cytoplasm changed after nerve injury in a manner closely related to the changes in nucleolar nucleic acid content.6. It was demonstrated by making consecutive nerve injuries or by preventing or delaying nerve regeneration, that the nucleic acid changes were not induced by removal of contact between the neurone and its motor end-plate, and were not repressed by the restoration of such contact.7. When regeneration was prevented the nucleolar nucleic acid content and the total cell body nucleic acid ultimately decreased to values less than normal: this decrease was greater when more of the axon was initially removed.8. The results are discussed in relation to the factor responsible for derepression and repression of DNA cistrons for ribosome synthesis in injured nerve cells.
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Grenell RG, Hazama H, Nakazawa M, Einberg E. Effects of gravitational changes on RNA of cerebral neurons and glia. I. RNA changes of Deiters' cells and glia. Brain Res 1968; 9:115-25. [PMID: 5699813 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(68)90261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Izawa M, Kawashima K. RNA synthesis in the nucleoli of mouse ascites tumor cells in relation to nucleolar components. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 155:51-62. [PMID: 5647071 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Weston JC. Ribosome-like granules within areas of the perinuclear space in cells of 13--14 somite chick embryos. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1968; 87:199-209. [PMID: 5707300 DOI: 10.1007/bf00319719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Immunodiffusion analysis of protein mixtures in objects 150 ? in diameter. Bull Exp Biol Med 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00817211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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