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Chen M, Xu L, Wu Y, Soba P, Hu C. The organization and function of the Golgi apparatus in dendrite development and neurological disorders. Genes Dis 2023; 10:2425-2442. [PMID: 37554209 PMCID: PMC10404969 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrites are specialized neuronal compartments that sense, integrate and transfer information in the neural network. Their development is tightly controlled and abnormal dendrite morphogenesis is strongly linked to neurological disorders. While dendritic morphology ranges from relatively simple to extremely complex for a specified neuron, either requires a functional secretory pathway to continually replenish proteins and lipids to meet dendritic growth demands. The Golgi apparatus occupies the center of the secretory pathway and is regulating posttranslational modifications, sorting, transport, and signal transduction, as well as acting as a non-centrosomal microtubule organization center. The neuronal Golgi apparatus shares common features with Golgi in other eukaryotic cell types but also forms distinct structures known as Golgi outposts that specifically localize in dendrites. However, the organization and function of Golgi in dendrite development and its impact on neurological disorders is just emerging and so far lacks a systematic summary. We describe the organization of the Golgi apparatus in neurons, review the current understanding of Golgi function in dendritic morphogenesis, and discuss the current challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education Institute for Brain, Science and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510320, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education Institute for Brain, Science and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510320, China
| | - Peter Soba
- LIMES Institute, Department of Molecular Brain Physiology and Behavior, University of Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education Institute for Brain, Science and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
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2
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Li J, Zhang J, Bui S, Ahat E, Kolli D, Reid W, Xing L, Wang Y. Common Assays in Mammalian Golgi Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2557:303-332. [PMID: 36512224 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi is a complex structure characterized by stacks of tightly aligned flat cisternae. In mammalian cells, Golgi stacks often concentrate in the perinuclear region and link together to form a ribbon. This structure is dynamic to accommodate continuous cargo flow in and out of the Golgi in both directions and undergoes morphological changes under physiological and pathological conditions. The fine, stacked Golgi structure makes it difficult to study by conventional light or even super-resolution microscopy. Furthermore, efforts to understand how Golgi structural dynamics impact cellular processes have been slow because of the knowledge gap in the protein machinery that maintains the complex and dynamic Golgi structure. In this method article, we list the common assays used in our research to help new and established researchers select the most appropriate method to properly address their questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Divya Kolli
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Whitney Reid
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lijuan Xing
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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3
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Mironov AA, Beznoussenko GV. Algorithm for Modern Electron Microscopic Examination of the Golgi Complex. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2557:161-209. [PMID: 36512216 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi complex (GC) is an essential organelle of the eukaryotic exocytic pathway. It has a very complexed structure and thus localization of its resident proteins is not trivial. Fast development of microscopic methods generates a huge difficulty for Golgi researchers to select the best protocol to use. Modern methods of light microscopy, such as super-resolution light microscopy (SRLM) and electron microscopy (EM), open new possibilities in analysis of various biological structures at organelle, cell, and organ levels. Nowadays, new generation of EM methods became available for the study of the GC; these include three-dimensional EM (3DEM), correlative light-EM (CLEM), immune EM, and new estimators within stereology that allow realization of maximal goal of any morphological study, namely, to achieve a three-dimensional model of the sample with optimal level of resolution and quantitative determination of its chemical composition. Methods of 3DEM have partially overlapping capabilities. This requires a careful comparison of these methods, identification of their strengths and weaknesses, and formulation of recommendations for their application to cell or tissue samples. Here, we present an overview of 3DEM methods for the study of the GC and some basics for how the images are formed and how the image quality can be improved.
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4
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Sengupta R, Mihelc EM, Angel S, Lanman JK, Kuhn RJ, Stahelin RV. Contribution of the Golgi apparatus in morphogenesis of a virus-induced cytopathic vacuolar system. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202000887. [PMID: 36137747 PMCID: PMC9500387 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron tomography reveals four classes of cytopathic vesicles-II (CPV-II) stemming from the host Golgi apparatus after Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. The Golgi apparatus (GA) in mammalian cells is pericentrosomally anchored and exhibits a stacked architecture. During infections by members of the alphavirus genus, the host cell GA is thought to give rise to distinct mobile pleomorphic vacuoles known as CPV-II (cytopathic vesicle-II) via unknown morphological steps. To dissect this, we adopted a phased electron tomography approach to image multiple overlapping volumes of a cell infected with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and complemented it with localization of a peroxidase-tagged Golgi marker. Analysis of the tomograms revealed a pattern of progressive cisternal bending into double-lamellar vesicles as a central process underpinning the biogenesis and the morphological complexity of this vacuolar system. Here, we propose a model for the conversion of the GA to CPV-II that reveals a unique pathway of intracellular virus envelopment. Our results have implications for alphavirus-induced displacement of Golgi cisternae to the plasma membrane to aid viral egress operating late in the infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Sengupta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA .,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,The Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Elaine M Mihelc
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie Angel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,The Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jason K Lanman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,The Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA .,The Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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5
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Lv MF, Xie L, Li YQ, Zhang XM, Li M, Liao ZF, Zhang ZK, Hong J, Zhang HM. Improved quantification of immune-gold labeling and its use to compare the distribution of cellular factors among sub-chloroplast compartments. Micron 2021; 145:103060. [PMID: 33799086 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of immuno-gold labeling can provide valuable information on the quantity and localization of a target within a region of interest (ROI). Background subtraction usually requires preparation of material with a deliberately reduced amount of target component often by gene knockout/knockdown. This paper reports a modified method without the need for gene knockout/knockdown, by using a region outside the ROI as a background and non-immune serum to verify the reliability of the data. An optimized parameter for use in image processing was also developed to improve semi-automatic segmentation of gold particles, by using the standard deviation of pixel intensity together with default parameters (size and intensity) to improve specificity. The modified methods were used to quantify the gold labeling of various components within chloroplasts and their 3 sub-organelle compartments (thylakoid, stroma and starch). Rubisco, actin, myosin, β-tubulin, Endoplasmic reticulum-retention signal HDEL, Sterol methyltransferase 1, and double stranded RNA were all effectively and consistently quantified at the level of the different sub-chloroplast compartments. The approach should be applicable more widely for high resolution labelling of samples in which a background requiring gene knockout/knockdown is not a realistic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fang Lv
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Li Xie
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun-Qin Li
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Min Zhang
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mei Li
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Liao
- Public Lab, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Jian Hong
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Heng-Mu Zhang
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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6
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Yamamoto T, Hasegawa T, Hongo H, Amizuka N. Three-dimensional morphology of the Golgi apparatus in osteoclasts: NADPase and arylsulfatase cytochemistry, and scanning electron microscopy using osmium maceration. Microscopy (Oxf) 2019; 68:243-253. [PMID: 30860257 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to observe osteoclasts in the rat femora by light and electron microscopic cytochemistry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase (NADPase) and arylsulfatase, and scanning electron microscopy using osmium maceration to assess the three-dimensional morphology of the Golgi apparatus in osteoclasts. The Golgi apparatus showed strong NADPase activity and surrounded each nucleus with the cis-side facing the nucleus. The Golgi apparatus could be often traced for a length of 20 μm or longer. Observations of serial semi-thin sections confirmed that a single line of reaction products (=lead precipitates) intervened somewhere between any two neighboring nuclei. The nuclear membrane showed strong arylsulfatase activity as well as rough endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the Golgi apparatus covered the nucleus in a porous sheet-like configuration. Under magnification, the cis-most saccule showed a sieve-like configuration with fine fenestrations. The saccules decreased fenestration numbers toward the trans-side and displayed a more plate-like appearance. The above findings indicate the following. (1) The Golgi saccules of osteoclasts have a three-dimensional structure comparable with that generally seen in other cell types. (2) The Golgi apparatus forms a porous multi-spherical structure around nuclei. Within the structure, in most cases a Golgi stack partitions the room into several compartments in each of which a nucleus fits. (3) The nuclear membrane synthesizes some kinds of proteins more stably and sufficiently than the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Consequently, the Golgi apparatus accumulates around nuclei with the cis-side facing the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13 Nishi7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13 Nishi7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hongo
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13 Nishi7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13 Nishi7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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7
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Yang X, Liao CY, Tang J, Bassham DC. Overexpression of trans-Golgi network t-SNAREs rescues vacuolar trafficking and TGN morphology defects in a putative tethering factor mutant. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:703-716. [PMID: 31009161 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is a major site for sorting of cargo to either the vacuole or apoplast. The TGN-localized coiled-coil protein TNO1 is a putative tethering factor that interacts with the TGN t-SNARE SYP41 and is required for correct localization of the SYP61 t-SNARE. An Arabidopsis thaliana tno1 mutant is hypersensitive to salt stress and partially mislocalizes vacuolar proteins to the apoplast, indicating a role in vacuolar trafficking. Here, we show that overexpression of SYP41 or SYP61 significantly increases SYP41-SYP61 complex formation in a tno1 mutant, and rescues the salt sensitivity and defective vacuolar trafficking of the tno1 mutant. The TGN is disrupted and vesicle budding from Golgi cisternae is reduced in the tno1 mutant, and these defects are also rescued by overexpression of SYP41 or SYP61. Our results suggest that the trafficking and Golgi morphology defects caused by loss of TNO1 can be rescued by increasing SYP41-SYP61 t-SNARE complex formation, implicating TNO1 as a tethering factor mediating efficient vesicle fusion at the TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Yang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Liao
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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8
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Uemura T, Nakano RT, Takagi J, Wang Y, Kramer K, Finkemeier I, Nakagami H, Tsuda K, Ueda T, Schulze-Lefert P, Nakano A. A Golgi-Released Subpopulation of the Trans-Golgi Network Mediates Protein Secretion in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:519-532. [PMID: 30545905 PMCID: PMC6426420 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal coordination of protein trafficking among organelles is essential for eukaryotic cells. The post-Golgi interface, including the trans-Golgi network (TGN), is a pivotal hub for multiple trafficking pathways. The Golgi-released independent TGN (GI-TGN) is a compartment described only in plant cells, and its cellular and physiological roles remain elusive. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS (SYP) 4 group Qa-SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide) membrane fusion proteins are shared components of TGN and GI-TGN and regulate secretory and vacuolar transport. Here we reveal that GI-TGNs mediate the transport of the R-SNARE VESICLE-ASSOCIATED MEMBRANE PROTEIN (VAMP) 721 to the plasma membrane. In interactions with a nonadapted powdery mildew pathogen, the SYP4 group of SNAREs is required for the dynamic relocation of VAMP721 to plant-fungus contact sites via GI-TGNs, thereby facilitating complex formation with its cognate SNARE partner PENETRATION1 to restrict pathogen entry. Furthermore, quantitative proteomic analysis of leaf apoplastic fluid revealed constitutive and pathogen-inducible secretion of cell wall-modification enzymes in a SYP4- and VAMP721-dependent manner. Hence, the GI-TGN acts as a transit compartment between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. We propose a model in which the GA-TGN matures into the GI-TGN and then into secretory vesicles by increasing the abundance of VAMP721-dependent secretory pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Uemura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryohei Thomas Nakano
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Junpei Takagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Kramer
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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9
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Prokšová PG, Lipov J, Zelenka J, Hunter E, Langerová H, Rumlová M, Ruml T. Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cycling and Its Vesicular Co-Transport with Immature Particles. Viruses 2018; 10:E575. [PMID: 30347798 PMCID: PMC6212865 DOI: 10.3390/v10100575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) plays a crucial role in the retroviral life cycle by mediating primary interactions with the host cell. As described previously and expanded on in this paper, Env mediates the trafficking of immature Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) particles to the plasma membrane (PM). Using a panel of labeled RabGTPases as endosomal markers, we identified Env mostly in Rab7a- and Rab9a-positive endosomes. Based on an analysis of the transport of recombinant fluorescently labeled M-PMV Gag and Env proteins, we propose a putative mechanism of the intracellular trafficking of M-PMV Env and immature particles. According to this model, a portion of Env is targeted from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to Rab7a-positive endosomes. It is then transported to Rab9a-positive endosomes and back to the TGN. It is at the Rab9a vesicles where the immature particles may anchor to the membranes of the Env-containing vesicles, preventing Env recycling to the TGN. These Gag-associated vesicles are then transported to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Grznárová Prokšová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Imaging methods core facility at BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Lipov
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Zelenka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Hana Langerová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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10
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Lysova I, Spiegelhalter C, Réal E, Zgheib S, Anton H, Mély Y. ReAsH/tetracystein-based correlative light-electron microscopy for HIV-1 imaging during the early stages of infection. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2018; 6:045001. [PMID: 29938685 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aacec1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Visualization of viruses in the host cell during the course of infection by correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM) requires a specific labelling of the viral structures in order to recognize the nanometric viral cores in the intracellular environment. For Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the labelling approaches developed for fluorescence microscopy are generally not suited for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), so that imaging of HIV-1 particles in infected cells by CLEM is not straightforward. Herein, we adapt the labeling approach with a tetracystein tag (TC) and a biarsenical resorufin-based label (ReAsH) for monitoring the HIV-1 particles during the early stages of HIV-1 infection by CLEM. In this approach, the ReAsH fluorophore triggers the photo-conversion of 3,3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB), generating a precipitate sensitive to osmium tetroxide staining that can be visualized by transmission electron microscopy. The TC tag is fused to the nucleocapsid protein NCp7, a nucleic acid chaperone that binds to the viral genome. HeLa cells, infected by ReAsH-labeled pseudoviruses containg NCp7-TC proteins exhibit strong fluorescent cytoplasmic spots that overlap with dark precipitates in the TEM sections. The DAB precipitates corresponding to single viral cores are observed all over the cytoplasm, and notably near microtubules and nuclear pores. This work describes for the first time a specific contrast given by HIV-1 viral proteins in TEM images and opens new perspectives for the use of CLEM to monitor the intracellular traffic of viral complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Lysova
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, CNRS UMR 7021, Strasbourg University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 74 route du Rhin, Illkirch, France
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11
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Chen Y, Gershlick DC, Park SY, Bonifacino JS. Segregation in the Golgi complex precedes export of endolysosomal proteins in distinct transport carriers. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:4141-4151. [PMID: 28978644 PMCID: PMC5716290 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201707172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosynthetic sorting of newly synthesized transmembrane cargos to endosomes and lysosomes is thought to occur at the TGN through recognition of sorting signals in the cytosolic tails of the cargos by adaptor proteins, leading to cargo packaging into coated vesicles destined for the endolysosomal system. Here we present evidence for a different mechanism in which two sets of endolysosomal proteins undergo early segregation to distinct domains of the Golgi complex by virtue of the proteins' luminal and transmembrane domains. Proteins in one Golgi domain exit into predominantly vesicular carriers by interaction of sorting signals with adaptor proteins, but proteins in the other domain exit into predominantly tubular carriers shared with plasma membrane proteins, independently of signal-adaptor interactions. These findings demonstrate that sorting of endolysosomal proteins begins at an earlier stage and involves mechanisms that partly differ from those described by classical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David C Gershlick
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sang Yoon Park
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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12
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Wang P, Chen X, Goldbeck C, Chung E, Kang BH. A distinct class of vesicles derived from the trans-Golgi mediates secretion of xylogalacturonan in the root border cell. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:596-610. [PMID: 28865155 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Root border cells lie on the surface of the root cap and secrete massive amounts of mucilage that contains polysaccharides and proteoglycans. Golgi stacks in the border cells have hypertrophied margins, reflecting elevated biosynthetic activity to produce the polysaccharide components of the mucilage. To investigate the three-dimensional structures and macromolecular compositions of these Golgi stacks, we examined high-pressure frozen/freeze-substituted alfalfa root cap cells with electron microscopy/tomography. Golgi stacks in border cells and peripheral cells, precursor cells of border cells, displayed similar morphological features, such as proliferation of trans cisternae and swelling of the trans cisternae and trans-Golgi network (TGN) compartments. These swollen margins give rise to two types of vesicles larger than other Golgi-associated vesicles. Margins of trans-Golgi cisternae accumulate the LM8 xylogalacturonan (XGA) epitope, and they become darkly stained large vesicles (LVs) after release from the Golgi. Epitopes for xyloglucan (XG), polygalacturonic acid/rhamnogalacturonan-I (PGA/RG-I) are detected in the trans-most cisternae and TGN compartments. LVs produced from TGN compartments (TGN-LVs) stained lighter than LVs and contained the cell wall polysaccharide epitopes seen in the TGN. LVs carrying the XGA epitope fuse with the plasma membrane only in border cells, whereas TGN-LVs containing the XG and PGA/RG-I epitopes fuse with the plasma membrane of both peripheral cells and border cells. Taken together, these results indicate that XGA is secreted by a novel type of secretory vesicles derived from trans-Golgi cisternae. Furthermore, we simulated the collapse in the central domain of the trans-cisternae accompanying polysaccharide synthesis with a mathematical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinshi Chen
- Department of Mathematics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cameron Goldbeck
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Eric Chung
- Department of Mathematics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Ito Y, Toyooka K, Fujimoto M, Ueda T, Uemura T, Nakano A. The trans-Golgi Network and the Golgi Stacks Behave Independently During Regeneration After Brefeldin A Treatment in Tobacco BY-2 Cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:811-821. [PMID: 28339924 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) plays an essential role in intracellular membrane trafficking. In plant cells, recent live-cell imaging studies have revealed the dynamic behavior of the TGN independent from the Golgi apparatus. In order to better understand the relationships between the two organelles, we examined their dynamic responses to the reagent brefeldin A (BFA) and their recovery after BFA removal. Golgi markers responded to BFA similarly over a range of concentrations, whereas the behavior of the TGN was BFA concentration dependent. The TGN formed aggregates at high concentrations of BFA; however, TGN proteins relocalized to numerous small vesicular structures dispersed throughout the cytoplasm at lower BFA concentrations. During recovery from weak BFA treatment, the TGN started to regenerate earlier than the completion of the Golgi. The regeneration of the two organelles proceeded independently of each other for a while, and eventually was completed by their association. Our data suggest that there is some degree of autonomy for the regeneration of the TGN and the Golgi in tobacco BY-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, Technology Platform Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Different Golgi ultrastructure across species and tissues: Implications under functional and pathological conditions, and an attempt at classification. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:186-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Treyer A, Pujato M, Pechuan X, Müsch A. Iterative sorting of apical and basolateral cargo in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2259-71. [PMID: 27226480 PMCID: PMC4945143 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel assay quantitatively distinguishes different cargo pairs by their degree of colocalization at the TGN and the evolution of colocalization during their TGN-to-surface transport. Apical NTRp75 and basolateral VSVG in MDCK cells undergo continuous sorting between TGN exit and surface arrival. For several decades, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) was considered the most distal stop and hence the ultimate protein-sorting station for distinct apical and basolateral transport carriers that reach their respective surface domains in the direct trafficking pathway. However, recent reports of apical and basolateral cargoes traversing post-Golgi compartments accessible to endocytic ligands before their arrival at the cell surface and the post-TGN breakup of large pleomorphic membrane fragments that exit the Golgi region toward the surface raised the possibility that compartments distal to the TGN mediate or contribute to biosynthetic sorting. Here we describe the development of a novel assay that quantitatively distinguishes different cargo pairs by their degree of colocalization at the TGN and by the evolution of colocalization during their TGN-to-surface transport. Keys to the high resolution of our approach are 1) conversion of perinuclear organelle clustering into a two-dimensional microsomal spread and 2) identification of TGN and post-TGN cargo without the need for a TGN marker that universally cosegregates with all cargo. Using our assay, we provide the first evidence that apical NTRp75 and basolateral VSVG in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells still undergo progressive sorting after they exit the TGN toward the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Treyer
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Mario Pujato
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Ximo Pechuan
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Anne Müsch
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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16
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Wüstner D, Lund FW, Röhrl C, Stangl H. Potential of BODIPY-cholesterol for analysis of cholesterol transport and diffusion in living cells. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 194:12-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Grippa A, Buxó L, Mora G, Funaya C, Idrissi FZ, Mancuso F, Gomez R, Muntanyà J, Sabidó E, Carvalho P. The seipin complex Fld1/Ldb16 stabilizes ER-lipid droplet contact sites. J Cell Biol 2015; 211:829-44. [PMID: 26572621 PMCID: PMC4657162 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201502070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the seipin complex components Fld1 and Ldb16 result in the loss of lipid droplet identity and phospholipid packing defects, revealing a role of this complex in the stabilization of ER–lipid droplet contact sites. Lipid droplets (LDs) are storage organelles consisting of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and a set of LD-specific proteins. Most LD components are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle that is often physically connected with LDs. How LD identity is established while maintaining biochemical and physical connections with the ER is not known. Here, we show that the yeast seipin Fld1, in complex with the ER membrane protein Ldb16, prevents equilibration of ER and LD surface components by stabilizing the contact sites between the two organelles. In the absence of the Fld1/Ldb16 complex, assembly of LDs results in phospholipid packing defects leading to aberrant distribution of lipid-binding proteins and abnormal LDs. We propose that the Fld1/Ldb16 complex facilitates the establishment of LD identity by acting as a diffusion barrier at the ER–LD contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Grippa
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Buxó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Mora
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charlotta Funaya
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fatima-Zahra Idrissi
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Mancuso
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raul Gomez
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Muntanyà
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Carvalho
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Kienzle C, von Blume J. Secretory cargo sorting at the trans-Golgi network. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:584-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Uemura T, Suda Y, Ueda T, Nakano A. Dynamic Behavior of the trans-Golgi Network in Root Tissues of Arabidopsis Revealed by Super-Resolution Live Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:694-703. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Malatesta M, Pellicciari C, Cisterna B, Costanzo M, Galimberti V, Biggiogera M, Zancanaro C. Tracing nanoparticles and photosensitizing molecules at transmission electron microscopy by diaminobenzidine photo-oxidation. Micron 2013; 59:44-51. [PMID: 24530364 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the last three decades, diaminobenzidine photo-oxidation has been applied in a variety of studies to correlate light and electron microscopy. Actually, when a fluorophore is excited by light, it can induce the oxidation of diaminobenzidine into an electron-dense osmiophilic product, which precipitates in close proximity to the fluorophore, thereby allowing its ultrastructural detection. This method has very recently been developed for two innovative applications: tracking the fate of fluorescently labeled nanoparticles in single cells, and detecting the subcellular location of photo-active molecules suitable for photodynamic therapy. These studies established that the cytochemical procedures exploiting diaminobenzidine photo-oxidation represent a reliable tool for detecting, inside the cells, with high sensitivity fluorescing molecules. These procedures are trustworthy even if the fluorescing molecules are present in very low amounts, either inside membrane-bounded organelles, or at the surface of the plasma membrane, or free in the cytosol. In particular, diaminobenzidine photo-oxidation allowed elucidating the mechanisms responsible for nanoparticles internalization in neuronal cells and for their escape from lysosomal degradation. As for the photo-active molecules, their subcellular distribution at the ultrastructural level provided direct evidence for the lethal multiorganelle photo-damage occurring after cell photo-sensitization. In addition, DAB photo-oxidized samples are suitable for the ultrastructural detection of organelle-specific molecules by post-embedding gold immunolabeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malatesta
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences (Anatomy and Histology Section), University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - C Pellicciari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology), University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - B Cisterna
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences (Anatomy and Histology Section), University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - M Costanzo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences (Anatomy and Histology Section), University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - V Galimberti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology), University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - M Biggiogera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology), University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - C Zancanaro
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences (Anatomy and Histology Section), University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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21
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Han HM, Bouchet-Marquis C, Huebinger J, Grabenbauer M. Golgi apparatus analyzed by cryo-electron microscopy. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:369-81. [PMID: 23954988 PMCID: PMC3787787 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In 1898, the Golgi apparatus was discovered by light microscopy, and since the 1950s, the ultrastructure composition is known by electron microscopic investigation. The complex three-dimensional morphology fascinated researchers and was sometimes even the driving force to develop novel visualization techniques. However, the highly dynamic membrane systems of Golgi apparatus are delicate and prone to fixation artifacts. Therefore, the understanding of Golgi morphology and its function has been improved significantly with the development of better preparation methods. Nowadays, cryo-fixation is the method of choice to arrest instantly all dynamic and physiological processes inside cells, tissues, and small organisms. Embedded in amorphous ice, such samples can be further processed by freeze substitution or directly analyzed in their fully hydrated state by cryo-electron microscopy and tomography. Even though the overall morphology of vitrified Golgi stacks is comparable to well-prepared and resin-embedded samples, previously unknown structural details can be observed solely based on their native density. At this point, any further improvement of sample preparation would gain novel insights, perhaps not in terms of general morphology, but on fine structural details of this dynamic organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Han
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Cedric Bouchet-Marquis
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- FEI Company, 5350 NE Dawson Creek Drive, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA
| | - Jan Huebinger
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Grabenbauer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, INF 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Malatesta M, Zancanaro C, Costanzo M, Cisterna B, Pellicciari C. Simultaneous ultrastructural analysis of fluorochrome-photoconverted diaminobenzidine and gold immunolabelling in cultured cells. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e26. [PMID: 24085275 PMCID: PMC3794357 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaminobenzidine photoconversion is a technique by which a fluorescent dye is transformed into a stably insoluble, brown, electrondense signal, thus enabling examination at both bright field light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In this work, a procedure is proposed for combining photoconversion and immunoelectron microscopy: in vitro cell cultures have been first submitted to photoconversion to analyse the intracellular fate of either fluorescent nanoparticles or photosensitizing molecules, then processed for transmission electron microscopy; different fixative solutions and embedding media have been used, and the ultrathin sections were finally submitted to post-embedding immunogold cytochemistry. Under all conditions the photoconversion reaction product and the target antigen were properly detected in the same section; Epon-embedded, osmicated samples required a pre-treatment with sodium metaperiodate to unmask the antigenic sites. This simple and reliable procedure exploits a single sample to simultaneously localise the photoconversion product and a variety of antigens allowing a specific identification of subcellular organelles at the ultrastructural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malatesta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e del Movimento, sezione di Anatomia e Istologia, Università di Verona.
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23
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Martone ME, Deerinck TJ, Yamada N, Bushong E, Ellisman MH. Correlated 3D Light and Electron Microscopy: Use of High Voltage Electron Microscopy and Electron Tomography for Imaging Large Biological Structures. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2000.23.3.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Abstract
In all eukaryotic cells, a membrane trafficking system connects the post-Golgi organelles, including the trans-Golgi network (TGN), endosomes, and vacuoles. This complex network plays critical roles in several higher-order functions in multicellular organisms. The TGN, one of the important organelles for protein transport in the post-Golgi network, functions as a sorting station, where cargo proteins are directed to the appropriate post-Golgi compartments. The TGN has been considered to be a compartment belonging to the Golgi apparatus, located on the trans side of the Golgi apparatus. However, in plant cells, recent studies have suggested that the TGN is an independent, dynamic organelle that possesses features different than those of TGNs in animal and yeast cells. In this review, we summarize recent progress regarding the dynamics and physiological functions of the plant TGN.
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25
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Abstract
The Golgi complex is considered the central station of the secretory pathway where cargo proteins and lipids are properly modified, classified, packed into specific carriers and delivered to their final destinations. Early electron microscope studies showed the extraordinary structural complexity of this organelle. However, despite the large volume of incoming and outgoing traffic, it is able to maintain its architecture, although it is also flexible enough to adapt to the functional status of the cell. Many components of the molecular machinery involved in membrane traffic and other Golgi functions have been identified. However, some basic aspects of Golgi functioning remain unsolved. For instance, how cargo moves through the stack remains controversial and two classical models have been proposed: vesicular transport and cisternal maturation. Since neither of these models explains all the experimental data, a combination of these models as well as new models have been proposed. In this context, the specific role of the cisternae, vesicles and tubules needs to be clarified. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the Golgi organization and function, focusing on the mechanisms of intra-Golgi transport.
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26
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Takvorian PM, Buttle KF, Mankus D, Mannella CA, Weiss LM, Cali A. The multilayered interlaced network (MIN) in the sporoplasm of the microsporidium Anncaliia algerae is derived from Golgi. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2013; 60:166-78. [PMID: 23316714 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study provides evidence for the Golgi-like activity of the multilayered interlaced network (MIN) and new ultrastructural observations of the MIN in the sporoplasm of Anncaliia algerae, a microsporidium that infects both insects and humans. The MIN is attached to the end of the polar tubule upon extrusion from the germinating spore. It surrounds the sporoplasm, immediately below its plasma membrane, and most likely maintains the integrity of the sporoplasm, as it is pulled through the everting polar tube. Furthermore, the MIN appears to deposit its dense contents on the surface of the sporoplasm within minutes of spore discharge thickening the plasma membrane. This thickening is characteristic of the developmental stages of the genus Anncaliia. The current study utilizes transmission electron microscopy (TEM), enzyme histochemistry, and high voltage TEM (HVEM) with 3D tomographic reconstruction to both visualize the structure of the MIN and demonstrate that the MIN is a Golgi-related structure. The presence of developmentally regulated Golgi in the Microsporidia has been previously documented. The current study extends our understanding of the microsporidial Golgi and is consistent with the MIN being involved in the extracellular secretion in Anncaliia algerae. This report further illustrates the unique morphology of the MIN as illustrated by HVEM using 3D tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Takvorian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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27
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Mironov AA, Beznoussenko GV. The kiss-and-run model of intra-Golgi transport. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6800-6819. [PMID: 22837664 PMCID: PMC3397496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13066800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is the main station along the secretory pathway. Mechanisms of intra-Golgi transport remain unresolved. Three models compete with each other for the right to be defined as the paradigm. The vesicular model cannot explain the following: (1) lipid droplets and aggregates of procollagen that are larger than coatomer I (COPI)-dependent vesicles are transported across the GA; and (2) most anterograde cargoes are depleted in COPI vesicles. The compartment progression/maturation model has the following problems: (1) most Golgi-resident proteins are depleted in COPI vesicles; (2) there are no COPI vesicles for the recycling of the resident proteins in the trans-most-Golgi cisterna; and (3) different proteins have different rates of intra-Golgi transport. The diffusion model based on permanent inter-cisternal connections cannot explain the existence of lipid, ionic and protein gradients across the Golgi stacks. In contrast, the kiss-and-run model has the potential to explain most of the experimental observations. The kiss-and-run model can be symmetric when fusion and then fission occurs in the same place, and asymmetric when fusion takes place in one location, whereas fission takes place in another. The asymmetric kiss-and-run model resembles the carrier maturation mechanism, and it can be used to explain the transport of large cargo aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Mironov
- IFOM Foundation, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM-IEO Campus), Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Galina V. Beznoussenko
- IFOM Foundation, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM-IEO Campus), Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
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28
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Abstract
The correlation of light and electron microscopy (EM) is a powerful tool as it combines the investigation of dynamic processes in vivo with the resolution power of the electron microscope. The green fluorescent proteins (GFPs) and its derivatives revolutionized live-cell light microscopy. Hence, this review outlines correlative microscopy of GFP through photo-oxidation, a method that allows for the direct ultrastructural visualization of fluorophores upon illumination. Oxygen radicals generated during the GFP bleaching process photo-oxidize diaminobenzidine (DAB) into an electron dense precipitate that can be visualized both by routine EM of thin sections and by electron tomography for 3D analysis. There are different levels of correlative microscopy, i.e. the correlation of certain areas, cells, or organelles from light to EM, where photo-oxidation of DAB through GFP allows the highest possible degree--the correlation of specific molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Grabenbauer
- Department of Systems Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, D-44227 Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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29
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Ueda H, Morphew MK, McIntosh JR, Davis MM. CD4+ T-cell synapses involve multiple distinct stages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17099-104. [PMID: 21949383 PMCID: PMC3193211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113703108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
One very striking feature of T-cell recognition is the formation of an immunological synapse between a T cell and a cell that it is recognizing. Formation of this complex structure correlates with cytotoxicity in the case of killer (largely CD8(+)) T-cell activity, or robust cytokine release and proliferation in the case of the much longer lived synapses formed by helper (CD4(+)) T cells. Here we have used electron microscopy and 3D tomography to characterize the synapses of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells recognizing B cells and dendritic cells at different time points. We show that there are at least four distinct stages in synapse formation, proceeding over several hours, including an initial stage involving invasive T-cell pseudopodia that penetrate deeply into the antigen-presenting cell, almost to the nuclear envelope. This must involve considerable force and may serve to widen the search for potential ligands on the surface of the cell being recognized. We also show that centrioles and the Golgi complex are always located immediately beneath the synapse and that centrioles are significantly shifted toward the late contact zone with either B lymphocytes or bone marrow-derived dendritic cells such as antigen-presenting cells, and that there are dynamic, stage-dependent changes in the organization of microtubules beneath the synapse. These data reinforce and extend previous data on cytotoxic T cells that one of the principal functions of the immunological synapse is to facilitate cytokine secretion into the synaptic cleft, as well as provide important insights into the overall dynamics of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Ueda
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5323; and
| | - Mary K. Morphew
- Laboratory for 3D Structure of Cells and Molecules, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347
| | - J. Richard McIntosh
- Laboratory for 3D Structure of Cells and Molecules, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347
| | - Mark M. Davis
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5323; and
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30
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Abstract
Since its first visualization in 1898, the Golgi has been a topic of intense morphological research. A typical mammalian Golgi consists of a pile of stapled cisternae, the Golgi stack, which is a key station for modification of newly synthesized proteins and lipids. Distinct stacks are interconnected by tubules to form the Golgi ribbon. At the entrance site of the Golgi, the cis-Golgi, vesicular tubular clusters (VTCs) form the intermediate between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi stack. At the exit site of the Golgi, the trans-Golgi, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is the major site of sorting proteins to distinct cellular locations. Golgi functioning can only be understood in light of its complex architecture, as was revealed by a range of distinct electron microscopy (EM) approaches. In this article, a general concept of mammalian Golgi architecture, including VTCs and the TGN, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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31
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Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) receives a select set of proteins from the endocytic pathway-about 5% of total plasma membrane glycoproteins (Duncan and Kornfeld 1988). Proteins that are delivered include mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs), TGN46, sortilin, and various toxins that hitchhike a ride backward through the secretory pathway to intoxicate cells after they exit into the cytoplasm from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This article will review work on the molecular players that drive protein transport from the endocytic pathway to the TGN. Distinct requirements have revealed multiple routes for retrograde transport; in addition, the existence of multiple, potential coat proteins and/or cargo adaptors imply that multiple vesicular transfers are likely involved. Several comprehensive reviews have appeared recently and should be sought for additional details (Bonifacino and Rojas 2006; Johannes and Popoff 2008).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5307, USA.
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32
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The ceramide-enriched trans-Golgi compartments reorganize together with other parts of the Golgi apparatus in response to ATP-depletion. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 135:159-71. [PMID: 21225431 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the ceramide-enriched trans-Golgi compartments representing sites of synthesis of sphingomyelin and higher organized lipids were visualized in control and ATP-depleted hepatoma and endothelial cells using internalization of BODIPY-ceramide and the diaminobenzidine photooxidation method for combined light-electron microscopical exploration. Metabolic stress induced by lowering the cellular ATP-levels leads to reorganizations of the Golgi apparatus and the appearance of tubulo-glomerular bodies and networks. The results obtained with three different protocols, in which BODIPY-ceramide either was applied prior to, concomitantly with, or after ATP-depletion, revealed that the ceramide-enriched compartments reorganize together with other parts of the Golgi apparatus under these conditions. They were found closely associated with and integrated in the tubulo-glomerular bodies formed in response to ATP-depletion. This is in line with the changes of the staining patterns obtained with the Helix pomatia lectin and the GM130 and TGN46 immuno-reactions occurring in response to ATP-depletion and is confirmed by 3D electron tomography. The 3D reconstructions underlined the glomerular character of the reorganized Golgi apparatus and demonstrated continuities of ceramide positive and negative parts. Most interestingly, BODIPY-ceramide becomes concentrated in compartments of the tubulo-glomerular Golgi bodies, even though the reorganization took place before BODIPY-ceramide administration. This indicates maintained functionalities although the regular Golgi stack organization is abolished; the results provide novel insights into Golgi structure-function relationships, which might be relevant for cells affected by metabolic stress.
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Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a popular model organism in modern cell biology. Historically, methods for preparing this cell for transmission electron microscopy have used conventional chemical fixation that can result in artifacts that affect the 3-D organization of the cell. We have developed improved methods of specimen preparation that involve high-pressure freezing followed by freeze-substitution that are particularly well suited for 3-D studies (O'Toole et al., 2003, 2007). In this chapter, we describe the details of our cryopreparation methods for the optimal preservation of whole cells for immunocytochemistry and electron tomography. Examples are presented that show the utility of this approach for studying the 3-D architecture of membrane systems and cytoskeletal arrays in intact cells.
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35
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van Weering JRT, Brown E, Sharp TH, Mantell J, Cullen PJ, Verkade P. Intracellular membrane traffic at high resolution. Methods Cell Biol 2010; 96:619-48. [PMID: 20869541 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(10)96026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane traffic between organelles is essential for a multitude of processes that maintain cell homeostasis. Many steps in these tightly regulated trafficking pathways take place in microdomains on the membranes of organelles, which require analysis at nanometer resolution. Electron microscopy (EM) can visualize these processes in detail and is mainly responsible for our current view of morphology on the subcellular level. This review discusses how EM can be applied to solve many questions of intracellular membrane traffic, with a focus on the endosomal system. We describe the expansion of the technique from purely morphological analysis to cryo-immuno-EM, correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM), and 3D electron tomography. In this review we go into some technical details of these various techniques. Furthermore, we provide a full protocol for immunolabeling on Lowicryl sections of high-pressure frozen cells as well as a detailed description of a simple CLEM method that can be applied to answer many membrane trafficking questions. We believe that these EM-based techniques are important tools to expand our understanding of the molecular details of endosomal sorting and intracellular membrane traffic in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R T van Weering
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS81TD, United Kingdom
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36
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Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch C, Röhrl C, Neumüller J, Pavelka M, Ellinger A. Photooxidation technology for correlated light and electron microscopy. J Microsc 2009; 235:322-35. [PMID: 19754726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The combination of the capabilities of light microscopical techniques with the power of resolution of electron microscopy along with technical advances has led to a gradual decline of the gap between classical light and electron microscopy. Among the correlative techniques using the synergistic opportunities, photooxidation methods have been established as valuable tools for visualizing cell structures at both light and electron microscopic level. Fluorescent dyes are used to oxidize the substrate diaminobenzidine, which in its oxidized state forms fine granular precipitates. Stained with osmium, the diaminobenzidine precipitates are well discernible in the electron microscope, thus labelling and defining the cellular structures, which at light microscopy level are recorded by fluorescent probes. The underlying photooxidation reaction is based on the excitation of free oxygen radicals that form upon illumination of fluorochromes; this is a central step in the procedure, which mainly influences the success of the method. This article summarizes basic steps of the technology and progresses, shows efforts and elaborated pathways, and focuses on methodical solutions as to the applicability of different fluorochromes, as well as conditions for fine structural localizations of the reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Centre for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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37
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Kamioka H, Murshid SA, Ishihara Y, Kajimura N, Hasegawa T, Ando R, Sugawara Y, Yamashiro T, Takaoka A, Takano-Yamamoto T. A method for observing silver-stained osteocytes in situ in 3-microm sections using ultra-high voltage electron microscopy tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2009; 15:377-383. [PMID: 19709463 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927609990420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes are surrounded by hard bone matrix, and it has not been possible previously to directly observe the in situ architecture of osteocyte morphology in bone. Electron microscope tomography, however, is a technique that has the unique potential to provide three-dimensional (3D) visualization of cellular ultrastructure. This approach is based on reconstruction of 3D volumes from a tilt series of electron micrographs of cells, and resolution at the nanometer level has been achieved. We applied electron microscope tomography to thick sections of silver-stained osteocytes in bone using a Hitachi H-3000 ultra-high voltage electron microscope equipped with a 360 degrees tilt specimen holder, at an accelerating voltage of 2 MeV. Osteocytes with numerous processes and branches were clearly seen in the serial tilt series acquired from 3-microm-thick sections. Reconstruction of young osteocytes showed the 3D topographic morphology of the cell body and processes at high resolution. This morphological data on osteocytes should provide useful information to those who study osteocyte physiology and the several models used to explain their mechanosensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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38
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Abstract
Golgi duplication in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei has been tracked using serial thin section three-dimensional reconstructions of transmission electron micrographs. The old Golgi maintains a constant size (approximately 0.060 microm(3)) throughout the cell cycle. A morphologically identifiable new Golgi appears at approximately 0.20 of the cell cycle (defined by the size of the nucleus and lasting about 9 h) and grows from approximately 0.018 microm(3) until it is the same size as the old Golgi (by approximately 0.55 of the cell cycle). Morphologically identifiable late Golgi appear at approximately 0.58 of the cell cycle, but their volume ( approximately 0.036 microm(3)) did not change significantly. Cryoimmunoelectron microscopy was used to identify candidates for the earliest new Golgi structures, and these comprised clusters of vesicles containing Golgi reassembly stacking protein (GRASP) near an endoplasmic reticulum exit site. These results, combined with earlier fluorescence data, suggest that the new Golgi begins functioning before cisternal stacks are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Yelinek
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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39
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Hoenger A, McIntosh JR. Probing the macromolecular organization of cells by electron tomography. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2009; 21:89-96. [PMID: 19185480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A major goal in cell biology is to understand the functional organization of macromolecular complexes in vivo. Electron microscopy is helping cell biologists to achieve this goal, thanks to its ability to resolve structural details in the nanometer range. While issues related to specimen preparation, imaging, and image interpretation make this approach to cell architecture difficult, recent improvements in methods, equipment, and software have facilitated the study of both important macromolecular complexes and comparatively large volumes from cellular specimens. Here, we describe recent progress in electron microscopy of cells and the ways in which the relevant methodologies are helping to elucidate cell architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hoenger
- Boulder Laboratory for 3-Dimensional Electron Microscopy of Cells and Molecules, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
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40
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Marks DL, Bittman R, Pagano RE. Use of Bodipy-labeled sphingolipid and cholesterol analogs to examine membrane microdomains in cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:819-32. [PMID: 18820942 PMCID: PMC3922293 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Much evidence has accumulated to show that cellular membranes such as the plasma membrane, contain multiple "microdomains" of differing lipid and protein composition and function. These domains are sometimes enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids and are believed to be important structures for the regulation of many biological and pathological processes. This review focuses on the use of fluorescent (Bodipy) labeled analogs of sphingolipids and cholesterol to study such domains. We discuss the similarities between the behavior of Bodipy-cholesterol and natural cholesterol in artificial bilayers and in cultured cells, and the use of Bodipy-sphingolipid analogs to visualize membrane domains in living cells based on the concentration-dependent monomer-excimer fluorescence properties of the Bodipy-fluorophore. The use of Bodipy-D-erythro-lactosylceramide is highlighted for detection of domains on the plasma membrane and endosome membranes, and the importance of the sphingolipid stereochemistry in modulating domain formation is discussed. Finally, we suggest that Bodipy-sphingolipids may be useful in future studies to examine the relationship between membrane domains at the cell surface and domains enriched in other lipids and proteins on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Marks
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Stabile 8, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905-0001, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Stabile 8, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905-0001, USA
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, The City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Richard E. Pagano
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Stabile 8, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905-0001, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Stabile 8, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905-0001, USA
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41
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Vivero-Salmerón G, Ballesta J, Martínez-Menárguez JA. Heterotypic tubular connections at the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex interface. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:709-17. [PMID: 18648846 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopy and cryoimmunocytochemistry were used to characterize tubular connections in the secretory pathway using rat spermatids as model. Our results support the existence of a complex tubular network enriched in the Golgi matrix protein GM130 that transiently joins the cis-Golgi side and the endoplasmic reticulum. These tubules occasionally contain the endoplasmic reticulum resident protein PDI but not COPII complexes or KDEL receptor. At the lateral edges of the stacks tubules were seen to connect cisternae belonging to the same or adjacent stacks. These connections were observed in all cisternae but preferentially on the cis side. Giantin, Gos28 and Rab6 were detected in the tubules; importantly, we reported the presence of cis-trans heterotypic connections between cisternae. On the trans-Golgi side, we occasionally observed tubules highly immunoreactive for Rab6 connecting the stack with the forming acrosome. Together, our results support the existence of transient continuities throughout the secretory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Vivero-Salmerón
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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42
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Guerriero CJ, Lai Y, Weisz OA. Differential sorting and Golgi export requirements for raft-associated and raft-independent apical proteins along the biosynthetic pathway. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:18040-7. [PMID: 18434305 PMCID: PMC2440606 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802048200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting signals for apically destined proteins are highly diverse and can be present within the luminal, membrane-associated, and cytoplasmic domains of these proteins. A subset of apical proteins partition into detergent-resistant membranes, and the association of these proteins with glycolipid-enriched microdomains or lipid rafts may be important for their proper targeting. Recently, we observed that raft-associated and raft-independent apical proteins take different routes to the apical surface of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (Cresawn, K. O., Potter, B. A., Oztan, A., Guerriero, C. J., Ihrke, G., Goldenring, J. R., Apodaca, G., and Weisz, O. A. (2007) EMBO J. 26, 3737-3748). Here we reconstituted in vitro the export of raft-associated and raft-independent markers staged intracellularly at 19 degrees C. Surprisingly, whereas release of the raft-associated protein influenza hemagglutinin was dependent on the addition of an ATP-regenerating system and cytosol, release of a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged raft-independent protein (the 75-kDa neurotrophin receptor; YFP-p75) was efficient even in the absence of these constituents. Subsequent studies suggested that YFP-p75 is released from the trans-Golgi network in fragile tubules that do not withstand isolation procedures. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis revealed that hemagglutinin and YFP-p75 segregate into distinct subdomains of the Golgi complex at 19 degrees C. Our data suggest that raft-associated and raft-independent proteins accumulate at distinct intracellular sites upon low temperature staging, and that upon warming, they exit these compartments in transport carriers that have very different membrane characteristics and morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Guerriero
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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43
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Meiblitzer-Ruppitsch C, Vetterlein M, Stangl H, Maier S, Neumüller J, Freissmuth M, Pavelka M, Ellinger A. Electron microscopic visualization of fluorescent signals in cellular compartments and organelles by means of DAB-photoconversion. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:407-19. [PMID: 18463889 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we show the photoconversion of the fluorochromes enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), and BODIPY into electron dense diaminobenzidine (DAB)-deposits using the examples of five different target proteins, and the lipid ceramide. High spatial resolution and specificity in the localization of the converted protein-fluorochrome complexes and the fluorochrome-labelled lipid were achieved by methodical adaptations around the DAB-photooxidation step, such as fixation, illumination, controlled DAB-precipitation, and osmium postfixation. The DAB-deposits at the plasma membrane and membranous compartments, such as endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in combination with the fine structural preservation and high membrane contrast enabled differential topographical analyses, and allowed three-dimensional reconstructions of complex cellular architectures, such as trans-Golgi-ER junctions. On semithin sections the quality, distribution and patterns of the signals were evaluated; defined areas of interest were used for electron microscopic analyses and correlative microscopy of consecutive ultrathin sections. The results obtained with the proteins golgin 84 (G-84), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), scavenger receptor classB type1 (SR-BI), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter 1 (GAT1), on one hand closely matched with earlier immunocytochemical data and, on the other hand, led to new information about their subcellular localizations as exemplified by a completely novel sight on the subcellular distribution and kinetics of the SR-BI, and provided a major base for the forthcoming research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Meiblitzer-Ruppitsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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44
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Abstract
This unit describes newly developed methods that allow the examination of living cells by time-lapse analysis with the subsequent identification of the just-observed organelle under an electron microscope. To understand how such cellular functions, such as intracellular traffic, cytokinesis, and cell migration, are organized and executed in vivo, it is most useful to observe living cells in real time with the spatial resolution afforded by electron microscopy (EM). Most suitable for this is a conceptually simple, yet powerful, method called correlative video light/electron microscopy (CVLEM), by which observations of the in vivo dynamics and the ultrastructure of intracellular objects can indeed be combined to achieve the above-mentioned result. This unit describes this methodology, illustrates the type of questions that the CVLEM approach was designed to address, and discusses the expertise required for successful application of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Polishchuk
- Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, S. Maria Imbara (Chieti), Italy
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45
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Höög JL, Schwartz C, Noon AT, O'Toole ET, Mastronarde DN, McIntosh JR, Antony C. Organization of interphase microtubules in fission yeast analyzed by electron tomography. Dev Cell 2007; 12:349-61. [PMID: 17336902 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polarized cells, such as neuronal, epithelial, and fungal cells, all display a specialized organization of their microtubules (MTs). The interphase MT cytoskeleton of the rod-shaped fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, has been extensively described by fluorescence microscopy. Here, we describe a large-scale, electron tomography investigation of S. pombe, including a 3D reconstruction of a complete eukaryotic cell volume at sufficient resolution to show both how many MTs there are in a bundle and their detailed architecture. Most cytoplasmic MTs are open at one end and capped at the other, providing evidence about their polarity. Electron-dense bridges between the MTs themselves and between MTs and the nuclear envelope were frequently observed. Finally, we have investigated structure/function relationships between MTs and both mitochondria and vesicles. Our analysis shows that electron tomography of well-preserved cells is ideally suited for describing fine ultrastructural details that were not visible with previous techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Höög
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Program, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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46
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Sillence DJ. New insights into glycosphingolipid functions--storage, lipid rafts, and translocators. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 262:151-89. [PMID: 17631188 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)62003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids are key components of eukaryotic cellular membranes. Through their propensity to form lipid rafts, they are important in membrane transport and signaling. At the cell surface, they are required for caveolar-mediated endocytosis, a process required for the action of many glycosphingolipid-binding toxins. Glycosphingolipids also exist intracellularly, on both leaflets of organelle membranes. It is expected that dissecting the mechanisms of cell pathology seen in the glycosphingolipid storage diseases, where lysosomal glycosphingolipid degradation is defective, will reveal their functions. Disrupted cation gradients in Mucolipidosis type IV disease are interlinked with glycosphingolipid storage, defective rab 7 function, and the activation of autophagy. Relationships between drug translocators and glycosphingolipid synthesis are also discussed. Mass spectrometry of cell lines defective in drug transporters reveal clear differences in glycosphingolipid mass and fatty acid composition. The potential roles of glycosphingolipids in lipid raft formation, endocytosis, and cationic gradients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J Sillence
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Hawthorne Building, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J Marsh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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48
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Derby MC, Gleeson PA. New Insights into Membrane Trafficking and Protein Sorting. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 261:47-116. [PMID: 17560280 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)61002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein transport in the secretory and endocytic pathways is a multistep process involving the generation of transport carriers loaded with defined sets of cargo, the shipment of the cargo-loaded transport carriers between compartments, and the specific fusion of these transport carriers with a target membrane. The regulation of these membrane-mediated processes involves a complex array of protein and lipid interactions. As the machinery and regulatory processes of membrane trafficking have been defined, it is increasingly apparent that membrane transport is intimately connected with a number of other cellular processes, such as quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), cytoskeletal dynamics, receptor signaling, and mitosis. The fidelity of membrane trafficking relies on the correct assembly of components on organelles. Recruitment of peripheral proteins plays a critical role in defining organelle identity and the establishment of membrane subdomains, essential for the regulation of vesicle transport. The molecular mechanisms for the biogenesis of membrane subdomains are also central to understanding how cargo is sorted and segregated and how different populations of transport carriers are generated. In this review we will focus on the emerging themes of organelle identity, membrane subdomains, regulation of Golgi trafficking, and advances in dissecting pathways in physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merran C Derby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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49
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Mironov AA, Banin VV, Sesorova IS, Dolgikh VV, Luini A, Beznoussenko GV. Evolution of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Complex. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 607:61-72. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74021-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
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50
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O'Toole ET, Giddings TH, Dutcher SK. Understanding microtubule organizing centers by comparing mutant and wild-type structures with electron tomography. Methods Cell Biol 2007; 79:125-43. [PMID: 17327155 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(06)79005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen T O'Toole
- Boulder Laboratory for 3D Electron Microscopy of Cells, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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