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Zens B, Fäßler F, Hansen JM, Hauschild R, Datler J, Hodirnau VV, Zheden V, Alanko J, Sixt M, Schur FK. Lift-out cryo-FIBSEM and cryo-ET reveal the ultrastructural landscape of extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202309125. [PMID: 38506714 PMCID: PMC10955043 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202309125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a scaffold for cells and plays an essential role in regulating numerous cellular processes, including cell migration and proliferation. Due to limitations in specimen preparation for conventional room-temperature electron microscopy, we lack structural knowledge on how ECM components are secreted, remodeled, and interact with surrounding cells. We have developed a 3D-ECM platform compatible with sample thinning by cryo-focused ion beam milling, the lift-out extraction procedure, and cryo-electron tomography. Our workflow implements cell-derived matrices (CDMs) grown on EM grids, resulting in a versatile tool closely mimicking ECM environments. This allows us to visualize ECM for the first time in its hydrated, native context. Our data reveal an intricate network of extracellular fibers, their positioning relative to matrix-secreting cells, and previously unresolved structural entities. Our workflow and results add to the structural atlas of the ECM, providing novel insights into its secretion and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Zens
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Florian Fäßler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jesse M. Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Julia Datler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Vanessa Zheden
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jonna Alanko
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Florian K.M. Schur
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
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2
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Ma Y, Luo Y, Li W, Wang D, Ning Z. White Isthmus Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Translucent Eggshell Formation. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1477. [PMID: 38791694 PMCID: PMC11117225 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of translucent eggshells is a type of egg quality issue that impacts egg sales. While many researchers have studied them, the exact mechanisms behind their formation remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a transcriptomic differential expression analysis of the isthmus region of the oviduct in both normal egg- and translucent egg-laying hens. The analysis revealed that differentially expressed gene pathways were predominantly concentrated in the synthesis, modification, and transport of eggshell membrane proteins, particularly collagen proteins, which provide structural support. These findings suggest that variations in the physical structure of the eggshell membrane, resulting from changes in its chemical composition, are the fundamental cause of translucent eggshell formation. This research provides a theoretical reference for reducing the occurrence of translucent eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Yuxing Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Dehe Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;
| | - Zhonghua Ning
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (W.L.)
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3
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Yeung CYC, Svensson RB, Mogensen NMB, Merkel MFR, Schjerling P, Jokipii-Utzon A, Zhang C, Carstensen H, Buhl R, Kjaer M. Mechanical properties, collagen and glycosaminoglycan content of equine superficial digital flexor tendons are not affected by training. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38712668 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical activity can activate extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis and influence the size and mechanical properties of tendon. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether different training histories of horses would influence the synthesis of collagen and other matrix proteins and alter the mechanical properties of tendon. Samples from superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) from horses that were either (a) currently race trained (n = 5), (b) previously race trained (n = 5) or (c) untrained (n = 4) were analysed for matrix protein abundance (mass spectrometry), collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, ECM gene expression and mechanical properties. It was found that ECM synthesis by tendon fibroblasts in vitro varied depending upon the previous training history. In contrast, fascicle morphology, collagen and GAG content, mechanical properties and ECM gene expression of the tendon did not reveal any significant differences between groups. In conclusion, although we could not identify any direct impact of the physical training history on the mechanical properties or major ECM components of the tendon, it is evident that horse tendon cells are responsive to loading in vivo, and the training background may lead to a modification in the composition of newly synthesised matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yan Chloé Yeung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René B Svensson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikoline M B Mogensen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Max F R Merkel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Jokipii-Utzon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helena Carstensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Buhl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Zhong Y, Zhou L, Guo Y, Wang F, He F, Cheng Y, Meng X, Xie H, Zhang Y, Li J. Downregulated SPESP1-driven fibroblast senescence decreases wound healing in aged mice. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1660. [PMID: 38764260 PMCID: PMC11103130 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) are essential in the processes of skin ageing and wound healing. However, the underlying mechanism of HDFs in skin healing of the elderly has not been well defined. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms of HDFs senescence and how senescent HDFs affect wound healing in aged skin. METHODS The expression and function of sperm equatorial segment protein 1 (SPESP1) in skin ageing were evaluated via in vivo and in vitro experiments. To delve into the potential molecular mechanisms by which SPESP1 influences skin ageing, a combination of techniques was employed, including proteomics, RNA sequencing, immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Clearance of senescent cells by dasatinib plus quercetin (D+Q) was investigated to explore the role of SPESP1-induced senescent HDFs in wound healing. RESULTS Here, we define the critical role of SPESP1 in ameliorating HDFs senescence and retarding the skin ageing process. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that SPESP1 directly binds to methyl-binding protein, leading to Decorin demethylation and subsequently upregulation of its expression. Moreover, SPESP1 knockdown delays wound healing in young mice and SPESP1 overexpression induces wound healing in old mice. Notably, pharmacogenetic clearance of senescent cells by D+Q improved wound healing in SPESP1 knockdown skin. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings reveal the critical role of SPESP1 in skin ageing and wound healing, expecting to facilitate the development of anti-ageing strategies and improve wound healing in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhong
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging BiologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging BiologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
- Department of DermatologyThe Third Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouPeoples Republic of China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging BiologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging BiologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
| | - Fanping He
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging BiologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
| | - Yufan Cheng
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging BiologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging BiologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Xie
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging BiologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
| | - Yiya Zhang
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging BiologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanPeoples Republic of China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of DermatologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging BiologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeoples Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanPeoples Republic of China
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5
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Frenz-Wiessner S, Fairley SD, Buser M, Goek I, Salewskij K, Jonsson G, Illig D, Zu Putlitz B, Petersheim D, Li Y, Chen PH, Kalauz M, Conca R, Sterr M, Geuder J, Mizoguchi Y, Megens RTA, Linder MI, Kotlarz D, Rudelius M, Penninger JM, Marr C, Klein C. Generation of complex bone marrow organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Methods 2024; 21:868-881. [PMID: 38374263 PMCID: PMC11093744 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-024-02172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The human bone marrow (BM) niche sustains hematopoiesis throughout life. We present a method for generating complex BM-like organoids (BMOs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). BMOs consist of key cell types that self-organize into spatially defined three-dimensional structures mimicking cellular, structural and molecular characteristics of the hematopoietic microenvironment. Functional properties of BMOs include the presence of an in vivo-like vascular network, the presence of multipotent mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, the support of neutrophil differentiation and responsiveness to inflammatory stimuli. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a heterocellular composition including the presence of a hematopoietic stem/progenitor (HSPC) cluster expressing genes of fetal HSCs. BMO-derived HSPCs also exhibited lymphoid potential and a subset demonstrated transient engraftment potential upon xenotransplantation in mice. We show that the BMOs could enable the modeling of hematopoietic developmental aspects and inborn errors of hematopoiesis, as shown for human VPS45 deficiency. Thus, iPSC-derived BMOs serve as a physiologically relevant in vitro model of the human BM microenvironment to study hematopoietic development and BM diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Frenz-Wiessner
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Savannah D Fairley
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Buser
- Institute of AI for Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Isabel Goek
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirill Salewskij
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gustav Jonsson
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Illig
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedicta Zu Putlitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Petersheim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pin-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Kalauz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Raffaele Conca
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Sterr
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Geuder
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yoko Mizoguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Remco T A Megens
- Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika I Linder
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Kotlarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Rudelius
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carsten Marr
- Institute of AI for Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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6
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Platt CI, Stewart-McGuinness C, Eckersley A, Wilkins L, Sherratt MJ. Acute exposure to ultraviolet radiation targets proteins involved in collagen fibrillogenesis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1352161. [PMID: 38559576 PMCID: PMC10978599 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1352161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Exposure to chronic, low-dose UV irradiation (UVR) can lead to premature ageing of the skin. Understanding which proteins are affected by acute UVR and photo-dynamically produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) could help to inform strategies to delay photoageing. Conventional biochemical analyses can be used to characterize UVR/ROS-induced damage on a protein-by-protein basis and we have previously shown using SDS-PAGE that collagen I and plasma fibronectin are respectively resistant and susceptible to physiological doses of UVR. The aim of this study was to screen a complex proteome for UVR-affected proteins. Methods: This study employed a sensitive mass spectrometry technique (peptide location fingerprinting: PLF) which can identify structure associated differences following trypsin digestion to characterize the impact of UVR exposure on purified collagen I and tissue fibronectin and to identify UVR-susceptible proteins in an ECM-enriched proteome. Results: Using LC/MS-MS and PLF we show that purified mature type-I collagen is resistant to UVR, whereas purified tissue fibronectin is susceptible. UV irradiation of a human dermal fibroblast-deposited ECM-enriched proteome in vitro, followed by LC/MS-MS and PLF analysis revealed two protein cluster groups of UV susceptible proteins involved in i) matrix collagen fibril assembly and ii) protein translation and motor activity. Furthermore, PLF highlighted UV susceptible domains within targeted matrix proteins, suggesting that UV damage of matrix proteins is localized. Discussion: Here we show that PLF can be used to identify protein targets of UVR and that collagen accessory proteins may be key targets in UVR exposed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I. Platt
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Callum Stewart-McGuinness
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Eckersley
- Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Loren Wilkins
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Sherratt
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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7
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Sao K, Risbud MV. Proteoglycan Dysfunction: A Common Link Between Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Skeletal Dysplasia. Neurospine 2024; 21:162-178. [PMID: 38569642 PMCID: PMC10992626 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2347342.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans through their sulfated glycosaminoglycans regulate cell-matrix signaling during tissue development, regeneration, and degeneration processes. Large extracellular proteoglycans such as aggrecan, versican, and perlecan are especially important for the structural integrity of the intervertebral disc and cartilage during development. In these tissues, proteoglycans are responsible for hydration, joint flexibility, and the absorption of mechanical loads. Loss or reduction of these molecules can lead to disc degeneration and skeletal dysplasia, evident from loss of disc height or defects in skeletal development respectively. In this review, we discuss the common proteoglycans found in the disc and cartilage and elaborate on various murine models and skeletal dysplasias in humans to highlight how their absence and/or aberrant expression causes accelerated disc degeneration and developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimheak Sao
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Makarand V. Risbud
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Bian T, Xing T, Zhao X, Xu X. Effects of Wooden Breast Myopathy on Meat Quality Characteristics of Broiler Pectoralis Major Muscle and Its Changes with Intramuscular Connective Tissue. Foods 2024; 13:507. [PMID: 38397484 PMCID: PMC10888062 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of wooden breast (WB) myopathy on chemical composition, meat quality attributes and physiochemical characteristics of intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) of broiler pectoralis major (PM) muscle. Thirty-six fillets were classified into varying degrees of WB condition, including normal, moderate and severe. Results show that WB myopathy altered the collagen profile in PM muscle by increasing total collagen content and decreasing collagen solubility. The composition of macromolecules in IMCT, including hydroxylysyl pyridoxine cross-linking, decorin and glycosaminoglycans, were increased with the severity of WB myopathy. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated higher denaturation temperatures and lower denaturation enthalpy of IMCT for WB. Secondary structures of α-helix and β-sheet in the IMCT of WB were changed to β-turn and random coil. In addition, chemical composition and meat quality attributes showed a correlation with collagen profile and IMCT characteristics. Overall, this study emphasizes the effect of WB myopathy on IMCT and their contributions to meat quality variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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9
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Tanino Y. Roles of extracellular matrix in lung diseases. Fukushima J Med Sci 2024; 70:1-9. [PMID: 38267030 PMCID: PMC10867433 DOI: 10.5387/fms.2023-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a non-cellular constituent found in all tissues and organs. Although ECM was previously recognized as a mere "molecular glue" that supports the tissue structure of organs such as the lungs, it has recently been reported that ECM has important biological activities for tissue morphogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and tumor progression. Proteoglycans are the main constituent of ECM, with growing evidence that proteoglycans and their associated glycosaminoglycans play important roles in the pathogenesis of several diseases. However, their roles in the lungs are incompletely understood. Leukocyte migration into the lung is one of the main aspects involved in the pathogenesis of several lung diseases. Glycosaminoglycans bind to chemokines and their interaction fine-tunes leukocyte migration into the affected organs. This review focuses on the role chemokine and glycosaminoglycan interactions in neutrophil migration into the lung. Furthermore, this review presents the role of proteoglycans such as syndecan, versican, and hyaluronan in inflammatory and fibrotic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tanino
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine
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10
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Oshima K, Siddiqui N, Orfila JE, Carter D, Laing J, Han X, Zakharevich I, Iozzo RV, Ghasabyan A, Moore H, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Moore EE, Quillinan N, Schmidt EP, Herson PS, Hippensteel JA. A role for decorin in improving motor deficits after traumatic brain injury. Matrix Biol 2024; 125:88-99. [PMID: 38135163 PMCID: PMC10922985 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability due to injury worldwide. Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is known to significantly contribute to TBI pathophysiology. Glycosaminoglycans, which are long-chain, variably sulfated polysaccharides abundant within the ECM, have previously been shown to be substantially altered after TBI. In this study, we sought to delineate the dynamics of glycosaminoglycan alterations after TBI and discover the precise biologic processes responsible for observed glycosaminoglycan changes after injury. We performed state-of-the art mass spectrometry on brain tissues isolated from mice after TBI or craniotomy-alone. We observed dynamic changes in glycosaminoglycans at Day 1 and 7 post-TBI, with heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronan remaining significantly increased after a week vis-à-vis craniotomy-alone tissues. We did not observe appreciable changes in circulating glycosaminoglycans in mice after experimental TBI compared to craniotomy-alone nor in patients with TBI and severe polytrauma compared to control patients with mild injuries, suggesting increases in injury site glycosaminoglycans are driven by local synthesis. We subsequently performed an unbiased whole genome transcriptomics analysis on mouse brain tissues 7 days post-TBI and discovered a significant induction of hyaluronan synthase 2, glypican-3, and decorin. The functional role of decorin after injury was further examined through multimodal behavioral testing comparing wild-type and Dcn-/- mice. We discovered that genetic ablation of Dcn led to an overall negative effect of TBI on function, exacerbating motor impairments after TBI. Collectively, our results provide a spatiotemporal characterization of post-TBI glycosaminoglycan alterations in the brain ECM and support an important adaptive role for decorin upregulation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Oshima
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noah Siddiqui
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James E Orfila
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Danelle Carter
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Justin Laing
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Xiaorui Han
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA; Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Igor Zakharevich
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arsen Ghasabyan
- Department of Surgery, Ernest E. Moore Shock Trauma Center at Denver Health, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Hunter Moore
- Department of Surgery, Ernest E. Moore Shock Trauma Center at Denver Health, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Ernest E Moore
- Department of Surgery, Ernest E. Moore Shock Trauma Center at Denver Health, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Nidia Quillinan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph A Hippensteel
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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11
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Blair HC, Larrouture QC, Tourkova IL, Nelson DJ, Dobrowolski SF, Schlesinger PH. Epithelial-like transport of mineral distinguishes bone formation from other connective tissues. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1889-1899. [PMID: 37991446 PMCID: PMC10880123 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
We review unique properties of bone formation including current understanding of mechanisms of bone mineral transport. We focus on formation only; mechanism of bone degradation is a separate topic not considered. Bone matrix is compared to other connective tissues composed mainly of the same proteins, but without the specialized mechanism for continuous transport and deposition of mineral. Indeed other connective tissues add mechanisms to prevent mineral formation. We start with the epithelial-like surfaces that mediate transport of phosphate to be incorporated into hydroxyapatite in bone, or in its ancestral tissue, the tooth. These include several phosphate producing or phosphate transport-related proteins with special expression in large quantities in bone, particularly in the bone-surface osteoblasts. In all connective tissues including bone, the proteins that constitute the protein matrix are mainly type I collagen and γ-carboxylate-containing small proteins in similar molar quantities to collagen. Specialized proteins that regulate connective tissue structure and formation are surprisingly similar in mineralized and non-mineralized tissues. While serum calcium and phosphate are adequate to precipitate mineral, specialized mechanisms normally prevent mineral formation except in bone, where continuous transport and deposition of mineral occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Blair
- Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Irina L. Tourkova
- Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Deborah J Nelson
- Dept of Neurobiology, Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL
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12
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Xie C, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Global impact of proteoglycan science on human diseases. iScience 2023; 26:108095. [PMID: 37867945 PMCID: PMC10589900 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we will dissect the impact of research on proteoglycans focusing on recent developments involved in their synthesis, degradation, and interactions, while critically assessing their usefulness in various biological processes. The emerging roles of proteoglycans in global infections, specifically the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and their rising functions in regenerative medicine and biomaterial science have significantly affected our current view of proteoglycans and related compounds. The roles of proteoglycans in cancer biology and their potential use as a next-generation protein-based adjuvant therapy to combat cancer is also emerging as a constructive and potentially beneficial therapeutic strategy. We will discuss the role of proteoglycans in selected and emerging areas of proteoglycan science, such as neurodegenerative diseases, autophagy, angiogenesis, cancer, infections and their impact on mammalian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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13
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Maiti G, Ashworth S, Choi T, Chakravarti S. Molecular cues for immune cells from small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans in their extracellular matrix-associated and free forms. Matrix Biol 2023; 123:48-58. [PMID: 37793508 PMCID: PMC10841460 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we highlight emerging immune regulatory functions of lumican, keratocan, fibromodulin, biglycan and decorin, which are members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRP) of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These SLRPs have been studied extensively as collagen-fibril regulatory structural components of the skin, cornea, bone and cartilage in homeostasis. However, SLRPs released from a remodeling ECM, or synthesized by activated fibroblasts and immune cells contribute to an ECM-free pool in tissues and circulation, that may have a significant, but poorly understood foot print in inflammation and disease. Their molecular interactions and the signaling networks they influence also require investigations. Here we present studies on the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs of SLRP core proteins, their evolutionary and functional relationships with other LRR pathogen recognition receptors, such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs) to bring some molecular clarity in the immune regulatory functions of SLRPs. We discuss molecular interactions of fragments and intact SLRPs, and how some of these interactions are likely modulated by glycosaminoglycan side chains. We integrate findings on molecular interactions of these SLRPs together with what is known about their presence in circulation and lymph nodes (LN), which are important sites of immune cell regulation. Recent bulk and single cell RNA sequencing studies have identified subsets of stromal reticular cells that express these SLRPs within LNs. An understanding of the cellular source, molecular interactions and signaling consequences will lead to a fundamental understanding of how SLRPs modulate immune responses, and to therapeutic tools based on these SLRPs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Maiti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sean Ashworth
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tansol Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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14
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Yang Y, McCullough CG, Seninge L, Guo L, Kwon WJ, Zhang Y, Li NY, Gaddam S, Pan C, Zhen H, Torkelson J, Glass IA, Charville G, Que J, Stuart J, Ding H, Oro A. A Spatiotemporal and Machine-Learning Platform Accelerates the Manufacturing of hPSC-derived Esophageal Mucosa. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.24.563664. [PMID: 37961271 PMCID: PMC10634774 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived tissue engineering offers great promise in designer cell-based personalized therapeutics. To harness such potential, a broader approach requires a deeper understanding of tissue-level interactions. We previously developed a manufacturing system for the ectoderm-derived skin epithelium for cell replacement therapy. However, it remains challenging to manufacture the endoderm-derived esophageal epithelium, despite both possessing similar stratified structure. Here we employ single cell and spatial technologies to generate a spatiotemporal multi-omics cell atlas for human esophageal development. We illuminate the cellular diversity, dynamics and signal communications for the developing esophageal epithelium and stroma. Using the machine-learning based Manatee, we prioritize the combinations of candidate human developmental signals for in vitro derivation of esophageal basal cells. Functional validation of the Manatee predictions leads to a clinically-compatible system for manufacturing human esophageal mucosa. Our approach creates a versatile platform to accelerate human tissue manufacturing for future cell replacement therapies to treat human genetic defects and wounds.
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15
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Choi T, Maiti G, Chakravarti S. Three-Dimensional Modeling of CpG DNA Binding with Matrix Lumican Shows Leucine-Rich Repeat Motif Involvement as in TLR9-CpG DNA Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14990. [PMID: 37834438 PMCID: PMC10573802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumican is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan known to regulate toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in innate immune cells. In experimental settings, lumican suppresses TLR9 signaling by binding to and sequestering its synthetic ligand, CpG-DNA, in non-signal permissive endosomes. However, the molecular details of lumican interactions with CpG-DNA are obscure. Here, the 3-D structure of the 22 base-long CpG-DNA (CpG ODN_2395) bound to lumican or TLR9 were modeled using homology modeling and docking methods. Some of the TLR9-CpG ODN_2395 features predicted by our model are consistent with the previously reported TLR9-CpG DNA crystal structure, substantiating our current analysis. Our modeling indicated a smaller buried surface area for lumican-CpG ODN_2395 (1803 Å2) compared to that of TLR9-CpG ODN_2395 (2094 Å2), implying a potentially lower binding strength for lumican and CpG-DNA than TLR9 and CpG-DNA. The docking analysis identified 32 amino acids in lumican LRR1-11 interacting with CpG ODN_2395, primarily through hydrogen bonding, salt-bridges, and hydrophobic interactions. Our study provides molecular insights into lumican and CpG-DNA interactions that may lead to molecular targets for modulating TLR9-mediated inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansol Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - George Maiti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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16
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Orang A, Dredge BK, Liu CY, Bracken JM, Chen CH, Sourdin L, Whitfield HJ, Lumb R, Boyle ST, Davis MJ, Samuel MS, Gregory PA, Khew-Goodall Y, Goodall GJ, Pillman KA, Bracken CP. Basonuclin-2 regulates extracellular matrix production and degradation. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301984. [PMID: 37536977 PMCID: PMC10400885 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is essential for tissue patterning and organization. It involves both regulation of cell motility and alterations in the composition and organization of the ECM-a complex environment of proteoglycans and fibrous proteins essential for tissue homeostasis, signaling in response to chemical and biomechanical stimuli, and is often dysregulated under conditions such as cancer, fibrosis, and chronic wounds. Here, we demonstrate that basonuclin-2 (BNC2), a mesenchymal-expressed gene, that is, strongly associated with cancer and developmental defects across genome-wide association studies, is a novel regulator of ECM composition and degradation. We find that at endogenous levels, BNC2 controls the expression of specific collagens, matrix metalloproteases, and other matrisomal components in breast cancer cells, and in fibroblasts that are primarily responsible for the production and processing of the ECM within the tumour microenvironment. In so doing, BNC2 modulates the motile and invasive properties of cancers, which likely explains the association of high BNC2 expression with increasing cancer grade and poor patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Orang
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - B Kate Dredge
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chi Yau Liu
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julie M Bracken
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chun-Hsien Chen
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Laura Sourdin
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Holly J Whitfield
- Division of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Rachael Lumb
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sarah T Boyle
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa J Davis
- South Australian ImmunogGENomics Cancer Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Division of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Fraser Institute, University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, Australia
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Philip A Gregory
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yeesim Khew-Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gregory J Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Katherine A Pillman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Cameron P Bracken
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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17
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Mondal DK, Xie C, Buraschi S, Iozzo RV. Decorin suppresses tumor lymphangiogenesis: A mechanism to curtail cancer progression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.28.555187. [PMID: 37693608 PMCID: PMC10491239 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.555187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The complex interplay between malignant cells and the cellular and molecular components of the tumor stroma is a key aspect of cancer growth and development. These tumor-host interactions are often affected by soluble bioactive molecules such as proteoglycans. Decorin, an archetypical small leucine-rich proteoglycan primarily expressed by stromal cells, affects cancer growth in its soluble form by interacting with several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Overall, decorin leads to a context-dependent and protracted cessation of oncogenic RTK activity by attenuating their ability to drive a pro-survival program and to sustain a pro-angiogenic network. Through an unbiased transcriptomic analysis using deep RNAseq, we discovered that decorin downregulated a cluster of tumor-associated genes involved in lymphatic vessel development when systemically delivered to mice harboring breast carcinoma allografts. We found that Lyve1 and Podoplanin, two established markers of lymphatic vessels, were markedly suppressed at both the mRNA and protein levels and this suppression correlated with a significant reduction in tumor lymphatic vessels. We further discovered that soluble decorin, but not its homologous proteoglycan biglycan, inhibited lymphatic vessel sprouting in an ex vivo 3D model of lymphangiogenesis. Mechanistically, we found that decorin interacted with VEGFR3, the main lymphatic RTK, and its activity was required for the decorin-mediated block of lymphangiogenesis. Finally, we discovered that Lyve1 was in part degraded via decorin-evoked autophagy in a nutrient- and energy-independent manner. These findings implicate decorin as a new biological factor with anti-lymphangiogenic activity and provide a potential therapeutic agent for curtailing breast cancer growth and metastasis.
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18
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Choi T, Maiti G, Chakravarti S. 3D modeling of CpG DNA binding with matrix lumican shows leucine-rich repeat motif involvement as in TLR9-CpG DNA interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.554201. [PMID: 37662233 PMCID: PMC10473624 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Lumican is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan, known to regulate toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in innate immune cells. In experimental settings, lumican suppresses TLR9 signaling by binding to, and sequestering its synthetic ligand, CpG-DNA, in non-signal permissive endosomes. However, the molecular details of lumican interactions with CpG-DNA are obscure. Here, the 3-D structure of the 22 base-long CpG-DNA (CpG ODN_2395) bound to lumican or TLR9 were modeled using homology modeling and docking methods. Some of the TLR9-CpG ODN_2395 features predicted by our model are consistent with the previously reported TLR9-CpG DNA crystal structure, substantiating our current analysis. Our modeling indicated a smaller buried surface area for lumican-CpG ODN_2395 (1803 Å2) compared to that of TLR9-CpG ODN_2395 (2094 Å2), implying a potentially lower binding strength for lumican and CpG-DNA than TLR9 and CpG-DNA. The docking analysis identified 32 amino acids in lumican LRR1-11 interacting with CpG ODN_2395, primarily through hydrogen bonding, salt-bridges and hydrophobic interactions. Our study provides molecular insights into lumican and CpG-DNA interactions that may lead to molecular targets for modulating TLR9 mediated inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansol Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - George Maiti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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19
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Sumioka T, Matsumoto KI, Reinach PS, Saika S. Tenascins and osteopontin in biological response in cornea. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:131-149. [PMID: 37209968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The structural composition, integrity and regular curvature of the cornea contribute to the maintenance of its transparency and vision. Disruption of its integrity caused by injury results in scarring, inflammation and neovascularization followed by losses in transparency. These sight compromising effects is caused by dysfunctional corneal resident cell responses induced by the wound healing process. Upregulation of growth factors/cytokines and neuropeptides affect development of aberrant behavior. These factors trigger keratocytes to first transform into activated fibroblasts and then to myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts express extracellular matrix components for tissue repair and contract the tissue to facilitate wound closure. Proper remodeling following primary repair is critical for restoration of transparency and visual function. Extracellular matrix components contributing to the healing process are divided into two groups; a group of classical tissue structural components and matrix macromolecules that modulate cell behaviors/activities besides being integrated into the matrix structure. The latter components are designated as matricellular proteins. Their functionality is elicited through mechanisms which modulate the scaffold integrity, cell behaviors, activation/inactivation of either growth factors or cytoplasmic signaling regulation. We discuss here the functional roles of matricellular proteins in mediating injury-induced corneal tissue repair. The roles are described of major matricellular proteins, which include tenascin C, tenascin X and osteopontin. Focus is directed towards dealing with their roles in modulating individual activities of wound healing-related growth factors, e. g., transforming growth factor β (TGF β). Modulation of matricellular protein functions could encompass a potential novel strategy to improve the outcome of injury-induced corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Sumioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Peter Sol Reinach
- Department of Biological. Sciences SUNY Optometry, New York, NY, 10036, USA
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, 641-0012, Japan
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20
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Gesteira TF, Verma S, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Small leucine rich proteoglycans: Biology, function and their therapeutic potential in the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:521-536. [PMID: 37355022 PMCID: PMC11092928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Small leucine rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are the largest family of proteoglycans, with 18 members that are subdivided into five classes. SLRPs are small in size and can be present in tissues as glycosylated and non-glycosylated proteins, and the most studied SLRPs include decorin, biglycan, lumican, keratocan and fibromodulin. SLRPs specifically bind to collagen fibrils, regulating collagen fibrillogenesis and the biomechanical properties of tissues, and are expressed at particularly high levels in fibrous tissues, such as the cornea. However, SLRPs are also very active components of the ECM, interacting with numerous growth factors, cytokines and cell surface receptors. Therefore, SLRPs regulate major cellular processes and have a central role in major fundamental biological processes, such as maintaining corneal homeostasis and transparency and regulating corneal wound healing. Over the years, mutations and/or altered expression of SLRPs have been associated with various corneal diseases, such as congenital stromal corneal dystrophy and cornea plana. Recently, there has been great interest in harnessing the various functions of SLRPs for therapeutic purposes. In this comprehensive review, we describe the structural features and the related functions of SLRPs, and how these affect the therapeutic potential of SLRPs, with special emphasis on the use of SLRPs for treating ocular surface pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudhir Verma
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, USA; Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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21
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Park JYC, King A, Björk V, English BW, Fedintsev A, Ewald CY. Strategic outline of interventions targeting extracellular matrix for promoting healthy longevity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C90-C128. [PMID: 37154490 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00060.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM), composed of interlinked proteins outside of cells, is an important component of the human body that helps maintain tissue architecture and cellular homeostasis. As people age, the ECM undergoes changes that can lead to age-related morbidity and mortality. Despite its importance, ECM aging remains understudied in the field of geroscience. In this review, we discuss the core concepts of ECM integrity, outline the age-related challenges and subsequent pathologies and diseases, summarize diagnostic methods detecting a faulty ECM, and provide strategies targeting ECM homeostasis. To conceptualize this, we built a technology research tree to hierarchically visualize possible research sequences for studying ECM aging. This strategic framework will hopefully facilitate the development of future research on interventions to restore ECM integrity, which could potentially lead to the development of new drugs or therapeutic interventions promoting health during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Cecilia Park
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Regeneration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Aaron King
- Foresight Institute, San Francisco, California, United States
| | | | - Bradley W English
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Collin Y Ewald
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Regeneration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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22
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Courseault J, Kingry C, Morrison V, Edstrom C, Morrell K, Jaubert L, Elia V, Bix G. Folate-dependent hypermobility syndrome: A proposed mechanism and diagnosis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15387. [PMID: 37095957 PMCID: PMC10122021 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypermobility involves excessive flexibility and systemic manifestations of connective tissue fragility. We propose a folate-dependent hypermobility syndrome model based on clinical observations, and through a review of existing literature, we raise the possibility that hypermobility presentation may be dependent on folate status. In our model, decreased methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) activity disrupts the regulation of the ECM-specific proteinase matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), leading to high levels of MMP-2 and elevated MMP-2-mediated cleavage of the proteoglycan decorin. Cleavage of decorin leads ultimately to extracellular matrix (ECM) disorganization and increased fibrosis. This review aims to describe relationships between folate metabolism and key proteins in the ECM that can further explain the signs and symptoms associated with hypermobility, along with possible treatment with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Courseault
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, The Fascia Institute and Treatment Center 7030 Canal Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
- Corresponding
| | - Catherine Kingry
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, The Fascia Institute and Treatment Center 7030 Canal Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Vivianne Morrison
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Christiania Edstrom
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, The Fascia Institute and Treatment Center 7030 Canal Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Kelli Morrell
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, The Fascia Institute and Treatment Center 7030 Canal Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Lisa Jaubert
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, The Fascia Institute and Treatment Center 7030 Canal Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Victoria Elia
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, The Fascia Institute and Treatment Center 7030 Canal Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Gregory Bix
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Corresponding
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23
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Wu T, Liu L, Gao Z, Cui C, Fan C, Liu Y, Di M, Yang Q, Xu Z, Liu W. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-inspired high-strength gelatin-alginate based hydrogels for bone repair. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2877-2885. [PMID: 36876524 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
It has always been a huge challenge to construct high-strength hydrogels that are composed entirely of natural polymers. In this study, inspired by the structural characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM), gelatin and hydrazide alginate were employed to mimic the composition of collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the ECM, respectively, to develop natural polymer (NP) high-strength hydrogels crosslinked by physical and covalent interactions (Gelatin-HAlg-DN). First, HAlg and gelatin can form physically crosslinked hydrogels (Gelatin-HAlg) due to electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions. Then, the Gelatin-HAlg hydrogels can be further covalently crosslinked in the presence of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) to obtain Gelatin-HAlg-DN hydrogels. The obtained Gelatin-HAlg-DN hydrogels exhibit considerably enhanced mechanical properties (tensile strength: 0.9 MPa; elongation at break: 177%) with a maximum 16- and 3.2-fold increase in tensile strength and elongation at break, respectively, compared with gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels. Importantly, the Gelatin-HAlg-DN hydrogels exhibit excellent biodegradability and swelling stability under physiological conditions, and the capability to support cell adhesion and proliferation. In a rat critical size bone defect model, Gelatin-HAlg-DN hydrogels loaded with psoralen could effectively promote bone regeneration, showing appealing potential as tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengling Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Luxing Liu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Ziwei Gao
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Chunyan Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Chuanchuan Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Mingyuan Di
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Ziyang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Wenguang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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24
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Ringström N, Edling C, Nalesso G, Jeevaratnam K. Framing Heartaches: The Cardiac ECM and the Effects of Age. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4713. [PMID: 36902143 PMCID: PMC10003270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) is involved in several pathological conditions, and age itself is also associated with certain changes in the heart: it gets larger and stiffer, and it develops an increased risk of abnormal intrinsic rhythm. This, therefore, makes conditions such as atrial arrythmia more common. Many of these changes are directly related to the ECM, yet the proteomic composition of the ECM and how it changes with age is not fully resolved. The limited research progress in this field is mainly due to the intrinsic challenges in unravelling tightly bound cardiac proteomic components and also the time-consuming and costly dependency on animal models. This review aims to give an overview of the composition of the cardiac ECM, how different components aid the function of the healthy heart, how the ECM is remodelled and how it is affected by ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kamalan Jeevaratnam
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
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25
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Hashimoto A, Hirose T, Hashimoto K, Mizumoto S, Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Saka S, Yoshizawa T, Okada T, Yamada S, Kosho T, Watanabe T, Miyata S, Nomura Y. Collagen Network Formation in In Vitro Models of Musculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020308. [PMID: 36833235 PMCID: PMC9957042 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14 (CHST14) cause musculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-CHST14 (mcEDS-CHST14), characterized by multiple congenital malformations and progressive connective tissue fragility-related manifestations in the cutaneous, skeletal, cardiovascular, visceral and ocular system. The replacement of dermatan sulfate chains on decorin proteoglycan with chondroitin sulfate chains is proposed to lead to the disorganization of collagen networks in the skin. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of mcEDS-CHST14 are not fully understood, partly due to the lack of in vitro models of this disease. In the present study, we established in vitro models of fibroblast-mediated collagen network formation that recapacitate mcEDS-CHST14 pathology. Electron microscopy analysis of mcEDS-CHST14-mimicking collagen gels revealed an impaired fibrillar organization that resulted in weaker mechanical strength of the gels. The addition of decorin isolated from patients with mcEDS-CHST14 and Chst14-/- mice disturbed the assembly of collagen fibrils in vitro compared to control decorin. Our study may provide useful in vitro models of mcEDS-CHST14 to elucidate the pathomechanism of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takuya Hirose
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kohei Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Nitahara-Kasahara
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shota Saka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Animal Research, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
- Division of Clinical Sequencing, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
- Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Matsumoto 390-8621, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takafumi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinji Miyata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Yoshihiro Nomura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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26
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Li H, Korcari A, Ciufo D, Mendias CL, Rodeo SA, Buckley MR, Loiselle AE, Pitt GS, Cao C. Increased Ca 2+ signaling through Ca V 1.2 induces tendon hypertrophy with increased collagen fibrillogenesis and biomechanical properties. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.24.525119. [PMID: 36747837 PMCID: PMC9900778 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.24.525119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are tension-bearing tissues transmitting force from muscle to bone for body movement. This mechanical loading is essential for tendon development, homeostasis, and healing after injury. While Ca 2+ signaling has been studied extensively for its roles in mechanotransduction, regulating muscle, bone and cartilage development and homeostasis, knowledge about Ca 2+ signaling and the source of Ca 2+ signals in tendon fibroblast biology are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the function of Ca 2+ signaling through Ca V 1.2 voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel in tendon formation. Using a reporter mouse, we found that Ca V 1.2 is highly expressed in tendon during development and downregulated in adult homeostasis. To assess its function, we generated ScxCre;Ca V 1.2 TS mice that express a gain-of-function mutant Ca V 1.2 channel (Ca V 1.2 TS ) in tendon. We found that tendons in the mutant mice were approximately 2/3 larger and had more tendon fibroblasts, but the cell density of the mutant mice decreased by around 22%. TEM analyses demonstrated increased collagen fibrillogenesis in the hypertrophic tendon. Biomechanical testing revealed that the hypertrophic Achilles tendons display higher peak load and stiffness, with no changes in peak stress and elastic modulus. Proteomics analysis reveals no significant difference in the abundance of major extracellular matrix (ECM) type I and III collagens, but mutant mice had about 2-fold increase in other ECM proteins such as tenascin C, tenomodulin, periostin, type XIV and type VIII collagens, around 11-fold increase in the growth factor of TGF-β family myostatin, and significant elevation of matrix remodeling proteins including Mmp14, Mmp2 and cathepsin K. Taken together, these data highlight roles for increased Ca 2+ signaling through Ca V 1.2 on regulating expression of myostatin growth factor and ECM proteins for tendon collagen fibrillogenesis during tendon formation.
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27
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Burns JS, Kassem M. Identifying Biomarkers for Osteogenic Potency Assay Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1420:39-58. [PMID: 37258783 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30040-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There has been extensive exploration of how cells may serve as advanced therapy medicinal products to treat skeletal pathologies. Osteoblast progenitors responsible for production of extracellular matrix that is subsequently mineralized during bone formation have been characterised as a rare bone marrow subpopulation of cell culture plastic adherent cells. Conveniently, they proliferate to form single-cell derived colonies of fibroblastoid cells, termed colony forming unit fibroblasts that can subsequently differentiate to aggregates resembling small areas of cartilage or bone. However, donor heterogeneity and loss of osteogenic differentiation capacity during extended cell culture have made the discovery of reliable potency assay biomarkers difficult. Nonetheless, functional osteoblast models derived from telomerised human bone marrow stromal cells have allowed extensive comparative analysis of gene expression, microRNA, morphological phenotypes and secreted proteins. This chapter highlights numerous insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning osteogenic differentiation of multipotent stromal cells and bone formation, discussing aspects involved in the choice of useful biomarkers for functional attributes that can be quantitively measured in osteogenic potency assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S Burns
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- University Hospital of Odense, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Korcari A, Przybelski SJ, Gingery A, Loiselle AE. Impact of aging on tendon homeostasis, tendinopathy development, and impaired healing. Connect Tissue Res 2023; 64:1-13. [PMID: 35903886 PMCID: PMC9851966 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex and progressive process where the tissues of the body demonstrate a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis. During aging, there are substantial cellular and molecular changes, with a subsequent increase in susceptibility to pathological degeneration of normal tissue function. In tendon, aging results in well characterized alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and composition. In addition, the cellular environment of aged tendons is altered, including a marked decrease in cell density and metabolic activity, as well as an increase in cellular senescence. Collectively, these degenerative changes make aging a key risk factor for the development of tendinopathies and can increase the frequency of tendon injuries. However, inconsistencies in the extent of age-related degenerative impairments in tendons have been reported, likely due to differences in how "old" and "young" age-groups have been defined, differences between anatomically distinct tendons, and differences between animal models that have been utilized to study the impact of aging on tendon homeostasis. In this review, we address these issues by summarizing data by well-defined age categories (young adults, middle-aged, and aged) and from anatomically distinct tendon types. We then summarize in detail how aging affects tendon mechanics, structure, composition, and the cellular environment based on current data and underscore what is currently not known. Finally, we discuss gaps in the current understanding of tendon aging and propose key avenues for future research that can shed light on the specific mechanisms of tendon pathogenesis due to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonion Korcari
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Anne Gingery
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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29
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Kubo E, Shibata S, Shibata T, Sasaki H, Singh DP. Role of Decorin in the Lens and Ocular Diseases. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010074. [PMID: 36611867 PMCID: PMC9818407 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin is an archetypal member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family and is involved in various biological functions and many signaling networks, interacting with extra-cellular matrix (ECM) components, growth factors, and receptor tyrosine kinases. Decorin also modulates the growth factors, cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. It has been reported to be involved in many ischemic and fibrotic eye diseases, such as congenital stromal dystrophy of the cornea, anterior subcapsular fibrosis of the lens, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, et al. Furthermore, recent evidence supports its role in secondary posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery. The expression of decorin mRNA in lens epithelial cells in vitro was found to decrease upon transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-2 addition and increase upon fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 addition. Wound healing of the injured lens in mice transgenic for lens-specific human decorin was promoted by inhibiting myofibroblastic changes. Decorin may be associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and PCO development in the lens. Gene therapy and decorin administration have the potential to serve as excellent therapeutic approaches for modifying impaired wound healing, PCO, and other eye diseases related to fibrosis and angiogenesis. In this review, we present findings regarding the roles of decorin in the lens and ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-286-2211 (ext. 3412); Fax: +81-76-286-1010
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Teppei Shibata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Dhirendra P. Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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30
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Syx D, Delbaere S, Bui C, De Clercq A, Larson G, Mizumoto S, Kosho T, Fournel-Gigleux S, Malfait F. Alterations in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis associated with the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1843-C1859. [PMID: 35993517 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00127.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans consist of a core protein substituted with one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains and execute versatile functions during many physiological and pathological processes. The biosynthesis of GAG chains is a complex process that depends on the concerted action of a variety of enzymes. Central to the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) GAG chains is the formation of a tetrasaccharide linker region followed by biosynthesis of HS or CS/DS-specific repeating disaccharide units, which then undergo modifications and epimerization. The importance of these biosynthetic enzymes is illustrated by several severe pleiotropic disorders that arise upon their deficiency. The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) constitute a special group among these disorders. Although most EDS types are caused by defects in fibrillar types I, III, or V collagen, or their modifying enzymes, a few rare EDS types have recently been linked to defects in GAG biosynthesis. Spondylodysplastic EDS (spEDS) is caused by defective formation of the tetrasaccharide linker region, either due to β4GalT7 or β3GalT6 deficiency, whereas musculocontractural EDS (mcEDS) results from deficiency of D4ST1 or DS-epi1, impairing DS formation. This narrative review highlights the consequences of GAG deficiency in these specific EDS types, summarizes the associated phenotypic features and the molecular spectrum of reported pathogenic variants, and defines the current knowledge on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms based on studies in patient-derived material, in vitro analyses, and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfien Syx
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Delbaere
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Adelbert De Clercq
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Ostend, Belgium
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | | | - Fransiska Malfait
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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31
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Kayser F, Bori E, Fourny S, Hontoir F, Clegg P, Dugdale A, Vandeweerd JM, Innocenti B. Ex vivo study correlating the stiffness of the ovine patellar tendon to age and weight. Int Biomech 2022; 9:1-9. [PMID: 35929916 PMCID: PMC9359184 DOI: 10.1080/23335432.2022.2108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons play a crucial role in the musculoskeletal system. In humans, tendon injuries, especially chronic tendinopathy, are very common and the patellar tendon is a frequent location for tendinopathy or injuries. The biomechanical characteristics of the patellar tendon, such as elasticity and stiffness, are of paramount importance and constitute major outcome measures in research studies. We aimed to assess whether the stiffness of the healthy ovine patellar tendon changes with age and weight in a population of normal animals. Sixty-eight 'patella-patellar tendon-tibial tuberosity' units from thirty-four Ile-de-France ewes of body mass 65 to 95 kg, euthanized for reasons other than musculoskeletal diseases, underwent a tensile test providing a measure of the tendon stiffness. Animals were sorted into three categories of age (1-2 yo, 3-5 yo, 6-10 yo). We found a positive but not significant correlation between age category and stiffness (r = 0.22, p = 0.27). There was a significantly positive correlation between weight and stiffness (r = 0.39, p = 0.04). In conclusion, the study characterized biomechanical properties of healthy tendons, provided useful reference values, and established the basis for future biomechanical tests on healing tendons in sheep. The most appropriate sheep population for those future studies would be non-overweight young adults presenting with no lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Kayser
- Department of Medical Imaging, CHU UCL NAMUR (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Université Catholique de Louvain-NAMUR) site Godinne, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Edoardo Bori
- BEAMS Department (Bio-Electro and Mechanical System), ULB (Université Libre de Bruxelles)-Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sophie Fourny
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Fanny Hontoir
- NaRILiS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences)-IRVU (Integrated Veterinary Research Unit), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Peter Clegg
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Alexandra Dugdale
- Units E & F, Telford Court, Dunkirk Trading Estate, Gates Lane, Chester Gates Veterinary Specialists CVS (UK) Ltd, Chester, UK
| | - Jean-Michel Vandeweerd
- NaRILiS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences)-IRVU (Integrated Veterinary Research Unit), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Bernardo Innocenti
- BEAMS Department (Bio-Electro and Mechanical System), ULB (Université Libre de Bruxelles), Bruxelles, Belgium
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32
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Schüler SC, Liu Y, Dumontier S, Grandbois M, Le Moal E, Cornelison DDW, Bentzinger CF. Extracellular matrix: Brick and mortar in the skeletal muscle stem cell niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1056523. [PMID: 36523505 PMCID: PMC9745096 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1056523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an interconnected macromolecular scaffold occupying the space between cells. Amongst other functions, the ECM provides structural support to tissues and serves as a microenvironmental niche that conveys regulatory signals to cells. Cell-matrix adhesions, which link the ECM to the cytoskeleton, are dynamic multi-protein complexes containing surface receptors and intracellular effectors that control various downstream pathways. In skeletal muscle, the most abundant tissue of the body, each individual muscle fiber and its associated muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are surrounded by a layer of ECM referred to as the basal lamina. The core scaffold of the basal lamina consists of self-assembling polymeric laminins and a network of collagens that tether proteoglycans, which provide lateral crosslinking, establish collateral associations with cell surface receptors, and serve as a sink and reservoir for growth factors. Skeletal muscle also contains the fibrillar collagenous interstitial ECM that plays an important role in determining tissue elasticity, connects the basal laminae to each other, and contains matrix secreting mesenchymal fibroblast-like cell types and blood vessels. During skeletal muscle regeneration fibroblast-like cell populations expand and contribute to the transitional fibronectin-rich regenerative matrix that instructs angiogenesis and MuSC function. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of the skeletal muscle ECM in health and disease and outline its role in orchestrating tissue regeneration and MuSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja C. Schüler
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Yuguo Liu
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Dumontier
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Grandbois
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Emmeran Le Moal
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - DDW Cornelison
- Division of Biological Sciences Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - C. Florian Bentzinger
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: C. Florian Bentzinger,
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Decorin Promotes Osteoblastic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238224. [PMID: 36500314 PMCID: PMC9739490 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to clarify the biological functions of decorin (DCN) in the healing and regeneration of wounded periodontal tissue. We investigated the expression pattern of DCN during the healing of wounded periodontal tissue in rats by immunohistochemistry and the effects of DCN on the osteoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells (HPDLSCs) and preosteoblasts by Alizarin red S staining, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions, and western blotting. The expression of DCN was increased around the wounded PDL tissue on day 5 after surgery compared with the nonwounded PDL tissue, whereas its expression was not changed in the osteoblastic layer around the wounded alveolar bone. Furthermore, DCN promoted the osteoblastic differentiation of HPDLSCs, but it did not affect the osteoblastic differentiation of preosteoblasts. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was upregulated during the DCN-induced osteoblastic differentiation of HPDLSCs. DCN did not affect proliferation, migration, or the PDL-related gene expression of HPDLSCs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that DCN has a role in the healing of wounded periodontal tissue. Furthermore, DCN secreted from PDL cells may contribute to bone healing by upregulating osteoblastic differentiation through ERK1/2 signaling in HPDLSCs, indicating a therapeutic effect of DCN in periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Sanchez MM, Bagdasarian IA, Darch W, Morgan JT. Organotypic cultures as aging associated disease models. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:9338-9383. [PMID: 36435511 PMCID: PMC9740367 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aging remains a primary risk factor for a host of diseases, including leading causes of death. Aging and associated diseases are inherently multifactorial, with numerous contributing factors and phenotypes at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal scales. Despite the complexity of aging phenomena, models currently used in aging research possess limitations. Frequently used in vivo models often have important physiological differences, age at different rates, or are genetically engineered to match late disease phenotypes rather than early causes. Conversely, routinely used in vitro models lack the complex tissue-scale and systemic cues that are disrupted in aging. To fill in gaps between in vivo and traditional in vitro models, researchers have increasingly been turning to organotypic models, which provide increased physiological relevance with the accessibility and control of in vitro context. While powerful tools, the development of these models is a field of its own, and many aging researchers may be unaware of recent progress in organotypic models, or hesitant to include these models in their own work. In this review, we describe recent progress in tissue engineering applied to organotypic models, highlighting examples explicitly linked to aging and associated disease, as well as examples of models that are relevant to aging. We specifically highlight progress made in skin, gut, and skeletal muscle, and describe how recently demonstrated models have been used for aging studies or similar phenotypes. Throughout, this review emphasizes the accessibility of these models and aims to provide a resource for researchers seeking to leverage these powerful tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina M. Sanchez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | - William Darch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Joshua T. Morgan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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35
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Readioff R, Geraghty B, Kharaz YA, Elsheikh A, Comerford E. Proteoglycans play a role in the viscoelastic behaviour of the canine cranial cruciate ligament. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:984224. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.984224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are minor extracellular matrix proteins, and their contributions to the mechanobiology of complex ligaments such as the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) have not been determined to date. The CCLs are highly susceptible to injuries, and their extracellular matrix comprises higher PGs content than the other major knee ligaments. Hence these characteristics make CCLs an ideal specimen to use as a model in this study. This study addressed the hypothesis that PGs play a vital role in CCL mechanobiology by determining the biomechanical behaviour at low strain rates before and after altering PGs content. For the first time, this study qualitatively investigated the contribution of PGs to key viscoelastic characteristics, including strain rate dependency, hysteresis, creep and stress relaxation, in canine CCLs. Femur-CCL-tibia specimens (n = 6 pairs) were harvested from canine knee joints and categorised into a control group, where PGs were not depleted, and a treated group, where PGs were depleted. Specimens were preconditioned and cyclically loaded to 9.9 N at 0.1, 1 and 10%/min strain rates, followed by creep and stress relaxation tests. Low tensile loads were applied to focus on the toe-region of the stress-strain curves where the non-collagenous extracellular matrix components take significant effect. Biochemical assays were performed on the CCLs to determine PGs and water content. The PG content was ∼19% less in the treated group than in the control group. The qualitative study showed that the stress-strain curves in the treated group were strain rate dependent, similar to the control group. The CCLs in the treated group showed stiffer characteristics than the control group. Hysteresis, creep characteristics (creep strain, creep rate and creep compliance), and stress relaxation values were reduced in the treated group compared to the control group. This study suggests that altering PGs content changes the microstructural organisation of the CCLs, including water molecule contents which can lead to changes in CCL viscoelasticity. The change in mechanical properties of the CCLs may predispose to injury and lead to knee joint osteoarthritis. Future studies should focus on quantitatively identifying the effect of PG on the mechanics of intact knee ligaments across broader demography.
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36
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Fajardo-Jiménez MJ, Tejada-Moreno JA, Mejía-García A, Villegas-Lanau A, Zapata-Builes W, Restrepo JE, Cuartas GP, Hernandez JC. Ehlers-Danlos: A Literature Review and Case Report in a Colombian Woman with Multiple Comorbidities. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2118. [PMID: 36421793 PMCID: PMC9689997 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a heterogeneous group of genetically transmitted connective tissue disorders that directly affect collagen synthesis, with a broad range of symptoms. Case presentation: This study presents a clinical case of a Colombian woman with myopathic EDS and multiple comorbidities taking 40 years of medical history to make the right diagnosis. This article also presents a review of the current literature on EDS, not only to remind the syndrome but also to help the clinician correctly identify symptoms of this diverse syndrome. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis of the patient, including clinical and molecular analysis, and neuropsychological and psychological assessment, is important to improve the treatment choice and the outcome prediction of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alejandro Mejía-García
- Grupo Genética Molecular GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Andrés Villegas-Lanau
- Grupo Neurociencias de Antioquia GNA, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata-Builes
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050012, Colombia
| | - Jorge E. Restrepo
- Grupo OBSERVATOS, Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales, Tecnológico de Antioquia—Institución Universitaria, Medellín 050034, Colombia
| | - Gina P. Cuartas
- Grupo Neurociencia y Cognición, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050012, Colombia
| | - Juan C. Hernandez
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050012, Colombia
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37
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Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. Studies of ultrastructure, gene expression, and marker analysis reveal that mouse bladder PDGFRA + interstitial cells are fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F299-F321. [PMID: 35834272 PMCID: PMC9394772 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00135.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are crucial to normal and abnormal organ and tissue biology, yet we lack basic insights into the fibroblasts that populate the bladder wall. Candidates may include bladder interstitial cells (also referred to as myofibroblasts, telocytes, and interstitial cells of Cajal-like cells), which express the fibroblast-associated marker PDGFRA along with VIM and CD34 but whose form and function remain enigmatic. By applying the latest insights in fibroblast transcriptomics, coupled with studies of gene expression, ultrastructure, and marker analysis, we observe the following: 1) that mouse bladder PDGFRA+ cells exhibit all of the ultrastructural hallmarks of fibroblasts including spindle shape, lack of basement membrane, abundant endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, and formation of homotypic cell-cell contacts (but not heterotypic ones); 2) that they express multiple canonical fibroblast markers (including Col1a2, CD34, LY6A, and PDGFRA) along with the universal fibroblast genes Col15a1 and Pi16 but they do not express Kit; and 3) that PDGFRA+ fibroblasts include suburothelial ones (which express ACTA2, CAR3, LY6A, MYH10, TNC, VIM, Col1a2, and Col15a1), outer lamina propria ones (which express CD34, LY6A, PI16, VIM, Col1a2, Col15a1, and Pi16), intermuscular ones (which express CD34, VIM, Col1a2, Col15a1, and Pi16), and serosal ones (which express CD34, PI16, VIM, Col1a2, Col15a1, and Pi16). Collectively, our study revealed that the ultrastructure of PDFRA+ interstitial cells combined with their expression of multiple canonical and universal fibroblast-associated gene products indicates that they are fibroblasts. We further propose that there are four regionally distinct populations of fibroblasts in the bladder wall, which likely contribute to bladder function and dysfunction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We currently lack basic insights into the fibroblasts that populate the bladder wall. By exploring the ultrastructure of mouse bladder connective tissue cells, combined with analyses of their gene and protein expression, our study revealed that PDGRA+ interstitial cells (also referred to as myofibroblasts, telocytes, and interstitial cells of Cajal-like cells) are fibroblasts and that the bladder wall contains multiple, regionally distinct populations of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Clayton
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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38
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The Role of Decorin in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1283383. [PMID: 36033387 PMCID: PMC9402370 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1283383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin is an extracellular matrix protein that belongs to the family of small leucine-rich proteoglycans. As a matrix protein, the first discovered role of decorin is participating in collagen fibril formation. Many other functions of decorin in various biological processes have been subsequently identified. Decorin is involved in an extensive signaling network and can interact with other extracellular matrix components, growth factors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and various proteases. Decorin has been shown to be involved in wound repair, cell cycle, angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, and autophagy. Recent evidence indicates that it also plays a role in immune regulation and inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes the characteristics of decorin in immune and inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Sjögren's syndrome (SS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), IgA nephropathy, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthritis (SpA), osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis (MS), idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), and systemic sclerosis (SSc) and discusses the potential role in these disorders.
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39
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Papanicolaou M, Parker AL, Yam M, Filipe EC, Wu SZ, Chitty JL, Wyllie K, Tran E, Mok E, Nadalini A, Skhinas JN, Lucas MC, Herrmann D, Nobis M, Pereira BA, Law AMK, Castillo L, Murphy KJ, Zaratzian A, Hastings JF, Croucher DR, Lim E, Oliver BG, Mora FV, Parker BL, Gallego-Ortega D, Swarbrick A, O'Toole S, Timpson P, Cox TR. Temporal profiling of the breast tumour microenvironment reveals collagen XII as a driver of metastasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4587. [PMID: 35933466 PMCID: PMC9357007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour stroma, and in particular the extracellular matrix (ECM), is a salient feature of solid tumours that plays a crucial role in shaping their progression. Many desmoplastic tumours including breast cancer involve the significant accumulation of type I collagen. However, recently it has become clear that the precise distribution and organisation of matrix molecules such as collagen I is equally as important in the tumour as their abundance. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) coexist within breast cancer tissues and play both pro- and anti-tumourigenic roles through remodelling the ECM. Here, using temporal proteomic profiling of decellularized tumours, we interrogate the evolving matrisome during breast cancer progression. We identify 4 key matrisomal clusters, and pinpoint collagen type XII as a critical component that regulates collagen type I organisation. Through combining our proteomics with single-cell transcriptomics, and genetic manipulation models, we show how CAF-secreted collagen XII alters collagen I organisation to create a pro-invasive microenvironment supporting metastatic dissemination. Finally, we show in patient cohorts that collagen XII may represent an indicator of breast cancer patients at high risk of metastatic relapse. The distribution and organisation of matrix molecules in the tumour stroma help shape solid tumour progression. Here they perform temporal proteomic profiling of the matrisome during breast cancer progression and show that collagen XII secreted from CAFs provides a pro-invasive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Papanicolaou
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Amelia L Parker
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Yam
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Elysse C Filipe
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sunny Z Wu
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica L Chitty
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kaitlin Wyllie
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Emmi Tran
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ellie Mok
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Audrey Nadalini
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanna N Skhinas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brooke A Pereira
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew M K Law
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lesley Castillo
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordan F Hastings
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elgene Lim
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fatima Valdes Mora
- Cancer Epigenetic Biology and Therapeutics, Personalised Medicine, Children's Cancer Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Metabolic Systems Biology Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra O'Toole
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. .,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Thomas R Cox
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. .,School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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40
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Dermal extracellular matrix molecules in skin development, homeostasis, wound regeneration and diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 128:137-144. [PMID: 35339360 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic structure that surrounds and anchors cellular components in tissues. In addition to functioning as a structural scaffold for cellular components, ECMs also regulate diverse biological functions, including cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, migration, cell-cell interactions, and intracellular signaling events. Dermal fibroblasts (dFBs), the major cellular source of skin ECM, develop from a common embryonic precursor to the highly heterogeneous subpopulations during development and adulthood. Upon injury, dFBs migrate into wound granulation tissue and transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts, which play a critical role in wound contraction and dermal ECM regeneration and deposition. In this review, we describe the plasticity of dFBs during development and wound healing and how various dFB-derived ECM molecules, including collagen, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, fibrillins and matricellular proteins are expressed and regulated, and in turn how these ECM molecules play a role in regulating the function of dFBs and immune cells. Finally, we describe how dysregulation of ECM matrix is associated the pathogenesis of wound healing related skin diseases, including chronic wounds and keloid.
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41
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Patel SH, Mendias CL, Carroll CC. Descriptive transcriptome analysis of tendon derived fibroblasts following in-vitro exposure to advanced glycation end products. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271770. [PMID: 35881579 PMCID: PMC9321369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendon pathologies affect a large portion of people with diabetes. This high rate of tendon pain, injury, and disease appears to manifest independent of well-controlled HbA1c and fasting blood glucose. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are elevated in the serum of those with diabetes. In vitro, AGEs severely impact tendon fibroblast proliferation and mitochondrial function. However, the extent that AGEs impact the tendon cell transcriptome has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate transcriptome-wide changes that occur to tendon-derived fibroblasts following treatment with AGEs. We propose to complete a descriptive approach to pathway profiling to broaden our mechanistic understanding of cell signaling events that may contribute to the development of tendon pathology. METHODS Rat Achilles tendon fibroblasts were treated with glycolaldehyde-derived AGEs (200μg/ml) for 48 hours in normal glucose (5.5mM) conditions. In addition, total RNA was isolated, and the PolyA+ library was sequenced. RESULTS We demonstrate that tendon fibroblasts treated with 200μg/ml of AGEs differentially express 2,159 gene targets compared to fibroblasts treated with an equal amount of BSA-Control. Additionally, we report in a descriptive and ranked fashion 21 implicated cell-signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that AGEs disrupt the tendon fibroblast transcriptome on a large scale and that these pathways may contribute to the development and progression of diabetic tendinopathy. Specifically, pathways related to cell cycle progression and extracellular matrix remodeling were affected in our data set and may play a contributing role in the development of diabetic tendon complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam H. Patel
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Mendias
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Chad C. Carroll
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
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42
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Royal Jelly Components Encapsulation in a Controlled Release System—Skin Functionality and Biochemical Activity for Skin Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080907. [PMID: 35893731 PMCID: PMC9332036 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Royal jelly is a yellowish-white substance with a gel texture that is secreted from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of young worker bees. It consists mainly of water (50–56%), proteins (18%), carbohydrates (15%), lipids (3–6%), minerals (1.5%), and vitamins, and has many beneficial properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, and anti-aging. Royal jelly has been used since ancient times in traditional medicine, cosmetics and as a functional food due to its high nutritional value. The main bioactive substances are royalactin, and 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). Other important bioactive molecules with antioxidant and photoprotective skin activity are polyphenols. However, they present difficulties in extraction and in use as they are unstable physicochemically, and a higher temperature causes color change and component degradation. In the present study, a new encapsulation and delivery system consisting of liposomes and cyclodextrins incorporating royal jelly has been developed. The new delivery system aims to the elimination of the stability disadvantages of royal jelly’s sensitive component 10-HDA, but also to the controlled release of its ingredients and, more particularly, 10-HDA, for an enhanced bioactivity in cosmeceutical applications.
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The Specific Role of Dermatan Sulfate as an Instructive Glycosaminoglycan in Tissue Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137485. [PMID: 35806490 PMCID: PMC9267682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial roles of dermatan sulfate (DS) have been demonstrated in tissue development of the cutis, blood vessels, and bone through construction of the extracellular matrix and cell signaling. Although DS classically exerts physiological functions via interaction with collagens, growth factors, and heparin cofactor-II, new functions have been revealed through analyses of human genetic disorders as well as of knockout mice with loss of DS-synthesizing enzymes. Mutations in human genes encoding the epimerase and sulfotransferase responsible for the biosynthesis of DS chains cause connective tissue disorders including spondylodysplastic type Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and tissue fragility. DS-deficient mice show perinatal lethality, skin fragility, vascular abnormalities, thoracic kyphosis, myopathy-related phenotypes, acceleration of nerve regeneration, and impairments in self-renewal and proliferation of neural stem cells. These findings suggest that DS is essential for tissue development in addition to the assembly of collagen fibrils in the skin, and that DS-deficient knockout mice can be utilized as models of human genetic disorders that involve impairment of DS biosynthesis. This review highlights a novel role of DS in tissue development studies from the past decade.
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Suki B, Bates JHT, Bartolák-Suki E. Remodeling of the Aged and Emphysematous Lungs: Roles of Microenvironmental Cues. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3559-3574. [PMID: 35766835 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a slow process that affects all organs, and the lung is no exception. At the alveolar level, aging increases the airspace size with thicker and stiffer septal walls and straighter and thickened collagen and elastic fibers. This creates a microenvironment that interferes with the ability of cells in the parenchyma to maintain normal homeostasis and respond to injury. These changes also make the lung more susceptible to disease such as emphysema. Emphysema is characterized by slow but progressive remodeling of the deep alveolar regions that leads to airspace enlargement and increased but disorganized elastin and collagen deposition. This remodeling has been attributed to ongoing inflammation that involves inflammatory cells and the cytokines they produce. Cellular senescence, another consequence of aging, weakens the ability of cells to properly respond to injury, something that also occurs in emphysema. These factors conspire to make alveolar walls more prone to mechanical failure, which can set emphysema in motion by driving inflammation through immune stimulation by protein fragments. Both aging and emphysema are influenced by microenvironmental conditions such as local inflammation, chemical makeup, tissue stiffness, and mechanical stresses. Although aging and emphysema are not equivalent, they have the potential to influence each other in synergistic ways; aging sets up the conditions for emphysema to develop, while emphysema may accelerate cellular senescence and thus aging itself. This article focuses on the similarities and differences between the remodeled microenvironment of the aging and emphysematous lung, with special emphasis on the alveolar septal wall. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3559-3574, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Suki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason H T Bates
- Depatment of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Galunisertib Exerts Antifibrotic Effects on TGF-β-Induced Fibroproliferative Dermal Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126689. [PMID: 35743131 PMCID: PMC9223605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermal fibroblasts in pathological scars secrete constitutively elevated levels of TGF-β, signaling the transcription of fibrotic genes via activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5). In the present study, we examine the antifibrotic effects of galunisertib, a small-molecule inhibitor of ALK5, on fibroproliferative dermal fibroblasts in an in vitro model of wound healing. We induced fibrosis in human dermal fibroblasts with exogenous TGF-β and performed cellular proliferation assays after treatment with varying concentrations of galunisertib. Dermal fibroblast proliferation was diminished to homeostatic levels without cytotoxicity at concentrations as high as 10 μM. An in vitro scratch assay revealed that galunisertib significantly enhanced cellular migration and in vitro wound closure beginning 24 h post-injury. A gene expression analysis demonstrated a significant attenuation of fibrotic gene expression, including collagen-1a, alpha-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, and connective tissue growth factor, with increased expression of the antifibrotic genes MMP1 and decorin. Protein synthesis assays confirmed drug activity and corroborated the transcription findings. In summary, galunisertib simultaneously exerts antifibrotic effects on dermal fibroblasts while enhancing rates of in vitro wound closure. Galunisertib has already completed phase II clinical trials for cancer therapy with minimal adverse effects and is a promising candidate for the treatment and prevention of pathological cutaneous scars.
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Amjadian S, Moradi S, Mohammadi P. The emerging therapeutic targets for scar management: genetic and epigenetic landscapes. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 35:247-265. [PMID: 35696989 PMCID: PMC9533440 DOI: 10.1159/000524990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Wound healing is a complex process including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling during which an orchestrated array of biological and molecular events occurs to promote skin regeneration. Abnormalities in each step of the wound healing process lead to reparative rather than regenerative responses, thereby driving the formation of cutaneous scar. Patients suffering from scars represent serious health problems such as contractures, functional and esthetic concerns as well as painful, thick, and itchy complications, which generally decrease the quality of life and impose high medical costs. Therefore, therapies reducing cutaneous scarring are necessary to improve patients' rehabilitation. Summary Current approaches to remove scars, including surgical and nonsurgical methods, are not efficient enough, which is in principle due to our limited knowledge about underlying mechanisms of pathological as well as the physiological wound healing process. Thus, therapeutic interventions focused on basic science including genetic and epigenetic knowledge are recently taken into consideration as promising approaches for scar management since they have the potential to provide targeted therapies and improve the conventional treatments as well as present opportunities for combination therapy. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in skin regenerative medicine through genetic and epigenetic approaches to achieve novel insights for the development of safe, efficient, and reproducible therapies and discuss promising approaches for scar management. Key Message Genetic and epigenetic regulatory switches are promising targets for scar management, provided the associated challenges are to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amjadian
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharif Moradi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mohammadi
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- *Parvaneh Mohammadi,
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Ma Q, Zhang N, You Y, Zhu J, Yu Z, Chen H, Xie X, Yu H. CXCR4 blockade in macrophage promotes angiogenesis in ischemic hindlimb by modulating autophagy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 169:57-70. [PMID: 35597127 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR4 plays a crucial role in leukocyte recruitment and inflammation regulation to influence tissue repair in ischemic diseases. Here we assessed the effect of CXCR4 expression in macrophages on angiogenesis in the ischemic hindlimb of a mouse. Inflammatory cells were increased in the ischemic muscles of hindlimb, and CXCR4 was highly expressed in the infiltrated macrophages but not in neutrophils. Myeloid-specific CXCR4 knockout attenuated macrophage infiltration and subsequent reduced inflammatory response in the ischemic hindlimb, accompanied with better blood reperfusion and higher capillary density as compared with that in LysM Cre+/- (Cre) mice. Similar outcomes were also observed in CRE mice whose bone marrow cells were replaced with those from CXCR4-deficient mice. Gene ontology cluster analysis reviewed that Decorin, a negative regulator of angiogenesis, was reduced in CXCR4-deficient macrophages. CXCR4-deficient macrophages were less inducible into M1 phase by lipopolysaccharide and more favorable for M2 polarization under oxygen/glucose deprivation condition. Enhanced autophagy was detected in CXCR4-deficient macrophages, which was associated with less expression of both Decorin and the inflammatory cytokines. In summary, myeloid-specific CXCR4 deficiency reduced monocyte infiltration and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and Decorin from macrophages, thus blunting inflammation response and promoting angiogenesis in the ischemic hindlimb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunchao Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China
| | - Yayu You
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China
| | - Jinyun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China
| | - Zhaosheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Department of Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310009, PR China.
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Lopez SG, Bonassar LJ. The role of SLRPs and large aggregating proteoglycans in collagen fibrillogenesis, extracellular matrix assembly, and mechanical function of fibrocartilage. Connect Tissue Res 2022; 63:269-286. [PMID: 33726572 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2021.1903887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Proteoglycans, especially small leucine rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), play major roles in facilitating the development and regulation of collagen fibers and other extracellular matrix components. However, their roles in fibrocartilage have not been widely reviewed. Here, we discuss both SLRP and large aggregating proteoglycan's roles in collagen fibrillogenesis and extracellular matrix assembly in fibrocartilage tissues such as the meniscus, annulus fibrosus (AF), and TMJ disc. We also discuss their expression levels throughout development, aging and degeneration, as well as repair. METHODS A review of literature discussing proteoglycans and collagen fibrillogenesis in fibrocartilage was conducted and data from these manuscripts were analyzed and grouped to discuss trends throughout the tissue's architectural zones and developmental stage. RESULTS The spatial collagen architecture of these fibrocartilaginous tissues is reflected in the distribution of proteoglycans expressed, suggesting that each proteoglycan plays an important role in the type of architecture presented and associated mechanical function. CONCLUSION The unique structure-function relationship of fibrocartilage makes the varied architectures throughout the tissues imperative for their success and understanding the functions of these proteoglycans in developing and maintaining the fiber structure could inform future work in fibrocartilage replacement using tissue engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafina G Lopez
- Meinig of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Meinig of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Eisner LE, Rosario R, Andarawis-Puri N, Arruda EM. The Role of the Non-Collagenous Extracellular Matrix in Tendon and Ligament Mechanical Behavior: A Review. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:1128818. [PMID: 34802057 PMCID: PMC8719050 DOI: 10.1115/1.4053086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tendon is a connective tissue that transmits loads from muscle to bone, while ligament is a similar tissue that stabilizes joint articulation by connecting bone to bone. The 70-90% of tendon and ligament's extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of a hierarchical collagen structure that provides resistance to deformation primarily in the fiber direction, and the remaining fraction consists of a variety of non-collagenous proteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) whose mechanical roles are not well characterized. ECM constituents such as elastin, the proteoglycans decorin, biglycan, lumican, fibromodulin, lubricin, and aggrecan and their associated GAGs, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) have been suggested to contribute to tendon and ligament's characteristic quasi-static and viscoelastic mechanical behavior in tension, shear, and compression. The purpose of this review is to summarize existing literature regarding the contribution of the non-collagenous ECM to tendon and ligament mechanics, and to highlight key gaps in knowledge that future studies may address. Using insights from theoretical mechanics and biology, we discuss the role of the non-collagenous ECM in quasi-static and viscoelastic tensile, compressive, and shear behavior in the fiber direction and orthogonal to the fiber direction. We also address the efficacy of tools that are commonly used to assess these relationships, including enzymatic degradation, mouse knockout models, and computational models. Further work in this field will foster a better understanding of tendon and ligament damage and healing as well as inform strategies for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lainie E Eisner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ryan Rosario
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nelly Andarawis-Puri
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ellen M Arruda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Professor Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Professor Program in Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Sylakowski K, Hwang MP, Justin A, Whaley D, Wang Y, Wells A. The matricellular protein decorin delivered intradermally with coacervate improves wound resolution in the CXCR3-deficient mouse model of hypertrophic scarring. Wound Repair Regen 2022; 30:436-447. [PMID: 35470921 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is an intricate orchestration of three overlapping phases of repair that encompass numerous cell types, signalling cascades, and microenvironment modifications to reach a successful resolution. Disruption of any of these steps will create an abnormal healing response resulting in either ulceration or excessive scarring. It has become evident that the extracellular matrix and its associated components are key orchestrators during this process. One of these essential matrix proteins is decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) that acts as a regulator of collagen fibrillogenesis and a non-competitive inhibitor of multiple growth factors signalling cascades. Decorin is a necessary shut-off switch for the pro-reparative mechanism of the tissue replacement phase and limits the occurrence of hypertrophic scarring by preventing excessive repair. We investigated the use of decorin as a therapeutic by administering the matrix protein anchored in a slow-release coacervate in a hypertrophic scarring mouse model. The results show that early wound healing phase measurements exhibit little difference in performance compared to our coacervate-only baseline or HB-EGF-treated control mice. However, during the resolution phase of wound healing, the decorin-treatment significantly reduces cutaneous thickness, enhances collagen alignment, and improves overall wound scoring in the mice. Thus, mice treated with decorin display better healing outcomes and could limit the hypertrophic scarring phenotype in the coacervate only, and HB-EGF controls. These results suggest that decorin may be a promising tool and alternative therapy for patients who suffer from over-exuberant matrix deposition during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Sylakowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,R&D Service, Pittsburgh, VA Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mintai Peter Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Amritha Justin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diana Whaley
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,R&D Service, Pittsburgh, VA Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,R&D Service, Pittsburgh, VA Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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