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Nosrati S, Gheisari M, Zare S, Dara M, Zolghadri S, Razeghian-Jahromi I. The impact of diabetic glucose concentration on viability and cardiac differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102361. [PMID: 38502970 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperglycemia may be a stumbling block for delivery of regenerative benefits of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to diabetic patients with cardiovascular diseases. Our study aims to assess the viability and cardiac differentiation potential of MSCs after being exposed to diabetic glucose concentration. METHODS MSCs were extracted from rat bone marrow. Cells were characterized based on morphology, differentiation potential, and expression of mesenchymal specific markers. MTT assay was done to evaluate the viability of MSCs after treatment with different glucose concentrations. Case group was MSCs treated with diabetic concentration of glucose versus cells treated with PBS as the control group. Growth curve and population doubling time were calculated in both groups. Expression of GATA4 and troponin, as the early and late markers during cardiac differentiation, were measured following 5-azacytidine exposure. RESULTS Proliferated cells at passage three had fibroblastic-shape, was able to differentiate into adipocytes or osteocytes, and expressed CD73 and CD90. MSCs viability was gradually decreased by increasing glucose concentration. Irrespective of nicotine concentration, three-day exposure imposed more severe detrimental effects on viability compared with one-day treatment. Proliferation rate of the MSCs was lower in the case group, and they need more time for population doubling. Expression of both cardiac markers were downregulated in the case group at day three. However, their expression became higher at day seven. CONCLUSION Diabetic glucose concentration inhibits normal proliferation and cardiac differentiation of MSCs. This effect should be considered in stem cell therapy of cardiovascular patients who are concurrently affected by hyperglycemia, a common comorbidity in such individuals. Why carry out this study? What was learned from the study? FINDINGS
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Nosrati
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Gheisari
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Zare
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahintaj Dara
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
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2
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Suppinger S, Zinner M, Aizarani N, Lukonin I, Ortiz R, Azzi C, Stadler MB, Vianello S, Palla G, Kohler H, Mayran A, Lutolf MP, Liberali P. Multimodal characterization of murine gastruloid development. Cell Stem Cell 2023:S1934-5909(23)00170-4. [PMID: 37209681 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gastruloids are 3D structures generated from pluripotent stem cells recapitulating fundamental principles of embryonic pattern formation. Using single-cell genomic analysis, we provide a resource mapping cell states and types during gastruloid development and compare them with the in vivo embryo. We developed a high-throughput handling and imaging pipeline to spatially monitor symmetry breaking during gastruloid development and report an early spatial variability in pluripotency determining a binary response to Wnt activation. Although cells in the gastruloid-core revert to pluripotency, peripheral cells become primitive streak-like. These two populations subsequently break radial symmetry and initiate axial elongation. By performing a compound screen, perturbing thousands of gastruloids, we derive a phenotypic landscape and infer networks of genetic interactions. Finally, using a dual Wnt modulation, we improve the formation of anterior structures in the existing gastruloid model. This work provides a resource to understand how gastruloids develop and generate complex patterns in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Suppinger
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marietta Zinner
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadim Aizarani
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ilya Lukonin
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Roche Institute of Human Biology, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Ortiz
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Azzi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michael B Stadler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Vianello
- School of Life Sciences, Federal Institute of Technology EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Palla
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany; TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Hubertus Kohler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Mayran
- School of Life Sciences, Federal Institute of Technology EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Lutolf
- Roche Institute of Human Biology, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, Federal Institute of Technology EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Mesp1 controls the chromatin and enhancer landscapes essential for spatiotemporal patterning of early cardiovascular progenitors. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1114-1128. [PMID: 35817961 PMCID: PMC7613098 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian heart arises from various populations of Mesp1-expressing cardiovascular progenitors (CPs) that are specified during the early stages of gastrulation. Mesp1 is a transcription factor that acts as a master regulator of CP specification and differentiation. However, how Mesp1 regulates the chromatin landscape of nascent mesodermal cells to define the temporal and spatial patterning of the distinct populations of CPs remains unknown. Here, by combining ChIP-seq, RNA-seq and ATAC-seq during mouse pluripotent stem cell differentiation, we defined the dynamic remodelling of the chromatin landscape mediated by Mesp1. We identified different enhancers that are temporally regulated to erase the pluripotent state and specify the pools of CPs that mediate heart development. We identified Zic2 and Zic3 as essential cofactors that act with Mesp1 to regulate its transcription-factor activity at key mesodermal enhancers, thereby regulating the chromatin remodelling and gene expression associated with the specification of the different populations of CPs in vivo. Our study identifies the dynamics of the chromatin landscape and enhancer remodelling associated with temporal patterning of early mesodermal cells into the distinct populations of CPs that mediate heart development.
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4
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Fort L, Gama V, Macara IG. Stem cell conversion to the cardiac lineage requires nucleotide signalling from apoptosing cells. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:434-447. [PMID: 35414019 PMCID: PMC9054036 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells can be driven by manipulation of Wnt signalling through a series of states similar to those that occur during early embryonic development, transitioning from an epithelial phenotype into the cardiogenic-mesoderm lineage and ultimately into functional cardiomyocytes. Strikingly, we observed that initiation of differentiation in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells triggers widespread apoptosis, followed by a synchronous epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Apoptosis is caused by the absence of bFGF in the differentiation medium. EMT requires induction of the transcription factors SNAI1 and SNAI2 downstream of MESP1 expression, and double knockout of SNAI1 and SNAI2 or loss of MESP1 in iPSCs blocks EMT and prevents cardiac differentiation. Remarkably, blockade of early apoptosis, either chemically or by ablation of pro-apoptotic genes, also completely prevents EMT, suppressing even the earliest events in mesoderm conversion, including T/BRA, TBX6 and MESP1 induction. Conditioned medium from WNT-activated wild-type iPSCs overcomes the block to EMT by cells incapable of apoptosis, suggesting involvement of soluble factors from apoptotic cells in mesoderm conversion. Knockout of the PANX1 channel blocked EMT, whereas treatment with a purinergic P2-receptor inhibitor or addition of apyrase demonstrated a requirement for nucleotide triphosphate signalling. ATP and/or UTP was sufficient to induce a partial EMT in apoptosis-incapable cells treated with WNT activator. Notably, knockout of the ATP/UTP-specific P2Y2 receptor blocked EMT and mesoderm induction. We conclude that in addition to acting as chemo-attractants for clearance of apoptotic cells, nucleotides can function as essential paracrine signals that, with WNT signalling, create a logical AND gate for mesoderm specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Fort
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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5
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Ramirez-Calderon G, Colombo G, Hernandez-Bautista CA, Astro V, Adamo A. Heart in a Dish: From Traditional 2D Differentiation Protocols to Cardiac Organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:855966. [PMID: 35252213 PMCID: PMC8893312 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.855966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) constitute a valuable model to study the complexity of early human cardiac development and investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in heart diseases. The differentiation of hPSCs into cardiac lineages in vitro can be achieved by traditional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer approaches or by adopting innovative three-dimensional (3D) cardiac organoid protocols. Human cardiac organoids (hCOs) are complex multicellular aggregates that faithfully recapitulate the cardiac tissue’s transcriptional, functional, and morphological features. In recent years, significant advances in the field have dramatically improved the robustness and efficiency of hCOs derivation and have promoted the application of hCOs for drug screening and heart disease modeling. This review surveys the current differentiation protocols, focusing on the most advanced 3D methods for deriving hCOs from hPSCs. Furthermore, we describe the potential applications of hCOs in the pharmaceutical and tissue bioengineering fields, including their usage to investigate the consequences of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection in the heart.
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6
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Mehanna RA, Essawy MM, Barkat MA, Awaad AK, Thabet EH, Hamed HA, Elkafrawy H, Khalil NA, Sallam A, Kholief MA, Ibrahim SS, Mourad GM. Cardiac stem cells: Current knowledge and future prospects. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:1-40. [PMID: 35126826 PMCID: PMC8788183 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is the field concerned with the repair and restoration of the integrity of damaged human tissues as well as whole organs. Since the inception of the field several decades ago, regenerative medicine therapies, namely stem cells, have received significant attention in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Apart from their known potential for differentiation into the various body cells, stem cells enhance the organ's intrinsic regenerative capacity by altering its environment, whether by exogenous injection or introducing their products that modulate endogenous stem cell function and fate for the sake of regeneration. Recently, research in cardiology has highlighted the evidence for the existence of cardiac stem and progenitor cells (CSCs/CPCs). The global burden of cardiovascular diseases’ morbidity and mortality has demanded an in-depth understanding of the biology of CSCs/CPCs aiming at improving the outcome for an innovative therapeutic strategy. This review will discuss the nature of each of the CSCs/CPCs, their environment, their interplay with other cells, and their metabolism. In addition, important issues are tackled concerning the potency of CSCs/CPCs in relation to their secretome for mediating the ability to influence other cells. Moreover, the review will throw the light on the clinical trials and the preclinical studies using CSCs/CPCs and combined therapy for cardiac regeneration. Finally, the novel role of nanotechnology in cardiac regeneration will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa A Mehanna
- Medical Physiology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Essawy
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Mona A Barkat
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Ashraf K Awaad
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Eman H Thabet
- Medical Physiology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Heba A Hamed
- Histology and Cell Biology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Hagar Elkafrawy
- Medical Biochemistry Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Khalil
- Medical Biochemistry Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Abeer Sallam
- Medical Physiology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Kholief
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical toxicology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Samar S Ibrahim
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Mourad
- Histology and Cell Biology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
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7
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Mehanna RA, Essawy MM, Barkat MA, Awaad AK, Thabet EH, Hamed HA, Elkafrawy H, Khalil NA, Sallam A, Kholief MA, Ibrahim SS, Mourad GM. Cardiac stem cells: Current knowledge and future prospects. World J Stem Cells 2022. [PMID: 35126826 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i1.1]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is the field concerned with the repair and restoration of the integrity of damaged human tissues as well as whole organs. Since the inception of the field several decades ago, regenerative medicine therapies, namely stem cells, have received significant attention in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Apart from their known potential for differentiation into the various body cells, stem cells enhance the organ's intrinsic regenerative capacity by altering its environment, whether by exogenous injection or introducing their products that modulate endogenous stem cell function and fate for the sake of regeneration. Recently, research in cardiology has highlighted the evidence for the existence of cardiac stem and progenitor cells (CSCs/CPCs). The global burden of cardiovascular diseases' morbidity and mortality has demanded an in-depth understanding of the biology of CSCs/CPCs aiming at improving the outcome for an innovative therapeutic strategy. This review will discuss the nature of each of the CSCs/CPCs, their environment, their interplay with other cells, and their metabolism. In addition, important issues are tackled concerning the potency of CSCs/CPCs in relation to their secretome for mediating the ability to influence other cells. Moreover, the review will throw the light on the clinical trials and the preclinical studies using CSCs/CPCs and combined therapy for cardiac regeneration. Finally, the novel role of nanotechnology in cardiac regeneration will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa A Mehanna
- Medical Physiology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Essawy
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Mona A Barkat
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Ashraf K Awaad
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Eman H Thabet
- Medical Physiology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Heba A Hamed
- Histology and Cell Biology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Hagar Elkafrawy
- Medical Biochemistry Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Khalil
- Medical Biochemistry Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Abeer Sallam
- Medical Physiology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Kholief
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical toxicology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Samar S Ibrahim
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Mourad
- Histology and Cell Biology Department/Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt.
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8
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Stutt N, Song M, Wilson MD, Scott IC. Cardiac specification during gastrulation - The Yellow Brick Road leading to Tinman. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:46-58. [PMID: 34865988 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The question of how the heart develops, and the genetic networks governing this process have become intense areas of research over the past several decades. This research is propelled by classical developmental studies and potential clinical applications to understand and treat congenital conditions in which cardiac development is disrupted. Discovery of the tinman gene in Drosophila, and examination of its vertebrate homolog Nkx2.5, along with other core cardiac transcription factors has revealed how cardiac progenitor differentiation and maturation drives heart development. Careful observation of cardiac morphogenesis along with lineage tracing approaches indicated that cardiac progenitors can be divided into two broad classes of cells, namely the first and second heart fields, that contribute to the heart in two distinct waves of differentiation. Ample evidence suggests that the fate of individual cardiac progenitors is restricted to distinct cardiac structures quite early in development, well before the expression of canonical cardiac progenitor markers like Nkx2.5. Here we review the initial specification of cardiac progenitors, discuss evidence for the early patterning of cardiac progenitors during gastrulation, and consider how early gene expression programs and epigenetic patterns can direct their development. A complete understanding of when and how the developmental potential of cardiac progenitors is determined, and their potential plasticity, is of great interest developmentally and also has important implications for both the study of congenital heart disease and therapeutic approaches based on cardiac stem cell programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Stutt
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Mengyi Song
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Ian C Scott
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada.
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9
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Galdos FX, Darsha AK, Paige SL, Wu SM. Purification of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Using CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Integration of Fluorescent Reporters. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2158:223-240. [PMID: 32857377 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0668-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes have become critically important for the detailed study of cardiac development, disease modeling, and drug screening. However, directed differentiation of hiPSCs into cardiomyocytes often results in mixed populations of cardiomyocytes and other cell types, which may confound experiments that require pure populations of cardiomyocytes. Here, we detail the use of a CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing strategy to develop cardiomyocyte-specific reporters that allow for the isolation of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and chamber-specific myocytes. Moreover, we describe a cardiac differentiation protocol to derive cardiomyocytes from hiPSCs, as well as a strategy to use fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate pure populations of fluorescently labeled cardiomyocytes for downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco X Galdos
- Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Adrija K Darsha
- Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sharon L Paige
- Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean M Wu
- Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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10
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Rossi G, Broguiere N, Miyamoto M, Boni A, Guiet R, Girgin M, Kelly RG, Kwon C, Lutolf MP. Capturing Cardiogenesis in Gastruloids. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 28:230-240.e6. [PMID: 33176168 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are powerful models for studying tissue development, physiology, and disease. However, current culture systems disrupt the inductive tissue-tissue interactions needed for the complex morphogenetic processes of native organogenesis. Here, we show that mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) can be coaxed to robustly undergo fundamental steps of early heart organogenesis with an in-vivo-like spatiotemporal fidelity. These axially patterned embryonic organoids (gastruloids) mimic embryonic development and support the generation of cardiovascular progenitors, including first and second heart fields. The cardiac progenitors self-organize into an anterior domain reminiscent of a cardiac crescent before forming a beating cardiac tissue near a putative primitive gut-like tube, from which it is separated by an endocardial-like layer. These findings unveil the surprising morphogenetic potential of mESCs to execute key aspects of organogenesis through the coordinated development of multiple tissues. This platform could be an excellent tool for studying heart development in unprecedented detail and throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Rossi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Broguiere
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Miyamoto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrea Boni
- Viventis Microscopy Sàrl, EPFL Innovation Park, Building C, Lausanne, 1015 Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Romain Guiet
- Faculté des Sciences de la Vie, Bioimaging and Optics Platform, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment AI, Station 15, Lausanne, 1015 Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Mehmet Girgin
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Matthias P Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Vaud, Switzerland; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015 Vaud, Switzerland.
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11
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The Future of Direct Cardiac Reprogramming: Any GMT Cocktail Variety? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217950. [PMID: 33114756 PMCID: PMC7663133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct cardiac reprogramming has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach to treat and regenerate injured hearts through the direct conversion of fibroblasts into cardiac cells. Most studies have focused on the reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs). The first study in which this technology was described, showed that at least a combination of three transcription factors, GATA4, MEF2C and TBX5 (GMT cocktail), was required for the reprogramming into iCMs in vitro using mouse cells. However, this was later demonstrated to be insufficient for the reprogramming of human cells and additional factors were required. Thereafter, most studies have focused on implementing reprogramming efficiency and obtaining fully reprogrammed and functional iCMs, by the incorporation of other transcription factors, microRNAs or small molecules to the original GMT cocktail. In this respect, great advances have been made in recent years. However, there is still no consensus on which of these GMT-based varieties is best, and robust and highly reproducible protocols are still urgently required, especially in the case of human cells. On the other hand, apart from CMs, other cells such as endothelial and smooth muscle cells to form new blood vessels will be fundamental for the correct reconstruction of damaged cardiac tissue. With this aim, several studies have centered on the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced cardiac progenitor cells (iCPCs) able to give rise to all myocardial cell lineages. Especially interesting are reports in which multipotent and highly expandable mouse iCPCs have been obtained, suggesting that clinically relevant amounts of these cells could be created. However, as of yet, this has not been achieved with human iCPCs, and exactly what stage of maturity is appropriate for a cell therapy product remains an open question. Nonetheless, the major concern in regenerative medicine is the poor retention, survival, and engraftment of transplanted cells in the cardiac tissue. To circumvent this issue, several cell pre-conditioning approaches are currently being explored. As an alternative to cell injection, in vivo reprogramming may face fewer barriers for its translation to the clinic. This approach has achieved better results in terms of efficiency and iCMs maturity in mouse models, indicating that the heart environment can favor this process. In this context, in recent years some studies have focused on the development of safer delivery systems such as Sendai virus, Adenovirus, chemical cocktails or nanoparticles. This article provides an in-depth review of the in vitro and in vivo cardiac reprograming technology used in mouse and human cells to obtain iCMs and iCPCs, and discusses what challenges still lie ahead and what hurdles are to be overcome before results from this field can be transferred to the clinical settings.
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12
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Swedlund B, Lescroart F. Cardiopharyngeal Progenitor Specification: Multiple Roads to the Heart and Head Muscles. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:a036731. [PMID: 31818856 PMCID: PMC7397823 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the heart arises from various sources of undifferentiated mesodermal progenitors, with an additional contribution from ectodermal neural crest cells. Mesodermal cardiac progenitors are plastic and multipotent, but are nevertheless specified to a precise heart region and cell type very early during development. Recent findings have defined both this lineage plasticity and early commitment of cardiac progenitors, using a combination of single-cell and population analyses. In this review, we discuss several aspects of cardiac progenitor specification. We discuss their markers, fate potential in vitro and in vivo, early segregation and commitment, and also intrinsic and extrinsic cues regulating lineage restriction from multipotency to a specific cell type of the heart. Finally, we also discuss the subdivisions of the cardiopharyngeal field, and the shared origins of the heart with other mesodermal derivatives, including head and neck muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Swedlund
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Comprehensive Overview of Non-coding RNAs in Cardiac Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1229:197-211. [PMID: 32285413 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1671-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac development in the human embryo is characterized by the interactions of several transcription and growth factors leading the heart from a primordial linear tube into a synchronous contractile four-chamber organ. Studies on cardiogenesis showed that cell proliferation, differentiation, fate specification and morphogenesis are spatiotemporally coordinated by cell-cell interactions and intracellular signalling cross-talks. In recent years, research has focused on a class of inter- and intra-cellular modulators called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), transcribed from the noncoding portion of the DNA and involved in the proper formation of the heart. In this chapter, we will summarize the current state of the art on the roles of three major forms of ncRNAs [microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs)] in orchestrating the four sequential phases of cardiac organogenesis.
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14
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Chen J, Wang Y, Wang C, Hu JF, Li W. LncRNA Functions as a New Emerging Epigenetic Factor in Determining the Fate of Stem Cells. Front Genet 2020; 11:277. [PMID: 32296461 PMCID: PMC7137347 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have broad applications in regenerative medicine and offer ideal models for understanding the biological process of embryonic development and specific diseases. Studies suggest that the self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation of stem cells are regulated by a complex network consisting of transcription factors, chromatin regulators, signaling factors, and non-coding RNAs. It is of great interest to identify RNA regulatory factors that determine the fate of stem cells. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), a class of non-coding RNAs with more than 200 bp in length, has been shown to act as essential epigenetic regulators of stem cell pluripotency and specific lineage commitment. In this review, we focus on recent research progress related to the function and epigenetic mechanisms of lncRNA in determining the fate of stem cells, particularly pluripotency maintenance and lineage-specific differentiation. We discuss the role of the Oct4 and Sox2 promoter-interacting lncRNA as identified by Chromatin RNA In Situ reverse Transcription sequencing (CRIST-seq). Further understanding of their potential actions will provide a basis for the development of regenerative medicine for clinical application. This work offers comprehensive details and better understanding of the role of lncRNA in determining the fate of stem cells and paves the way for clinical stem cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Chen
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Ji-Fan Hu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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15
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Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Stem Cells: Learning from Genetics and Biomaterials. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121536. [PMID: 31795206 PMCID: PMC6952950 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac Progenitor Cells (CPCs) show great potential as a cell resource for restoring cardiac function in patients affected by heart disease or heart failure. CPCs are proliferative and committed to cardiac fate, capable of generating cells of all the cardiac lineages. These cells offer a significant shift in paradigm over the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes owing to the latter’s inability to recapitulate mature features of a native myocardium, limiting their translational applications. The iPSCs and direct reprogramming of somatic cells have been attempted to produce CPCs and, in this process, a variety of chemical and/or genetic factors have been evaluated for their ability to generate, expand, and maintain CPCs in vitro. However, the precise stoichiometry and spatiotemporal activity of these factors and the genetic interplay during embryonic CPC development remain challenging to reproduce in culture, in terms of efficiency, numbers, and translational potential. Recent advances in biomaterials to mimic the native cardiac microenvironment have shown promise to influence CPC regenerative functions, while being capable of integrating with host tissue. This review highlights recent developments and limitations in the generation and use of CPCs from stem cells, and the trends that influence the direction of research to promote better application of CPCs.
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16
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Abstract
The function of the mammalian heart depends on the interplay between different cardiac cell types. The deployment of these cells, with precise spatiotemporal regulation, is also important during development to establish the heart structure. In this Review, we discuss the diverse origins of cardiac cell types and the lineage relationships between cells of a given type that contribute to different parts of the heart. The emerging lineage tree shows the progression of cell fate diversification, with patterning cues preceding cell type segregation, as well as points of convergence, with overlapping lineages contributing to a given tissue. Several cell lineage markers have been identified. However, caution is required with genetic-tracing experiments in comparison with clonal analyses. Genetic studies on cell populations provided insights into the mechanisms for lineage decisions. In the past 3 years, results of single-cell transcriptomics are beginning to reveal cell heterogeneity and early developmental trajectories. Equating this information with the in vivo location of cells and their lineage history is a current challenge. Characterization of the progenitor cells that form the heart and of the gene regulatory networks that control their deployment is of major importance for understanding the origin of congenital heart malformations and for producing cardiac tissue for use in regenerative medicine.
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17
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Exploring the roles of MACIT and multiplexin collagens in stem cells and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 62:134-148. [PMID: 31479735 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is ubiquitously involved in neoplastic transformation, tumour growth and metastatic dissemination, and the interplay between tumour and stromal cells and the ECM is now considered crucial for the formation of a tumour-supporting microenvironment. The 28 different collagens (Col) form a major ECM protein family and display extraordinary functional diversity in tissue homeostasis as well as in pathological conditions, with functions ranging from structural support for tissues to regulatory binding activities and storage of biologically active cryptic domains releasable through ECM proteolysis. Two subfamilies of collagens, namely the plasma membrane-associated collagens with interrupted triple-helices (MACITs, including ColXIII, ColXXIII and ColXXV) and the basement membrane-associated collagens with multiple triple-helix domains with interruptions (multiplexins, including ColXV and ColXVIII), have highly interesting regulatory functions in tissue and organ development, as well as in various diseases, including cancer. An increasing, albeit yet sparse, data suggest that these collagens play crucial roles in conveying regulatory signals from the extracellular space to cells. We summarize here the current knowledge about MACITs and multiplexins as regulators of stemness and oncogenic processes, as well as their roles in influencing cell fate decisions in healthy and cancerous tissues. In addition, we present a bioinformatic analysis of the impacts of MACITs and multiplexins transcript levels on the prognosis of patients representing a wide array of malignant diseases, to aid future diagnostic and therapeutic efforts.
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18
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Doyle MJ, Magli A, Estharabadi N, Amundsen D, Mills LJ, Martin CM. Sox7 Regulates Lineage Decisions in Cardiovascular Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1089-1103. [PMID: 31154937 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Specification of the mesodermal lineages requires a complex set of morphogenetic events orchestrated by interconnected signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks. The transcription factor Sox7 has critical functions in differentiation of multiple mesodermal lineages, including cardiac, endothelial, and hematopoietic. Using a doxycycline-inducible mouse embryonic stem cell line, we have previously shown that expression of Sox7 in cardiovascular progenitor cells promotes expansion of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). In this study, we show that the ability of Sox7 to promote endothelial cell fate occurs at the expense of the cardiac lineage. Using ChIP-Seq coupled with ATAC-Seq we identify downstream target genes of Sox7 in cardiovascular progenitor cells and by integrating these data with transcriptomic analyses, we define Sox7-dependent gene programs specific to cardiac and EPCs. Furthermore, we demonstrate a protein-protein interaction between SOX7 and GATA4 and provide evidence that SOX7 interferes with the transcriptional activity of GATA4 on cardiac genes. In addition, we show that Sox7 modulates WNT and BMP signaling during cardiovascular differentiation. Our data represent the first genome-wide analysis of Sox7 function and reveal a critical role for Sox7 in regulating signaling pathways that affect cardiovascular progenitor cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Doyle
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,2Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alessandro Magli
- 2Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,3Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nima Estharabadi
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,2Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Danielle Amundsen
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,2Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lauren J Mills
- 4Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Cindy M Martin
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,2Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Vahdat S, Bakhshandeh B. Prediction of putative small molecules for manipulation of enriched signalling pathways in hESC-derived early cardiovascular progenitors by bioinformatics analysis. IET Syst Biol 2019; 13:77-83. [PMID: 33444476 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2018.5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs) are considered as powerful tools for cardiac regenerative medicine and developmental study. Mesoderm posterior1+ (MESP1+ ) cells are identified as the earliest CPCs from which almost all cardiac cell types are generated. Molecular insights to the transcriptional regulatory factors of early CPCs are required to control cell fate decisions. Herein, the microarray data set of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)-derived MESP1+ cells was analysed and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in comparison to undifferentiated hESCs and MESP1-negative cells. Then, gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs were carried out with the subsequent prediction of putative regulatory small molecules for modulation of CPC fate. Some key signalling cascades of cardiogenesis including Hippo, Wnt, transforming growth factor-β, and PI3K/Akt were highlighted in MESP1+ cells. The transcriptional regulatory network of MESP1+ cells were visualised through interaction networks of DEGs. Additionally, 35 promising chemicals were predicted based on correlations with gene expression signature of MESP1+ cells for effective in vitro CPC manipulation. Studying the transcriptional profile of MESP1+ cells resulted into the identification of important signalling pathways and chemicals which could be introduced as powerful tools to manage proliferation and differentiation of hESC-derived CPCs more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Vahdat
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Bakhshandeh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Scalise M, Marino F, Cianflone E, Mancuso T, Marotta P, Aquila I, Torella M, Nadal-Ginard B, Torella D. Heterogeneity of Adult Cardiac Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1169:141-178. [PMID: 31487023 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-24108-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac biology and heart regeneration have been intensively investigated and debated in the last 15 years. Nowadays, the well-established and old dogma that the adult heart lacks of any myocyte-regenerative capacity has been firmly overturned by the evidence of cardiomyocyte renewal throughout the mammalian life as part of normal organ cell homeostasis, which is increased in response to injury. Concurrently, reproducible evidences from independent laboratories have convincingly shown that the adult heart possesses a pool of multipotent cardiac stem/progenitor cells (CSCs or CPCs) capable of sustaining cardiomyocyte and vascular tissue refreshment after injury. CSC transplantation in animal models displays an effective regenerative potential and may be helpful to treat chronic heart failure (CHF), obviating at the poor/modest results using non-cardiac cells in clinical trials. Nevertheless, the degree/significance of cardiomyocyte turnover in the adult heart, which is insufficient to regenerate extensive damage from ischemic and non-ischemic origin, remains strongly disputed. Concurrently, different methodologies used to detect CSCs in situ have created the paradox of the adult heart harboring more than seven different cardiac progenitor populations. The latter was likely secondary to the intrinsic heterogeneity of any regenerative cell agent in an adult tissue but also to the confusion created by the heterogeneity of the cell population identified by a single cell marker used to detect the CSCs in situ. On the other hand, some recent studies using genetic fate mapping strategies claimed that CSCs are an irrelevant endogenous source of new cardiomyocytes in the adult. On the basis of these contradictory findings, here we critically reviewed the available data on adult CSC biology and their role in myocardial cell homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Scalise
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fabiola Marino
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cianflone
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Teresa Mancuso
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pina Marotta
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Iolanda Aquila
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Torella
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Bernardo Nadal-Ginard
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniele Torella
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Vahdat S, Pahlavan S, Aghdami N, Bakhshandeh B, Baharvand H. Establishment of A Protocol for In Vitro Culture of Cardiogenic Mesodermal Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 20:496-504. [PMID: 30123995 PMCID: PMC6099148 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective Cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs) are introduced as one of the promising cell sources for preclinical studies
and regenerative medicine. One of the earliest type of CPCs is cardiogenic mesoderm cells (CMCs), which have the capability
to generate all types of cardiac lineage derivatives. In order to benefit from CMCs, development of an efficient culture strategy
is required. We aim to explore an optimized culture condition that uses human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived CMCs.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, hESCs were expanded and induced toward cardiac lineage in a
suspension culture. Mesoderm posterior 1-positive (MESP1+) CMCs were subjected to four different culture conditions: i.
Suspension culture of CMC spheroids, ii. Adherent culture of CMC spheroids, iii. Adherent culture of single CMCs using
gelatin, and iv. Adherent culture of single CMCs using Matrigel.
Results Although, we observed no substantial changes in the percentage of MESP1+ cells in different culture
conditions, there were significantly higher viability and total cell numbers in CMCs cultured on Matrigel (condition iv)
compared to the other groups. CMCs cultivated on Matrigel maintained their progenitor cell signature, which included
the tendency for cardiogenic differentiation.
Conclusion These results showed the efficacy of an adherent culture on Matrigel for hESC-derived CMCs, which would
facilitate their use for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Vahdat
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Pahlavan
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Bakhshandeh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Eskildsen TV, Ayoubi S, Thomassen M, Burton M, Mandegar MA, Conklin BR, Jensen CH, Andersen DC, Sheikh SP. MESP1 knock-down in human iPSC attenuates early vascular progenitor cell differentiation after completed primitive streak specification. Dev Biol 2018; 445:1-7. [PMID: 30389344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MESP1 is a key transcription factor in development of early cardiovascular tissue and it is required for induction of the cardiomyocyte (CM) gene expression program, but its role in vascular development is unclear. Here, we used inducible CRISPRi knock-down of MESP1 to analyze the molecular processes of the early differentiation stages of human induced pluripotent stem cells into mesoderm and subsequently vascular progenitor cells. We found that expression of the mesodermal marker, BRACHYURY (encoded by T) was unaffected in MESP1 knock-down cells as compared to wild type cells suggesting timely movement through the primitive streak whereas another mesodermal marker MIXL1 was slightly, but significantly decreased. In contrast, the expression of the vascular cell surface marker KDR was decreased and CD31 and CD34 expression were substantially reduced in MESP1 knock-down cells supporting inhibition or delay of vascular specification. In addition, mRNA microarray data revealed several other altered gene expressions including the EMT regulating transcription factors SNAI1 and TWIST1, which were both significantly decreased indicating that MESP1 knock-down cells are less likely to undergo EMT during vascular progenitor differentiation. Our study demonstrates that while leaving primitive streak markers unaffected, MESP1 expression is required for timely vascular progenitor specification. Thus, MESP1 expression is essential for the molecular features of early CM, EC and VSMC lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilde V Eskildsen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloews Vej 4, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21 3, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Sohrab Ayoubi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21 3, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloews Vej 4, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mark Burton
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloews Vej 4, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Bruce R Conklin
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Charlotte H Jensen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloews Vej 4, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21 3, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Ditte C Andersen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloews Vej 4, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21 3, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; Clinical Institute/University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren P Sheikh
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloews Vej 4, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 21 3, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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23
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Chen X, Wang L, Huang R, Qiu H, Wang P, Wu D, Zhu Y, Ming J, Wang Y, Wang J, Na J. Dgcr8 deletion in the primitive heart uncovered novel microRNA regulating the balance of cardiac-vascular gene program. Protein Cell 2018; 10:327-346. [PMID: 30128894 PMCID: PMC6468043 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primitive mammalian heart transforms from a single tube to a four-chambered muscular organ during a short developmental window. We found that knocking out global microRNA by deleting Dgcr8 microprocessor in Mesp1 cardiovascular progenitor cells lead to the formation of extremely dilated and enlarged heart due to defective cardiomyocyte (CM) differentiation. Transcriptome analysis revealed unusual upregulation of vascular gene expression in Dgcr8 cKO hearts. Single cell RNA sequencing study further confirmed the increase of angiogenesis genes in single Dgcr8 cKO CM. We also performed global microRNA profiling of E9.5 heart for the first time, and identified that miR-541 was transiently highly expressed in E9.5 hearts. Interestingly, introducing miR-541 back into microRNA-free CMs partially rescued their defects, downregulated angiogenesis genes and significantly upregulated cardiac genes. Moreover, miR-541 can target Ctgf and inhibit endothelial function. Our results suggest that microRNAs are required to suppress abnormal angiogenesis gene program to maintain CM differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rujin Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hui Qiu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Peizhe Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Daren Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yonglin Zhu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jia Ming
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yangming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jie Na
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Xu J, Lian W, Li L, Huang Z. Generation of induced cardiac progenitor cells via somatic reprogramming. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29442-29457. [PMID: 28199972 PMCID: PMC5438743 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) represent a more effective cell-based therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction. Unfortunately, their therapeutic application is limited by low yield of cell harvesting, declining quality and quantity during the ageing process, and the need for highly invasive heart biopsy. Therefore, there is an emerging interest in generating CPC-like stem cells from somatic cells via somatic reprogramming. This novel approach would provide an unlimited source of stem cells with cardiac differentiation potential. Here we would firstly discuss the different types of CPC and their importance in stem cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction; secondly, the necessity of generating induced CPC from somatic cells via somatic reprogramming; and finally the current progress of somatic reprogramming in cardiac cells, especially induced CPC generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Xu
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Lian
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
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25
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Lescroart F, Wang X, Lin X, Swedlund B, Gargouri S, Sànchez-Dànes A, Moignard V, Dubois C, Paulissen C, Kinston S, Göttgens B, Blanpain C. Defining the earliest step of cardiovascular lineage segregation by single-cell RNA-seq. Science 2018; 359:1177-1181. [PMID: 29371425 PMCID: PMC6556615 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao4174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mouse heart development arises from Mesp1-expressing cardiovascular progenitors (CPs) that are specified during gastrulation. The molecular processes that control early regional and lineage segregation of CPs have been unclear. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of wild-type and Mesp1-null CPs in mice. We showed that populations of Mesp1 CPs are molecularly distinct and span the continuum between epiblast and later mesodermal cells, including hematopoietic progenitors. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of Mesp1-deficient CPs showed that Mesp1 is required for the exit from the pluripotent state and the induction of the cardiovascular gene expression program. We identified distinct populations of Mesp1 CPs that correspond to progenitors committed to different cell lineages and regions of the heart, identifying the molecular features associated with early lineage restriction and regional segregation of the heart at the early stage of mouse gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Lescroart
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Wellcome and Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xionghui Lin
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Swedlund
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Souhir Gargouri
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Adriana Sànchez-Dànes
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Victoria Moignard
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Wellcome and Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine Dubois
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Catherine Paulissen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Sarah Kinston
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Wellcome and Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
- Wellcome and Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Brussels B-1070, Belgium.
- WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
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26
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Yu Z, Tang PL, Wang J, Bao S, Shieh JT, Leung AW, Zhang Z, Gao F, Wong SY, Hui AL, Gao Y, Dung N, Zhang ZG, Fan Y, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Wong DS, Sham PC, Azhar A, Kwok PY, Tam PP, Lian Q, Cheah KS, Wang B, Song YQ. Mutations in Hnrnpa1 cause congenital heart defects. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98555. [PMID: 29367466 PMCID: PMC5821217 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete penetrance of congenital heart defects (CHDs) was observed in a mouse model. We hypothesized that the contribution of a major genetic locus modulates the manifestation of the CHDs. After genome-wide linkage mapping, fine mapping, and high-throughput targeted sequencing, a recessive frameshift mutation of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (Hnrnpa1) gene was confirmed (Hnrnpa1ct). Hnrnpa1 was expressed in both the first heart field (FHF) and second heart field (SHF) at the cardiac crescent stage but was only maintained in SHF progenitors after heart tube formation. Hnrnpa1ct/ct homozygous mutants displayed complete CHD penetrance, including truncated and incomplete looped heart tube at E9.5, ventricular septal defect (VSD) and persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA) at E13.5, and VSD and double outlet right ventricle at P0. Impaired development of the dorsal mesocardium and sinoatrial node progenitors was also observed. Loss of Hnrnpa1 expression leads to dysregulation of cardiac transcription networks and multiple signaling pathways, including BMP, FGF, and Notch in the SHF. Finally, two rare heterozygous mutations of HNRNPA1 were detected in human CHDs. These findings suggest a role of Hnrnpa1 in embryonic heart development in mice and humans. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (Hnrnpa1) is essential for embryonic heart development in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Lf Tang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Suying Bao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph T Shieh
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alan Wl Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Ophthalmology
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Medicine and Ophthalmology
| | - Sandra Yy Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andy Lc Hui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nelson Dung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanhui Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Yalun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dana Sm Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pak C Sham
- Department of Psychiatry.,Centre for Genome Sciences, and.,State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abid Azhar
- Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Patrick Pl Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Kathryn Se Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Centre for Genome Sciences, and.,State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation and.,The University of Hong Kong-Southern University of Science and Technology Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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27
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Zakariyah AF, Rajgara RF, Horner E, Cattin ME, Blais A, Skerjanc IS, Burgon PG. In Vitro Modeling of Congenital Heart Defects Associated with an NKX2-5 Mutation Revealed a Dysregulation in BMP/Notch-Mediated Signaling. Stem Cells 2018; 36:514-526. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer F. Zakariyah
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Rashida F. Rajgara
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Ellias Horner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Blais
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Ilona S. Skerjanc
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Patrick G. Burgon
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology); University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
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28
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Yoon C, Song H, Yin T, Bausch-Fluck D, Frei AP, Kattman S, Dubois N, Witty AD, Hewel JA, Guo H, Emili A, Wollscheid B, Keller G, Zandstra PW. FZD4 Marks Lateral Plate Mesoderm and Signals with NORRIN to Increase Cardiomyocyte Induction from Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Progenitors. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 10:87-100. [PMID: 29249665 PMCID: PMC5768897 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of cell surface proteins on stem cells or stem cell derivatives is a key strategy for the functional characterization, isolation, and understanding of stem cell population dynamics. Here, using an integrated mass spectrometry- and microarray-based approach, we analyzed the surface proteome and transcriptome of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) generated from the stage-specific differentiation of mouse and human pluripotent stem cells. Through bioinformatics analysis, we have identified and characterized FZD4 as a marker for lateral plate mesoderm. Additionally, we utilized FZD4, in conjunction with FLK1 and PDGFRA, to further purify CPCs and increase cardiomyocyte (CM) enrichment in both mouse and human systems. Moreover, we have shown that NORRIN presented to FZD4 further increases CM output via proliferation through the canonical WNT pathway. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a role for FZD4 in mammalian cardiac development. Identified and characterized FZD4 as a new marker for lateral plate mesoderm FZD4, in conjunction with FLK1 and PDGFRA, increases cardiomyocyte enrichment FZD4 is expressed in the human system and shows enrichment in cardiomyocytes NORRIN addition shows increase in cardiomyocyte output from FZD4 progenitor cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Yoon
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Hannah Song
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Ting Yin
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Damaris Bausch-Fluck
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology at the Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Andreas P Frei
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology at the Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Steven Kattman
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Nicole Dubois
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Alec D Witty
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Johannes A Hewel
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Andrew Emili
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology at the Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Keller
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Medicine by Design: A Canada First Research Excellence Fund Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
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29
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(Re-)programming of subtype specific cardiomyocytes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 120:142-167. [PMID: 28916499 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) possess a highly restricted intrinsic regenerative potential - a major barrier to the effective treatment of a range of chronic degenerative cardiac disorders characterized by cellular loss and/or irreversible dysfunction and which underlies the majority of deaths in developed countries. Both stem cell programming and direct cell reprogramming hold promise as novel, potentially curative approaches to address this therapeutic challenge. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has introduced a second pluripotent stem cell source besides embryonic stem cells (ESCs), enabling even autologous cardiomyocyte production. In addition, the recent achievement of directly reprogramming somatic cells into cardiomyocytes is likely to become of great importance. In either case, different clinical scenarios will require the generation of highly pure, specific cardiac cellular-subtypes. In this review, we discuss these themes as related to the cardiovascular stem cell and programming field, including a focus on the emergent topic of pacemaker cell generation for the development of biological pacemakers and in vitro drug testing.
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30
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Konze SA, Cajic S, Oberbeck A, Hennig R, Pich A, Rapp E, Buettner FFR. Quantitative Assessment of Sialo-Glycoproteins and N-Glycans during Cardiomyogenic Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1317-1331. [PMID: 28509371 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC CMs) may be used in regenerative medicine for individualized tissue transplants in the future. For application in patients, the generated CMs have to be highly pure and well characterized. In order to overcome the prevalent scarcity of CM-specific markers, we quantitatively assessed cell-surface-exposed sialo-glycoproteins and N-glycans of hiPSCs, CM progenitors, and CMs. Applying a combination of metabolic labeling and specific sialo-glycoprotein capture, we could highly enrich and quantify membrane proteins during cardiomyogenic differentiation. Among them we identified a number of novel, putative biomarkers for hiPSC CMs. Analysis of the N-glycome by capillary gel electrophoresis revealed three novel structures comprising β1,3-linked galactose, α2,6-linked sialic acid and complex fucosylation; these were highly specific for hiPSCs. Bisecting GlcNAc structures strongly increased during differentiation, and we propose that they are characteristic of early, immature CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Konze
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Samanta Cajic
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Oberbeck
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - René Hennig
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- glyXera GmbH, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pich
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- glyXera GmbH, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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31
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Ii M. Novel direct reprogramming technique for the generation of culture-expandable cardiac progenitor cells from fibroblasts. Stem Cell Investig 2017; 4:15. [PMID: 28275645 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.02.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ii
- Division of Research Animal Laboratory and Translational Medicine, Research and Development Center, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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32
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Dpath software reveals hierarchical haemato-endothelial lineages of Etv2 progenitors based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14362. [PMID: 28181481 PMCID: PMC5309826 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental, stem cell and cancer biologists are interested in the molecular definition of cellular differentiation. Although single-cell RNA sequencing represents a transformational advance for global gene analyses, novel obstacles have emerged, including the computational management of dropout events, the reconstruction of biological pathways and the isolation of target cell populations. We develop an algorithm named dpath that applies the concept of metagene entropy and allows the ranking of cells based on their differentiation potential. We also develop self-organizing map (SOM) and random walk with restart (RWR) algorithms to separate the progenitors from the differentiated cells and reconstruct the lineage hierarchies in an unbiased manner. We test these algorithms using single cells from Etv2-EYFP transgenic mouse embryos and reveal specific molecular pathways that direct differentiation programmes involving the haemato-endothelial lineages. This software program quantitatively assesses the progenitor and committed states in single-cell RNA-seq data sets in a non-biased manner. Single-cell RNA sequencing has enabled great advances in understanding developmental biology but reconstructing cellular lineages from this data remains challenging. Here the authors develop an algorithm, dpath, which models the lineage relationships of underlying single cells based on single cell RNA seq data and apply it to study lineage progression of Etv2 expressing progenitors.
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33
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Generation of PDGFRα + Cardioblasts from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41840. [PMID: 28165490 PMCID: PMC5292955 DOI: 10.1038/srep41840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolating actively proliferating cardioblasts is the first crucial step for cardiac regeneration through cell implantation. However, the origin and identity of putative cardioblasts are still unclear. Here, we uncover a novel class of cardiac lineage cells, PDGFRα+Flk1− cardioblasts (PCBs), from mouse and human pluripotent stem cells induced using CsAYTE, a combination of the small molecules Cyclosporin A, the rho-associated coiled-coil kinase inhibitor Y27632, the antioxidant Trolox, and the ALK5 inhibitor EW7197. This novel population of actively proliferating cells is cardiac lineage–committed but in a morphologically and functionally immature state compared to mature cardiomyocytes. Most important, most of CsAYTE-induced PCBs spontaneously differentiated into functional αMHC+ cardiomyocytes (M+CMs) and could be a potential cellular resource for cardiac regeneration.
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34
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Zhang F, Wang L, Li Y, Liu W, Duan F, Huang R, Chen X, Chang SCN, Du Y, Na J. Optimizing mesoderm progenitor selection and three-dimensional microniche culture allows highly efficient endothelial differentiation and ischemic tissue repair from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:6. [PMID: 28114972 PMCID: PMC5259899 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Generation of large quantities of endothelial cells is highly desirable for vascular research, for the treatment of ischemia diseases, and for tissue regeneration. To achieve this goal, we developed a simple, chemically defined culture system to efficiently and rapidly differentiate endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells by going through an MESP1 mesoderm progenitor stage. Methods Mesp1 is a key transcription factor that regulates the development of early cardiovascular tissue. Using an MESP1-mTomato knock-in reporter human embryonic stem cell line, we compared the gene expression profiles of MESP1+ and MESP1− cells and identified new signaling pathways that may promote endothelial differentiation. We also used a 3D scaffold to mimic the in vivo microenvironment to further improve the efficiency of endothelial cell generation. Finally, we performed cell transplantation into a critical limb ischemia mouse model to test the repairing potential of endothelial-primed MESP1+ cells. Results MESP1+ mesoderm progenitors, but not MESP1− cells, have strong endothelial differentiation potential. Global gene expression analysis revealed that transcription factors essential for early endothelial differentiation were enriched in MESP1+ cells. Interestingly, MESP1 cells highly expressed Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor and the addition of S1P significantly increased the endothelial differentiation efficiency. Upon seeding in a novel 3D microniche and priming with VEGF and bFGF, MESP1+ cells markedly upregulated genes related to vessel development and regeneration. 3D microniches also enabled long-term endothelial differentiation and proliferation from MESP1+ cells with minimal medium supplements. Finally, we showed that transplanting a small number of endothelial-primed MESP1+ cells in 3D microniches was sufficient to mediate rapid repair of a mouse model of critical limb ischemia. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that combining MESP1+ mesoderm progenitor cells with tissue-engineered 3D microniche and a chemically defined endothelial induction medium is a promising route to maximizing the production of endothelial cells in vitro and augment their regenerative power in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0455-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fuyu Duan
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rujin Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Sophia Chia-Ning Chang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, 102218, China.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jie Na
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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35
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Yang P, Chen X, Kaushal S, Reece EA, Yang P. High glucose suppresses embryonic stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes : High glucose inhibits ES cell cardiogenesis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:187. [PMID: 27938398 PMCID: PMC5148851 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Babies born to mothers with pregestational diabetes have a high risk for congenital heart defects (CHD). Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are excellent in vitro models for studying the effect of high glucose on cardiac lineage specification because ESCs can be differentiated into cardiomyocytes. ESC maintenance and differentiation are currently performed under high glucose conditions, whose adverse effects have never been clarified. Method We investigated the effect of high glucose on cardiomyocyte differentiation from a well-characterized ESC line, E14, derived from mouse blastocysts. E14 cells maintained under high glucose (25 mM) failed to generate any beating cardiomyocytes using the hanging-drop embryonic body method. We created a glucose-responsive E14 cell line (GR-E14) through a graduated low glucose adaptation. The expression of stem cell markers was similar in the parent E14 cells and the GR-E14 cells. Results Glucose transporter 2 gene was increased in GR-E14 cells. When GR-E14 cells were differentiated into cardiomyocytes under low (5 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose conditions, high glucose significantly delayed the appearance and reduced the number of TNNT2 (Troponin T Type 2)-positive contracting cardiomyocytes. High glucose suppressed the expression of precardiac mesoderm markers, cardiac transcription factors, mature cardiomyocyte markers, and potassium channel proteins. High glucose impaired the functionality of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes by suppressing the frequencies of Ca2+ wave and contraction. Conclusions Our findings suggest that high glucose inhibits ESC cardiogenesis by suppressing key developmental genes essential for the cardiac program. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0446-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, BRB11-039, 655W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, BRB11-039, 655W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sunjay Kaushal
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, BRB11-039, 655W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, BRB11-039, 655W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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36
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Pacheco-Leyva I, Matias AC, Oliveira DV, Santos JMA, Nascimento R, Guerreiro E, Michell AC, van De Vrugt AM, Machado-Oliveira G, Ferreira G, Domian I, Bragança J. CITED2 Cooperates with ISL1 and Promotes Cardiac Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:1037-1049. [PMID: 27818139 PMCID: PMC5161512 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator CITED2 is essential for heart development. Here, we investigated the role of CITED2 in the specification of cardiac cell fate from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC). The overexpression of CITED2 in undifferentiated ESC was sufficient to promote cardiac cell emergence upon differentiation. Conversely, the depletion of Cited2 at the onset of differentiation resulted in a decline of ESC ability to generate cardiac cells. Moreover, loss of Cited2 expression impairs the expression of early mesoderm markers and cardiogenic transcription factors (Isl1, Gata4, Tbx5). The cardiogenic defects in Cited2-depleted cells were rescued by treatment with recombinant CITED2 protein. We showed that Cited2 expression is enriched in cardiac progenitors either derived from ESC or mouse embryonic hearts. Finally, we demonstrated that CITED2 and ISL1 proteins interact physically and cooperate to promote ESC differentiation toward cardiomyocytes. Collectively, our results show that Cited2 plays a pivotal role in cardiac commitment of ESC. Overexpression of CITED2 in ESC promotes cardiogenesis upon differentiation Cited2 depletion reduces ESC ability to generate cardiac cells Cited2 expression is enriched in cardiac progenitors CITED2 and ISL1 cooperate to promote ESC differentiation toward cardiomyocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette Pacheco-Leyva
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research - CBMR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, Room 2.22, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Matias
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research - CBMR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, Room 2.22, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Daniel V Oliveira
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research - CBMR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, Room 2.22, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - João M A Santos
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research - CBMR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, Room 2.22, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rita Nascimento
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research - CBMR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, Room 2.22, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Guerreiro
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research - CBMR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, Room 2.22, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Anna C Michell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Annebel M van De Vrugt
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charles River Plaza/CPZN 3200, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114-2790, USA; Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gisela Machado-Oliveira
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research - CBMR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, Room 2.22, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Ferreira
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Ibrahim Domian
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charles River Plaza/CPZN 3200, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114-2790, USA; Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - José Bragança
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research - CBMR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, Room 2.22, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; ABC - Algarve Biomedical Centre, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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37
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Chan SSK, Hagen HR, Swanson SA, Stewart R, Boll KA, Aho J, Thomson JA, Kyba M. Development of Bipotent Cardiac/Skeletal Myogenic Progenitors from MESP1+ Mesoderm. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:26-34. [PMID: 26771351 PMCID: PMC4719188 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The branchiomeric skeletal muscles co-evolved with new chambers of the heart to enable predatory feeding in chordates. These co-evolved tissues develop from a common population in anterior splanchnic mesoderm, referred to as cardiopharyngeal mesoderm (CPM). The regulation and development of CPM are poorly understood. We describe an embryonic stem cell-based system in which MESP1 drives a PDGFRA+ population with dual cardiac and skeletal muscle differentiation potential, and gene expression resembling CPM. Using this system, we investigate the regulation of these bipotent progenitors, and find that cardiac specification is governed by an antagonistic TGFβ-BMP axis, while skeletal muscle specification is enhanced by Rho kinase inhibition. We define transcriptional signatures of the first committed CPM-derived cardiac and skeletal myogenic progenitors, and discover surface markers to distinguish cardiac (PODXL+) from the skeletal muscle (CDH4+) CPM derivatives. These tools open an accessible window on this developmentally and evolutionarily important population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Sun-Kin Chan
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hannah R Hagen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Scott A Swanson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Karly A Boll
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joy Aho
- Stem Cells Department, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Michael Kyba
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building 4-127, 2231 6th Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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38
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Calderon D, Bardot E, Dubois N. Probing early heart development to instruct stem cell differentiation strategies. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:1130-1144. [PMID: 27580352 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists have studied organs and their development for centuries and, along that path, described models and mechanisms explaining the developmental principles of organogenesis. In particular, with respect to the heart, new fundamental discoveries are reported continuously that keep changing the way we think about early cardiac development. These discoveries are driven by the need to answer long-standing questions regarding the origin of the earliest cells specified to the cardiac lineage, the differentiation potential of distinct cardiac progenitor cells, and, very importantly, the molecular mechanisms underlying these specification events. As evidenced by numerous examples, the wealth of developmental knowledge collected over the years has had an invaluable impact on establishing efficient strategies to generate cardiovascular cell types ex vivo, from either pluripotent stem cells or via direct reprogramming approaches. The ability to generate functional cardiovascular cells in an efficient and reliable manner will contribute to therapeutic strategies aimed at alleviating the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease and morbidity. Here we will discuss the recent discoveries in the field of cardiac progenitor biology and their translation to the pluripotent stem cell model to illustrate how developmental concepts have instructed regenerative model systems in the past and promise to do so in the future. Developmental Dynamics 245:1130-1144, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damelys Calderon
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Evan Bardot
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Dubois
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
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39
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Kotoku T, Kosaka K, Nishio M, Ishida Y, Kawaichi M, Matsuda E. CIBZ Regulates Mesodermal and Cardiac Differentiation of by Suppressing T and Mesp1 Expression in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34188. [PMID: 27659197 PMCID: PMC5034229 DOI: 10.1038/srep34188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying mesodermal and cardiac specification from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are not fully understood. Here, we showed that the BTB domain-containing zinc finger protein CIBZ is expressed in mouse ESCs but is dramatically downregulated during ESC differentiation. CIBZ deletion in ESCs induced specification toward mesoderm phenotypes and their differentiation into cardiomyocytes, whereas overexpression of CIBZ delayed these processes. During ESC differentiation, CIBZ loss-and-gain-of-function data indicate that CIBZ negatively regulates the expressions of Brachyury (T) and Mesp1, the key transcriptional factors responsible for the specification of mammalian mesoderm and cardiac progenitors, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that CIBZ binds to T and Mesp1 promoters in undifferentiated ESCs, and luciferase assays indicate that CIBZ suppresses T and Mesp1 promoters. These findings demonstrate that CIBZ is a novel regulator of mesodermal and cardiac differentiation of ESCs, and suggest that CIBZ-mediated cardiac differentiation depends on the regulation of these two genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koji Kosaka
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Miki Nishio
- Functional Genomics and Medicine, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ishida
- Functional Genomics and Medicine, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawaichi
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Eishou Matsuda
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
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40
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Burridge PW, Sharma A, Wu JC. Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Human Cardiac Reprogramming and Differentiation in Regenerative Medicine. Annu Rev Genet 2016; 49:461-84. [PMID: 26631515 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112414-054911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration or replacement of lost cardiomyocytes within the heart has the potential to revolutionize cardiovascular medicine. Numerous methodologies have been used to achieve this aim, including the engraftment of bone marrow- and heart-derived cells as well as the identification of modulators of adult cardiomyocyte proliferation. Recently, the conversion of human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells and induced cardiomyocyte-like cells has transformed potential approaches toward this goal, and the engraftment of cardiac progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells into patients is now feasible. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic control of human cardiogenesis, cardiac differentiation, and the induced reprogramming of somatic cells to cardiomyocytes. We also cover genetic programs for inducing the proliferation of endogenous cardiomyocytes and discuss the genetic state of cells used in cardiac regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Burridge
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Pharmacology.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
| | - Arun Sharma
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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41
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Nelson DO, Lalit PA, Biermann M, Markandeya YS, Capes DL, Addesso L, Patel G, Han T, John MC, Powers PA, Downs KM, Kamp TJ, Lyons GE. Irx4 Marks a Multipotent, Ventricular-Specific Progenitor Cell. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2875-2888. [PMID: 27570947 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While much progress has been made in the resolution of the cellular hierarchy underlying cardiogenesis, our understanding of chamber-specific myocardium differentiation remains incomplete. To better understand ventricular myocardium differentiation, we targeted the ventricle-specific gene, Irx4, in mouse embryonic stem cells to generate a reporter cell line. Using an antibiotic-selection approach, we purified Irx4+ cells in vitro from differentiating embryoid bodies. The isolated Irx4+ cells proved to be highly proliferative and presented Cxcr4, Pdgfr-alpha, Flk1, and Flt1 on the cell surface. Single Irx4+ ventricular progenitor cells (VPCs) exhibited cardiovascular potency, generating endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and ventricular myocytes in vitro. The ventricular specificity of the Irx4+ population was further demonstrated in vivo as VPCs injected into the cardiac crescent subsequently produced Mlc2v+ myocytes that exclusively contributed to the nascent ventricle at E9.5. These findings support the existence of a newly identified ventricular myocardial progenitor. This is the first report of a multipotent cardiac progenitor that contributes progeny specific to the ventricular myocardium. Stem Cells 2016;34:2875-2888.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl O Nelson
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pratik A Lalit
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mitch Biermann
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yogananda S Markandeya
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Deborah L Capes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Luke Addesso
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gina Patel
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tianxiao Han
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Manorama C John
- University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Patricia A Powers
- University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Karen M Downs
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gary E Lyons
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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42
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Liu Y, Chen L, Diaz AD, Benham A, Xu X, Wijaya CS, Fa'ak F, Luo W, Soibam B, Azares A, Yu W, Lyu Q, Stewart MD, Gunaratne P, Cooney A, McConnell BK, Schwartz RJ. Mesp1 Marked Cardiac Progenitor Cells Repair Infarcted Mouse Hearts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31457. [PMID: 27538477 PMCID: PMC4990963 DOI: 10.1038/srep31457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesp1 directs multipotential cardiovascular cell fates, even though it's transiently induced prior to the appearance of the cardiac progenitor program. Tracing Mesp1-expressing cells and their progeny allows isolation and characterization of the earliest cardiovascular progenitor cells. Studying the biology of Mesp1-CPCs in cell culture and ischemic disease models is an important initial step toward using them for heart disease treatment. Because of Mesp1's transitory nature, Mesp1-CPC lineages were traced by following EYFP expression in murine Mesp1(Cre/+); Rosa26(EYFP/+) ES cells. We captured EYFP+ cells that strongly expressed cardiac mesoderm markers and cardiac transcription factors, but not pluripotent or nascent mesoderm markers. BMP2/4 treatment led to the expansion of EYFP+ cells, while Wnt3a and Activin were marginally effective. BMP2/4 exposure readily led EYFP+ cells to endothelial and smooth muscle cells, but inhibition of the canonical Wnt signaling was required to enter the cardiomyocyte fate. Injected mouse pre-contractile Mesp1-EYFP+ CPCs improved the survivability of injured mice and restored the functional performance of infarcted hearts for at least 3 months. Mesp1-EYFP+ cells are bona fide CPCs and they integrated well in infarcted hearts and emerged de novo into terminally differentiated cardiac myocytes, smooth muscle and vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Andrea Diaz Diaz
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Ashley Benham
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Xueping Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cori S Wijaya
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Faisal Fa'ak
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Weijia Luo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Benjamin Soibam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Technology, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, 77002, USA
| | - Alon Azares
- Stem Cell Engineering, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Qiongying Lyu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - M David Stewart
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.,Stem Cell Engineering, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Preethi Gunaratne
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Austin Cooney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bradley K McConnell
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Robert J Schwartz
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.,Stem Cell Engineering, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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43
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Ishida H, Saba R, Kokkinopoulos I, Hashimoto M, Yamaguchi O, Nowotschin S, Shiraishi M, Ruchaya P, Miller D, Harmer S, Poliandri A, Kogaki S, Sakata Y, Dunkel L, Tinker A, Hadjantonakis AK, Sawa Y, Sasaki H, Ozono K, Suzuki K, Yashiro K. GFRA2 Identifies Cardiac Progenitors and Mediates Cardiomyocyte Differentiation in a RET-Independent Signaling Pathway. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1026-1038. [PMID: 27396331 PMCID: PMC4967477 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A surface marker that distinctly identifies cardiac progenitors (CPs) is essential for the robust isolation of these cells, circumventing the necessity of genetic modification. Here, we demonstrate that a Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor containing neurotrophic factor receptor, Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha 2 (Gfra2), specifically marks CPs. GFRA2 expression facilitates the isolation of CPs by fluorescence activated cell sorting from differentiating mouse and human pluripotent stem cells. Gfra2 mutants reveal an important role for GFRA2 in cardiomyocyte differentiation and development both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the cardiac GFRA2 signaling pathway is distinct from the canonical pathway dependent on the RET tyrosine kinase and its established ligands. Collectively, our findings establish a platform for investigating the biology of CPs as a foundation for future development of CP transplantation for treating heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Ishida
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Rie Saba
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ioannis Kokkinopoulos
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Masakazu Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Embryogenesis, Osaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraishi
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Prashant Ruchaya
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Duncan Miller
- Cardiac Electrophysiology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stephen Harmer
- Cardiac Electrophysiology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ariel Poliandri
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Shigetoyo Kogaki
- Department of Paediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Andrew Tinker
- Cardiac Electrophysiology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Laboratory for Embryogenesis, Osaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Paediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Suzuki
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kenta Yashiro
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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44
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Vascular Development and Regeneration in the Mammalian Heart. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3020023. [PMID: 29367569 PMCID: PMC5715682 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease are the leading cause of death worldwide. Unraveling the developmental origin of coronary vessels could offer important therapeutic implications for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The recent identification of the endocardial source of coronary vessels reveals a heterogeneous origin of coronary arteries in the adult heart. In this review, we will highlight recent advances in finding the sources of coronary vessels in the mammalian heart from lineage-tracing models as well as differentiation studies using pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, we will also discuss how we induce neovascularization in the damaged heart through transient yet highly efficient expression of VEGF-modified mRNAs as a potentially therapeutic delivery platform.
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45
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Abstract
The transcription factors Mesp1 and Mesp2 have essential roles in the migration and specification of multipotent progenitor cells at the onset of cardiogenesis. Chiapparo et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201505082) identify common Mesp functions in fate specification and Mesp1-specific targets controlling the speed and direction of progenitor cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, 13288 Marseille, France
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46
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Chiapparo G, Lin X, Lescroart F, Chabab S, Paulissen C, Pitisci L, Bondue A, Blanpain C. Mesp1 controls the speed, polarity, and directionality of cardiovascular progenitor migration. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:463-77. [PMID: 27185833 PMCID: PMC4878090 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201505082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, Mesp1 marks the earliest cardiovascular progenitors (CPs) and promotes their specification, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cardiovascular differentiation. However, Mesp1 deletion in mice does not impair initial CP specification and early cardiac differentiation but induces cardiac malformations thought to arise from a defect of CP migration. Using inducible gain-of-function experiments during embryonic stem cell differentiation, we found that Mesp2, its closest homolog, was as efficient as Mesp1 at promoting CP specification, EMT, and cardiovascular differentiation. However, only Mesp1 stimulated polarity and directional cell migration through a cell-autonomous mechanism. Transcriptional analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that Mesp1 and Mesp2 activate common target genes that promote CP specification and differentiation. We identified two direct Mesp1 target genes, Prickle1 and RasGRP3, that are strongly induced by Mesp1 and not by Mesp2 and that control the polarity and the speed of cell migration. Altogether, our results identify the molecular interface controlled by Mesp1 that links CP specification and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Chiapparo
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Xionghui Lin
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Lescroart
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Samira Chabab
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Catherine Paulissen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Pitisci
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Antoine Bondue
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium Department of Cardiology, Hopital Erasme, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
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47
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Chan SSK, Chan HHW, Kyba M. Heterogeneity of Mesp1+ mesoderm revealed by single-cell RNA-seq. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:469-475. [PMID: 27131741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mesp1 is a transcription factor that promotes differentiation of pluripotent cells into different mesoderm lineages including hematopoietic, cardiac and skeletal myogenic. This occurs via at least two transient cell populations: a common hematopoietic/cardiac progenitor population and a common cardiac/skeletal myogenic progenitor population. It is not established whether Mesp1-induced mesoderm cells are intrinsically heterogeneous, or are simply capable of multiple lineage decisions. In the current study, we applied single-cell RNA-seq to analyze Mesp1+ mesoderm. Initial whole transcriptome analysis showed a surprising homogeneity among Mesp1-induced mesoderm cells. However, this apparent global homogeneity masked an intrinsic heterogeneity revealed by interrogating a panel of early mesoderm patterning factors. This approach enabled discovery of subpopulations primed for hematopoietic or cardiac development. These studies demonstrate the heterogeneic nature of Mesp1+ mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Sun-Kin Chan
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Howe H W Chan
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Michael Kyba
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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48
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Lalit PA, Salick MR, Nelson DO, Squirrell JM, Shafer CM, Patel NG, Saeed I, Schmuck EG, Markandeya YS, Wong R, Lea MR, Eliceiri KW, Hacker TA, Crone WC, Kyba M, Garry DJ, Stewart R, Thomson JA, Downs KM, Lyons GE, Kamp TJ. Lineage Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Proliferative Induced Cardiac Progenitor Cells by Defined Factors. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:354-67. [PMID: 26877223 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes; however, reprogramming into proliferative induced cardiac progenitor cells (iCPCs) remains to be accomplished. Here we report that a combination of 11 or 5 cardiac factors along with canonical Wnt and JAK/STAT signaling reprogrammed adult mouse cardiac, lung, and tail tip fibroblasts into iCPCs. The iCPCs were cardiac mesoderm-restricted progenitors that could be expanded extensively while maintaining multipotency to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells in vitro. Moreover, iCPCs injected into the cardiac crescent of mouse embryos differentiated into cardiomyocytes. iCPCs transplanted into the post-myocardial infarction mouse heart improved survival and differentiated into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. Lineage reprogramming of adult somatic cells into iCPCs provides a scalable cell source for drug discovery, disease modeling, and cardiac regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik A Lalit
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Max R Salick
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Material Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Daryl O Nelson
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jayne M Squirrell
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Christina M Shafer
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Neel G Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Imaan Saeed
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Eric G Schmuck
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Rachel Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Martin R Lea
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Timothy A Hacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Wendy C Crone
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Material Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michael Kyba
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - James A Thomson
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Karen M Downs
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Gary E Lyons
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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49
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Werner P, Latney B, Deardorff MA, Goldmuntz E. MESP1 Mutations in Patients with Congenital Heart Defects. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:308-14. [PMID: 26694203 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the genetic etiology of congenital heart disease (CHD) has been challenging despite being one of the most common congenital malformations in humans. We previously identified a microdeletion in a patient with a ventricular septal defect containing over 40 genes including MESP1 (mesoderm posterior basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 1). Because of the importance of MESP1 as an early regulator of cardiac development in both in vivo and in vitro studies, we tested for MESP1 mutations in 647 patients with congenital conotruncal and related heart defects. We identified six rare, nonsynonymous variants not seen in ethnically matched controls and one likely race-specific nonsynonymous variant. Functional analyses revealed that three of these variants altered activation of transcription by MESP1. Two of the deleterious variants are located within the conserved HLH domain and thus impair the protein-protein interaction of MESP1 and E47. The third deleterious variant was a loss-of-function frameshift mutation. Our results suggest that pathologic variants in MESP1 may contribute to the development of CHD and that additional protein partners and downstream targets could likewise contribute to the wide range of causes for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Werner
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Brande Latney
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Matthew A Deardorff
- Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
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50
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Lewandowski J, Kolanowski TJ, Kurpisz M. Techniques for the induction of human pluripotent stem cell differentiation towards cardiomyocytes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:1658-1674. [PMID: 26777594 DOI: 10.1002/term.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The derivation of pluripotent stem cells from human embryos and the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells opened a new chapter in studies on the regeneration of the post-infarction heart and regenerative medicine as a whole. Thus, protocols for obtaining iPSCs were enthusiastically adopted and widely used for further experiments on cardiac differentiation. iPSC-mediated cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) under in vitro culture conditions are generated by simulating natural cardiomyogenesis and involve the wingless-type mouse mammary tumour virus integration site family (WNT), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling pathways. New strategies have been proposed to take advantage of small chemical molecules, organic compounds and even electric or mechanical stimulation. There are three main approaches to support cardiac commitment in vitro: embryoid bodis (EBs), monolayer in vitro cultures and inductive co-cultures with visceral endoderm-like (END2) cells. In EB technique initial uniform size of pluripotent stem cell (PSC) colonies has a pivotal significance. Hence, some methods were designed to support cells aggregation. Another well-suited procedure is based on culturing cells in monolayer conditions in order to improve accessibility of growth factors and nutrients. Other distinct tactics are using visceral endoderm-like cells to culture them with PSCs due to secretion of procardiac cytokines. Finally, the appropriate purification of the obtained cardiomyocytes is required prior to their administration to a patient under the prospective cellular therapy strategy. This goal can be achieved using non-genetic methods, such as the application of surface markers and fluorescent dyes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Lewandowski
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Stem Cells, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz J Kolanowski
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Stem Cells, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Kurpisz
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Stem Cells, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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