1
|
Delia J, Gaines-Richardson M, Ludington SC, Akbari N, Vasek C, Shaykevich D, O’Connell LA. Tissue-specific in vivo transformation of plasmid DNA in Neotropical tadpoles using electroporation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289361. [PMID: 37590232 PMCID: PMC10434853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is an increasingly common technique used for exogenous gene expression in live animals, but protocols are largely limited to traditional laboratory organisms. The goal of this protocol is to test in vivo electroporation techniques in a diverse array of tadpole species. We explore electroporation efficiency in tissue-specific cells of five species from across three families of tropical frogs: poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), cryptic forest/poison frogs (Aromobatidae), and glassfrogs (Centrolenidae). These species are well known for their diverse social behaviors and intriguing physiologies that coordinate chemical defenses, aposematism, and/or tissue transparency. Specifically, we examine the effects of electrical pulse and injection parameters on species- and tissue-specific transfection of plasmid DNA in tadpoles. After electroporation of a plasmid encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), we found strong GFP fluorescence within brain and muscle cells that increased with the amount of DNA injected and electrical pulse number. We discuss species-related challenges, troubleshooting, and outline ideas for improvement. Extending in vivo electroporation to non-model amphibian species could provide new opportunities for exploring topics in genetics, behavior, and organismal biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Delia
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Sarah C. Ludington
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Najva Akbari
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Cooper Vasek
- Department of Biology, De Anza College, Cupertino, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Shaykevich
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. O’Connell
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Matsuo K, Tamura R, Hotta K, Okada M, Takeuchi A, Wu Y, Hashimoto K, Takano H, Momose A, Nishino A. Bilaterally Asymmetric Helical Myofibrils in Ascidian Tadpole Larvae. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:800455. [PMID: 34950666 PMCID: PMC8688927 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.800455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The locomotor system is highly bilateral at the macroscopic level. Homochirality of biological molecules is fully compatible with the bilateral body. However, whether and how single-handed cells contribute to the bilateral locomotor system is obscure. Here, exploiting the small number of cells in the swimming tadpole larva of the ascidian Ciona, we analyzed morphology of the tail at cellular and subcellular scales. Quantitative phase-contrast X-ray tomographic microscopy revealed a high-density midline structure ventral to the notochord in the tail. Muscle cell nuclei on each side of the notochord were roughly bilaterally aligned. However, fluorescence microscopy detected left-right asymmetry of myofibril inclination relative to the longitudinal axis of the tail. Zernike phase-contrast X-ray tomographic microscopy revealed the presence of left-handed helices of myofibrils in muscle cells on both sides. Therefore, the locomotor system of ascidian larvae harbors symmetry-breaking left-handed helical cells, while maintaining bilaterally symmetrical cell alignment. These results suggest that bilateral animals can override cellular homochirality to generate the bilateral locomotor systems at the supracellular scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mayu Okada
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihisa Takeuchi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Japan
| | - Yanlin Wu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koh Hashimoto
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takano
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Momose
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsuo Nishino
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Razy-Krajka F, Stolfi A. Regulation and evolution of muscle development in tunicates. EvoDevo 2019; 10:13. [PMID: 31249657 PMCID: PMC6589888 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a century, studies on tunicate muscle formation have revealed many principles of cell fate specification, gene regulation, morphogenesis, and evolution. Here, we review the key studies that have probed the development of all the various muscle cell types in a wide variety of tunicate species. We seize this occasion to explore the implications and questions raised by these findings in the broader context of muscle evolution in chordates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Razy-Krajka
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
|
6
|
Imai JH, Meinertzhagen IA. Neurons of the ascidian larval nervous system in Ciona intestinalis: I. Central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:316-34. [PMID: 17245701 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The tadpole larva of ascidians, basal living relatives of vertebrates, has a chordate body plan. The CNS has many homologies with that of vertebrates yet only about 100 neurons. These few, possibly fixed in number and composition, nevertheless govern a diverse repertoire of behaviors. To elucidate the circuits of the CNS first requires that we recognize each neuron type, for which we used electroporation to transfect precleavage embryos with a plasmid containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the promoter of the synaptotagmin gene. Hatched larvae were fixed and GFP 3-D reconstructions of confocal image stacks compiled into images of 31 whole or partial larvae, either with many GFP-labelled neurons or with few, each clearly visible. Neuron counts in the sensory vesicle (SV) and visceral ganglion (VG) indicated that between 75% (SV) and 69% (VG) of previously reported numbers of neurons were transfected. Based on their position, shape, and projections, the following neurons were identified in the SV: a prominent eminens neuron, possibly with direct input from papillar neurons, a large ventroposterior interneuron, photoreceptors of the ocellus, and putative antenna cells of the otolith. In the VG, we identified at least four subtypes of motor neuron, including an ovoid cell that may innervate distal tail muscle cells and contrapelo cells with ascending projections, unique among VG neurons. The caudal nerve cord contained the first reported neurons, the somata of planate neurons. These neurons are the first identified types, and will be used to construct a map of the nervous system for this model basal chordate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice H Imai
- Department of Biology, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rumyantsev PP, Krylova MI. Ultrastructure of myofibers and cells synthesizing DNA in the developing and regenerating lymph-heart muscles. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1990; 120:1-52. [PMID: 2406211 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P P Rumyantsev
- Institute of Cytology of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Leningrad
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nakao T, Ishizawa A, Suzuki S, Saito M. An electron microscopic study of two types of muscle fibers in the pharyngeal pad of Crussian carp, Carassius carassius. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1984; 209:433-43. [PMID: 6476414 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092090403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the pharyngeal pad on the roof of the anterior pharynx of Carassius carassius two types of thin striated muscle fibers (1.5-10 micron in diameter) were found. No pattern was discerned in the orientation of muscle fibers which form a loose tissue as a whole. One of them (Z fiber) is characterized by position of triads at the level of Z lines, and in the other type (A-I fiber) they were seen at the junction of the A and I bands. Three types of intermyofibrous junction are noted between muscle fibers of the same type or between those of different types. The first type possesses ultrastructural features such as a uniform intercellular space about 90 nm which contains the basal lamina, a dense mat of the filamentous material on the sarcoplasmic aspect of the cell membrane, and a connection of myofibrils with the dense layer by thin I band filaments. The second type resembles the previous type but is distinguished from it by the lack of myofibrillar association. The third type is the nexus or gap junction. Intermyofibrous junctions of the second type are most frequently encountered (82%). Those of the first type are less frequently seen (15%), whereas the third type junctions are far less frequently seen (3%). Nerve endings at the neuromuscular junction of both types of muscle fiber contain numerous small clear vesicles suggesting their cholinergic nature.
Collapse
|
9
|
Meedel TH, Whittaker JR. Development of acetylchilinesterase during embryogenesis of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1979; 210:1-10. [PMID: 536707 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the embryonic muscle cell cholinesterase of the solitary ascidian, Ciona intestinalis (L.). The effects of selective enzyme inhibitors and the inhibition of enzyme activity at high concentrations of substrate suggest that the muscle cell enzyme is an acetylcholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.7). After gastrulation and before hatching, acetylcholinesterase activity increased 35- to 40-fold; after hatching (18 hours postfertilization) this activity continued to increase, leveling off at about 36 hours of development. Histochemical observations showed that before hatching acetylcholinesterase was located principally in the muscle cells of the tail and, after hatching, it began to develop in cells of the adult musculature and brain. Inhibition of protein syntnesis by puromycin and of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D, suggest that both protein and RNA synthesis were required for the increase in acetylcholinesterase activity observed in unhatched embryos. Although the continued increase in enzyme activity duirng embryonic development was sensitive to puromycin at all times tested, the actinomycin D sensitivity of this increase was restricted to a discrete time that was completed by about 11 hours of development.
Collapse
|
10
|
Flood PR. The sarcoplasmic reticulum and associated plasma membrane of trunk muscle lamellae in Branchiostoma lanceolatum (pallas). A transmission and scanning electrom microscopic study including freeze-fractures, direct replicas and x-ray microanalysis of calcium oxalate deposits. Cell Tissue Res 1977; 181:169-96. [PMID: 880628 DOI: 10.1007/bf00219979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
11
|
Nakao T. Electron microscopic studies on the myotomes of larval lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1977; 187:383-404. [PMID: 851239 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091870309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myotomes of the caudal one-third of the body of 26-day-old larval lampreys, Lampetra japonica, were studied by electron microscopy. Each myotome consists of horizontally stacked muscle lamellae. The myotomes are covered laterally by a single layer of flattened cells called here "lateral cells", and the other aspect is covered by an external lamina. The myotomes are midsegmentally innervated. Each muscle lamella usually contains two single cortical layers of myofibrils along the dorsal and ventral sarcolemma with a nucleus and mitochondria interposed between two layers. Numerous peripheral couplings are observed with relatively less developed triads. There are no membrane specializations to connect adjacent muscle lamellae within a myotome. Intermyotomal junctions are, however, noted between tips of cytoplasmic processes of muscle lamellae of adjoining myotomes. They resemble tight or gap junctions. No myofibrils are present in these cytoplasmic processes. Myotendinous junctions, with "terminal couplings" (Nakao, '75), are seen under development at the myoseptal ends of muscle lamellae. Lateral cells contain only ordinary organelles and no special structures such as myofibrils are found in the cytoplasm. They are connected to each other and to muscle lamellae by primitive desmosomes. They generally have no external lamina investment.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cavey MJ, Cloney RA. Ultrastructure and differentiation of ascidian muscle. I. Caudal musculature of the larva of Diplosoma macdonaldi. Cell Tissue Res 1976; 174:289-313. [PMID: 1000577 DOI: 10.1007/bf00220677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The larval caudal musculature of the compound ascidian Diplosoma macdonaldi consists of two longitudinal bands of somatic striated muscle. Approximately 800 mononucleate cells, lying in rows between the epidermis and the notochord, constitute each muscle band. Unlike the caudal muscle cells of most other ascidian larvae, the myofibrils and apposed sarcoplasmic reticulum occupy both the cortical and the medullary sarcoplasm. The cross-striated myofibrils converge near the tapered ends of the caudal muscle cell and integrate into a field of myofilaments. The field originates and terminates at intermediate junctions at the transverse cellular boundaries. Close junctions and longitudinal and transverse segments of nonjunctional sarcolemmata flank the intermediate junctions, creating a transverse myomuscular (TMM) complex which superficially resembles the intercalated disk of the vertebrate heart. A perforated sheet of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) invests each myofibril. The sheet of SR spans between sarcomeres and is locally undifferentiated in relation to the cross-striations. Two to four saccular cisternae of SR near each sarcomeric Z-line establish interior (dyadic) couplings with an axial analogue of the vertebrate transverse tubular system. The axial tubules are invaginations of the sarcolemma within and adjacent to the intermediate junctions of the TMM complex. The caudal muscle cells of larval ascidians and the somatic striated muscle fibers of lower vertebrates bear similar relationships to the skeletal organs and share similar locomotor functions. At the cellular level, however, the larval ascidian caudal musculature more closely resembles the vertebrate myocardium.
Collapse
|
13
|
Schiaffino S, Nunzi MG, Burighel P. T system in ascidian muscle: organization of the sarcotubular system in the caudal muscle cells of Botryllus schlosseri tadpole larvae. Tissue Cell 1976; 8:101-10. [PMID: 1265732 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(76)90023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The organization of the sarcotubular system has been examined in the caudal muscle cells of the ascidian. Botryllus schlosseri. At variance with striated muscle of other protochordates. Botryllus muscle cells are endowed with a well-developed T system, which has a peculiar laminar structure. The thin T laminae are in continuity with the plasma membrane and extend longitudinally in the intermyofibrillar spaces. At the level of the I-band the T laminae are focally associated with SR cisternae in dyad junctions similar to those observed in invertebrate muscles. These findings are discussed in relation to the origin of the sarcotubular system in vertebrate muscle.
Collapse
|
14
|
Flood PP. Scanning electron microscope observations on the muscle innervation of Oikopleura dioica Fol (Appendicularia, Tunicata) with notes on the arrangement of connective tissue fibres. Cell Tissue Res 1975; 164:357-69. [PMID: 1201609 DOI: 10.1007/bf00223014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Critical point dried and fractured appendicularia of the species Oikopleura dioica have been examined in the scanning electron microscope. The dorsal nerve cord with ganglion cells and peripheral nerve fibres could easily be observed. Thick peripheral nerve fibres leave the nerve cord as bilateral pairs at constant intervals along the tail. Most of these fibres branch from the naked nerve cord, but some evidently originate in ganglion perikarya bulging out from the nerve cord itself. These paired peripheral nerves always have elaborate end-arborizations on the medial surface of the lateral muscle cells. They are accordingly interpreted as motor axons. Some thinner peripheral nerve fibres originate at irregular intervals from both the nerve cord and the ganglion cells. Due to the numerous extracellular fibrils that connect the bilateral layers of the epidermal fins and the muscle cells to each other, these thin nerve fibres can seldom be traced to their termination. A few ones can, however, be traced ventrally between the notochord and the muscle cells and seem to end in singular bulb-like expansions. Clusters of synaptic vesicles are present in transmission electron micrographs of such nerves, and they are accordingly believed to carry efferent impulses. The extracellular fibrils are arranged in a highly ordered pattern with thick bundles crossing the gap between the structures to be interconnected and with numerous radiating insertions on the surface of the tissues.
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Schiaffino S, Burighel P, Nunzi MG. Involution of the caudal musculature during metamorphosis in the ascidian, Botryllus schlosseri. Cell Tissue Res 1974; 153:293-305. [PMID: 4458948 DOI: 10.1007/bf00229160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
17
|
Cavey MJ, Cloney RA. Fine structure and differentiation of ascidian muscle, 2. Morphometrics and differentiation of the caudal muscle cells of Distaplia occidentalis tadpoles. J Morphol 1974; 144:23-70. [PMID: 4413472 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051440104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Cavey MJ, Cloney RA. Fine structure and differentiation of Ascidian muscle. I. Differentiated caudal musculature of Distaplia occidentalis tadpoles. J Morphol 1972; 138:349-73. [PMID: 4264162 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051380304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
20
|
Tannenbaum AS, Rosenbluth J. Myoneural junctions in larval ascidian tail. EXPERIENTIA 1972; 28:1210-2. [PMID: 5087044 DOI: 10.1007/bf01946176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
21
|
Takahashi K, Miyazaki SI, Kidokoro Y. Development of excitability in embryonic muscle cell membranes in certain tunicates. Science 1971; 171:415-8. [PMID: 5538940 DOI: 10.1126/science.171.3969.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During the course of development of muscle cells in certain tunicates, a sign of regenerative membrane response appears in the gastrula stage. In the early tadpole larva, the action potential consists of a spike followed by a plateau. The latter-disappears in fully differentiated cells, conceivably in association with the establishment of delayed rectification.
Collapse
|
22
|
Bruns RR, Gross J. Studies on the tadpole tail. I. Structure and organization of the notochord and its covering layers in Rana catesbeiana. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1970; 128:193-233. [PMID: 5420900 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001280206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Zur feinstruktur der Chorda dorsalis niederer Chordaten [Dendrodoa grossularia (v. Beneden) und Oikopleura dioica Fol]. Cell Tissue Res 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00338537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
25
|
Smith DS. The organization and function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-system of muscle cells. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1966; 16:107-42. [PMID: 5338779 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(66)90004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|