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Zheng S, Liu Z, Liu H, Lim JY, Li DWH, Zhang S, Luo F, Wang X, Sun C, Tang R, Zheng W, Xie Q. Research development on gut microbiota and vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25186. [PMID: 38384514 PMCID: PMC10878880 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between gut microbiota and its metabolites with cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been proven. In this review, we aim to conclude the potential mechanism of gut microbiota and its metabolites on inducing the formation of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, and to discuss the effect of intestinal metabolites, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phenylacetylglutamine (PAG), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on plaque stability. Finally, we include the impact of gut microbiota and its metabolites on plaque stability, to propose a new therapeutic direction for coronary heart disease. Gut microbiota regulation intervenes the progress of arteriosclerosis, especially on coronary atherosclerosis, by avoiding or reducing the formation of vulnerable plaque, to lower the morbidity rate of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujiao Zheng
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zuheng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haiyue Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing, The Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Ying Lim
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dolly Wong Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaofeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiujing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Changqing Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wuyang Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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García-Arnáez I, Romero-Gavilán F, Cerqueira A, Elortza F, Azkargorta M, Muñoz F, Mata M, de Llano JM, Suay J, Gurruchaga M, Goñi I. Correlation between biological responses in vitro and in vivo to Ca-doped sol-gel coatings assessed using proteomic analysis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112962. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Shen X, Li L, Sun Z, Zang G, Zhang L, Shao C, Wang Z. Gut Microbiota and Atherosclerosis-Focusing on the Plaque Stability. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:668532. [PMID: 34414217 PMCID: PMC8368126 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.668532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are major causes of mortality and morbidity in the modern society. The rupture of atherosclerotic plaque can induce thrombus formation, which is the main cause of acute cardiovascular events. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that there are some relationships between microbiota and atherosclerosis. In this review, we will focus on the effect of the microbiota and the microbe-derived metabolites, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), on the stability of atherosclerotic plaque. Finally, we will conclude with some therapies based on the microbiota and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Recinella L, Chiavaroli A, Masciulli F, Fraschetti C, Filippi A, Cesa S, Cairone F, Gorica E, De Leo M, Braca A, Martelli A, Calderone V, Orlando G, Ferrante C, Menghini L, Di Simone SC, Veschi S, Cama A, Brunetti L, Leone S. Protective Effects Induced by a Hydroalcoholic Allium sativum Extract in Isolated Mouse Heart. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072332. [PMID: 34371842 PMCID: PMC8308751 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible protective effects of a garlic hydroalcoholic extract on the burden of oxidative stress and inflammation occurring on mouse heart specimens exposed to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a well-established inflammatory stimulus. Headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) technique was applied to determine the volatile fraction of the garlic powder, and the HS-SPME conditions were optimized for each of the most representative classes of compounds. CIEL*a*b* colorimetric analyses were performed on the powder sample at the time of delivery, after four and after eight months of storage at room temperature in the dark, to evaluate the color changing. Freshly prepared hydroalcoholic extract was also evaluated in its color character. Furthermore, the hydroalcoholic extract was analyzed through GC-MS. The extract was found to be able to significantly inhibit LPS-induced prostaglandin (PG) E2 and 8-iso-PGF2α levels, as well as mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, interleukin (IL)-6, and nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), in heart specimens. Concluding, our findings showed that the garlic hydroalcoholic extract exhibited cardioprotective effects on multiple inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Recinella
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (L.R.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.O.); (C.F.); (L.M.); (S.C.D.S.); (S.V.); (A.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Annalisa Chiavaroli
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (L.R.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.O.); (C.F.); (L.M.); (S.C.D.S.); (S.V.); (A.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Fabrizio Masciulli
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (L.R.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.O.); (C.F.); (L.M.); (S.C.D.S.); (S.V.); (A.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Caterina Fraschetti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (A.F.); (S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Antonello Filippi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (A.F.); (S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Stefania Cesa
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (A.F.); (S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Cairone
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (A.F.); (S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Era Gorica
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (M.D.L.); (A.B.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Marinella De Leo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (M.D.L.); (A.B.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centre for Instrumentation Sharing of Pisa University, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Braca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (M.D.L.); (A.B.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centre for Instrumentation Sharing of Pisa University, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (M.D.L.); (A.B.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Biology and Pathology of Ageing”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (M.D.L.); (A.B.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Biology and Pathology of Ageing”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giustino Orlando
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (L.R.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.O.); (C.F.); (L.M.); (S.C.D.S.); (S.V.); (A.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (L.R.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.O.); (C.F.); (L.M.); (S.C.D.S.); (S.V.); (A.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (L.R.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.O.); (C.F.); (L.M.); (S.C.D.S.); (S.V.); (A.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Simonetta Cristina Di Simone
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (L.R.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.O.); (C.F.); (L.M.); (S.C.D.S.); (S.V.); (A.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Serena Veschi
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (L.R.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.O.); (C.F.); (L.M.); (S.C.D.S.); (S.V.); (A.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Alessandro Cama
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (L.R.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.O.); (C.F.); (L.M.); (S.C.D.S.); (S.V.); (A.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (L.R.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.O.); (C.F.); (L.M.); (S.C.D.S.); (S.V.); (A.C.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0871-3554758
| | - Sheila Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (L.R.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.O.); (C.F.); (L.M.); (S.C.D.S.); (S.V.); (A.C.); (S.L.)
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The MAO Inhibitor Tranylcypromine Alters LPS- and Aβ-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Responses in Wild-type Mice and a Mouse Model of AD. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091982. [PMID: 32872335 PMCID: PMC7563969 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) has been implicated in neuroinflammation, and therapies targeting MAO are of interest for neurodegenerative diseases. The small-molecule drug tranylcypromine, an inhibitor of MAO, is currently used as an antidepressant and in the treatment of cancer. However, whether tranylcypromine can regulate LPS- and/or Aβ-induced neuroinflammation in the brain has not been well-studied. In the present study, we found that tranylcypromine selectively altered LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine levels in BV2 microglial cells but not primary astrocytes. In addition, tranylcypromine modulated LPS-mediated TLR4/ERK/STAT3 signaling to alter neuroinflammatory responses in BV2 microglial cells. Importantly, tranylcypromine significantly reduced microglial activation as well as proinflammatory cytokine levels in LPS-injected wild-type mice. Moreover, injection of tranylcypromine in 5xFAD mice (a mouse model of AD) significantly decreased microglial activation but had smaller effects on astrocyte activation. Taken together, our results suggest that tranylcypromine can suppress LPS- and Aβ-induced neuroinflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo.
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Pérez-Rodríguez MJ, Ibarra-Sánchez A, Román-Figueroa A, Pérez-Severiano F, González-Espinosa C. Mutant Huntingtin affects toll-like receptor 4 intracellular trafficking and cytokine production in mast cells. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:95. [PMID: 32220257 PMCID: PMC7102443 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Huntington’s disease (HD) is caused by the expression of a mutated variant of Huntingtin (mHtt), which results in the complex pathology characterized by a defective function of the nervous system and altered inflammatory responses. While the neuronal effects of mHtt expression have been extensively studied, its effects on the physiology of immune cells have not been fully described. Mast cells (MCs) are unique tissue-resident immune cells whose activation has been linked to protective responses against parasites and bacteria, but also to deleterious inflammatory allergic reactions and, recently, to neurodegenerative diseases. Methods Bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were obtained from wild-type (WT-) and mHtt-expressing (R6/1) mice to evaluate the main activation parameters triggered by the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) and the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. Degranulation was assessed by measuring the secretion of β-hexosaminidase, MAP kinase activation was detected by Western blot, and cytokine production was determined by RT-PCR and ELISA. TLR-4 receptor and Htt vesicular trafficking was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In vivo, MC-deficient mice (c-KitWsh/Wsh) were intraperitonally reconstituted with WT or R6/1 BMMCs and the TLR4-induced production of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was determined by ELISA. A survival curve of mice treated with a sub-lethal dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was constructed. Results R6/1 BMMCs showed normal β-hexosaminidase release levels in response to FcεRI, but lower cytokine production upon LPS stimulus. Impaired TLR4-induced TNF production was associated to the lack of intracellular dynamin-dependent TLR-4 receptor trafficking to perinuclear regions in BMMCs, a diminished ERK1/2 and ELK-1 phosphorylation, and a decrease in c-fos and TNF mRNA accumulation. R6/1 BMMCs also failed to produce TLR4-induced anti-inflammatory cytokines (like IL-10 and TGF-β). The detected defects were also observed in vivo, in a MCs-dependent model of endotoxemia. R6/1 and c-KitWsh/Wsh mice reconstituted with R6/1 BMMCs showed a decreased TLR4-induced TNF production and lower survival rates to LPS challenge than WT mice. Conclusions Our data show that mHtt expression causes an impaired production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators triggered by TLR-4 receptor in MCs in vitro and in vivo, which could contribute to the aberrant immunophenotype observed in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Jesabel Pérez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Calzada de los Tenorios 235, Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, 14330, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, Tlalpan, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ibarra-Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Calzada de los Tenorios 235, Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, 14330, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abraham Román-Figueroa
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Calzada de los Tenorios 235, Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, 14330, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisca Pérez-Severiano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, Tlalpan, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia González-Espinosa
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Calzada de los Tenorios 235, Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, 14330, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Protective Effects Induced by Two Polyphenolic Liquid Complexes from Olive ( Olea europaea, mainly Cultivar Coratina) Pressing Juice in Rat Isolated Tissues Challenged with LPS. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24163002. [PMID: 31430921 PMCID: PMC6720671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24163002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MOMAST(®) HY100 and MOMAST(®) HP30 are polyphenolic liquid complexes from olive pressing juice with a total polyphenolic content of 100 g/kg (at least 50% as hydroxytyrosol) and 36 g/kg (at least 30% as hydroxytyrosol), respectively. We investigated the potential protective role of MOMAST(®) HY100 and MOMAST(®) HP30 on isolated rat colon, liver, heart, and prefrontal cortex specimens treated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a validated ex vivo model of inflammation, by measuring the production of prostaglandin (PG)E2, 8-iso-PGF2α, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels. MOMAST(®) HY100 decreased LPS-stimulated PGE2 and LDH levels in all tested tissues. Following treatment with MOMAST(®) HY100, we found a significant reduction in iNOS levels in prefrontal cortex and heart specimens, COX-2 and TNFα mRNA levels in heart specimens, and 8-iso-PGF2α levels in liver specimens. On the other hand, MOMAST(®) HP30 was found to blunt COX-2, TNFα, and iNOS mRNA levels, as well as 8-iso-PGF2α in cortex, liver, and colon specimens. MOMAST(®) HP30 was also found to decrease PGE2 levels in liver specimens, while it decreased iNOS mRNA, LDH, and 8-iso-PGF2α levels in heart specimens. Both MOMAST(®) HY100 and MOMAST(®) HP30 exhibited protective effects on multiple inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.
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Volk-Draper L, Patel R, Bhattarai N, Yang J, Wilber A, DeNardo D, Ran S. Myeloid-Derived Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Progenitors Significantly Contribute to Lymphatic Metastasis in Clinical Breast Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2269-2292. [PMID: 31421071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis is a high-impact prognostic factor for mortality of breast cancer (BC) patients, and it directly depends on tumor-associated lymphatic vessels. We previously reported that lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory lymphangiogenesis is strongly promoted by myeloid-derived lymphatic endothelial cell progenitors (M-LECPs) derived from the bone marrow (BM). As BC recruits massive numbers of provascular myeloid cells, we hypothesized that M-LECPs, within this recruited population, are specifically programmed to promote tumor lymphatics that increase lymph node metastasis. In support of this hypothesis, high levels of M-LECPs were found in peripheral blood and tumor tissues of BC patients. Moreover, the density of M-LECPs and lymphatic vessels positive for myeloid marker proteins strongly correlated with patient node status. It was also established that tumor M-LECPs coexpress lymphatic-specific, stem/progenitor and M2-type macrophage markers that indicate their BM hematopoietic-myeloid origin and distinguish them from mature lymphatic endothelial cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphoid cells, and tissue-resident macrophages. Using four orthotopic BC models, we show that mouse M-LECPs are similarly recruited to tumors and integrate into preexisting lymphatics. Finally, we demonstrate that adoptive transfer of in vitro differentiated M-LECPs, but not naïve or nondifferentiated BM cells, significantly increased metastatic burden in ipsilateral lymph nodes. These data support a causative role of BC-induced lymphatic progenitors in tumor lymphangiogenesis and suggest molecular targets for their inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Volk-Draper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Radhika Patel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Nihit Bhattarai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Andrew Wilber
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois; Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - David DeNardo
- Department of Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sophia Ran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois; Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois.
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Tsukamoto H, Takeuchi S, Kubota K, Kobayashi Y, Kozakai S, Ukai I, Shichiku A, Okubo M, Numasaki M, Kanemitsu Y, Matsumoto Y, Nochi T, Watanabe K, Aso H, Tomioka Y. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein stimulates CD14-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 internalization and LPS-induced TBK1-IKKϵ-IRF3 axis activation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10186-10201. [PMID: 29760187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.796631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an indispensable immune receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall. Following LPS stimulation, TLR4 transmits the signal from the cell surface and becomes internalized in an endosome. However, the spatial regulation of TLR4 signaling is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of LPS-induced TLR4 internalization and clarified the roles of the extracellular LPS-binding molecules, LPS-binding protein (LBP), and glycerophosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (CD14). LPS stimulation of CD14-expressing cells induced TLR4 internalization in the presence of serum, and an inhibitory anti-LBP mAb blocked its internalization. Addition of LBP to serum-free cultures restored LPS-induced TLR4 internalization to comparable levels of serum. The secretory form of the CD14 (sCD14) induced internalization but required a much higher concentration than LBP. An inhibitory anti-sCD14 mAb was ineffective for serum-mediated internalization. LBP lacking the domain for LPS transfer to CD14 and a CD14 mutant with reduced LPS binding both attenuated TLR4 internalization. Accordingly, LBP is an essential serum molecule for TLR4 internalization, and its LPS transfer to membrane-anchored CD14 (mCD14) is a prerequisite. LBP induced the LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of TBK1, IKKϵ, and IRF3, leading to IFN-β expression. However, LPS-stimulated late activation of NF-κB or necroptosis were not affected. Collectively, our results indicate that LBP controls LPS-induced TLR4 internalization, which induces TLR adaptor molecule 1 (TRIF)-dependent activation of the TBK1-IKKϵ-IRF3-IFN-β pathway. In summary, we showed that LBP-mediated LPS transfer to mCD14 is required for serum-dependent TLR4 internalization and activation of the TRIF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsukamoto
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578,
| | - Shino Takeuchi
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Kanae Kubota
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Yohei Kobayashi
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Sao Kozakai
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Ippo Ukai
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Ayumi Shichiku
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Misaki Okubo
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Muneo Numasaki
- the Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, and
| | - Yoshitomi Kanemitsu
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Yotaro Matsumoto
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- the Laboratory of Functional Morphology and.,International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kouichi Watanabe
- the Laboratory of Functional Morphology and.,International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- the Laboratory of Functional Morphology and.,International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- From the Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578,
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10
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Iatsenko I, Kondo S, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Lemaitre B. PGRP-SD, an Extracellular Pattern-Recognition Receptor, Enhances Peptidoglycan-Mediated Activation of the Drosophila Imd Pathway. Immunity 2017; 45:1013-1023. [PMID: 27851910 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune response in Metazoans is initiated through the recognition of microbes by host pattern-recognition receptors. In Drosophila, diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-containing peptidoglycan from Gram-negative bacteria is detected by the transmembrane receptor PGRP-LC and by the intracellular receptor PGRP-LE. Here, we show that PGRP-SD acted upstream of PGRP-LC as an extracellular receptor to enhance peptidoglycan-mediated activation of Imd signaling. Consistent with this, PGRP-SD mutants exhibited impaired activation of the Imd pathway and increased susceptibility to DAP-type bacteria. PGRP-SD enhanced the localization of peptidoglycans to the cell surface and hence promoted signaling. Moreover, PGRP-SD antagonized the action of PGRP-LB, an extracellular negative regulator, to fine-tune the intensity of the immune response. These data reveal that Drosophila PGRP-SD functions as an extracellular receptor similar to mammalian CD14 and demonstrate that, comparable to lipopolysaccharide sensing in mammals, Drosophila relies on both intra- and extracellular receptors for the detection of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Iatsenko
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Shu Kondo
- Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Dominique Mengin-Lecreulx
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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11
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An D, Hao F, Zhang F, Kong W, Chun J, Xu X, Cui MZ. CD14 is a key mediator of both lysophosphatidic acid and lipopolysaccharide induction of foam cell formation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14391-14400. [PMID: 28705936 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.781807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) plays an important role in foam cell formation and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We report here that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) enhances lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxLDL uptake in macrophages. Our data revealed that both LPA and LPS highly induce the CD14 expression at messenger RNA and protein levels in macrophages. The role of CD14, one component of the LPS receptor cluster, in LPA-induced biological functions has been unknown. We took several steps to examine the role of CD14 in LPA signaling pathways. Knockdown of CD14 expression nearly completely blocked LPA/LPS-induced oxLDL uptake in macrophages, demonstrating for the first time that CD14 is a key mediator responsible for both LPA- and LPS-induced oxLDL uptake/foam cell formation. To determine the molecular mechanism mediating CD14 function, we demonstrated that both LPA and LPS significantly induce the expression of scavenger receptor class A type I (SR-AI), which has been implicated in lipid uptake process, and depletion of CD14 levels blocked LPA/LPS-induced SR-AI expression. We further showed that the SR-AI-specific antibody, which quenches SR-AI function, blocked LPA- and LPS-induced foam cell formation. Thus, SR-AI is the downstream mediator of CD14 in regulating LPA-, LPS-, and LPA/LPS-induced foam cell formation. Taken together, our results provide the first experimental evidence that CD14 is a novel connecting molecule linking both LPA and LPS pathways and is a key mediator responsible for LPA/LPS-induced foam cell formation. The LPA/LPS-CD14-SR-AI nexus might be the new convergent pathway, contributing to the worsening of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong An
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996.,College of Life Sciences and
| | - Feng Hao
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996.,Science and Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China, and
| | | | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Xuemin Xu
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Mei-Zhen Cui
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996,
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12
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Lee S, Elvitigala DAS, Lee S, Kim HC, Park HC, Lee J. Molecular characterization of a bactericidal permeability-increasing protein/lipopolysaccharide-binding protein from black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii): Deciphering its putative antibacterial role. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:266-275. [PMID: 27663679 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding proteins (LBPs) are well-known proteins that play an indispensable role in host antimicrobial defense. Herein, we report a homolog of BPI/LBP from black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) (designated as RfBPI/LBP) and characterize its structural and functional features at the molecular level. We identified the putative complete open reading frame (1422 bp) of RfLBP that encodes a 474 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of ∼51.5 kDa. The primary protein sequence of RfBPI/LBP contains domain features of BPI/LBP family proteins and shares significant sequence consistency with its homologs. Our phylogenetic analysis clearly demonstrated the vertebrate ancestral origin of RfBPI/LBP, further reinforcing its evolutionary relationship with teleostean homologs. Recombinant RfBPI/LBP demonstrated in vitro LPS-binding activity and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, but not against Streptococcus iniae. Moreover, RfBPI/LBP exhibited temporal transcriptional activation against pathogens and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Collectively, our findings suggest that RfBPI/LBP plays an essential role in host antimicrobial defense, plausibly through selective eradication of invading bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongdo Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Don Anushka Sandaruwan Elvitigala
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of Zoology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Sukkyoung Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Kim
- Genetics & Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Geoje, 53334, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Chul Park
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Gyeonggido, 15355, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Bosshart H, Heinzelmann M. THP-1 cells as a model for human monocytes. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:438. [PMID: 27942529 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.08.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Bosshart
- Department of Surgery, Zurich University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; ; Private Outpatient Facility, Turnerstrasse 7a, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Heinzelmann
- Department of Surgery, Zurich University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; ; Hirslanden Private Hospital Group, Witellikerstrasse 40, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Hirohashi N, Richards M, Morrison D. Selective effects of serum on bacterial LPS-induced IL-6 and nitric oxide production in murine peritoneal macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199600300503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-dependent activation of human monocytes, the primary function of serum has been thought to provide a source of LPS-binding protein (LBP) for complex formation with LPS preparatory to CD14 binding and initiation of signal transduction. In this report we have investigated the contribution of serum factors in the mouse macrophage response to LPS. Our results show that the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by in vitro LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages is suppressed in the presence of serum. In contrast, optimal production of nitric oxide (NO) by LPS-stimulated macrophages requires the presence of serum. Detailed kinetic studies indicate that these observations are not exclusively the result of differences in the time course of NO secretion. These findings contrast with equivalent studies carried out using human PBMC, where, under identical conditions of in vitro culture, the presence of serum markedly potentiates LPS-dependent IL-6 production. We have confirmed by RT-PCR, using specific primers for IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), that the effects observed are manifest primarily at the level of mRNA expression. Enhancement of NO responses and suppression of IL-6 responses are both dependent upon serum concentration. These potentiating and inhibiting effects of serum are less apparent with a second microbial stimulus (heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus). Collectively, these results indicate that serum effects on mouse macrophages are multifactorial and, depending upon the particular macrophage response to be measured, can be either enhancing or suppressing. These findings would not, therefore, support the concept of an obligatory role for LBP (and by inference CD14) in the in vitro mouse macrophage response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Hirohashi
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA, Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830, Japan
| | - M. Richards
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA, Columbia University, RARAF-Nevis Labs, 136 S. Broadway, Irvington, NY 10533, USA
| | - D.C. Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA, University of Kansas Medical Center, 1000 Wahl East, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160-7832, USA.,
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15
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Medvedev AE, Sabroe I, Hasday JD, Vogel SN. Invited review: Tolerance to microbial TLR ligands: molecular mechanisms and relevance to disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many host cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells, neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, initiate the first line of defense against infection by sensing conserved microbial structures through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Recognition of microbial ligands by TLRs induces their oligomerization and triggers intracellular signaling pathways, leading to production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Dysregulation of the fine molecular mechanisms that tightly control TLR signaling may lead to hyperactivation of host cells by microbial products and septic shock. A prior exposure to bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may result in a transient state of refractoriness to subsequent challenge that has been referred to as `tolerance'. Tolerance has been postulated as a protective mechanism limiting excessive inflammation and preventing septic shock. However, tolerance may compromise the host's ability to counteract subsequent bacterial challenge since many septic patients exhibit an increased incidence of recurrent bacterial infection and suppressed monocyte responsiveness to LPS, closely resembling the tolerant phenotype. Thus, by studying mechanisms of microbial tolerance, we may gain insights into how normal regulatory mechanisms are dysregulated, leading ultimately to microbial hyporesponsivess and life-threatening disease. In this review, we present current theories of the molecular mechanisms that underlie induction and maintenance of `microbial tolerance', and discuss the possible relevance of tolerance to several infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E. Medvedev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
| | - Ian Sabroe
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jeffrey D. Hasday
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Orr SL, Tobias P. LPS and LAM activation of the U373 astrocytoma cell line: Differential requirement for CD14. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519000060030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD14 is a membrane protein (mCD14) found on monocytes and neutrophils that is required for the innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). CD14 can also be found in serum as soluble CD14 (sCD14) that when bound to bacterial products, enables many non-CD14 bearing cells to be activated. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is a plasma protein that disaggregates and catalytically transfers LPS to CD14. To examine the role of CD14 and LBP in LAM-dependent activation, we used the U373 astrocyte cell line to stably express membrane-bound CD14 (U373-CD14). In serum-free conditions, U373-CD14 cells could respond to LAM stimulation as measured by expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Vector control cells (U373-RSV) could not respond to LAM or LPS; but, upon the addition of serum as a source of soluble CD14, control U373-RSV cells could respond to LPS, but not LAM. Therefore, LAM can activate U373 cells only through membrane CD14 and not soluble CD14. We also demonstrate that this membrane CD14-dependent LAM response is greatly facilitated by the addition of LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L. Orr
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA,
| | - Peter Tobias
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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17
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Cavaillon JM, Marie C, Caroff M, Ledur A, Godard I, Poulain D, Fitting C, Haeffner-Cavaillon N. CD14/LPS receptor exhibits lectin-like properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199600300605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We had previously shown that the specific binding of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) to human monocytes in the presence of serum was mediated by the polysaccharide moiety of the LPS molecule. CD14 has been identified as the main receptor for endotoxin on monocytes/macrophages. In the present report we demonstrate that the CD14 molecule exhibits lectin-like properties. Anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies inhibited the binding of [3H]-radiolabeled Neisseria meningitidis LPS as efficiently as the homologous unlabeled LPS. Rough Escherichia coli LPS (Rc- and Re-types) could also inhibit the binding of [3H]-LPS to a similar extent, whereas lipid A had no or very weak inhibitory activity. This suggests a major contribution of the inner-core region within the LPS and particularly the Kdo sugars. The lectin-like nature of CD14 was assessed with polyanionic sugars as well as with uncharged polysaccharides. The relative efficiencies in competition were dextran sulfate > fucoidan > mannan > polygalacturonic acid = heparan sulfate ≥ heparin ≥ chondroitin sulfate. Candida albicans phospholipomannan was far more active in the competition experiment than the mannan, indicating that, besides the osidic residues, anionic charges and/or fatty acids may contribute to the interaction with the CD14 molecule. Binding of polysaccharide to CD14 was not sufficient to trigger TNFα and IL-6 production since phospholipomannan and dextran sulfate were unable to induce cytokine release. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the binding of [3H]-LPS to CD14 involves the contribution of sugars and suggest that the signals for cytokine production require additional interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M. Cavaillon
- Unité d'Immuno-Allergie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,
| | - C. Marie
- Unité d'Immuno-Allergie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - M. Caroff
- CNRS URA 1116, Université de Paris XI, Orsay, France
| | - A. Ledur
- INSERM U430, Hôpital Broussais, Paris, France
| | - I. Godard
- CNRS URA 1116, Université de Paris XI, Orsay, France
| | | | - C. Fitting
- Unité d'Immuno-Allergie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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18
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Wu Chaoqun, Wanleng Deng, Ohmori Y, Hamilton TA. Differential mechanisms of LPS-induced NFκB activation in macrophages and fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199600300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide is a prototypic stimulus of inflammatory gene expression which can act on a variety of cell types to produce different patterns of response. In the present report, the ability of LPS to stimulate NFKB activity was investigated in a fibroblast cell line (NIH3T3) and compared to LPS-induced response in a macrophage like cell line (RAW264.7). LPS was a potent stimulus of KB binding activity in both cell types though the protein composition of such binding activity varied. LPS caused nuclear translocation of KB binding activity in RAW 264.7 cells which contained NFKB1 (p50), RelA (p65), and high levels of c-Rel. Nuclei from LPS-stimulated NIH3T3 cells contained only NFKB1 and RelA but little c-Rel. Both cell types contain comparable levels of total c-Rel protein. Using two structurally distinct KB sequence motifs, LPS was shown to produce a different pattern of transacting activity in fibroblasts as compared to macrophages; both KB motifs were sensitive to LPS in RAW264.7 cells while only one of the two was functional in LPS-stimulated NIH3T3 cells. Thus LPS appears to utilize the NFKB family of transcription factors differentially depending upon the cell type being stimulated. Such differential activation of transcription factor family members may be an important determinant of the diverse nature of inflammatory response seen in different tissue settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Chaoqun
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Wanleng Deng
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ohmori
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas A. Hamilton
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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19
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Martín-Ávila A, Medina-Tamayo J, Ibarra-Sánchez A, Vázquez-Victorio G, Castillo-Arellano JI, Hernández-Mondragón AC, Rivera J, Madera-Salcedo IK, Blank U, Macías-Silva M, González-Espinosa C. Protein Tyrosine Kinase Fyn Regulates TLR4-Elicited Responses on Mast Cells Controlling the Function of a PP2A-PKCα/β Signaling Node Leading to TNF Secretion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:5075-88. [PMID: 27183589 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells produce proinflammatory cytokines in response to TLR4 ligands, but the signaling pathways involved are not fully described. In this study, the participation of the Src family kinase Fyn in the production of TNF after stimulation with LPS was evaluated using bone marrow-derived mast cells from wild-type and Fyn-deficient mice. Fyn(-/-) cells showed higher LPS-induced secretion of preformed and de novo-synthesized TNF. In both cell types, TNF colocalized with vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)3-positive compartments. Addition of LPS provoked coalescence of VAMP3 and its interaction with synaptosomal-associated protein 23; those events were increased in the absence of Fyn. Higher TNF mRNA levels were also observed in Fyn-deficient cells as a result of increased transcription and greater mRNA stability after LPS treatment. Fyn(-/-) cells also showed higher LPS-induced activation of TAK-1 and ERK1/2, whereas IκB kinase and IκB were phosphorylated, even in basal conditions. Increased responsiveness in Fyn(-/-) cells was associated with a lower activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and augmented activity of protein kinase C (PKC)α/β, which was dissociated from PP2A and increased its association with the adapter protein neuroblast differentiation-associated protein (AHNAK, desmoyokin). LPS-induced PKCα/β activity was associated with VAMP3 coalescence in WT and Fyn-deficient cells. Reconstitution of MC-deficient Wsh mice with Fyn(-/-) MCs produced greater LPS-dependent production of TNF in the peritoneal cavity. Our data show that Fyn kinase is activated after TLR4 triggering and exerts an important negative control on LPS-dependent TNF production in MCs controlling the inactivation of PP2Ac and activation of PKCα/β necessary for the secretion of TNF by VAMP3(+) carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martín-Ávila
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede Sur, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaciel Medina-Tamayo
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede Sur, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ibarra-Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede Sur, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Genaro Vázquez-Victorio
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Iván Castillo-Arellano
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede Sur, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma Cristal Hernández-Mondragón
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede Sur, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Rivera
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1820; and
| | - Iris K Madera-Salcedo
- INSERM UMRS1149, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Diderot, Site X, Bichat, Paris 75018, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM UMRS1149, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Diderot, Site X, Bichat, Paris 75018, France
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia González-Espinosa
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede Sur, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico;
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20
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Lee WY, Do JT, Park C, Kim JH, Chung HJ, Kim KW, Gil CH, Kim NH, Song H. Identification of Putative Biomarkers for the Early Stage of Porcine Spermatogonial Stem Cells Using Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147298. [PMID: 26800048 PMCID: PMC4723225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify putative biomarkers of porcine spermatogonial stem cells (pSSCs), total RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was performed on 5- and 180-day-old porcine testes and on pSSC colonies that were established under low temperature culture conditions as reported previously. In total, 10,184 genes were selected using Cufflink software, followed by a logarithm and quantile normalization of the pairwise scatter plot. The correlation rates of pSSCs compared to 5- and 180-day-old testes were 0.869 and 0.529, respectively and that between 5- and 180-day-old testes was 0.580. Hierarchical clustering data revealed that gene expression patterns of pSSCs were similar to 5-day-old testis. By applying a differential expression filter of four fold or greater, 607 genes were identified between pSSCs and 5-day-old testis, and 2118 genes were identified between the 5- and 180-day-old testes. Among these differentially expressed genes, 293 genes were upregulated and 314 genes were downregulated in the 5-day-old testis compared to pSSCs, and 1106 genes were upregulated and 1012 genes were downregulated in the 180-day-old testis compared to the 5-day-old testis. The following genes upregulated in pSSCs compared to 5-day-old testes were selected for additional analysis: matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), CD14, CD209, and Kruppel-like factor 9 (KLF9). Expression levels of these genes were evaluated in pSSCs and in 5- and 180-day-old porcine testes. In addition, immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed their germ cell-specific expression in 5- and 180-day-old testes. These finding may not only be useful in facilitating the enrichment and sorting of porcine spermatogonia, but may also be useful in the study of the early stages of spermatogenic meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Lee
- Department of Food Bioscience, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chung-ju 380–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jae Chung
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju-gun 565–851, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Woon Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju-gun 565–851, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Gil
- School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Chungbuk National University, Choung-ju 361–763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143–701, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Janeway's pattern recognition theory holds that the immune system detects infection through a limited number of the so-called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). These receptors bind specific chemical compounds expressed by entire groups of related pathogens, but not by host cells (pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In contrast, Matzinger's danger hypothesis postulates that products released from stressed or damaged cells have a more important role in the activation of immune system than the recognition of nonself. These products, named by analogy to PAMPs as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are proposed to act through the same receptors (PRRs) as PAMPs and, consequently, to stimulate largely similar responses. Herein, I review direct and indirect evidence that contradict the widely accepted danger theory, and suggest that it may be false.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan Józefowski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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22
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White AFB, Demchenko AV. Modulating LPS signal transduction at the LPS receptor complex with synthetic Lipid A analogues. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2015; 71:339-89. [PMID: 25480508 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800128-8.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, defined as a clinical syndrome brought about by an amplified and dysregulated inflammatory response to infections, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite persistent attempts to develop treatment strategies to manage sepsis in the clinical setting, the basic elements of treatment have not changed since the 1960s. As such, the development of effective therapies for reducing inflammatory reactions and end-organ dysfunction in critically ill patients with sepsis remains a global priority. Advances in understanding of the immune response to sepsis provide the opportunity to develop more effective pharmaceuticals. This article details current information on the modulation of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor complex with synthetic Lipid A mimetics. As the initial and most critical event in sepsis pathophysiology, the LPS receptor provides an attractive target for antisepsis agents. One of the well-studied approaches to sepsis therapy involves the use of derivatives of Lipid A, the membrane-anchor portion of an LPS, which is largely responsible for its endotoxic activity. This article describes the structural and conformational requirements influencing the ability of Lipid A analogues to compete with LPS for binding to the LPS receptor complex and to inhibit the induction of the signal transduction pathway by impairing LPS-initiated receptor dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen F B White
- Dextra Laboratories Ltd., Science and Technology Centre, Earley Gate, Reading, United Kingdom.
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Schey R, Danzer C, Mattner J. Perturbations of mucosal homeostasis through interactions of intestinal microbes with myeloid cells. Immunobiology 2014; 220:227-35. [PMID: 25466587 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces represent the largest areas of interactions of the host with its environment. Subsequently, the mucosal immune system has evolved complex strategies to maintain the integrity of the host by inducing protective immune responses against pathogenic and tolerance against dietary and commensal microbial antigens within the broad range of molecules the intestinal epithelium is exposed to. Among many other specialized cell subsets, myeloid cell populations - due to their strategic location in the subepithelial lamina propria - are the first ones to scavenge and process these intestinal antigens and to send consecutive signals to other immune and non-immune cell subsets. Thus, myeloid cell populations represent attractive targets for clinical intervention in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) as they initiate and modulate inflammatory or regulatory immune response and shape the intestinal T cell pool. Here, we discuss the interactions of the intestinal microbiota with dendritic cell and macrophage populations and review in this context the literature on four promising candidate molecules that are critical for the induction and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis on the one hand, but also for the initiation and propagation of chronic intestinal inflammation on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Schey
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Claudia Danzer
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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24
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Wu T, Liu T, Zhang L, Xing LJ, Zheng PY, Ji G. Chinese medicinal formula, Qinggan Huoxue Recipe protects rats from alcoholic liver disease via the lipopolysaccharide-Kupffer cell signal conduction pathway. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:363-370. [PMID: 25009584 PMCID: PMC4079449 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese medicinal formula, Qinggan (QG) Huoxue (HX) Recipe (R) exerts a range of pharmacological effects, including reversible steatosis, decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines and lipid peroxidation resistance. The aim of the present study was to determine the specific mechanisms of QGHXR hepatoprotection through the lipopolysaccharide-Kupffer cell (LPS-KC) signal conduction pathway in rats with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). ALD rats were exposed to the compound factors, QGR and HXR. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was conducted to evaluate the pathological changes in the liver following QGHXR treatment and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure the content of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the plasma. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted to examine the expression of cell differentiation antigen (CD) 68 and 14. In addition, western blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to measure the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), phosphorylated-extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK), nuclear factor (NF)-κB, CD14 and TNF-α. Following stimulation with the compound factors, the rats exhibited increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, as well as marked pathological changes. Furthermore, the related molecules in the LPS-KC pathway were upregulated and QGHXR was identified to be effective in the LPS-KC signal conduction pathway in the ALD rats. QGHXR was superior to QGR and HXR in reducing the serum ALT and AST levels, regulating CD14, TLR4, NF-κB, ERK and TNF-α as well as improving the pathological changes. The results indicated that QGHXR therapy may provide a novel strategy for treating ALD via regulation of the related molecules in the LPS-KC signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Research Center of Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China ; Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Jun Xing
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Yong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Moreno-Navarrete JM, Fernández-Real JM. The possible role of antimicrobial proteins in obesity-associated immunologic alterations. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:855-66. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.911088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wei W, Kim JM, Medina D, Lakatta EG, Lin L. GeneOptimizer program-assisted cDNA reengineering enhances sRAGE autologous expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 95:143-8. [PMID: 24373844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) is a secreted mammalian protein that functions as a decoy to counter-react RAGE signaling-resultant pathological conditions, and has high therapeutic potentials. Our prior studies showed that recombinant human sRAGE expressed in Chinese hamster, Ceanothus griseus, ovary (CHO) cells is modified by specific N-glycosylation, and exhibits higher bioactivity than that expressed in other host systems including insect Spodoptera frugiperda cells. Here, we show that GeneOptimizer software program-assisted, reengineered sRAGE cDNA enhances the recombinant protein expression in CHO cells. The cDNA sequence encoding human sRAGE was optimized for RNA structure, stability, and codon usages in CHO cells. We found that such optimization augmented sRAGE expression over 2 folds of its wild-type counterpart. We also studied how individual parameter impacted sRAGE autologous expression in CHO cells, and whether sRAGE bioactivity was compromised. We found that the enhanced expression appeared not to affect sRAGE N-glycosylation and bioactivity. Optimization of sRAGE expression provides a basis for future large-scale production of this protein to meet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wei
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Ji Min Kim
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Danny Medina
- GeneArt Division, Life Technologies-Invitrogen Inc., 5823 Newton Drive, Carlsbad, CA 92008, United States
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Li Lin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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27
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Oncostatin M and TLR-4 ligand synergize to induce MCP-1, IL-6, and VEGF in human aortic adventitial fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:317503. [PMID: 24307759 PMCID: PMC3836373 DOI: 10.1155/2013/317503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that adventitial fibroblasts play a significant role in contributing to inflammation of the arterial wall and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The effects of gp130 cytokines on these cells (including oncostatin M-[OSM] and IL-6), some of which have been implicated in atherosclerosis, are currently unknown. Experiments were performed to determine whether gp130 cytokines regulate human aortic adventitial fibroblasts (HAoAFs) or smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs) alone or in context of TLR-4 ligands (also implicated in atherosclerosis). HAoAFs and HAoSMCs were stimulated with LPS and/or one of OSM, IL-6, IL-11, IL-31, or LIF. ELISAs performed on cell supernatants showed that stimulation with OSM alone caused increased MCP-1, IL-6, and VEGF levels. When combined, LPS and OSM synergized to increase MCP-1, IL-6, VEGF protein, and mRNA expression as assessed by qRT-PCR, in both HAoAFs and HAoSMCs, while LPS-induced IL-8 levels were reduced. Such effects were not observed with other gp130 cytokines. Signalling pathways including STATs, MAPKinases, and NFκB were activated, and LPS induced steady state mRNA levels of the OSM receptor chains OSMRβ and gp130. The results suggest that OSM is able to synergize with TLR-4 ligands to induce proinflammatory responses by HAoAFs and HAoSMCs, supporting the notion that OSM regulation of these cells contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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28
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Liang H, Hussey SE, Sanchez-Avila A, Tantiwong P, Musi N. Effect of lipopolysaccharide on inflammation and insulin action in human muscle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63983. [PMID: 23704966 PMCID: PMC3660322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from animal studies suggest that chronic elevation of circulating intestinal-generated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (i.e., metabolic endotoxemia) could play a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. However, the effect of LPS in human muscle is unclear. Moreover, it is unknown whether blockade/down regulation of toll-like receptor (TLR)4 can prevent the effect of LPS on insulin action and glucose metabolism in human muscle cells. In the present study we compared plasma LPS concentration in insulin resistant [obese non-diabetic and obese type 2 diabetic (T2DM)] subjects versus lean individuals. In addition, we employed a primary human skeletal muscle cell culture system to investigate the effect of LPS on glucose metabolism and whether these effects are mediated via TLR4. Obese non-diabetic and T2DM subjects had significantly elevated plasma LPS and LPS binding protein (LBP) concentrations. Plasma LPS (r = −0.46, P = 0.005) and LBP (r = −0.49, P = 0.005) concentrations negatively correlated with muscle insulin sensitivity (M). In human myotubes, LPS increased JNK phosphorylation and MCP-1 and IL-6 gene expression. This inflammatory response led to reduced insulin-stimulated IRS-1, Akt and AS160 phosphorylation and impaired glucose transport. Both pharmacologic blockade of TLR4 with TAK-242, and TLR4 gene silencing, suppressed the inflammatory response and insulin resistance caused by LPS in human muscle cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that elevations in plasma LPS concentration found in obese and T2DM subjects could play a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and that antagonists of TLR4 may improve insulin action in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Liang
- Department of Medicine-Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sophie E. Hussey
- Department of Medicine-Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alicia Sanchez-Avila
- Department of Medicine-Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Puntip Tantiwong
- Department of Medicine-Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Department of Medicine-Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Bowen WS, Gandhapudi SK, Kolb JP, Mitchell TC. Immunopharmacology of Lipid A Mimetics. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 66:81-128. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404717-4.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Baik J, Hong S, Choi S, Jeon J, Park OJ, Cho K, Seo DG, Kum KY, Yun CH, Han S. Alpha-amylase is a human salivary protein with affinity to lipopolysaccharide ofAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J.E. Baik
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology; Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - S.W. Hong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology; Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - S. Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology; Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - J.H. Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - O.-J. Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology; Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - K. Cho
- Division of Mass Spectrometry Research; Korea Basic Science Institute; Ochang; Korea
| | - D.-G. Seo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - K.-Y. Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - C.-H. Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - S.H. Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology; Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
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Ittig S, Lindner B, Stenta M, Manfredi P, Zdorovenko E, Knirel YA, dal Peraro M, Cornelis GR, Zähringer U. The lipopolysaccharide from Capnocytophaga canimorsus reveals an unexpected role of the core-oligosaccharide in MD-2 binding. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002667. [PMID: 22570611 PMCID: PMC3342949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a usual member of dog's mouths flora that causes rare but dramatic human infections after dog bites. We determined the structure of C. canimorsus lipid A. The main features are that it is penta-acylated and composed of a “hybrid backbone” lacking the 4′ phosphate and having a 1 phosphoethanolamine (P-Etn) at 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose (GlcN). C. canimorsus LPS was 100 fold less endotoxic than Escherichia coli LPS. Surprisingly, C. canimorsus lipid A was 20,000 fold less endotoxic than the C. canimorsus lipid A-core. This represents the first example in which the core-oligosaccharide dramatically increases endotoxicity of a low endotoxic lipid A. The binding to human myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) was dramatically increased upon presence of the LPS core on the lipid A, explaining the difference in endotoxicity. Interaction of MD-2, cluster of differentiation antigen 14 (CD14) or LPS-binding protein (LBP) with the negative charge in the 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) of the core might be needed to form the MD-2 – lipid A complex in case the 4′ phosphate is not present. Capnocytophaga canimorsus, a commensal bacterium in dog's mouths, causes rare but dramatic infections in humans that have been bitten by dogs. The disease often begins with mild symptoms but progresses to severe septicemia. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS), composed of lipid A, core and O-antigen, is one of the most pro-inflammatory bacterial compounds. The activity of the LPS has so far been attributed to the lipid A moiety. We present here the structure of C. canimorsus lipid A, which shows several features typical for low-inflammatory lipid A. Surprisingly, this lipid A, when attached to the core-oligosaccharide was far more pro-inflammatory than lipid A alone, indicating that in this case the core-oligosaccharide is able to contribute significantly to endotoxicity. Our further work suggests that a negative charge in the LPS-core can compensate the lack of such a charge in the lipid A and that this charge is needed not for stabilization of the final complex with its receptor but in the process of forming it. Overall the properties of the lipid A-core may explain how this bacterium first escapes the innate immune system, but nevertheless can cause a shock at the septic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ittig
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Buko Lindner
- Division of Immunochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Marco Stenta
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPF Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Evelina Zdorovenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy A. Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Matteo dal Peraro
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPF Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulrich Zähringer
- Division of Immunochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Good DW, George T, Watts BA. Toll-like receptor 2 is required for LPS-induced Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and inhibition of ion transport in renal thick ascending limb. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20208-20. [PMID: 22523073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.336255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that basolateral LPS inhibits HCO(3)(-) absorption in the renal medullary thick ascending limb (MTAL) through TLR4-dependent ERK activation. Here we report that the response of the MTAL to basolateral LPS requires TLR2 in addition to TLR4. The basolateral addition of LPS (ultrapure Escherichia coli K12) decreased HCO(3)(-) absorption in isolated, perfused MTALs from wild-type mice but had no effect in MTALs from TLR2(-/-) mice. In contrast, inhibition of HCO(3)(-) absorption by lumen LPS was preserved in TLR2(-/-) MTALs, indicating that TLR2 is involved specifically in mediating the basolateral LPS response. LPS also did not increase ERK phosphorylation in MTALs from TLR2(-/-) mice. TLR2 deficiency had no effect on expression of TLR4, MD-2, or MyD88. However, LPS-induced recruitment of MyD88 to the basolateral membrane was impaired in TLR2(-/-) MTALs. Inhibition of HCO(3)(-) absorption by LPS did not require CD14. Co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated an association between TLR4 and TLR2. Inhibition of HCO(3)(-) absorption by TLR2-specific ligands was preserved in MTALs from TLR4(-/-) mice. These results indicate that the effect of basolateral LPS to inhibit HCO(3)(-) absorption in the MTAL through MyD88-dependent ERK activation depends on a novel interaction between TLR4 and TLR2. TLR2 plays a dual role in the induction of intracellular signals that impair MTAL function, both through cooperation with TLR4 to mediate ERK signaling by LPS and through a TLR4-independent signaling pathway activated by Gram-positive bacterial ligands. Regulation of TLR2 expression and its interaction with TLR4 may provide new mechanisms for controlling and therapeutic targeting of TLR4-mediated LPS responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Good
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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Austenaa L, Barozzi I, Chronowska A, Termanini A, Ostuni R, Prosperini E, Stewart AF, Testa G, Natoli G. The histone methyltransferase Wbp7 controls macrophage function through GPI glycolipid anchor synthesis. Immunity 2012; 36:572-85. [PMID: 22483804 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Histone methyltransferases catalyze site-specific deposition of methyl groups, enabling recruitment of transcriptional regulators. In mammals, trimethylation of lysine 4 in histone H3, a modification localized at the transcription start sites of active genes, is catalyzed by six enzymes (SET1a and SET1b, MLL1-MLL4) whose specific functions are largely unknown. By using a genomic approach, we found that in macrophages, MLL4 (also known as Wbp7) was required for the expression of Pigp, an essential component of the GPI-GlcNAc transferase, the enzyme catalyzing the first step of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor synthesis. Impaired Pigp expression in Wbp7(-/-) macrophages abolished GPI anchor-dependent loading of proteins on the cell membrane. Consistently, loss of GPI-anchored CD14, the coreceptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other bacterial molecules, markedly attenuated LPS-triggered intracellular signals and gene expression changes. These data link a histone-modifying enzyme to a biosynthetic pathway and indicate a specialized biological role for Wbp7 in macrophage function and antimicrobial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Austenaa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy
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Esparza GA, Teghanemt A, Zhang D, Gioannini TL, Weiss JP. Endotoxin{middle dot}albumin complexes transfer endotoxin monomers to MD-2 resulting in activation of TLR4. Innate Immun 2011; 18:478-91. [PMID: 21994253 DOI: 10.1177/1753425911422723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Response to Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) is partially mediated by the recognition of GNB-derived endotoxin by host cells. Potent host response to endotoxin depends on the sequential interaction of endotoxin with lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), CD14, MD-2 and TLR4. While CD14 facilitates the efficient transfer of endotoxin monomers to MD-2 and MD-2·TLR4, activation of MD-2·TLR4 can occur in the absence of CD14 through an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that incubation of purified endotoxin (E) aggregates (E(agg), M ( r ) ≥ 20 million) in PBS with ≥ 0.1% albumin in the absence of divalent cations Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), yields E·albumin complexes (M ( r ) ∼70,000). E·albumin transfers E monomers to sMD-2 or sMD-2·TLR4 ectodomain (TLR4(ecd)) with a 'K (d)' of ∼4 nM and induces MD-2·TLR4-dependent, CD14-independent cell activation with a potency only 10-fold less than that of monomeric E·CD14 complexes. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, a mechanistic basis for delivery of endotoxin monomers to MD-2 and for activation of TLR4 that is independent of CD14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Esparza
- Immunology Program, University of Iowa Graduate College, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Panter G, Jerala R. The ectodomain of the Toll-like receptor 4 prevents constitutive receptor activation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23334-44. [PMID: 21543336 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.205419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is involved in activation of the innate immune response in a large number of different diseases. Despite numerous studies, the role of separate domains of TLR4 in the regulation of receptor activation is poorly understood. Replacement of the TLR4 ectodomain with LPS-binding proteins MD-2 or CD14 resulted in a robust ligand-independent constitutive activation comparable with the maximal stimulation of the receptor with LPS. The same effect was achieved by the replacement of the ectodomain with a monomeric fluorescent protein or a 24-kDa gyrase B fragment. This demonstrates an intrinsic dimerization propensity of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of TLR4 and reveals a previously unknown function of the ectodomain in inhibiting spontaneous receptor dimerization. Constitutive activation was abolished by the replacement of the ectodomain by a bulkier protein ovalbumin. N-terminal deletion variants of TLR4 revealed that the smallest segment of the ectodomain that already prevents constitutive activity comprises only 90 residues (542 to 631) of the total 608 residues. We conclude that TLR4 represents a receptor with a low threshold of activation that can be rapidly activated by the release of inhibition exerted by its ectodomain. This is important for the sensitivity of TLR4 to activation by different agonists. The TLR4 ectodomain has multiple roles in enabling ligand regulated activation, providing proper localization while serving as an inhibitor to prevent spontaneous, ligand-independent dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Panter
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Moreno-Navarrete JM, Fernández-Real JM. Antimicrobial-sensing proteins in obesity and type 2 diabetes: the buffering efficiency hypothesis. Diabetes Care 2011; 34 Suppl 2:S335-41. [PMID: 21525479 PMCID: PMC3632203 DOI: 10.2337/dc11-s238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010), and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
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Monoclonal antibodies to equine CD14. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:149-53. [PMID: 20674042 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CD14 is a receptor for the complex of lipopolysaccaride (LPS) and LPS-binding protein. Binding of this complex to CD14 in association with Toll-like receptor 4 provides a major pathway for the initiation of innate immune responses to bacterial pathogens. We used a mammalian expressed extracellular region of equine CD14 (rCD14) derived from an IgG fusion protein to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to CD14. Eight mAbs were tested by flow cytometric analysis of equine leukocytes and by immunoblotting using rCD14 indicating that the mAbs recognized at least three different epitopes on equine CD14. One mAb, clone 105, was used for further characterization of CD14+ cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Phenotyping indicated that the majority of the CD14+ PBMC were non-B/non-T-cells. Magnetic cell sorting enriched CD14+ cells to > 95% as detected by flow cytometry. Differential cell counts on Wright's-stained cytospin smears of CD14+ cell fractions demonstrated that 49-73% of them were monocytes. The discrepancy between CD14+ cells detected by flow cytometric analysis and monocytes based on morphologic criteria suggests that some of the equine CD14+ PBMC are lymphoid cells. The mAbs to equine CD14 provide new tools for cellular analysis and CD14+ cell isolation in horses.
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Medina-Tamayo J, Ibarra-Sánchez A, Padilla-Trejo A, González-Espinosa C. IgE-dependent sensitization increases responsiveness to LPS but does not modify development of endotoxin tolerance in mast cells. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:19-27. [PMID: 20625918 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effects of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent sensitization on the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were analyzed in mast cells. METHODS Murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were sensitized or not with IgE before stimulation with LPS. TLR4 and co-receptors expression was analyzed by flow cytometry and RT-PCR, TNF-α production by ELISA, IKK and IκB activation by western blot or immunoprecipitation. NFκB nuclear translocation was determined by EMSA. RESULTS IgE-sensitized BMMCs secreted larger amounts of TNF-α than non-sensitized cells shortly after LPS challenge. No change in TLR4, CD14 or MD-2 expression was detected after the IgE-dependent sensitization process, whereas TLR4-dependent phosphorylation of IKK and IκB was augmented. IgE-dependent sensitization increased basal NFκB activity. Endotoxin tolerance was not affected by the IgE-dependent sensitization process. CONCLUSIONS IgE-induced sensitization primes mast cells for higher response to LPS through pre-activation of NFκB transcription factor. IgE-dependent sensitization does not modify events leading to endotoxin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaciel Medina-Tamayo
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No 235, Col Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, Mexico, DF, México
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Tsukamoto H, Fukudome K, Takao S, Tsuneyoshi N, Kimoto M. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein-mediated Toll-like receptor 4 dimerization enables rapid signal transduction against lipopolysaccharide stimulation on membrane-associated CD14-expressing cells. Int Immunol 2010; 22:271-80. [PMID: 20133493 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/MD-2 dimerization is thought to be required for the initiation of signaling during innate immune responses. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanisms underlying receptor dimerization in the context of accessory molecules, i.e. CD14 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), to determine whether dimerization is required for the initiation of signaling in response to LPS stimulation. We found that LPS-induced TLR4/MD-2 dimerization occurred only in membrane-associated CD14 (mCD14)-expressing cells. Furthermore, dimerization required LBP, but not soluble CD14 (sCD14), as an essential serum component. LPS-induced signaling as assessed by IkappaB-alpha degradation, however, occurred in mCD14-negative cells in the presence of serum and sCD14. Signaling also occurred in mCD14-positive cells in the absence of serum. Time course studies on mCD14-positive cells have demonstrated that LPS stimulation induces rapid activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and p38 in the presence of LBP (TLR4/MD-2 receptor dimerization) as compared with stimulation without LBP (receptor non-dimerization). This early activation was blocked by inhibitory anti-CD14 mAb. These studies suggest that LPS-induced TLR4/MD-2 receptor dimerization is not essential for signaling but prompts rapid signaling during innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunology, Saga Medical School, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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Stuhlmeier KM, Bröll J, Iliev B. NF-kappaB independent activation of a series of proinflammatory genes by hydrogen sulfide. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:1327-38. [PMID: 19855074 DOI: 10.3181/0904-rm-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A stress response has the potential to induce greater resistance to subsequent stress damage. We tested whether hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), an important signaling molecule, also used therapeutically, and known for detrimental effects, might induce a protective stress response. Therefore, the response of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) treated with sodium hydrosulfide and mice exposed to H(2)S were examined. In both cases a profound and long lasting induction of the stress-response could be detected. However, despite the sustained presence of large levels of HO-1 and HSP-70, proinflammatory effects of exposure to IL-1beta or H(2)S itself were not ameliorated. On the contrary, at H(2)S concentrations significantly lower than 10 ppm-the current maximal allowable concentration of H(2)S in many countries-COX-2, IL-8, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and TNFalpha were dose dependently elevated. Importantly, in FLS, short-term exposure to H(2)S resulted in the activation of all three MAPK. In addition, mitochondrial activity was also significantly impaired at relatively low H(2)S concentrations. The transcription factor NF-kappaB is essential for the activation of most proinflammatory genes. However, the data presented imply that H(2)S activates proinflammatory genes in FLS through non-NF-kappaB-dependent pathways. Stress proteins reportedly act by blocking NF-kappaB activation, a mechanism that would explain the inability of stress proteins to prevent H(2)S mediated inflammatory processes. The presented data, showing MAPK activation, NF-kappaB-independent activation of a number of proinflammatory genes and mitochondrial damage, help to provide a better understanding of the biological and pathophysiological effects of exposure to H(2)S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M Stuhlmeier
- Medical University of Vienna and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rheumatology and Balneology, Kurbadstrasse 10, 1100 Vienna, Austria.
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Berghaus LJ, Moore JN, Hurley DJ, Vandenplas ML, Fortes BP, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Innate immune responses of primary murine macrophage-lineage cells and RAW 264.7 cells to ligands of Toll-like receptors 2, 3, and 4. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 33:443-54. [PMID: 19732955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although studies have been performed to characterize responses of macrophages from individual anatomical sites (e.g., alveolar macrophages) or of murine-derived macrophage cell lines to microbial ligands, few studies compare these cell types in terms of phenotype and function. We directly compared the expression of cell surface markers and functional responses of primary cultures of three commonly used cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage (splenic macrophages, bone marrow-derived macrophages, and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells) with those of the murine-leukemic monocyte-macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. We hypothesized that RAW 264.7 cells and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages would be similar in phenotype and would respond similarly to microbial ligands that bind to either Toll-like receptors 2, 3, and 4. Results indicate that RAW 264.7 cells most closely mimic bone marrow-derived macrophages in terms of cell surface receptors and response to microbial ligands that initiate cellular activation via Toll-like receptors 3 and 4. However, caution must be applied when extrapolating findings obtained with RAW 264.7 cells to those of other primary macrophage-lineage cells, primarily because phenotype and function of the former cells may change with continuous culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Londa J Berghaus
- Large Animal Medicine, 501 DW Brooks Drive University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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Wu T, Liu T, Zheng PY, Xing LJ, Ji G. Effect of Qinggan Huoxue recipe and its separated recipes on the expression of CD14 and TLR4 in rats with alcoholic liver disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:3372-3380. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i30.3372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of Qingganhuoxue Recipe (QGHXR) (liver-clearing blood-activating) and its separated recipes on the expression of CD14 and TLR4 in rats with ALD.
METHODS: One hundred male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, that is, experimental group (n = 80) which were established with compound factors, the control group (n = 10) treated with normal saline, and CCl4 group (n= 10) which were intraperitoneally and continuously injected with CCl4 twice a week. Four weeks later, the experimental group was randomly divided into 4 groups: QGHXR group (n = 15), Qinggan (liver-clearing) recipe group (QGR, n = 15), Huoxue (blood -activating) recipe group (HXR, n = 15) and model group (n = 50). All rats were given suitable drugs for two weeks. The serum levels of ALT and AST were detected. Pathological changes in liver tissues were observed using HE staining. The gene expression of CD14 and TLR4 in the liver were measured using RT-PCR, the protein expression of CD14 using immunohistochemical staining, and the expression of TLR4 using Western blot.
RESULTS: Compared with the model group, QGHXR and its separated recipes improved the degree of liver steatosis and inflammation significantly (0.67 ± 0.50, 2.15 ± 1.28, 1.38 ± 1.06 vs 4.56 ± 0.73, all P < 0.01). QGHXR degraded blood level of ALT markedly (725.65 ± 111.02 vs 884.68 ± 177.54 P < 0.05), but QGR and HXR showed no remarkable effect. QGR, HXR and QGHXR reduced the serum level of AST significantly (2383.81 ± 888.18, 2158.93 ± 922.85, 2001.90 ± 519.27 vs 3210.98 ± 640.63, P < 0.01 or 0.05), and there was not significant difference among these groups. QGR and QGHXR down-regulated the expression of CD14 mRNA significantly (1.46 ± 0.52, 1.10 ± 0.40 vs 2.67 ± 0.66, both P < 0.01), but HXR showed no obvious effect. QGR, HXR and QGHXR decreased the expression of TLR4 mRNA significantly (1.91 ± 0.03, 2.11 ± 0.03, 1.53 ± 0.01 vs 2.37 ± 0.03, all P < 0.01), and no significant difference was observed among groups. QGHXR decreased the expression of CD14 in the liver in model group rats (13 392.28 ± 9287.54 vs 32 288.89 ± 15 631.03, P<0.01), but QGR and HXR showed no obvious effect. QGR, HXR and QGHXR decreased the expression of TLR4 significantly (1.06 ± 0.10, 1.19 ± 0.05, 0.98 ± 0.12 vs 1.40 ± 0.11, all P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: QGHXR and its separated recipes may provide protection against ALD in rats through down-regulating the expression of CD14 and TLR4.
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Meng J, Parroche P, Golenbock DT, McKnight CJ. The Differential Impact of Disulfide Bonds and N-Linked Glycosylation on the Stability and Function of CD14. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:3376-3384. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707640200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Prokhorenko IR, Zolotushchenko EV, Tarasevich NV, Avkhacheva NV, Safronova VG, Grachev SV. Respiratory burst activated by Escherichia coli in human neutrophils primed with different lipopolysaccharides. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s199074780704006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Oxidant stress, induced under a variety of conditions, is known to lead to the molecular reprogramming of the tissue-fixed macrophage. This reprogramming is associated with an altered response to subsequent inflammatory stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leading to enhanced liberation of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Due to this altered response, dysregulated immunity ensues, leading to the development of clinical syndromes such as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Although the mechanisms responsible for this altered macrophage activity by oxidant stress remains complex and poorly elucidated, it appears, based on recent research, that early and direct alterations within lipid rafts are responsible. This early and direct interaction with lipid rafts by oxidants leads to the mobilization of annexin VI from lipid raft constructs, leading to the release of calcium. This increased cytosolic concentration of this secondary messenger, in turn, results in the activation of calcium-dependent kinases, leading to further alterations in lipid raft lipids and eventually lipid raft proteins. Due to these lipid raft compositional changes, preassembly of receptor complexes occur, leading to enhanced proinflammatory activation. Within this review, the complexity of oxidant-induced reprogramming within the tissue fixed macrophage as currently understood is explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cuschieri
- University of Washington, Department of Surgery, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA.
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Horton JW, Maass DL, White DJ, Minei JP. Bactericidal/permeability increasing protein attenuates the myocardial inflammation/dysfunction that occurs with burn complicated by subsequent infection. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:948-58. [PMID: 17585043 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00606.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intubation and mechanical ventilation after burn contribute to pneumonia-related infection. Although postburn presence or absence of endotoxin has been described, inactivation of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling has been shown to improve postburn organ function, suggesting that LPS participates in burn-related susceptibility to infection. We hypothesized that bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI) given postburn would attenuate myocardial inflammation/dysfunction associated with postburn septic challenge given 7 days postburn. Rats were given burn over 40% total body surface area, lactated Ringer 4 ml.kg(-1).% burn(-1); burns received either vehicle or rBPI, 1 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) for 48 h postburn. Postburn day 7, subgroups of burns and shams were given intratracheal Klebsiella pneumoniae, 4 x 10(6) CFU to produce burn complicated by sepsis; additional sham and burn subgroups received intratracheal vehicle to produce sham sepsis. Vehicle-treated groups: 1) sham burn + sham sepsis 2) sham burn + sepsis, 3) burn + sham sepsis, 4) burn + sepsis. rBPI-treated groups: 5) sham burn + sham sepsis, 6) sham burn + sepsis, 7) burn + sham sepsis, 8) burn + sepsis. Cardiomyocyte cytokine secretion and myocardial function were studied 24 h after septic challenge, postburn day 8. Pneumonia-related infection 8 days after vehicle-treated burn produced myocyte cytokine secretion (pg/ml), indicated by increased myocyte TNF-alpha, 549 +/- 46; IL-1beta, 50 +/- 8; IL-6, 286 +/- 3 levels compared with levels in sham myocytes (TNF-alpha, 88 +/- 11; IL-1beta, 7 +/- 1; IL-6, 74 +/- 10; P < 0.05). Contractile dysfunction was evident from lower left ventricular pressure +/-dP/dt values in this group compared with sham. rBPI attenuated myocyte cytokine responses to septic challenge and improved contractile function, suggesting that burn-related mobilization of microbial-like products contribute to postburn susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jureta W Horton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75235-9136, USA.
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Dye JR, Palvanov A, Guo B, Rothstein TL. B Cell Receptor Cross-Talk: Exposure to Lipopolysaccharide Induces an Alternate Pathway for B Cell Receptor-Induced ERK Phosphorylation and NF-κB Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:229-35. [PMID: 17579042 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BCR signaling in naive B cells depends on the function of signalosome mediators; however, prior engagement of CD40 or of IL-4R produces an alternate signaling pathway in which Bruton's tyrosine kinase, PI3K, phospholipase Cgamma2, and protein kinase Cbeta are no longer required for BCR-induced downstream events. To explore the range of mediators capable of producing such an alternate pathway for BCR signaling, we examined the TLR4 agonist, LPS. B cell treatment with LPS at relatively low doses altered subsequent BCR signaling such that ERK phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation occurred in a PI3K-independent manner. This effect of LPS extended to MEK phosphorylation and IkappaBalpha degradation, and it developed slowly over a period of 16-24 h. The involvement of TLRs is suggested by similar effects observed with a structurally distinct TLR agonist, PAM3CSK4 and by the need for MyD88 for induction of alternate BCR signaling by LPS. Thus, LPS-mediated TLR engagement produces an alternate pathway for BCR-triggered signal propagation that differs from the classical, signalosome-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Dye
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Qiu XT, Li YH, Li H, Yu Y, Zhang Q. Molecular cloning, mapping, and tissue expression of the porcine cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) gene. Biochem Genet 2007; 45:459-68. [PMID: 17440807 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-007-9088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CD14 plays an important role in initiating the innate response to lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria. The gene and corresponding cDNA of porcine CD14 were sequenced and characterized. The porcine CD14 gene consists of two exons and a short intron (80 bp) located immediately after the ATG translation start codon. This structure is very similar to the CD14 gene of human, rat, mouse, rabbit, horse, and cow. The sequence of the porcine CD14 protein is 59-76% identical to that of rat, mouse, rabbit, human, horse, and cow CD14 protein. A highly conserved structure of the CD14 protein with respect to the leucine-rich repeats domain and the N-glycosylation sites was observed between species. Porcine CD14 was assigned to porcine chromosome 2q21 by a radiation hybrid panel. Using RT-PCR analysis, porcine CD14 transcripts were detected in liver, spleen, thymus, white matter, and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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Lacroix S, Feinstein D, Rivest S. The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide has the ability to target the brain in upregulating its membrane CD14 receptor within specific cellular populations. Brain Pathol 2006; 8:625-40. [PMID: 9804372 PMCID: PMC8098216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1998.tb00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic injection of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) provides a very good mean for increasing the release of proinflammatory cytokines by circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages. There is now considerable evidence that LPS exerts its action on mononuclear phagocytes via the cell surface receptor CD14. The aim of the present study was to verify the hypothesis that the brain has also the ability to express the gene encoding the LPS receptor, which may allow a direct action of the endotoxin onto specific cellular populations during blood sepsis. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed 1, 3, 6 and 24 h after systemic (i.v. or i.p.) injection of LPS or the vehicle solution. Brains were cut from the olfactory bulb to the medulla in 30-microm coronal sections and mRNA encoding rat CD14 was assayed by in situ hybridization histochemistry using a specific 35S-labeled riboprobe. The results show low levels of CD14 mRNA in the leptomeninges, choroid plexus and along blood vessels of the brain microvasculature under basal conditions. Systemic injection of the bacterial endotoxin caused a profound increase in the expression of the gene encoding CD14 within these same structures as well as in the circumventricular organs (CVOs) the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, subfornical organ, median eminence and area postrema. In most of these structures, the signal for CD14 mRNA was first detected at 1 h, reached a peak at 3 h post-injection, declined at 6 h, and return to basal levels 24 h after LPS treatment. Quite interestingly, a migratory-like pattern of CD14 positive cells was observed from all sensorial CVOs to deeper parenchymal brain 3 and 6 h after LPS injection. At 6 h post-challenge, small positive cells were found throughout the entire parenchymal brain and dual-labeling procedure indicated that different cells of myeloid origin have the ability to express CD14 in response to systemic LPS. These included CVO microglia, choroid plexus and leptomeninge macrophages, parenchymal and perivascular-associated microglial cells, although specific nonmyeloid cells were also positive for the LPS receptor. These results provide the very first evidence of a direct role of LPS on specific cell populations of the central nervous system, which is likely to be responsible for the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines; first within accessible structures from the blood and thereafter through scattered parenchymal cells during severe sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Lacroix
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, CHUL Research Center and Laval University, 2705, boul. Laurier, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Doug Feinstein
- Division Neurobiology, 411 East 69th Street, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021
| | - Serge Rivest
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, CHUL Research Center and Laval University, 2705, boul. Laurier, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
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