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Boyle AJ, Lindberg A, Tong J, Zhai D, Liu F, Vasdev N. Preliminary PET imaging of [ 11C]evobrutinib in mouse models of colorectal cancer, SARS-CoV-2, and lung damage: Radiosynthesis via base-aided palladium-NiXantphos-mediated 11C-carbonylation. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2024; 67:235-244. [PMID: 37691152 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Evobrutinib is a second-generation, highly selective, irreversible Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor that has shown efficacy in the autoimmune diseases arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Its development as a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer has potential for in vivo imaging of BTK in various disease models including several cancers, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung damage. Herein, we report the automated radiosynthesis of [11C]evobrutinib using a base-aided palladium-NiXantphos-mediated 11C-carbonylation reaction. [11C]Evobrutinib was reliably formulated in radiochemical yields of 5.5 ± 1.5% and a molar activity of 34.5 ± 17.3 GBq/μmol (n = 12) with 99% radiochemical purity. Ex vivo autoradiography studies showed high specific binding of [11C]evobrutinib in HT-29 colorectal cancer mouse xenograft tissues (51.1 ± 7.1%). However, in vivo PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging with [11C]evobrutinib showed minimal visualization of HT-29 colorectal cancer xenografts and only a slight increase in radioactivity accumulation in the associated time-activity curves. In preliminary PET/CT studies, [11C]evobrutinib failed to visualize either SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection or LPS-induced injury in mouse models. In conclusion, [11C]evobrutinib was successfully synthesized by 11C-carbonylation and based on our preliminary studies does not appear to be a promising BTK-targeted PET radiotracer in the rodent disease models studied herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Boyle
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anton Lindberg
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junchao Tong
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dongxu Zhai
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fang Liu
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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He F, Wu Z, Liu C, Zhu Y, Zhou Y, Tian E, Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Yang D, Wang MW, Zhu D. Targeting BCL9/BCL9L enhances antigen presentation by promoting conventional type 1 dendritic cell (cDC1) activation and tumor infiltration. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:139. [PMID: 38811552 PMCID: PMC11137111 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1) are the essential antigen-presenting DC subset in antitumor immunity. Suppressing B-cell lymphoma 9 and B-cell lymphoma 9-like (BCL9/BCL9L) inhibits tumor growth and boosts immune responses against cancer. However, whether oncogenic BCL9/BCL9L impairs antigen presentation in tumors is still not completely understood. Here, we show that targeting BCL9/BCL9L enhanced antigen presentation by stimulating cDC1 activation and infiltration into tumor. Pharmacological inhibition of BCL9/BCL9L with a novel inhibitor hsBCL9z96 or Bcl9/Bcl9l knockout mice markedly delayed tumor growth and promoted antitumor CD8+ T cell responses. Mechanistically, targeting BCL9/BCL9L promoted antigen presentation in tumors. This is due to the increase of cDC1 activation and tumor infiltration by the XCL1-XCR1 axis. Importantly, using single-cell transcriptomics analysis, we found that Bcl9/Bcl9l deficient cDC1 were superior to wild-type (WT) cDC1 at activation and antigen presentation via NF-κB/IRF1 signaling. Together, we demonstrate that targeting BCL9/BCL9L plays a crucial role in cDC1-modulated antigen presentation of tumor-derived antigens, as well as CD8+ T cell activation and tumor infiltration. Targeting BCL9/BCL9L to regulate cDC1 function and directly orchestrate a positive feedback loop necessary for optimal antitumor immunity could serve as a potential strategy to counter immune suppression and enhance cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglian He
- Department of Pharmacology, Minhang Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immune Therapy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhongen Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Minhang Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immune Therapy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Minhang Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immune Therapy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Minhang Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immune Therapy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Enming Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Minhang Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immune Therapy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Rina Rosin-Arbesfeld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, China.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China.
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3
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Puxeddu I, Pistone F, Pisani F, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cell signaling and its role in urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2024:S1081-1206(24)00242-4. [PMID: 38663722 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2024.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Chronic urticaria is a mast cell (MC)-driven disease characterized by the development of itching wheals and/or angioedema. In the last decades, outstanding progress has been made in defining the mechanisms involved in MC activation, and novel activating and inhibitory receptors expressed in MC surface were identified and characterized. Besides an IgE-mediated activation through high-affinity IgE receptor cross-linking, other activating receptors, including Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor-X2, C5a receptor, and protease-activated receptors 1 and 2 are responsible for MC activation. This would partly explain the reason some subgroups of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), the most frequent form of urticaria in the general population, do not respond to IgE target therapies, requiring other therapeutic approaches for improving the management of the disease. In this review, we shed some light on the current knowledge of the immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms regulating MC activation in CSU, considering the complex inflammatory scenario underlying CSU pathogenesis, and novel potential MC-targeted therapies, including surface receptors and cytoplasmic signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Puxeddu
- Immunoallergology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pisa University, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pistone
- Immunoallergology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pisa University, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Immunoallergology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pisa University, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Airas L, Bermel RA, Chitnis T, Hartung HP, Nakahara J, Stuve O, Williams MJ, Kieseier BC, Wiendl H. A review of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2024; 17:17562864241233041. [PMID: 38638671 PMCID: PMC11025433 DOI: 10.1177/17562864241233041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are an emerging class of therapeutics in multiple sclerosis (MS). BTK is expressed in B-cells and myeloid cells, key progenitors of which include dendritic cells, microglia and macrophages, integral effectors of MS pathogenesis, along with mast cells, establishing the relevance of BTK inhibitors to diverse autoimmune conditions. First-generation BTK inhibitors are currently utilized in the treatment of B-cell malignancies and show efficacy in B-cell modulation. B-cell depleting therapies have shown success as disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) in MS, highlighting the potential of BTK inhibitors for this indication; however, first-generation BTK inhibitors exhibit a challenging safety profile that is unsuitable for chronic use, as required for MS DMTs. A second generation of highly selective BTK inhibitors has shown efficacy in modulating MS-relevant mechanisms of pathogenesis in preclinical as well as clinical studies. Six of these BTK inhibitors are undergoing clinical development for MS, three of which are also under investigation for chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Phase II trials of selected BTK inhibitors for MS showed reductions in new gadolinium-enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging scans; however, the safety profile is yet to be ascertained in chronic use. Understanding of the safety profile is developing by combining safety insights from the ongoing phase II and III trials of second-generation BTK inhibitors for MS, CSU, RA and SLE. This narrative review investigates the potential of BTK inhibitors as an MS DMT, the improved selectivity of second-generation inhibitors, comparative safety insights established thus far through clinical development programmes and proposed implications in female reproductive health and in long-term administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Airas
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Neurocenter, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Robert A. Bermel
- Mellen Center for MS, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Bernd C. Kieseier
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A 1, Muenster 48149, Germany
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Villanueva CR, Barksdale K, Owolabi T, Bridges D, Chichester K, Saini S, Oliver ET. Functional human skin explants as tools for assessing mast cell activation and inhibition. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2024; 5:1373511. [PMID: 38601026 PMCID: PMC11004268 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1373511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are activated through a variety of different receptors to release preformed granules and mediators synthesized de novo. However, the physiology and function of mast cells are not fully understood. Traditional studies of mast cell activation in humans have utilized cultures of tissue-derived mast cells including CD34+ progenitor cells or well-characterized commercially available cell lines. One limitation of these methods is that mast cells are no longer in a natural state. Therefore, their applicability to human skin disorders may be limited. Human skin explant models have been utilized to investigate the short-term effects of cell mediators, drugs, and irritants on skin while avoiding the ethical concerns surrounding in vivo stimulation studies with non-approved agents. Nonetheless, few studies have utilized intact human tissue to study mast cell degranulation. This "Methods" paper describes the development and application of an intact skin explant model to study human mast cell activation. In this manuscript, we share our protocol for setting up ex vivo human skin explants and describe the results of stimulation experiments and techniques to minimize trauma-induced histamine release. Skin explants were generated using de-identified, full-thickness, non-diseased skin specimens from plastic and reconstructive surgeries. Results were reproducible and demonstrated FcɛRI- and MRGPRX2-induced mediator release which was inhibited with the use of a BTK inhibitor and QWF, respectively. Thus, this explant model provides a quick and accessible method of assessing human skin mast cell activation and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric T. Oliver
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Yeo E, Shim J, Oh SJ, Choi Y, Noh H, Kim H, Park JH, Lee KT, Kim SH, Lee D, Lee JH. Revisiting roles of mast cells and neural cells in keloid: exploring their connection to disease activity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339336. [PMID: 38524141 PMCID: PMC10957560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cells (MCs) and neural cells (NCs) are important in a keloid microenvironment. They might contribute to fibrosis and pain sensation within the keloid. However, their involvement in pathological excessive scarring has not been adequately explored. Objectives To elucidate roles of MCs and NCs in keloid pathogenesis and their correlation with disease activity. Methods Keloid samples from chest and back regions were analyzed. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was conducted for six active keloids (AK) samples, four inactive keloids (IK) samples, and three mature scar (MS) samples from patients with keloids. Results The scRNA-seq analysis demonstrated notable enrichment of MCs, lymphocytes, and macrophages in AKs, which exhibited continuous growth at the excision site when compared to IK and MS samples (P = 0.042). Expression levels of marker genes associated with activated and degranulated MCs, including FCER1G, BTK, and GATA2, were specifically elevated in keloid lesions. Notably, MCs within AK lesions exhibited elevated expression of genes such as NTRK1, S1PR1, and S1PR2 associated with neuropeptide receptors. Neural progenitor cell and non-myelinating Schwann cell (nmSC) genes were highly expressed in keloids, whereas myelinating Schwann cell (mSC) genes were specific to MS samples. Conclusions scRNA-seq analyses of AK, IK, and MS samples unveiled substantial microenvironmental heterogeneity. Such heterogeneity might be linked to disease activity. These findings suggest the potential contribution of MCs and NCs to keloid pathogenesis. Histopathological and molecular features observed in AK and IK samples provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying pain and pruritus in keloid lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Yeo
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonho Shim
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungHwan Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungrye Noh
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyeon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Park
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Tae Lee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyoun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Krämer J, Bar-Or A, Turner TJ, Wiendl H. Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors for multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:289-304. [PMID: 37055617 PMCID: PMC10100639 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce both relapses and relapse-associated worsening of disability, which is assumed to be mainly associated with transient infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS). However, approved therapies are less effective at slowing disability accumulation in patients with MS, in part owing to their lack of relevant effects on CNS-compartmentalized inflammation, which has been proposed to drive disability. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an intracellular signalling molecule involved in the regulation of maturation, survival, migration and activation of B cells and microglia. As CNS-compartmentalized B cells and microglia are considered central to the immunopathogenesis of progressive MS, treatment with CNS-penetrant BTK inhibitors might curtail disease progression by targeting immune cells on both sides of the blood-brain barrier. Five BTK inhibitors that differ in selectivity, strength of inhibition, binding mechanisms and ability to modulate immune cells within the CNS are currently under investigation in clinical trials as a treatment for MS. This Review describes the role of BTK in various immune cells implicated in MS, provides an overview of preclinical data on BTK inhibitors and discusses the (largely preliminary) data from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krämer
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Murray HC, Miller K, Brzozowski JS, Kahl RGS, Smith ND, Humphrey SJ, Dun MD, Verrills NM. Synergistic Targeting of DNA-PK and KIT Signaling Pathways in KIT Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100503. [PMID: 36682716 PMCID: PMC9986649 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common and aggressive form of acute leukemia, with a 5-year survival rate of just 24%. Over a third of all AML patients harbor activating mutations in kinases, such as the receptor tyrosine kinases FLT3 (receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3) and KIT (mast/stem cell growth factor receptor kit). FLT3 and KIT mutations are associated with poor clinical outcomes and lower remission rates in response to standard-of-care chemotherapy. We have recently identified that the core kinase of the non-homologous end joining DNA repair pathway, DNA-PK (DNA-dependent protein kinase), is activated downstream of FLT3; and targeting DNA-PK sensitized FLT3-mutant AML cells to standard-of-care therapies. Herein, we investigated DNA-PK as a possible therapeutic vulnerability in KIT mutant AML, using isogenic FDC-P1 mouse myeloid progenitor cell lines transduced with oncogenic mutant KIT (V560G and D816V) or vector control. Targeted quantitative phosphoproteomic profiling identified phosphorylation of DNA-PK in the T2599/T2605/S2608/S2610 cluster in KIT mutant cells, indicative of DNA-PK activation. Accordingly, proliferation assays revealed that KIT mutant FDC-P1 cells were more sensitive to the DNA-PK inhibitors M3814 or NU7441, compared with empty vector controls. DNA-PK inhibition combined with inhibition of KIT signaling using the kinase inhibitors dasatinib or ibrutinib, or the protein phosphatase 2A activators FTY720 or AAL(S), led to synergistic cell death. Global phosphoproteomic analysis of KIT-D816V cells revealed that dasatinib and M3814 single-agent treatments inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT (RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase)/MTOR (serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR) activity, with greater inhibition of both pathways when used in combination. Combined dasatinib and M3814 treatment also synergistically inhibited phosphorylation of the transcriptional regulators MYC and MYB. This study provides insight into the oncogenic pathways regulated by DNA-PK beyond its canonical role in DNA repair and demonstrates that DNA-PK is a promising therapeutic target for KIT mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Murray
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance and Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kasey Miller
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance and Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua S Brzozowski
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance and Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard G S Kahl
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance and Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nathan D Smith
- Analytical and Biomolecular Research Facility, Advanced Mass Spectrometry Unit, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sean J Humphrey
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, and The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew D Dun
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance and Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole M Verrills
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance and Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
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9
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Akasaka D, Iguchi S, Kaneko R, Yoshiga Y, Kajiwara D, Nakachi Y, Noma N, Tanaka K, Shimizu A, Hosoi F. Novel Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor TAS5315 suppresses the progression of inflammation and joint destruction in rodent collagen-induced arthritis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282117. [PMID: 36821545 PMCID: PMC9949657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory autoimmune disease, characterized by autoantibody production, synovial inflammation, and joint destruction. Its pathogenesis is due to environmental factors and genetic backgrounds. Bruton's tyrosine kinase is a cytoplasmic non-receptor tyrosine kinase, expressed in most hematopoietic cell lineages, except T cells and plasma cells, and regulates various immune-related signaling pathways, thereby playing a crucial role in pathogenesis. Thus, inhibiting Bruton's tyrosine kinase may prove beneficial in treating autoimmune diseases. In the present study, we characterized Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, TAS5315, in vitro and evaluated its therapeutic effects in experimental arthritis models. TAS5315 markedly inhibited Bruton's tyrosine kinase enzyme activity and suppressed the B-cell receptor signaling pathway in Ramos cells. Moreover, it suppressed the expression of CD69, CD86, and MHC class II in mouse B lymphocytes and the production of TNF-α and MIP-1α in mouse macrophages and decreased bone resorption activity in mouse osteoclasts. Furthermore, it ameliorated the pathological changes in two rodent models of collagen-induced arthritis in vivo. TAS5315 improved bone mineral density and bone intensity. Thus, these results suggest that TAS5315 could be a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Akasaka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Satoru Iguchi
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kaneko
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yohei Yoshiga
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kajiwara
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nakachi
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naruto Noma
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Tanaka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hosoi
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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10
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Dybowski S, Torke S, Weber MS. Targeting B Cells and Microglia in Multiple Sclerosis With Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Review. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:404-414. [PMID: 36780171 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Importance Currently, disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) use 4 mechanisms of action: immune modulation, suppressing immune cell proliferation, inhibiting immune cell migration, or cellular depletion. Over the last decades, the repertoire substantially increased because of the conceptual progress that not only T cells but also B cells play an important pathogenic role in MS, fostered by the empirical success of B cell-depleting antibodies against the surface molecule CD20. Notwithstanding this advance, a continuous absence of B cells may harbor safety risks, such as a decline in the endogenous production of immunoglobulins. Accordingly, novel B cell-directed MS therapies are in development, such as inhibitors targeting Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK). Observations BTK is centrally involved in the B cell receptor-mediated activation of B cells, one key requirement in the development of autoreactive B cells, but also in the activation of myeloid cells, such as macrophages and microglia. Various compounds in development differ in their binding mode, selectivity and specificity, relative inhibitory concentration, and potential to enter the central nervous system. The latter may be important in assessing whether BTK inhibition is a promising strategy to control inflammatory circuits within the brain, the key process that is assumed to drive MS progression. Accordingly, clinical trials using BTK inhibitors are currently conducted in patients with relapsing-remitting MS as well as progressive MS, so far generating encouraging data regarding efficacy and safety. Conclusions and Relevance While the novel approach of targeting BTK is highly promising, several questions remain unanswered, such as the long-term effects of using BTK inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory CNS disease. Potential changes in circulating antibody levels should be evaluated and compared with B cell depletion. Also important is the potential of BTK inhibitors to enter the CNS, which depends on the given compound. Remaining questions involve where BTK inhibitors fit in the landscape of MS therapeutics. A comparative analysis of their distinct properties is necessary to identify which inhibitors may be used in relapsing vs progressive forms of MS as well as to clarify which agent may be most suitable for sequential use after anti-CD20 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dybowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Torke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Rische CH, Thames AN, Krier-Burris RA, O’Sullivan JA, Bochner BS, Scott EA. Drug delivery targets and strategies to address mast cell diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:205-222. [PMID: 36629456 PMCID: PMC9928520 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2166926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current and developing mast cell therapeutics are reliant on small molecule drugs and biologics, but few are truly selective for mast cells. Most have cellular and disease-specific limitations that require innovation to overcome longstanding challenges to selectively targeting and modulating mast cell behavior. This review is designed to serve as a frame of reference for new approaches that utilize nanotechnology or combine different drugs to increase mast cell selectivity and therapeutic efficacy. AREAS COVERED Mast cell diseases include allergy and related conditions as well as malignancies. Here, we discuss the targets of existing and developing therapies used to treat these disease pathologies, classifying them into cell surface, intracellular, and extracellular categories. For each target discussed, we discuss drugs that are either the current standard of care, under development, or have indications for potential use. Finally, we discuss how novel technologies and tools can be used to take existing therapeutics to a new level of selectivity and potency against mast cells. EXPERT OPINION There are many broadly and very few selectively targeted therapeutics for mast cells in allergy and malignant disease. Combining existing targeting strategies with technology like nanoparticles will provide novel platforms to treat mast cell disease more selectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton H. Rische
- Northwestern University McCormick School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ariel N. Thames
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University McCormick School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Krier-Burris
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeremy A. O’Sullivan
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bruce S. Bochner
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Evan A. Scott
- Northwestern University McCormick School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Microbiolgy-Immunology, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Kawakami Y, Kimura M, Widjaja C, Kasakura K, Ando T, Kawakami Y, Obar JJ, Kawakami T. Regulation of Syk activity by antiviral adaptor MAVS in FcεRI signaling pathway. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1098474. [PMID: 37168500 PMCID: PMC10165108 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1098474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cells are the major effector cell type for IgE-mediated allergic reactions. Recent studies revealed a role for mast cells in orchestrating the host response to viral infections. Objective We studied the relationship between FcεRI (high-affinity IgE receptor) and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-mediated antiviral signaling pathways. Methods Mast cells (BMMCs) were cultured from bone marrow cells from mice deficient in MAVS or other RLR signaling molecules. MAVS expression was restored by retroviral transduction of MAVS-deficient BMMCs. These cells were stimulated with IgE and antigen and their activation (degranulation and cytokine production/secretion) was quantified. FcεRI-mediated signaling events such as protein phosphorylation and Ca2+ flux were analyzed by western blotting and enzyme assays. WT and mutant mice as well as mast cell-deficient KitW-sh/W-sh mice engrafted with BMMCs were subjected to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Results Unexpectedly, we found that mast cells devoid of the adaptor molecule MAVS exhibit dramatically increased cytokine production upon FcεRI stimulation, despite near-normal degranulation. Consistent with these observations, MAVS inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation, thus catalytic activity of Syk kinase, the key signaling molecule for FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation. By contrast, mast cells deficient in RIG-I, MDA5 or IRF3, which are antiviral receptor and signaling molecules upstream or downstream of MAVS, exhibited reduced or normal mast cell activation. MAVS-deficient mice showed enhanced late-phase responses in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the adaptor MAVS in the RLR innate immune pathway uniquely intersects with the adaptive immune FcεRI signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Miho Kimura
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christella Widjaja
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tomoaki Ando
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yu Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Joshua J. Obar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Correspondence: Toshiaki Kawakami
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13
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Remibrutinib, a novel BTK inhibitor, demonstrates promising efficacy and safety in chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:1498-1506.e2. [PMID: 36096203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is inadequately controlled in many patients and greatly affects quality of life. Remibrutinib, a highly selective, oral, novel covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, might be effective in CSU. OBJECTIVE This first-in-patient trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of remibrutinib in CSU treatment and characterize the dose-response. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b dose-finding trial evaluated remibrutinib (12 weeks) in patients inadequately controlled with second-generation H1-antihistamines, with at least moderately active CSU, with or without prior anti-IgE treatment (NCT03926611). Patients received remibrutinib 10 mg once daily, 35 mg once daily, 100 mg once daily, 10 mg twice daily, 25 mg twice daily, 100 mg twice daily, or placebo (1:1:1:1:1:1:1 ratio). The main end points were weekly Urticaria Activity Score change from baseline at week 4 and safety. RESULTS Overall, 311 patients were randomized. Reduced symptom score was observed for all remibrutinib doses from week 1 until week 12, with weekly Urticaria Activity Score change from baseline at week 4: -19.1 (10 mg once daily), -19.1 (35 mg once daily), -14.7 (100 mg once daily), -16.0 (10 mg twice daily), -20.0 (25 mg twice daily), -18.1 (100 mg twice daily), and -5.4 for placebo (nominal P < .0001 for all doses vs placebo). Most adverse events were mild or moderate, with no dose-dependent pattern. CONCLUSION Remibrutinib was highly effective in the treatment of CSU over the entire dose range, with a rapid onset of action and a favorable safety profile.
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14
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Cao T, Wang Z, Zhu X. The Immunomodulatory Functions of BTK Inhibition in the Central Nervous System. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6427-6438. [DOI: 10.2147/jir.s389958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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15
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Burchett JR, Dailey JM, Kee SA, Pryor DT, Kotha A, Kankaria RA, Straus DB, Ryan JJ. Targeting Mast Cells in Allergic Disease: Current Therapies and Drug Repurposing. Cells 2022; 11:3031. [PMID: 36230993 PMCID: PMC9564111 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of allergic disease has grown tremendously in the past three generations. While current treatments are effective for some, there is considerable unmet need. Mast cells are critical effectors of allergic inflammation. Their secreted mediators and the receptors for these mediators have long been the target of allergy therapy. Recent drugs have moved a step earlier in mast cell activation, blocking IgE, IL-4, and IL-13 interactions with their receptors. In this review, we summarize the latest therapies targeting mast cells as well as new drugs in clinical trials. In addition, we offer support for repurposing FDA-approved drugs to target mast cells in new ways. With a multitude of highly selective drugs available for cancer, autoimmunity, and metabolic disorders, drug repurposing offers optimism for the future of allergy therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John J. Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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16
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Pozas J, Alonso-Gordoa T, Román MS, Santoni M, Thirlwell C, Grande E, Molina-Cerrillo J. Novel therapeutic approaches in GEP-NETs based on genetic and epigenetic alterations. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188804. [PMID: 36152904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are heterogeneous malignancies with distinct prognosis based on primary tumor localization, grade, stage and functionality. Surgery remains the only curative option in localized tumors, but systemic therapy is the mainstay of treatment for patients with advanced disease. For decades, the therapeutic landscape of GEP-NETs was limited to chemotherapy regimens with low response rates. The arrival of novel agents such as somatostatin analogues, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors or mTOR-targeted drugs, has changed the therapeutic paradigm of GEP-NETs. However, the efficacy of these agents is limited in time and there is scarce knowledge of optimal treatment sequencing. In recent years, massive parallel sequencing techniques have started to unravel the genomic intricacies of these tumors, allowing us to better understand the mechanisms of resistance to current treatments and to develop new targeted agents that will hopefully start an era for personalized treatment in NETs. In this review we aim to summarize the most relevant genomic aberrations and signaling pathways underlying GEP-NET tumorigenesis and potential therapeutic strategies derived from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pozas
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Medicine School, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Alonso-Gordoa
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Medicine School, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria San Román
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Medicine School, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Enrique Grande
- Medical Oncology Ddepartment. MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Molina-Cerrillo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Medicine School, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Investigational Treatments in Phase I and II Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review in Asthma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092330. [PMID: 36140430 PMCID: PMC9496184 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) remain the mainstay of asthma treatment, along with bronchodilators serving as control agents in combination with ICS or reliever therapy. Although current pharmacological treatments improve symptom control, health status, and the frequency and severity of exacerbations, they do not really change the natural course of asthma, including disease remission. Considering the highly heterogeneous nature of asthma, there is a strong need for innovative medications that selectively target components of the inflammatory cascade. The aim of this review was to systematically assess current investigational agents in Phase I and II randomised controlled trials (RCTs) over the last five years. Sixteen classes of novel therapeutic options were identified from 19 RCTs. Drugs belonging to different classes, such as the anti-interleukin (IL)-4Rα inhibitors, anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), anti-IL-17A mAbs, anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) mAbs, epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) inhibitors, bifunctional M3 receptor muscarinic antagonists/β2-adrenoceptor agonists (MABAs), and anti-Fel d 1 mAbs, were found to be effective in the treatment of asthma, with lung function being the main assessed outcome across the RCTs. Several novel investigational molecules, particularly biologics, seem promising as future disease-modifying agents; nevertheless, further larger studies are required to confirm positive results from Phase I and II RCTs.
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18
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Greiner B, Nicks S, Adame M, McCracken J. Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: A Literature Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 63:381-389. [PMID: 36048326 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-022-08952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is characterized by recurring wheals that last 6 weeks or longer without an identifiable cause. The estimated point prevalence of CSU worldwide is 1%. Furthermore, it has a significant impact on quality of life in both adults and pediatric patients and their families. Although it is most often a self-limited disease, some patients have urticaria refractory to first-line treatment: second-generation H1 antihistamines. In these patients, the use of targeted monoclonal antibodies is necessary. While omalizumab is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved monoclonal antibody for CSU, others, including ligelizumab, dupilumab, benralizumab, and several orally administered Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, are also promising therapeutics for reducing the morbidity of CSU. Novel therapies, among others discussed here, are rapidly being developed with new trials and therapeutics being released nearly monthly. Thus, we performed a scoping literature review of randomized controlled trials studying targeted therapies for CSU. We also discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and future research directions in CSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Greiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Branch, University of Texas, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA. .,Division of Allergy & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Savannah Nicks
- Department of Otolaryngology, McLaren Oakland Hospital, Pontiac, MI, USA
| | - Michael Adame
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Branch, University of Texas, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA.,Division of Allergy & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer McCracken
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Branch, University of Texas, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA.,Division of Allergy & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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19
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Oh J, Bar-Or A. Emerging therapies to target CNS pathophysiology in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:466-475. [PMID: 35697862 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape of multiple sclerosis (MS) has contributed to paradigm shifts in our understanding of the biological mechanisms that contribute to CNS injury and in treatment philosophies. Opportunities remain to further improve treatment of relapsing-remitting MS, but two major therapeutic gaps are the limiting of progressive disease mechanisms and the repair of CNS injury. In this Review, we provide an overview of selected emerging therapies that predominantly target processes within the CNS that are thought to be involved in limiting non-relapsing, progressive disease injury or promoting tissue repair. Among these, we consider agents that modulate adaptive and innate CNS-compartmentalized inflammation, which can be mediated by infiltrating immune cells and/or resident CNS cells, including microglia and astrocytes. We also discuss agents that target degenerative disease mechanisms, agents that might confer neuroprotection, and agents that create a more favourable environment for or actively contribute to oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation, remyelination and axonal regeneration. We focus on agents that are novel for MS, that are known to or are presumed to penetrate the CNS, and that have already entered early stages of development in MS clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, and Multiple Sclerosis Division, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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20
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Tasso B, Spallarossa A, Russo E, Brullo C. The Development of BTK Inhibitors: A Five-Year Update. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237411. [PMID: 34885993 PMCID: PMC8659154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) represented, in the past ten years, an important target for the development of new therapeutic agents that could be useful for cancer and autoimmune disorders. To date, five compounds, able to block BTK in an irreversible manner, have been launched in the market, whereas many reversible BTK inhibitors (BTKIs), with reduced side effects that are more useful for long-term administration in autoimmune disorders, are under clinical investigation. Despite the presence in the literature of many articles and reviews, studies on BTK function and BTKIs are of great interest for pharmaceutical companies as well as academia. This review is focused on compounds that have appeared in the literature from 2017 that are able to block BTK in an irreversible or reversible manner; also, new promising tunable irreversible inhibitors, as well as PROTAC molecules, have been reported. This summary could improve the knowledge of the chemical diversity of BTKIs and provide information for future studies, particularly from the medicinal chemistry point of view. Data reported here are collected from different databases (Scifinder, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Pubmed) using "BTK" and "BTK inhibitors" as keywords.
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21
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García-Merino A. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A New Generation of Promising Agents for Multiple Sclerosis Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102560. [PMID: 34685540 PMCID: PMC8534278 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), as demonstrated through the success of various B cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a critical molecule in intracellular signaling from the receptor of B cells and receptors expressed in the cells of the innate immune system. BTK inhibitors may be a non-cell-depleting alternative to B cell modulation. In this review, the structure, signaling, and roles of BTK are reviewed among the different inhibitors assayed in animal models of MS and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García-Merino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation for Biomedical Research, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Kaul M, End P, Cabanski M, Schuhler C, Jakab A, Kistowska M, Kinhikar A, Maiolica A, Sinn A, Fuhr R, Cenni B. Remibrutinib (LOU064): A selective potent oral BTK inhibitor with promising clinical safety and pharmacodynamics in a randomized phase I trial. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:1756-1768. [PMID: 33834628 PMCID: PMC8504815 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective new oral therapies for autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory conditions remain a significant therapeutic need. Here, we investigate the human pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (PDs), and safety of the selective, covalent Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, remibrutinib. Study objectives were explored in randomized single and multiple ascending dose (SAD and MAD, respectively) cohorts with daily doses up to 600 mg, and a crossover food effect (FE) cohort, in adult healthy subjects without (SAD [n =80]/FE [n =12]) or with asymptomatic atopic diathesis (MAD [n =64]). A single oral dose of remibrutinib (0.5-600 mg) was rapidly absorbed (time to maximum concentration = 0.5 h-1.25 h) with an apparent blood clearance of 280-560 L/h and apparent volume of distribution of 400-15,000 L. With multiple doses (q.d. and b.i.d.), no pronounced accumulation of remibrutinib was detected (mean residence time was <3 h). Food intake showed no clinically relevant effect on remibrutinib exposure suggesting no need for dose adaptation. With remibrutinib doses greater than or equal to 30 mg, blood BTK occupancy was greater than 95% for at least 24 h (SAD). With MAD, remibrutinib reached near complete blood BTK occupancy at day 12 predose with greater than or equal to 10 mg q.d. Near complete basophil or skin prick test (SPT) inhibition at day 12 predose was achieved at greater than or equal to 50 mg q.d. for CD63 and at greater than or equal to 100 mg q.d. for SPT. Remibrutinib was well-tolerated at all doses without any dose-limiting toxicity. Remibrutinib showed encouraging blood and skin PDs with a favorable safety profile, supporting further development for diseases driven by mast cells, basophils, and B-cells, such as chronic spontaneous urticaria, allergic asthma, or Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaul
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Peter End
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Arvind Kinhikar
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Angela Sinn
- Early Phase Clinical UnitParexel InternationalBerlinGermany
| | - Rainard Fuhr
- Early Phase Clinical UnitParexel InternationalBerlinGermany
| | - Bruno Cenni
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
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23
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Recent Advances in BTK Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164907. [PMID: 34443496 PMCID: PMC8399599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a crucial role in B-cell receptor and Fc receptor signaling pathways. BTK is also involved in the regulation of Toll-like receptors and chemokine receptors. Given the central role of BTK in immunity, BTK inhibition represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Great efforts have been made in developing BTK inhibitors for potential clinical applications in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review covers the recent development of BTK inhibitors at preclinical and clinical stages in treating these diseases. Individual examples of three types of inhibitors, namely covalent irreversible inhibitors, covalent reversible inhibitors, and non-covalent reversible inhibitors, are discussed with a focus on their structure, bioactivity and selectivity. Contrary to expectations, reversible BTK inhibitors have not yielded a significant breakthrough so far. The development of covalent, irreversible BTK inhibitors has progressed more rapidly. Many candidates entered different stages of clinical trials; tolebrutinib and evobrutinib are undergoing phase 3 clinical evaluation. Rilzabrutinib, a covalent reversible BTK inhibitor, is now in phase 3 clinical trials and also offers a promising future. An analysis of the protein–inhibitor interactions based on published co-crystal structures provides useful clues for the rational design of safe and effective small-molecule BTK inhibitors.
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Neys SFH, Hendriks RW, Corneth OBJ. Targeting Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Pathologies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668131. [PMID: 34150760 PMCID: PMC8213343 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) was discovered due to its importance in B cell development, and it has a critical role in signal transduction downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR). Targeting of BTK with small molecule inhibitors has proven to be efficacious in several B cell malignancies. Interestingly, recent studies reveal increased BTK protein expression in circulating resting B cells of patients with systemic autoimmune disease (AID) compared with healthy controls. Moreover, BTK phosphorylation following BCR stimulation in vitro was enhanced. In addition to its role in BCR signaling, BTK is involved in many other pathways, including pattern recognition, Fc, and chemokine receptor signaling in B cells and myeloid cells. This broad involvement in several immunological pathways provides a rationale for the targeting of BTK in the context of inflammatory and systemic AID. Accordingly, numerous in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies support the potential of BTK targeting in these conditions. Efficacy of BTK inhibitors in various inflammatory and AID has been demonstrated or is currently evaluated in clinical trials. In addition, very recent reports suggest that BTK inhibition may be effective as immunosuppressive therapy to diminish pulmonary hyperinflammation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we review BTK's function in key signaling pathways in B cells and myeloid cells. Further, we discuss recent advances in targeting BTK in inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies.
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Dispenza MC. The Use of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors to Treat Allergic Disorders. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2021; 8:261-273. [PMID: 33880321 PMCID: PMC8050815 DOI: 10.1007/s40521-021-00286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review Studies show that inhibitors of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTKis), currently FDA-approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies, can prevent IgE-mediated reactions through broad inhibition of the FcεRI signaling pathway in human mast cells and basophils. This review will summarize recent data supporting the use of these drugs as novel therapies in various allergic disorders. Recent findings Recent studies have shown that BTKis can prevent IgE-mediated degranulation and cytokine production in primary human mast cells and basophils. Two oral doses of the second-generation BTKi acalabrutinib can completely prevent moderate passive systemic anaphylaxis in humanized mice and even protect against death during severe anaphylaxis. Furthermore, two doses of ibrutinib can reduce or eliminate skin prick test responses to foods and aeroallergens in allergic subjects. BTKis in development also show efficacy in clinical trials for chronic urticaria. Unlike other therapies targeting IgE, such as omalizumab, BTKis appear to have rapid onset and transient effects, making them ideal candidates for intermittent use to prevent acute reactions such as IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Summary These studies suggest that BTKis may be capable of preventing IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, paving the way for future trials in food allergy and urticaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C Dispenza
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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Seymour BJ, Singh S, Certo HM, Sommer K, Sather BD, Khim S, Clough C, Hale M, Pangallo J, Ryu BY, Khan IF, Adair JE, Rawlings DJ. Effective, safe, and sustained correction of murine XLA using a UCOE-BTK promoter-based lentiviral vector. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:635-651. [PMID: 33718514 PMCID: PMC7907679 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an immune disorder caused by mutations in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). BTK is expressed in B and myeloid cells, and its deficiency results in a lack of mature B cells and protective antibodies. We previously reported a lentivirus (LV) BTK replacement therapy that restored B cell development and function in Btk and Tec double knockout mice (a phenocopy of human XLA). In this study, with the goal of optimizing both the level and lineage specificity of BTK expression, we generated LV incorporating the proximal human BTK promoter. Hematopoietic stem cells from Btk−/−Tec−/− mice transduced with this vector rescued lineage-specific expression and restored B cell function in Btk−/−Tec−/− recipients. Next, we tested addition of candidate enhancers and/or ubiquitous chromatin opening elements (UCOEs), as well as codon optimization to improve BTK expression. An Eμ enhancer improved B cell rescue, but increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies. Addition of the UCOE avoided autoantibody generation while improving B cell development and function and reducing vector silencing. An optimized vector containing a truncated UCOE upstream of the BTK promoter and codon-optimized BTK cDNA resulted in stable, lineage-regulated BTK expression that mirrored endogenous BTK, making it a strong candidate for XLA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Seymour
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Swati Singh
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Hannah M Certo
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Karen Sommer
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Blythe D Sather
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Socheath Khim
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Courtnee Clough
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Malika Hale
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Joseph Pangallo
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Byoung Y Ryu
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Iram F Khan
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jennifer E Adair
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Dispenza MC, Krier-Burris RA, Chhiba KD, Undem BJ, Robida PA, Bochner BS. Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition effectively protects against human IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4759-4770. [PMID: 32484802 DOI: 10.1172/jci138448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
No known therapies can prevent anaphylaxis. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an enzyme thought to be essential for high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) signaling in human cells. We tested the hypothesis that FDA-approved BTK inhibitors (BTKis) would prevent IgE-mediated responses including anaphylaxis. We showed that irreversible BTKis broadly prevented IgE-mediated degranulation and cytokine production in primary human mast cells and blocked allergen-induced contraction of isolated human bronchi. To address their efficacy in vivo, we created and used what we believe to be a novel humanized mouse model of anaphylaxis that does not require marrow ablation or human tissue implantation. After a single intravenous injection of human CD34+ cells, NSG-SGM3 mice supported the population of mature human tissue-resident mast cells and basophils. These mice showed excellent responses during passive systemic anaphylaxis using human IgE to selectively evoke human mast cell and basophil activation, and response severity was controllable by alteration of the amount of allergen used for challenge. Remarkably, pretreatment with just 2 oral doses of the BTKi acalabrutinib completely prevented moderate IgE-mediated anaphylaxis in these mice and also significantly protected against death during severe anaphylaxis. Our data suggest that BTKis may be able to prevent anaphylaxis in humans by inhibiting FcεRI-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C Dispenza
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rebecca A Krier-Burris
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Krishan D Chhiba
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bradley J Undem
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Piper A Robida
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Fenebrutinib in H 1 antihistamine-refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria: a randomized phase 2 trial. Nat Med 2021; 27:1961-1969. [PMID: 34750553 PMCID: PMC8604722 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01537-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is crucial for FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation and essential for autoantibody production by B cells in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Fenebrutinib, an orally administered, potent, highly selective, reversible BTK inhibitor, may be effective in CSU. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial (EudraCT ID 2016-004624-35 ) randomized 93 adults with antihistamine-refractory CSU to 50 mg daily, 150 mg daily and 200 mg twice daily of fenebrutinib or placebo for 8 weeks. The primary end point was change from baseline in urticaria activity score over 7 d (UAS7) at week 8. Secondary end points were the change from baseline in UAS7 at week 4 and the proportion of patients well-controlled (UAS7 ≤ 6) at week 8. Fenebrutinib efficacy in patients with type IIb autoimmunity and effects on IgG-anti-FcεRI were exploratory end points. Safety was also evaluated. The primary end point was met, with dose-dependent improvements in UAS7 at week 8 occurring at 200 mg twice daily and 150 mg daily, but not at 50 mg daily of fenebrutinib versus placebo. Asymptomatic, reversible grade 2 and 3 liver transaminase elevations occurred in the fenebrutinib 150 mg daily and 200 mg twice daily groups (2 patients each). Fenebrutinib diminished disease activity in patients with antihistamine-refractory CSU, including more patients with refractory type IIb autoimmunity. These results support the potential use of BTK inhibition in antihistamine-refractory CSU.
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Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, unmet medical needs in some areas still exist. One of the main therapeutic approaches to alleviate dysregulated inflammation has been to target the activity of kinases that regulate production of inflammatory mediators. Small-molecule kinase inhibitors have the potential for broad efficacy, convenience and tissue penetrance, and thus often offer important advantages over biologics. However, designing kinase inhibitors with target selectivity and minimal off-target effects can be challenging. Nevertheless, immense progress has been made in advancing kinase inhibitors with desirable drug-like properties into the clinic, including inhibitors of JAKs, IRAK4, RIPKs, BTK, SYK and TPL2. This Review will address the latest discoveries around kinase inhibitors with an emphasis on clinically validated autoimmunity and inflammatory pathways. Unmet medical needs in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases still exist. This Review discusses the activity of kinases that regulate production of inflammatory mediators and the recent advances in developing inhibitors to target such kinases.
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Carnero Contentti E, Correale J. Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a promising emerging treatment option for multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2020; 25:377-381. [PMID: 32910702 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2020.1822817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Fleni , Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Impact of amino acid substitution in the kinase domain of Bruton tyrosine kinase and its association with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2399-2408. [PMID: 32784026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a rare disease that affects the immune system, characterized by a serial development of bacterial infection from the onset of infantile age. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a non-receptor cytoplasmic kinase that plays a crucial role in the B-lymphocyte maturation. The altered expression, mutation and/or structural variations of BTK are responsible for causing XLA. Here, we have performed extensive sequence and structure analyses of BTK to find deleterious variations and their pathogenic association with XLA. First, we screened the pathogenic variations in the BTK from a pool of publicly available resources, and their pathogenicity/tolerance and stability predictions were carried out. Finally, two pathogenic variations (E589G and M630K) were studied in detail and subjected to all-atom molecular dynamics simulation for 200 ns. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds (H-bonds), secondary structure, and principal component analysis revealed significant conformational changes in variants that support the structural basis of BTK dysfunction in XLA. The free energy landscape analysis revealed the presence of multiple energy minima, suggests that E589G brings a large destabilization and consequently unfolding behavior compared to M630K. Overall, our study suggests that amino acid substitutions, E589G, and M630K, significantly alter the structural conformation and stability of BTK.
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Ghoshdastidar K, Patel H, Bhayani H, Patel A, Thakkar K, Patel D, Sharma M, Singh J, Mohapatra J, Chatterjee A, Patel D, Bahekar R, Sharma R, Gupta L, Patel N, Giri P, Srinivas NR, Jain M, Bandyopadhyay D, Patel PR, Desai RC. ZYBT1, a potent, irreversible Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor that inhibits the C481S BTK with profound efficacy against arthritis and cancer. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00565. [PMID: 32790160 PMCID: PMC7424564 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a central and pivotal role in controlling the pathways involved in the pathobiology of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and other autoimmune disorders. ZYBT1 is a potent, irreversible, specific BTK inhibitor that inhibits the ibrutinib-resistant C481S BTK with nanomolar potency. ZYBT1 is found to be a promising molecule to treat both cancer and RA. In the present report we profiled the molecule for in-vitro, in-vivo activity, and pharmacokinetic properties. ZYBT1 inhibits BTK and C481S BTK with an IC50 of 1 nmol/L and 14 nmol/L, respectively, inhibits the growth of various leukemic cell lines with IC50 of 1 nmol/L to 15 μmol/L, blocks the phosphorylation of BTK and PLCγ2, and inhibits secretion of TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-6. It has favorable pharmacokinetic properties suitable for using as an oral anti-cancer and anti-arthritic drug. In accordance with the in-vitro properties, it demonstrated robust efficacy in murine models of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and streptococcal cell wall (SCW) induced arthritis. In both models, ZYBT1 alone could suppress the progression of the diseases. It also reduced the growth of TMD8 xenograft tumor. The results suggested that ZYBT1 has high potential for treating RA, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hoshang Patel
- Department of Cell BiologyZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | - Hitesh Bhayani
- Department of Cell BiologyZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | - Ankit Patel
- Department of Cell BiologyZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | - Kinjal Thakkar
- Department of Cell BiologyZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | - Dinesh Patel
- Department of PharmacologyZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | - Manoranjan Sharma
- Department of PharmacologyZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | - Jaideep Singh
- Department of PharmacologyZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | | | | | - Dipam Patel
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | - Rajesh Bahekar
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | - Rajiv Sharma
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | - Lakshmikant Gupta
- Department of PharmacokineticsZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | - Nirmal Patel
- Department of PharmacokineticsZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | - Poonam Giri
- Department of PharmacokineticsZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | | | - Mukul Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | | | | | - Ranjit C. Desai
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryZydus Research CenterAhmedabadGujaratIndia
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Folkerts J, Redegeld F, Folkerts G, Blokhuis B, Berg MPM, Bruijn MJW, IJcken WFJ, Junt T, Tam S, Galli SJ, Hendriks RW, Stadhouders R, Maurer M. Butyrate inhibits human mast cell activation via epigenetic regulation of FcεRI-mediated signaling. Allergy 2020; 75:1966-1978. [PMID: 32112426 DOI: 10.1111/all.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are fermented dietary components that regulate immune responses, promote colonic health, and suppress mast cell-mediated diseases. However, the effects of SCFAs on human mast cell function, including the underlying mechanisms, remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of the SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) on mast cell-mediated pathology and human mast cell activation, including the molecular mechanisms involved. METHOD Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) of allergen-exposed guinea pigs were used to assess the effects of butyrate on allergic airway contraction. Human and mouse mast cells were co-cultured with SCFAs and assessed for degranulation after IgE- or non-IgE-mediated stimulation. The underlying mechanisms involved were investigated using knockout mice, small molecule inhibitors/agonists, and genomics assays. RESULTS Butyrate treatment inhibited allergen-induced histamine release and airway contraction in guinea pig PCLS. Propionate and butyrate, but not acetate, inhibited IgE- and non-IgE-mediated human or mouse mast cell degranulation in a concentration-dependent manner. Notably, these effects were independent of the stimulation of SCFA receptors GPR41, GPR43, or PPAR, but instead were associated with inhibition of histone deacetylases. Transcriptome analyses revealed butyrate-induced downregulation of the tyrosine kinases BTK, SYK, and LAT, critical transducers of FcεRI-mediated signals that are essential for mast cell activation. Epigenome analyses indicated that butyrate redistributed global histone acetylation in human mast cells, including significantly decreased acetylation at the BTK, SYK, and LAT promoter regions. CONCLUSION Known health benefits of SCFAs in allergic disease can, at least in part, be explained by epigenetic suppression of human mast cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA
- Dermatological Allergology, Dermatology and Allergy Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Frank Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bart Blokhuis
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Mariska P. M. Berg
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tobias Junt
- Department of Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | - See‐Ying Tam
- Department of Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA
| | - Stephen J. Galli
- Department of Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA
| | - Rudi W. Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ralph Stadhouders
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology Erasmus MC Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Dermatological Allergology, Dermatology and Allergy Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
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Catlett IM, Nowak M, Kundu S, Zheng N, Liu A, He B, Girgis IG, Grasela DM. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of branebrutinib (BMS-986195), a covalent, irreversible inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase: Randomised phase I, placebo-controlled trial in healthy participants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:1849-1859. [PMID: 32198939 PMCID: PMC7444767 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Branebrutinib (BMS‐986195) is a potent, highly selective, oral, small‐molecule, covalent inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). This study evaluated safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of branebrutinib in healthy participants. Methods This double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, single‐ and multiple‐ascending dose (SAD; MAD) Phase I study (NCT02705989) enrolled participants into 3 parts: SAD, MAD and JMAD (MAD in first‐generation Japanese participants). In each part, participants were randomised 3:1 to receive branebrutinib (SAD: 0.3–30 mg; [J]MAD: 0.3–10 mg) or placebo. Participants in the MAD parts received branebrutinib daily for 14 days and were followed for 14 days postdosing. Safety was assessed by monitoring, laboratory and physical examinations, vital signs, and recording adverse events (AEs). Pharmacodynamics were assessed with a mass spectrometry assay that measured drug‐occupied and free BTK. Results The SAD, MAD and JMAD parts of the study included 40, 32 and 24 participants. Branebrutinib was well tolerated and AEs were mild/moderate, except for 1 serious AE that led to discontinuation. Branebrutinib was rapidly absorbed, with maximum plasma concentration occurring within 1 hour and a half‐life of 1.2—1.7 hours, dropping to undetectable levels within 24 hours. BTK occupancy was rapid, with 100% occupancy reached after a single 10‐mg dose. BTK occupancy decayed predictably over time (mean half‐life in MAD panels: 115–154 hours), such that pharmacodynamic effects were maintained after branebrutinib plasma levels fell below the lower limit of quantification. Conclusion Rapid and high occupancy of BTK and the lack of notable safety findings support further clinical development of branebrutinib.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ang Liu
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Bing He
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Angst D, Gessier F, Janser P, Vulpetti A, Wälchli R, Beerli C, Littlewood-Evans A, Dawson J, Nuesslein-Hildesheim B, Wieczorek G, Gutmann S, Scheufler C, Hinniger A, Zimmerlin A, Funhoff EG, Pulz R, Cenni B. Discovery of LOU064 (Remibrutinib), a Potent and Highly Selective Covalent Inhibitor of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5102-5118. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Simonowski A, Wilhelm T, Habib P, Zorn CN, Huber M. Differential use of BTK and PLC in FcεRI- and KIT-mediated mast cell activation: A marginal role of BTK upon KIT activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118622. [PMID: 31837347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In mast cells (MCs), the TEC family kinase (TFK) BTK constitutes a central regulator of antigen (Ag)-triggered, FcεRI-mediated PLCγ phosphorylation, Ca2+ mobilization, degranulation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Less is known about the function of BTK in the context of stem cell factor (SCF)-induced KIT signaling. In bone marrow-derived MCs (BMMCs), Ag stimulation caused intense phosphorylation of BTK at Y551 in its active center and at Y223 in its SH3-domain, whereas in response to SCF only Y223 was significantly phosphorylated. Further data using the TFK inhibitor Ibrutinib indicated that BTK Y223 is phosphorylated by a non-BTK TFK upon SCF stimulation. In line, SCF-induced PLCγ1 phosphorylation was stronger attenuated by Ibrutinib than by BTK deficiency. Subsequent pharmacological analysis of PLCγ function revealed a total block of SCF-induced Ca2+ mobilization by PLC inhibition, whereas only the sustained phase of Ca2+ flux was curtailed in Ag-stimulated BMMCs. Despite this severe stimulus-dependent difference in inducing Ca2+ mobilization, PLCγ inhibition suppressed Ag- and SCF-induced degranulation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production to comparable extents, suggesting involvement of additional TFK(s) or PLCγ-dependent signaling components. In addition to PLCγ, the MAPKs p38 and JNK were activated by Ag in a BTK-dependent manner; this was not observed upon SCF stimulation. Hence, FcεRI and KIT employ different mechanisms for activating PLCγ, p38, and JNK, which might strengthen their cooperation regarding pro-inflammatory MC effector functions. Importantly, our data clearly demonstrate that analyzing BTK Y223 phosphorylation is not sufficient to prove BTK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Simonowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wilhelm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carolin N Zorn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Kridin K, Kowalski EH, Kneiber D, Laufer-Britva R, Amber KT. From bench to bedside: evolving therapeutic targets in autoimmune blistering disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:2239-2252. [PMID: 31314932 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune blistering diseases comprise a group of heterogenous conditions characterized by the loss of tolerance and subsequent development of autoantibodies targeting epidermal and subepidermal adhesion proteins. Blisters and erosions form on the skin and mucous membranes leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Traditional therapies rely on systemic immunosuppression. Advancements in our understanding of the pathophysiology of pemphigus and pemphigoid have led to the development of molecules which target specific pathways involved in induction and perpetuation of disease. In this review, we outline the novel therapeutic strategies including B-cell depletion, T-regulatory cell repletion, cell signalling inhibitors and small molecular inhibitors, inhibitory monoclonal antibodies, as well as complement inhibition. We additionally review their current level of clinical evidence. We lastly review therapeutics targets gleaned from the experimental epidermolysis bullosa acquisita mouse model. These emerging treatments offer an exciting progression from basic science discoveries that have the potential to transform the treatment paradigm in autoimmune blistering diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kridin
- Department of Dermatology, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - E H Kowalski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Kneiber
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R Laufer-Britva
- Department of Dermatology, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - K T Amber
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Yu HS, Gao C, Lupyan D, Wu Y, Kimura T, Wu C, Jacobson L, Harder E, Abel R, Wang L. Toward Atomistic Modeling of Irreversible Covalent Inhibitor Binding Kinetics. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:3955-3967. [PMID: 31425654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Covalent inhibitors have emerged as an important drug class in recent years, largely due to their many unique advantages as compared to noncovalent inhibitors, including longer duration of action, lower prolonged systemic exposure, higher potency, and selectivity. However, the potential off-target toxicity of covalent inhibitors, particularly of irreversible covalent inhibitors, represents a great challenge in covalent drug development. Therefore, accurate calculation of protein covalent inhibitor reaction kinetics to guide the design of selective inhibitors would greatly benefit covalent drug discovery efforts. In the present paper, we present a computational method to calculate the relative reaction kinetics between congeneric irreversible covalent inhibitors and their protein receptors. The method combines density functional theory calculations of the transition state barrier height of the rate-limiting step for reaction between the warhead of the inhibitor and a single protein residue, and molecular-mechanics-based free energy calculations to account for the interactions between the ligand in the transition state and the protein environment. The method was tested on four pharmaceutically interesting irreversible covalent binding systems involving 28 ligands; the mean unsigned error (MUE) of the relative reaction rate for all pairs of ligands between the predictions and experimental results for these tested systems is 0.79 log unit. This is to our knowledge the first time where the reaction kinetics of protein irreversible covalent inhibition have been directly calculated with physics-based free energy calculation methods and transition state theory. We anticipate the outstanding accuracy demonstrated here across a broad range of target classes will have a strong impact on the design of selective covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu S Yu
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street , New York , New York 10036 , United States
| | - Cen Gao
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis , Indiana 46285 , United States
| | - Dmitry Lupyan
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street , New York , New York 10036 , United States
| | - Yujie Wu
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street , New York , New York 10036 , United States
| | - Takayuki Kimura
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 101 SW Main Street, Suite 1300 , Portland , Oregon 97204 , United States
| | - Chuanjie Wu
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street , New York , New York 10036 , United States
| | - Leif Jacobson
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street , New York , New York 10036 , United States
| | - Edward Harder
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street , New York , New York 10036 , United States
| | - Robert Abel
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street , New York , New York 10036 , United States
| | - Lingle Wang
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street , New York , New York 10036 , United States
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Yang X, Liu Y, Guo X, Bai Q, Zhu X, Ren H, Chen Q, Yue T, Long F. Antiallergic activity of Lactobacillus plantarum against peanut allergy in a Balb/c mouse model. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2019.1631261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Liu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangyu Long
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
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Yamazaki T, Inui M, Hiemori K, Tomono S, Itoh M, Ichimonji I, Nakashima A, Takagi H, Biswas M, Izawa K, Kitaura J, Imai T, Sugiura N, Tateno H, Akashi-Takamura S. Receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) from Vibrio cholerae modulates IgE activity and reduces the initiation of anaphylaxis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6659-6669. [PMID: 30833330 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE plays a key role in allergies by binding to allergens and then sensitizing mast cells through the Fc receptor, resulting in the secretion of proinflammatory mediators. Therefore, IgE is a major target for managing allergies. Previous studies have reported that oligomannose on IgE can be a potential target to inhibit allergic responses. However, enzymes that can modulate IgE activity are not yet known. Here, we found that the commercial receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) (II) from Vibrio cholerae culture fluid specifically modulates IgE, but not IgG, and prevents the initiation of anaphylaxis. RDE (II)-treated IgE cannot access its binding site on bone marrow-derived mast cells, resulting in reduced release of histamine and cytokines. We also noted that RDE (II)-treated IgE could not induce passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mouse ears. Taken together, we concluded that RDE (II) modulates the IgE structure and renders it unable to mediate allergic responses. To reveal the mechanism by which RDE (II) interferes with IgE activity, we performed lectin microarray analysis to unravel the relationship between IgE modulation and glycosylation. We observed that RDE (II) treatment significantly reduced the binding of IgE to Lycopersicon esculentum lectin, which recognizes poly-N-acetylglucosamine and poly-N-acetyllactosamine. These results suggest that RDE (II) specifically modulates branched glycans on IgE, thereby interfering with its ability to induce allergic responses. Our findings may provide a basis for the development of drugs to inhibit IgE activity in allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Yamazaki
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195
| | - Masanori Inui
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195
| | - Keiko Hiemori
- the Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568
| | - Susumu Tomono
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195
| | - Makoto Itoh
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195
| | - Isao Ichimonji
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195
| | - Akina Nakashima
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195
| | - Hidekazu Takagi
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195
| | - Mrityunjoy Biswas
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195
| | - Kumi Izawa
- the Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421.,the Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639
| | - Jiro Kitaura
- the Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421.,the Division of Cellular Therapy/Division of Stem Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639
| | - Teruko Imai
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, and
| | - Nobuo Sugiura
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195
| | - Hiroaki Tateno
- the Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568
| | - Sachiko Akashi-Takamura
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195,
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41
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Stimulus strength determines the BTK-dependence of the SHIP1-deficient phenotype in IgE/antigen-triggered mast cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15467. [PMID: 30341350 PMCID: PMC6195619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen (Ag)-mediated crosslinking of IgE-loaded high-affinity receptors for IgE (FcεRI) on mast cells (MCs) triggers activation of proinflammatory effector functions relevant for IgE-associated allergic disorders. The cytosolic tyrosine kinase BTK and the SH2-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase SHIP1 are central positive and negative regulators of Ag-triggered MC activation, respectively, contrarily controlling Ca2+ mobilisation, degranulation, and cytokine production. Using genetic and pharmacological techniques, we examined whether BTK activation in Ship1-/- MCs is mandatory for the manifestation of the well-known hyperactive phenotype of Ship1-/- MCs. We demonstrate the prominence of BTK for the Ship1-/- phenotype in a manner strictly dependent on the strength of the initial Ag stimulus; particular importance for BTK was identified in Ship1-/- bone marrow-derived MCs in response to stimulation with suboptimal Ag concentrations. With respect to MAPK activation, BTK showed particular importance at suboptimal Ag concentrations, allowing for an analogous-to-digital switch resulting in full activation of ERK1/2 already at low Ag concentrations. Our data allow for a more precise definition of the role of BTK in FcεRI-mediated signal transduction and effector function in MCs. Moreover, they suggest that reduced activation or curtate expression of SHIP1 can be compensated by pharmacological inhibition of BTK and vice versa.
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Raf kinase inhibitor protein negatively regulates FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation and allergic response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9859-E9868. [PMID: 30282734 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805474115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling cascades triggered by the cross-linkage of immunoglobulin E (IgE) with its high-affinity receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells contribute to multiple allergic disorders, such as asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Restraint of intracellular signals for mast cell activation is essential to restore homeostasis. In this study, we found that Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) negatively regulated mast cell activation. RKIP-deficient mast cells showed greater IgE-FcεRI-mediated activation than wild-type mast cells. Consistently, RKIP deficiency in mast cells rendered mice more sensitive to IgE-FcεRI-mediated allergic responses and ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation. Mechanistically, RKIP interacts with the p85 subunit of PI3K, prevents it from binding to GRB2-associated binding protein 2 (Gab2), and eventually inhibits the activation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB complex and its downstream signaling. Furthermore, the expression of RKIP was significantly down-regulated in the peripheral blood of asthma patients and in the IgE-FcεRI-stimulated mast cells. Collectively, our findings not only suggest that RKIP plays an important role in controlling mast cell-mediated allergic responses but also provide insight into therapeutic targets for mast cell-related allergic diseases.
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43
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Harris CM, Foley SE, Goedken ER, Michalak M, Murdock S, Wilson NS. Merits and Pitfalls in the Characterization of Covalent Inhibitors of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 23:1040-1050. [PMID: 29991334 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218787445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro analysis of covalent inhibitors requires special consideration, due to the time-dependent and typically irreversible nature of their target interaction. While many analyses are reported for the characterization of a final candidate, it is less clear which are most useful in the lead optimization phase of drug discovery. In the context of identifying covalent inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), we evaluated multiple techniques for characterizing covalent inhibitors. Several methods qualitatively support the covalent mechanism of action or support a particular aspect of interaction but were not otherwise informative to differentiate inhibitors. These include the time dependence of IC50, substrate competition, mass spectrometry, and recovery of function after inhibitor removal at the biochemical and cellular level. A change in IC50 upon mutation of the targeted BTK C481 nucleophile or upon removal of the electrophilic moiety of the inhibitor was not always a reliable indicator of covalent inhibition. Determination of kinact and KI provides a quantitative description of covalent interactions but was challenging at scale and frequently failed to provide more than the ratio of the two values, kinact/KI. Overall, a combination of approaches is required to assess time-dependent, covalent, and irreversible inhibitors in a manner suitable to reliably advance drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sage E Foley
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Eric R Goedken
- 3 Foundational Immunology, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mark Michalak
- 4 Protein Sciences, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sara Murdock
- 1 Immunology Pharmacology, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Noel S Wilson
- 5 Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
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44
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Pal Singh S, Dammeijer F, Hendriks RW. Role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in B cells and malignancies. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:57. [PMID: 29455639 PMCID: PMC5817726 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a non-receptor kinase that plays a crucial role in oncogenic signaling that is critical for proliferation and survival of leukemic cells in many B cell malignancies. BTK was initially shown to be defective in the primary immunodeficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) and is essential both for B cell development and function of mature B cells. Shortly after its discovery, BTK was placed in the signal transduction pathway downstream of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). More recently, small-molecule inhibitors of this kinase have shown excellent anti-tumor activity, first in animal models and subsequently in clinical studies. In particular, the orally administered irreversible BTK inhibitor ibrutinib is associated with high response rates in patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL), including patients with high-risk genetic lesions. Because ibrutinib is generally well tolerated and shows durable single-agent efficacy, it was rapidly approved for first-line treatment of patients with CLL in 2016. To date, evidence is accumulating for efficacy of ibrutinib in various other B cell malignancies. BTK inhibition has molecular effects beyond its classic role in BCR signaling. These involve B cell-intrinsic signaling pathways central to cellular survival, proliferation or retention in supportive lymphoid niches. Moreover, BTK functions in several myeloid cell populations representing important components of the tumor microenvironment. As a result, there is currently a considerable interest in BTK inhibition as an anti-cancer therapy, not only in B cell malignancies but also in solid tumors. Efficacy of BTK inhibition as a single agent therapy is strong, but resistance may develop, fueling the development of combination therapies that improve clinical responses. In this review, we discuss the role of BTK in B cell differentiation and B cell malignancies and highlight the importance of BTK inhibition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Pal Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Room Ee2251a, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Post graduate school Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Dammeijer
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Room Ee2251a, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Post graduate school Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Room Ee2251a, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Mast cells and basophils represent the most relevant source of histamine in the immune system. Histamine is stored in cytoplasmic granules along with other amines (e.g., serotonin), proteases, proteoglycans, cytokines/chemokines, and angiogenic factors and rapidly released upon triggering with a variety of stimuli. Moreover, mast cell and basophil histamine release is regulated by several activating and inhibitory receptors. The engagement of different receptors can trigger different modalities of histamine release and degranulation. Histamine released from mast cells and basophils exerts its biological activities by activating four G protein-coupled receptors, namely H1R, H2R, H3R (expressed mainly in the brain), and the recently identified H4R. While H1R and H2R activation accounts mainly for some mast cell- and basophil-mediated allergic disorders, the selective expression of H4R on immune cells is uncovering new roles for histamine (possibly derived from mast cells and basophils) in allergic, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders. Thus, the in-depth knowledge of mast cell and basophil histamine release and its biologic effects is poised to uncover new therapeutic avenues for a wide spectrum of disorders.
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46
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Drube S, Grimlowski R, Deppermann C, Fröbel J, Kraft F, Andreas N, Stegner D, Dudeck J, Weber F, Rödiger M, Göpfert C, Drube J, Reich D, Nieswandt B, Dudeck A, Kamradt T. The Neurobeachin-like 2 Protein Regulates Mast Cell Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2948-2957. [PMID: 28887433 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The neurobeachin-like 2 protein (Nbeal2) belongs to the family of beige and Chediak-Higashi (BEACH) domain proteins. Loss-of-function mutations in the human NBEAL2 gene or Nbeal2 deficiency in mice cause gray platelet syndrome, a bleeding disorder characterized by macrothrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, and paucity of α-granules in megakaryocytes and platelets. We found that in mast cells, Nbeal2 regulates the activation of the Shp1-STAT5 signaling axis and the composition of the c-Kit/STAT signalosome. Furthermore, Nbeal2 mediates granule formation and restricts the expression of the transcription factors, IRF8, GATA2, and MITF as well as of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27, which are essential for mast cell differentiation, proliferation, and cytokine production. These data demonstrate the relevance of Nbeal2 in mast cells above and beyond granule biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Drube
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Randy Grimlowski
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Deppermann
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Fröbel
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; and
| | - Florian Kraft
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nico Andreas
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - David Stegner
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Dudeck
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; and
| | - Franziska Weber
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Mandy Rödiger
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Julia Drube
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Reich
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Dudeck
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; and
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
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47
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Dispenza MC, Regan JA, Bochner BS. Potential applications of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the prevention of allergic reactions. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:921-923. [PMID: 28829205 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1370374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C Dispenza
- a Division of Allergy and Immunology , Northwestern University , Chicago , USA
| | - Jennifer A Regan
- a Division of Allergy and Immunology , Northwestern University , Chicago , USA
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- a Division of Allergy and Immunology , Northwestern University , Chicago , USA
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48
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Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition Attenuates Liver Damage in a Mouse Warm Ischemia and Reperfusion Model. Transplantation 2017; 101:322-331. [PMID: 27820779 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a central player in multiple signaling pathways of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Myeloid cells are crucial early effectors in organ ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. BTKB66 is a selective, irreversible inhibitor of Btk. In this study, we hypothesized that Btk inhibition would reduce hepatocellular injury in a murine model of liver warm hepatic IR. METHODS First, BTKB66 was tested in in vitro models of lipopolysaccharide-mediated neutrophil and macrophage activation. Then, to assess its efficacy in vivo, BTKB66 was administered orally to mice for 7 days before subjecting them to 90 minutes of warm hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion for 6 or 24 hours. Clinical and pathologic features in the livers, including AST, ALT, and a panel of cytokines and chemokines, were examined. RESULTS BTKB66 potently inhibited lipopolysaccharide-mediated activation of bone marrow-derived neutrophils and macrophages in vitro. It also reduced the severity of IR injury as determined by AST and ALT levels, as well as immune cell infiltrates. BTKB66 significantly decreased hepatic markers of sterile inflammation, such as C-X-C motif chemokine 1, C-X-C motif chemokine 2, and C-X-C motif chemokine 10, in parallel with depression of serum markers of the myeloid cell activation, such as CCL5, CCL11, and C-X-C motif chemokine 5. CONCLUSIONS BTKB66 treatment ameliorated hepatocellular injury in a well-established model of liver partial warm ischemia and in situ reperfusion. These findings confirm that neutrophil recruitment and activation play an essential role in IR stress, and that targeting Btk activity may provide a useful approach for preventing hepatocellular damage and improving outcomes in liver transplantation.
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49
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Mediation of transitional B cell maturation in the absence of functional Bruton's tyrosine kinase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46029. [PMID: 28378771 PMCID: PMC5380950 DOI: 10.1038/srep46029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked immune-deficient (Xid) mice, carrying a mutation in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), have multiple B cell lineage differentiation defects. We now show that, while Xid mice showed only mild reduction in the frequency of the late transitional (T2) stage of peripheral B cells, the defect became severe when the Xid genotype was combined with either a CD40-null, a TCRbeta-null or an MHC class II (MHCII)-null genotype. Purified Xid T1 and T2 B cells survived poorly in vitro compared to wild-type (WT) cells. BAFF rescued WT but not Xid T1 and T2 B cells from death in culture, while CD40 ligation equivalently rescued both. Xid transitional B cells ex vivo showed low levels of the p100 protein substrate for non-canonical NF-kappaB signalling. In vitro, CD40 ligation induced equivalent activation of the canonical but not of the non-canonical NF-kappaB pathway in Xid and WT T1 and T2 B cells. CD40 ligation efficiently rescued p100-null T1 B cells from neglect-induced death in vitro. These data indicate that CD40-mediated signals, likely from CD4 T cells, can mediate peripheral transitional B cell maturation independent of Btk and the non-canonical NF-kappaB pathway, and thus contribute to the understanding of the complexities of peripheral B cell maturation.
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50
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Regan JA, Cao Y, Dispenza MC, Ma S, Gordon LI, Petrich AM, Bochner BS. Ibrutinib, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders, eliminates both aeroallergen skin test and basophil activation test reactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:875-879.e1. [PMID: 28389390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Regan
- Division of Allergy-Immunology and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Yun Cao
- Division of Allergy-Immunology and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Melanie C Dispenza
- Division of Allergy-Immunology and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Shuo Ma
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Leo I Gordon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Adam M Petrich
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy-Immunology and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
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