1
|
Haas KM. Noncanonical B Cells: Characteristics of Uncharacteristic B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1257-1265. [PMID: 37844278 PMCID: PMC10593487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes were originally described as a cell type uniquely capable of secreting Abs. The importance of T cell help in Ab production was revealed soon afterward. Following these seminal findings, investigators made great strides in delineating steps in the conventional pathway that B cells follow to produce high-affinity Abs. These studies revealed generalized, or canonical, features of B cells that include their developmental origin and paths to maturation, activation, and differentiation into Ab-producing and memory cells. However, along the way, examples of nonconventional B cell populations with unique origins, age-dependent development, tissue localization, and effector functions have been revealed. In this brief review, features of B-1a, B-1b, marginal zone, regulatory, killer, NK-like, age-associated, and atypical B cells are discussed. Emerging work on these noncanonical B cells and functions, along with the study of their significance for human health and disease, represents an exciting frontier in B cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McCaw TR, Lofftus SY, Crompton JG. Clonal redemption of B cells in cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277597. [PMID: 37965337 PMCID: PMC10640973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Potentially self-reactive B cells constitute a large portion of the peripheral B cell repertoire in both mice and humans. Maintenance of autoreactive B cell populations could conceivably be detrimental to the host but their conservation throughout evolution suggests performance of a critical and beneficial immune function. We discuss herein how the process of clonal redemption may provide insight to preservation of an autoreactive B cell pool in the context of infection and autoimmunity. Clonal redemption refers to additional recombination or hypermutation events decreasing affinity for self-antigen, while increasing affinity for foreign antigens. We then review findings in murine models and human patients to consider whether clonal redemption may be able to provide tumor antigen-specific B cells and how this may or may not predispose patients to autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph G. Crompton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suchanek O, Clatworthy MR. Homeostatic role of B-1 cells in tissue immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1106294. [PMID: 37744333 PMCID: PMC10515722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1106294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, studies of tissue-resident immunity have mainly focused on innate immune cells and T cells, with limited data on B cells. B-1 B cells are a unique subset of B cells with innate-like properties, enriched in murine pleural and peritoneal cavities and distinct from conventional B-2 cells in their ontogeny, phenotype and function. Here we discuss how B-1 cells represent exemplar tissue-resident immune cells, summarizing the evidence for their long-term persistence & self-renewal within tissues, differential transcriptional programming shaped by organ-specific environmental cues, as well as their tissue-homeostatic functions. Finally, we review the emerging data supporting the presence and homeostatic role of B-1 cells across non-lymphoid organs (NLOs) both in mouse and human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Suchanek
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oumeslakht L, Aziz AI, Bensussan A, Ben Mkaddem S. CD160 receptor in CLL: Current state and future avenues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1028013. [PMID: 36420268 PMCID: PMC9676924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD160 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface glycoprotein expressed on cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells and T-cell subsets. It plays a crucial role in the activation of NK-cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production. It also modulates the immune system and is involved in some pathologies, such as cancer. CD160 is abnormally expressed in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) but not expressed in normal B lymphocytes. Its expression in CLL enhances tumor cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. CD160 is also a potential prognostic marker for the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) in CLL, which is important for the clinical management of CLL, the prevention of disease relapse, and the achievement of complete remission. In this review, we present an overview of CD160 and its involvement in the pathophysiology of CLL. We also discuss its use as a prognostic marker for the assessment of MRD in CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Oumeslakht
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir, Morocco
| | - Abdel-ilah Aziz
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir, Morocco
| | - Armand Bensussan
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Institut Jean Godinot, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Reims, France
| | - Sanae Ben Mkaddem
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baumgarth N. Breaking the Paradigm: Selection of Self-Reactive Natural Antibodies. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1621-1623. [PMID: 36253068 PMCID: PMC9586457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This Pillars of Immunology article is a commentary on “Positive Selection of Natural Autoreactive B Cells,” a pivotal article written by K. Hayakawa, M. Asano, S. A. Shinton, M. Gui, D. Allman, C. L. Stewart, J. Silver, and R. R. Hardy, and published in Science, in 1999. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5424.113.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Newell KL, Cox J, Waickman AT, Wilmore JR, Winslow GM. T-bet + B cells Dominate the Peritoneal Cavity B Cell Response during Murine Intracellular Bacterial Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2749-2760. [PMID: 35867676 PMCID: PMC9309898 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
T-bet+ B cells have emerged as a major B cell subset associated with both protective immunity and immunopathogenesis. T-bet is a transcription factor associated with the type I adaptive immune response to intracellular pathogens, driving an effector program characterized by the production of IFN-γ. Murine infection with the intracellular bacterium, Ehrlichia muris, generates protective extrafollicular T cell-independent T-bet+ IgM-secreting plasmablasts, as well as T-bet+ IgM memory cells. Although T-bet is a signature transcription factor for this subset, it is dispensable for splenic CD11c+ memory B cell development, but not for class switching to IgG2c. In addition to the T-bet+ plasmablasts found in the spleen, we show that Ab-secreting cells can also be found within the mouse peritoneal cavity; these cells, as well as their CD138- counterparts, also expressed T-bet. A large fraction of the T-bet+ peritoneal B cells detected during early infection were highly proliferative and expressed CXCR3 and CD11b, but, unlike in the spleen, they did not express CD11c. T-bet+ CD11b+ memory B cells were the dominant B cell population in the peritoneal cavity at 30 d postinfection, and although they expressed high levels of T-bet, they did not require B cell-intrinsic T-bet expression for their generation. Our data uncover a niche for T-bet+ B cells within the peritoneal cavity during intracellular bacterial infection, and they identify this site as a reservoir for T-bet+ B cell memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Newell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Justin Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Adam T Waickman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Joel R Wilmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Gary M Winslow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bellos I, Boletis I, Lionaki S. A meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of maintenance therapies for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody small-vessel vasculitis. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7:1074-1083. [PMID: 35570996 PMCID: PMC9091778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To compare the efficacy and safety of different regimens used for maintenance of remission in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) vasculitis. Methods This network meta-analysis studied adult patients with ANCA vasculitis in complete remission, who were maintained with various regimens, excluding patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and those who have ended up in end-stage kidney disease. Outcomes of interest included relapse (any/major), relapse-free survival, and adverse effects. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar were systematically searched from inception. Results Overall, the meta-analysis was based on 10 reports, describing the outcomes of 7 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 752 patients with ANCA vasculitis. Relapse-free survival was significantly worse with the use of azathioprine (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.19–3.74), methotrexate (HR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.24–5.08), and mycophenolate mofetil (HR: 3.57, 95% CI: 1.70–7.46) compared with the use of rituximab. Outcomes estimated for azathioprine (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37–0.94), cyclophosphamide (HR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.20–0.75), and leflunomide (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.11–0.84) were better than those for mycophenolate mofetil. When examining relapse-free survival, relapses were more likely with use of azathioprine (odds ratio [OR]: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.00–4.59) and mycophenolate mofetil (OR: 4.42, 95% CI: 1.63–11.94) compared with the use of rituximab. The risk of major relapse calculated for azathioprine (OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.10–5.19), methotrexate (OR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.14–8.89), and mycophenolate mofetil (OR: 5.20, 95% CI: 1.65–16.37) was higher than that for rituximab. The rates of serious adverse effects did not differ significantly among interventions. Conclusion Rituximab appears predominant in maintaining remission in patients with ANCA vasculitis with no cost in adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Bellos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Boletis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Lionaki
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
- Department of Nephrology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: Sophia Lionaki, Department of Nephrology, Attikon University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, 12462 Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schuller M, Pfeifer V, Kirsch AH, Klötzer KA, Mooslechner AA, Rosenkranz AR, Stiegler P, Schemmer P, Sourij H, Eller P, Prietl B, Eller K. B Cell Composition Is Altered After Kidney Transplantation and Transitional B Cells Correlate With SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Response. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:818882. [PMID: 35187002 PMCID: PMC8847739 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.818882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has major implications on kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) since they show increased mortality due to impaired immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and a reduced efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Surprisingly, dialysis patients have shown superior seroconversion rates after vaccination compared to KTRs. Therefore, we investigated peripheral blood B cell (BC) composition before and after kidney transplantation (KT) and aimed to screen the BC compartment to explain impaired antibody generation. Methods A total of 105 patients were recruited, and multicolor flow cytometric phenotyping of peripheral venous blood BC subpopulations was performed before and 1 year after KT. Complete follow-up was available for 71 individuals. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were collected retrospectively and were available for 40 subjects, who had received two doses of an mRNA-based vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273). Results Overall, relative BC frequencies within lymphocytes decreased, and their absolute counts trended in the same direction 1 year after KT as compared to CKD G5 patients. Frequencies and absolute numbers of naïve BCs remained stable. Frequencies of double negative BCs, a heterogeneous subpopulation of antigen experienced BCs lacking CD27 expression, were increased after KT, yet their absolute counts were similar at both time points. Transitional BCs (TrBCs) and plasmablasts were significantly reduced after KT in absolute and relative terms. Memory BCs were affected differently since class-switched and IgM-only subsets decreased after KT, but unswitched and IgD-only memory BCs remained unchanged. CD86+ and CD5+ expression on BCs was downregulated after KT. Correlational analysis revealed that TrBCs were the only subset to correlate with titer levels after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Responders showed higher TrBCs, both absolute and relative, than non-responders. Conclusion Together, after 1 year, KTRs showed persistent and profound compositional changes within the BC compartment. Low TrBCs, 1 year after KT, may account for the low serological response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in KTRs compared to dialysis patients. Our findings need confirmation in further studies as they may guide vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Schuller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Verena Pfeifer
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed GmbH, Graz, Austria.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander H Kirsch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Konstantin A Klötzer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Agnes A Mooslechner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander R Rosenkranz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Stiegler
- General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Schemmer
- General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Sourij
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Eller
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Prietl
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed GmbH, Graz, Austria.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kathrin Eller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Getahun A. Role of inhibitory signaling in peripheral B cell tolerance*. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:27-42. [PMID: 35128676 PMCID: PMC8986582 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
At least 20% of B cells in the periphery expresses an antigen receptor with a degree of self-reactivity. If activated, these autoreactive B cells pose a risk as they can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. To prevent their activation, both B cell-intrinsic and extrinsic tolerance mechanisms are in place in healthy individuals. In this review article, I will focus on B cell-intrinsic mechanisms that prevent the activation of autoreactive B cells in the periphery. I will discuss how inhibitory signaling circuits are established in autoreactive B cells, focusing on the Lyn-SHIP-1-SHP-1 axis, how they contribute to peripheral immune tolerance, and how disruptions of these circuits can contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado SOM Aurora Colorado USA
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine National Jewish Health Denver Colorado USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Barington L, Christensen LVV, Pedersen KK, Niss Arfelt K, Roumain M, Jensen KHR, Kjær VMS, Daugvilaite V, Kearney JF, Christensen JP, Hjortø GM, Muccioli GG, Holst PJ, Rosenkilde MM. GPR183 Is Dispensable for B1 Cell Accumulation and Function, but Affects B2 Cell Abundance, in the Omentum and Peritoneal Cavity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030494. [PMID: 35159303 PMCID: PMC8834096 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B1 cells constitute a specialized subset of B cells, best characterized in mice, which is abundant in body cavities, including the peritoneal cavity. Through natural and antigen-induced antibody production, B1 cells participate in the early defense against bacteria. The G protein-coupled receptor 183 (GPR183), also known as Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2), is an oxysterol-activated chemotactic receptor that regulates migration of B cells. We investigated the role of GPR183 in B1 cells in the peritoneal cavity and omentum. B1 cells expressed GPR183 at the mRNA level and migrated towards the GPR183 ligand 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC). GPR183 knock-out (KO) mice had smaller omenta, but with normal numbers of B1 cells, whereas they had fewer B2 cells in the omentum and peritoneal cavity than wildtype (WT) mice. GPR183 was not responsible for B1 cell accumulation in the omentum in response to i.p. lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injection, in spite of a massive increase in 7α,25-OHC levels. Lack of GPR183 also did not affect B1a- or B1b cell-specific antibody responses after vaccination. In conclusion, we found that GPR183 is non-essential for the accumulation and function of B1 cells in the omentum and peritoneal cavity, but that it influences the abundance of B2 cells in these compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Line Barington
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Liv von Voss Christensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Kristian Kåber Pedersen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Kristine Niss Arfelt
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Martin Roumain
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.R.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Kristian Høj Reveles Jensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Viktoria Madeline Skovgaard Kjær
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - John F. Kearney
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Jan Pravsgaard Christensen
- Infectious Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Gertrud Malene Hjortø
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Giulio G. Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.R.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Experimental Vaccinology Group, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- InProTher ApS, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khani L, Jazayeri MH, Nedaeinia R, Bozorgmehr M, Nabavi SM, Ferns GA. The frequencies of peripheral blood CD5 +CD19 + B cells, CD3 -CD16 +CD56 + NK, and CD3 +CD56 + NKT cells and serum interleukin-10 in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 18:5. [PMID: 35031055 PMCID: PMC8760701 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-021-00596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica syndrome disease (NMOSD) are inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. The pathogenesis and treatments for these two conditions are very different. Natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells are immune cells with an important role in shaping the immune response. B cells are involved in antigen presentation as well as antibody and cytokine production. There is conflicting evidence of the roles of NK, NKT, and B cells in the two conditions. We aimed to compare the frequency of CD3-CD16+CD56+NK, CD3+ CD56+ NKT, and CD5+CD19+ B cells in the peripheral blood and serum Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in patients with MS and NMOSD. METHODS CD19+CD5+ B, CD3- CD16+CD56+ NK, and CD3+CD56+ NKT cells were quantitated by flow cytometry in 15 individuals with Interferon-Beta (IFN-β) treated relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 15 untreated RRMS, and 15 NMOSD patients as well as 30 healthy controls (HC). Serum IL-10 was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The percentage of CD3-CD56+CD16+ NK cells in the peripheral blood of IFN-treated MS (1.81 ± 0.87) was significantly lower than for untreated RRMS (4.74 ± 1.80), NMOSD (4.64 ± 1.26) and HC (5.83 ± 2.19) (p < 0.0001). There were also differences for the percentage of CD3-CD16+ and CD3-CD56+ cells (p < 0.001 and p < 0.0007; respectively). IFN-treated RRMS (2.89 ± 1.51) had the lowest proportion of CD3+CD56+ among the study groups (p < 0.002). Untreated RRMS (5.56 ± 3.04) and NMOSD (5.47 ± 1.24) had higher levels of CD3+CD56+ than the HC (3.16 ± 1.98). The mean percentage of CD19+CD5+ B cells in the peripheral blood of untreated RRMS patients (1.32 ± 0.67) was higher compared to the patients with NMOSD (0.30 ± 0.20), HC (0.5 ± 0.22) and IFN-treated RRMS (0.81 ± 0.17) (p < 0.0001). Serum interleukin-10 was significantly higher in the IFN-treated RRMS (8.06 ± 5.39) and in HC (8.38 ± 2.84) compared to untreated RRMS (5.07 ± 1.44) and the patients with NMOSD (5.33 ± 2.56) (p < 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The lower proportion of CD3-CD56+ CD16+ NK and CD3+CD56+ cells in peripheral blood of IFN-treated RRMS compared to other groups suggests the importance of immunomodulation in patients with RRMS disorder. Based on the differences in CD19+CD5+ B cells and serum IL-10 between patients and HC, supplementary assessments could be of value in clarifying their roles in autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Khani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O Box 14665-354, 14496-14535, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Hadi Jazayeri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O Box 14665-354, 14496-14535, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O Box 14665-354, 14496-14535, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Nedaeinia
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Bozorgmehr
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masood Nabavi
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PH, Sussex, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Update on B Cell Response in Periodontitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:175-193. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Lewis R, Maurer HC, Singh N, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Wirth M, Schick M, Zhang L, Isaakidis K, Scherger AK, Schulze V, Lu J, Zenz T, Steiger K, Rad R, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Espeli M, Balabanian K, Keller U, Habringer S. CXCR4 hyperactivation cooperates with TCL1 in CLL development and aggressiveness. Leukemia 2021; 35:2895-2905. [PMID: 34363012 PMCID: PMC8478649 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant CXCR4 activity has been implicated in lymphoma pathogenesis, disease progression, and resistance to therapies. Using a mouse model with a gain-of-function CXCR4 mutation (CXCR4C1013G) that hyperactivates CXCR4 signaling, we identified CXCR4 as a crucial activator of multiple key oncogenic pathways. CXCR4 hyperactivation resulted in an expansion of transitional B1 lymphocytes, which represent the precursors of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Indeed, CXCR4 hyperactivation led to a significant acceleration of disease onset and a more aggressive phenotype in the murine Eµ-TCL1 CLL model. Hyperactivated CXCR4 signaling cooperated with TCL1 to cause a distinct oncogenic transcriptional program in B cells, characterized by PLK1/FOXM1-associated pathways. In accordance, Eµ-TCL1;CXCR4C1013G B cells enriched a transcriptional signature from patients with Richter's syndrome, an aggressive transformation of CLL. Notably, MYC activation in aggressive lymphoma was associated with increased CXCR4 expression. In line with this finding, additional hyperactive CXCR4 signaling in the Eµ-Myc mouse, a model of aggressive B-cell cancer, did not impact survival. In summary, we here identify CXCR4 hyperactivation as a co-driver of an aggressive lymphoma phenotype.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Forkhead Box Protein M1/genetics
- Forkhead Box Protein M1/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lewis
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - H Carlo Maurer
- Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikita Singh
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Menendez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wirth
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Schick
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstandina Isaakidis
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Veronika Schulze
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Junyan Lu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Universitätsspital and Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marion Espeli
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, EMiLy, INSERM U1160, Paris, France
- CNRS, GDR3697 "Microenvironment of Tumor Niches", Micronit, France
- OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Karl Balabanian
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, EMiLy, INSERM U1160, Paris, France
- CNRS, GDR3697 "Microenvironment of Tumor Niches", Micronit, France
- OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Keller
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stefan Habringer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alotaibi F, Vincent M, Min WP, Koropatnick J. Reduced CD5 on CD8 + T Cells in Tumors but Not Lymphoid Organs Is Associated With Increased Activation and Effector Function. Front Immunol 2021; 11:584937. [PMID: 33584650 PMCID: PMC7876331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.584937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD5, a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily, is a marker for T cells and a subset of B cells (B1a). CD5 associates with T-cell and B-cell receptors and increased CD5 is an indication of B cell activation. In tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) isolated from lung cancer patients, CD5 levels were negatively correlated with anti-tumor activity and tumor‐mediated activation-induced T cell death, suggesting that CD5 could impair activation of anti-tumor T cells. We determined CD5 levels in T cell subsets in different organs in mice bearing syngeneic 4T1 breast tumor homografts and assessed the relationship between CD5 and increased T cell activation and effector function by flow cytometry. We report that T cell CD5 levels were higher in CD4+ T cells than in CD8+ T cells in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, and that high CD5 levels on CD4+ T cells were maintained in peripheral organs (spleen and lymph nodes). However, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recruited to tumors had reduced CD5 compared to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral organs. In addition, CD5high/CD4+ T cells and CD5high/CD8+ T cells from peripheral organs exhibited higher levels of activation and associated effector function compared to CD5low/CD4+ T cell and CD5low/CD8+ T cell from the same organs. Interestingly, CD8+ T cells among TILs and downregulated CD5 were activated to a higher level, with concomitantly increased effector function markers, than CD8+/CD5high TILs. Thus, differential CD5 levels among T cells in tumors and lymphoid organs can be associated with different levels of T cell activation and effector function, suggesting that CD5 may be a therapeutic target for immunotherapeutic activation in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faizah Alotaibi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Cancer Research Laboratory Program, London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Vincent
- Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Wei-Ping Min
- Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - James Koropatnick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Cancer Research Laboratory Program, London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Haselager MV, Kater AP, Eldering E. Proliferative Signals in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia; What Are We Missing? Front Oncol 2020; 10:592205. [PMID: 33134182 PMCID: PMC7578574 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.592205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells cycle between lymphoid tissue sites where they actively proliferate, and the peripheral blood (PB) where they become quiescent. Strong evidence exists for a crucial role of B cell receptor (BCR) triggering, either by (self-)antigen or by receptor auto-engagement in the lymph node (LN) to drive CLL proliferation and provide adhesion. The clinical success of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors is widely accepted to be based on blockade of the BCR signal. Additional signals in the LN that support CLL survival derive from surrounding cells, such as CD40L-presenting T helper cells, myeloid and stromal cells. It is not quite clear if and to what extent these non-BCR signals contribute to proliferation in situ. In vitro BCR triggering, in contrast, leads to low-level activation and does not result in cell division. Various combinations of non-BCR signals delivered via co-stimulatory receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and/or soluble cytokines are applied, leading to comparatively modest and short-lived CLL proliferation in vitro. Thus, an unresolved gap exists between the condition in the patient as we now understand it and applicable knowledge that can be harnessed in the laboratory for future therapeutic applications. Even in this era of targeted drugs, CLL remains largely incurable with frequent relapses and emergence of resistance. Therefore, we require better insight into all aspects of CLL growth and potential rewiring of signaling pathways. We aim here to provide an overview of in vivo versus in vitro signals involved in CLL proliferation, point out areas of missing knowledge and suggest future directions for research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco V. Haselager
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arnon P. Kater
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Moreno-Manuel A, Jantus-Lewintre E, Simões I, Aranda F, Calabuig-Fariñas S, Carreras E, Zúñiga S, Saenger Y, Rosell R, Camps C, Lozano F, Sirera R. CD5 and CD6 as immunoregulatory biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:1074-1083. [PMID: 32953486 PMCID: PMC7481598 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-19-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of immune surveillance in the tumour microenvironment is leading to the development of new biomarkers and therapies. The present research focuses on the expression of CD5 and CD6-two lymphocyte surface markers involved in the fine tuning of TCR signaling-as potential prognostic biomarkers in resectable stages of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS CD5 and CD6 gene expression was analysed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) in 186 paired fresh frozen tumour and normal tissue samples of resected NSCLC. RESULTS Patients with higher CD5 expression had significantly increased overall survival (OS, 49.63 vs. 99.90 months, P=0.013). CD5 expression levels were correlated to CD4 infiltration and expression levels, and survival analysis showed that patients with a higher CD5/CD4 + ratio had significantly improved prognosis. Multivariate analysis established CD5 expression as an independent prognostic biomarker for OS in early stages of NSCLC (HR=0.554; 95% CI, 0.360-0.853; P=0.007). Further survival analysis of NSCLC cases (n=97) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, confirmed the prognostic value of both CD5 and CD6 expression¸ although CD6 expression alone did not reach significant prognostic value in our NSCLC training cohort. CONCLUSIONS Our data support further studies on CD5 and CD6 as novel prognostic markers in resectable NSCLC and other cancer types (i.e., melanoma), as well as a role for these receptors in immune surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moreno-Manuel
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eloisa Jantus-Lewintre
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ines Simões
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptative System, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptative System, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Calabuig-Fariñas
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Carreras
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptative System, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheila Zúñiga
- Unidad de Medicina de Precisión en Oncología Traslacional, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yvonne Saenger
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Carlos Camps
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptative System, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d’Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Sirera
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- TRIAL Mixed Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Agazio A, Cimons J, Shotts KM, Guo K, Santiago ML, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Histone H2A-Reactive B Cells Are Functionally Anergic in Healthy Mice With Potential to Provide Humoral Protection Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1565. [PMID: 32849530 PMCID: PMC7396680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance is essential for silencing weakly autoreactive B cells that have escaped central tolerance, but it is unclear why these potentially pathogenic B cells are retained rather than being eliminated entirely. Release from peripheral tolerance restraint can occur under certain circumstances (i.e., strong TLR stimulus), that are present during infection. In this regard, we hypothesized that autoreactive B cells could function as a reserve population that can be activated to contribute to the humoral immune response, particularly with pathogens, such as HIV-1, that exploit immune tolerance to avoid host defense. In this study, we identify a population of autoreactive B cells with the potential to neutralize HIV-1 and experimentally release them from the functional restrictions of peripheral tolerance. We have previously identified murine monoclonal antibodies that displayed autoreactivity against histone H2A and neutralized HIV-1 in vitro. Here, we identify additional H2A-reactive IgM monoclonal antibodies and demonstrate that they are both autoreactive and polyreactive with self and foreign antigens and are able to neutralize multiple clades of tier 2 HIV-1. Flow cytometric analysis of H2A-reactive B cells in naïve wildtype mice revealed that these B cells are present in peripheral B cell populations and we further document that murine H2A-reactive B cells are restrained by peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Specifically, we show endogenous H2A-reactive B cells display increased expression of the inhibitory mediators CD5 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) phosphatase and fail to mobilize calcium upon immunoreceptor stimulation; all characterized markers of anergy. Moreover, we show that toll-like receptor stimulation or provision of CD4 T cell help induces the in vitro production of H2A-reactive antibodies, breaking tolerance. Thus, we have identified a novel poly/autoreactive B cell population that has the potential to neutralize HIV-1 but is silenced by immune tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Agazio
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer Cimons
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kristin M. Shotts
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
High CXCR3 on Leukemic Cells Distinguishes IgHV mut from IgHV unmut in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Evidence from CD5 high and CD5 low Clones. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:7084268. [PMID: 32802894 PMCID: PMC7322588 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7084268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the shared pattern of surface antigens, neoplastic cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are highly heterogeneous in CD5 expression, a marker linked to a proliferative pool of neoplastic cells. To further characterize CD5high and CD5low neoplastic cells, we assessed the chemokine receptors (CCR5, CCR7, CCR10, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5) and adhesion molecules (CD54, CD62L, CD49d) on the CD5high and CD5low subpopulations, defined by CD5/CD19 coexpression, in peripheral blood of CLL patients (n = 60) subgrouped according to the IgHV mutational status (IgHVmut, n = 24; IgHVunmut, n = 36). CD5high subpopulation showed a high percentage of CXCR3 (P < 0.001), CCR10 (P = 0.001), and CD62L (P = 0.031) and high levels of CXCR5 (P = 0.005), CCR7 (P = 0.013) compared to CD5low cells expressing high CXCR4 (P < 0.001). Comparing IgHVmut and IgHVunmut patients, high levels of CXCR3 on CD5high and CD5low subpopulations were detected in the IgHVmut patients, with better discrimination in CD5low subpopulation. Levels of CXCR3 on CD5low subpopulation were associated with time to the next treatment, thus further confirming its prognostic value. Taken together, our analysis revealed higher CXCR3 expression on both CD5high and CD5low neoplastic cells in IgHVmut with a better prognosis compared to IgHVunmut patients. Contribution of CXCR3 to CLL pathophysiology and its suitability for prognostication and therapeutic exploitation deserves future investigations.
Collapse
|
19
|
Nfkbie-deficiency leads to increased susceptibility to develop B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders in aged mice. Blood Cancer J 2020; 10:38. [PMID: 32170099 PMCID: PMC7070037 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-020-0305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant NF-κB activation is a hallmark of most B-cell malignancies. Recurrent inactivating somatic mutations in the NFKBIE gene, which encodes IκBε, an inhibitor of NF-κB-inducible activity, are reported in several B-cell malignancies with highest frequencies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, and account for a fraction of NF-κB pathway activation. The impact of NFKBIE deficiency on B-cell development and function remains, however, largely unknown. Here, we show that Nfkbie-deficient mice exhibit an amplification of marginal zone B cells and an expansion of B1 B-cell subsets. In germinal center (GC)-dependent immune response, Nfkbie deficiency triggers expansion of GC B-cells through increasing cell proliferation in a B-cell autonomous manner. We also show that Nfkbie deficiency results in hyperproliferation of a B1 B-cell subset and leads to increased NF-κB activation in these cells upon Toll-like receptor stimulation. Nfkbie deficiency cooperates with mutant MYD88 signaling and enhances B-cell proliferation in vitro. In aged mice, Nfkbie absence drives the development of an oligoclonal indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, resembling monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Collectively, these findings shed light on an essential role of IκBε in finely tuning B-cell development and function.
Collapse
|
20
|
Vanhee S, Åkerstrand H, Kristiansen TA, Datta S, Montano G, Vergani S, Lang S, Ungerbäck J, Doyle A, Olsson K, Beneventi G, Jensen CT, Bellodi C, Soneji S, Sigvardsson M, Gyllenbäck EJ, Yuan J. Lin28b controls a neonatal to adult switch in B cell positive selection. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:4/39/eaax4453. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of B-1 cells to become positively selected into the mature B cell pool, despite being weakly self-reactive, has puzzled the field since its initial discovery. Here, we explore changes in B cell positive selection as a function of developmental time by exploiting a link between CD5 surface levels and the natural occurrence of self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs) in BCR wild-type mice. We show that the heterochronic RNA binding protein Lin28b potentiates a neonatal mode of B cell selection characterized by enhanced overall positive selection in general and the developmental progression of CD5+immature B cells in particular. Lin28b achieves this by amplifying the CD19/PI3K/c-Myc positive feedback loop, and ectopic Lin28b expression restores both positive selection and mature B cell numbers in CD19−/−adult mice. Thus, the temporally restricted expression ofLin28brelaxes the rules for B cell selection during ontogeny by modulating tonic signaling. We propose that this neonatal mode of B cell selection represents a cell-intrinsic cue to accelerate the de novo establishment of the adaptive immune system and incorporate a layer of natural antibody-mediated immunity throughout life.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tsai DY, Hung KH, Chang CW, Lin KI. Regulatory mechanisms of B cell responses and the implication in B cell-related diseases. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:64. [PMID: 31472685 PMCID: PMC6717636 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminally differentiated B cell, the plasma cell, is the sole cell type capable of producing antibodies in our body. Over the past 30 years, the identification of many key molecules controlling B cell activation and differentiation has elucidated the molecular pathways for generating antibody-producing plasma cells. Several types of regulation modulating the functions of the important key molecules in B cell activation and differentiation add other layers of complexity in shaping B cell responses following antigen exposure in the absence or presence of T cell help. Further understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the proper activation and differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells may enable us to develop new strategies for managing antibody humoral responses during health and disease. Herein, we reviewed the effect of different types of regulation, including transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional regulation and epigenetic regulation, on B cell activation, and on mounting memory B cell and antibody responses. We also discussed the link between the dysregulation of the abovementioned regulatory mechanisms and B cell-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yan Tsai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kreuk LSM, Koch MA, Slayden LC, Lind NA, Chu S, Savage HP, Kantor AB, Baumgarth N, Barton GM. B cell receptor and Toll-like receptor signaling coordinate to control distinct B-1 responses to both self and the microbiota. eLife 2019; 8:e47015. [PMID: 31433298 PMCID: PMC6703855 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
B-1a cells play an important role in mediating tissue homeostasis and protecting against infections. They are the main producers of 'natural' IgM, spontaneously secreted serum antibodies predominately reactive to self antigens, like phosphatidylcholine (PtC), or antigens expressed by the intestinal microbiota. The mechanisms that regulate the B-1a immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire and their antibody secretion remain poorly understood. Here, we use a novel reporter mouse to demonstrate that production of self- and microbiota-reactive antibodies is linked to BCR signaling in B-1a cells. Moreover, we show that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical for shaping the Ig repertoire of B-1a cells as well as regulating their antibody production. Strikingly, we find that both the colonization of a microbiota as well as microbial-sensing TLRs are required for anti-microbiota B-1a responses, whereas nucleic-acid sensing TLRs are required for anti-PtC responses, demonstrating that linked activation of BCR and TLRs controls steady state B-1a responses to both self and microbiota-derived antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte SM Kreuk
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Meghan A Koch
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Leianna C Slayden
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Nicholas A Lind
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Sophia Chu
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Hannah P Savage
- Center for Comparative MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Aaron B Kantor
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Savage HP, Kläsener K, Smith FL, Luo Z, Reth M, Baumgarth N. TLR induces reorganization of the IgM-BCR complex regulating murine B-1 cell responses to infections. eLife 2019; 8:e46997. [PMID: 31433296 PMCID: PMC6703853 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, neonatally-developing, self-reactive B-1 cells generate steady levels of natural antibodies throughout life. B-1 cells can, however, also rapidly respond to infections with increased local antibody production. The mechanisms regulating these two seemingly very distinct functions are poorly understood, but have been linked to expression of CD5, an inhibitor of BCR-signaling. Here we demonstrate that TLR-mediated activation of CD5+ B-1 cells induced the rapid reorganization of the IgM-BCR complex, leading to the eventual loss of CD5 expression, and a concomitant increase in BCR-downstream signaling, both in vitro and in vivo after infections of mice with influenza virus and Salmonella typhimurium. Both, initial CD5 expression and TLR-mediated stimulation, were required for the differentiation of B-1 cells to IgM-producing plasmablasts after infections. Thus, TLR-mediated signals support participation of B-1 cells in immune defense via BCR-complex reorganization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Savage
- Center for Comparative MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- Graduate Group in ImmunologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Kathrin Kläsener
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Department of Molecular ImmunologyInstitute of Biology III at the Faculty of Biology of the University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Fauna L Smith
- Graduate Group in ImmunologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- Integrated Pathobiology Graduate GroupUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Zheng Luo
- Center for Comparative MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Michael Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Department of Molecular ImmunologyInstitute of Biology III at the Faculty of Biology of the University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- Graduate Group in ImmunologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- Integrated Pathobiology Graduate GroupUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
B-1 cells represent an innate-like early-developing B cell population, whose existence as an independent lymphocyte subset has been questioned in the past. Recent molecular and lineage tracing studies have not only confirmed their unique origins and differentiation paths, they have also provided a rationale for their distinctive functionalities compared to conventional B cells. This review summarizes our current understanding of B-1 cell development, and the activation events that regulate B-1 cell responses to self and foreign antigens. We discuss the unresolved question to what extent BCR engagement, that is, antigen-specificity versus innate signaling contributes to B-1 cell's participation in tissue homeostasis and immune defense as providers of 'natural' and antigen-induced antibody responses, and as cytokine-producing immune regulators.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abós B, Bird S, Granja AG, Morel E, More Bayona JA, Barreda DR, Tafalla C. Identification of the First Teleost CD5 Molecule: Additional Evidence on Phenotypical and Functional Similarities between Fish IgM + B Cells and Mammalian B1 Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:465-480. [PMID: 29866701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite teleost fish being the first animal group in which all elements of adaptive immunity are present, the lack of follicular structures, as well as the fact that systemic Ab responses rely exclusively on unswitched low-affinity IgM responses, strongly suggests that fish B cell responses resemble mammalian B1 cell responses rather than those of B2 cells. In line with this hypothesis, in the current study, we have identified a homolog of CD5 in teleost fish. This pan-T marker belonging to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family of receptors is commonly used in mammals to distinguish a subset of B1 cells. Subsequently, we have demonstrated that a very high percentage of teleost IgM+ B cells express this marker, in contrast to the limited population of CD5-expressing B1 cells found in most mammals. Furthermore, we demonstrate that fish IgM+ B cells share classical phenotypic features of mammalian B1 cells such as large size, high complexity, high surface IgM, and low surface IgD expression, regardless of CD5 expression. Additionally, fish IgM+ B cells, unlike murine B2 cells, also displayed extended survival in cell culture and did not proliferate after BCR engagement. Altogether, our results demonstrate that although fish are evolutionarily the first group in which all the elements of acquired immunity are present, in the absence of follicular structures, most teleost IgM+ B cells have retained phenotypical and functional characteristics of mammalian B1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Abós
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Madrid 28130, Spain
| | - Steve Bird
- Biomedical Unit, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; and
| | - Aitor G Granja
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Madrid 28130, Spain
| | - Esther Morel
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Madrid 28130, Spain
| | - Juan A More Bayona
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Baumgarth N. A Hard(y) Look at B-1 Cell Development and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3387-3394. [PMID: 29109178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A small population of B cells exists in lymphoid tissues and body cavities of mice that is distinct in development, phenotype, and function from the majority (B-2) B cell population. This population, originally termed "Ly-1" and now "B-1," has received renewed interest as an innate-like B cell population of fetal-derived hematopoiesis, responsible for natural Ab production and rapid immune responses. Molecular analyses have begun to define fetal and adult hematopoiesis, while cell-fate mapping studies have revealed complex developmental origins of B-1 cells. Together the studies provide a more detailed understanding of B-1 cell regulation and function. This review outlines studies that defined B-1 cells as natural Ab- and cytokine-producing B cells of fetal origin, with a focus on work conducted by R.R. Hardy, an early pioneer and codiscoverer of B-1 cells, whose seminal contributions enhanced our understanding of this enigmatic B cell population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gudbrandsdottir S, Brimnes M, Køllgaard T, Hasselbalch HC, Nielsen CH. Effects of rituximab and dexamethasone on regulatory and proinflammatory B-cell subsets in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Eur J Haematol 2017; 100:45-52. [PMID: 28960473 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the cytokine production and surface marker composition of B cells in adult patients with newly diagnosed primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) before and 12 months after treatment with rituximab + dexamethasone (RTX+DXM) or dexamethasone (DXM). METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from nine patients treated with RTX+DXM, seven patients treated with DXM, and seven healthy donors. Expression of the cell-surface markers CD5, CD27, CD25, and CD19, and intracellular content of IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS PBMCs from ITP patients at baseline contained a lower proportion of IL-10+ B cells (P < .01) and IL-6+ B cells (P < .01) than healthy controls. All patients responded to therapy and levels were normalized at 12 months. The proportion of CD5+ B cells increased (P < .01) and CD27+ memory B cells decreased (P < .05) 12 months after treatment with RTX+DXM compared to baseline, with an inverse correlation between platelet numbers and the proportion of CD27+ B cells (R = -0.71; P < .05). CONCLUSION Both treatment regimens normalized the frequencies of cytokine-producing B cells. The additional increase in CD5+ B cells after RTX+DXM is compatible with induction of Bregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sif Gudbrandsdottir
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Hematology, Roskilde Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Brimnes
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tania Køllgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Prieto J, Felippe M. Development, phenotype, and function of non-conventional B cells. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 54:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
29
|
Omar HH, Nasef SI, Omar HH, Ghaly MS. CD5+ B lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: relation to disease activity. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 36:2719-2726. [PMID: 28918596 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3818-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
B cells are essential players in the pathogenic mechanisms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although CD5+ B cells have been considered to play a paradoxical role in preventing, rather than inducing autoimmunity, there is no consensus agreement about the proportions of CD5+ B cells population in SLE patients. So, the aim of the present study was to assess blood concentration of CD5+ B cells in patients with SLE and to evaluate their relationship with disease activity and organ damage. We recruited 100 SLE patients and 100 healthy control subjects. Based on SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI), patients were divided into two groups: active SLE (n = 50) and inactive SLE (n = 50). SLE was active when SLEDAI was ≥ 4. The expression of CD5+ B cells was evaluated using flow cytometry to measure the proportions and absolute numbers of the cells. The proportions of CD5+ B cells of total lymphocytes were significantly lower in SLE patients versus controls (4.1 ± 3.9 vs 10.8 ± 5.2%, P = <0.001). CD5+ B cells were significantly decreased in active SLE patients (3.1 ± 2.7%) in comparison to inactive patients (5.2 ± 3.7%) (P = 0.013). CD5+ B cells correlated positively with C3 (r = 0.328, P = 0.020) and C4 (r = 0.355, P = 0.011). CD5+ B cells were significantly decreased in SLE patients compared to healthy controls and they were significantly decreased in active SLE patients in comparison to inactive ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Hassan Omar
- Clinical Pathology department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Samah Ismail Nasef
- Physical Medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41111, Egypt.
| | - Hamdy Hassan Omar
- Internal Medicine department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mona Sayed Ghaly
- Physical Medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41111, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ahmetspahic D, Schwarte K, Ambrée O, Bürger C, Falcone V, Seiler K, Kooybaran MR, Grosse L, Roos F, Scheffer J, Jörgens S, Koelkebeck K, Dannlowski U, Arolt V, Scheu S, Alferink J. Altered B Cell Homeostasis in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder and Normalization of CD5 Surface Expression on Regulatory B Cells in Treatment Responders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 13:90-99. [PMID: 28905187 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory activity and cell-mediated immune responses have been widely observed in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Besides their well-known function as antibody-producers, B cells play a key role in inflammatory responses by secreting pro- and anti-inflammatory factors. However, homeostasis of specific B cell subsets has not been comprehensively investigated in MDD. In this study, we characterized circulating B cells of distinct developmental steps including transitional, naïve-mature, antigen-experienced switched, and non-switched memory cells, plasmablasts and regulatory B cells by multi-parameter flow cytometry. In a 6-weeks follow-up, circulating B cells were monitored in a small group of therapy responders and non-responders. Frequencies of naïve lgD+CD27- B cells, but not lgD+CD27+ memory B cells, were reduced in severely depressed patients as compared to healthy donors (HD) or mildly to moderately depressed patients. Specifically, B cells with immune-regulatory capacities such as CD1d+CD5+ B cells and CD24+CD38hi transitional B cells were reduced in MDD. Also Bm1-Bm5 classification in MDD revealed reduced Bm2' cells comprising germinal center founder cells as well as transitional B cells. We further found that reduced CD5 surface expression on transitional B cells was associated with severe depression and normalized exclusively in clinical responders. This study demonstrates a compromised peripheral B cell compartment in MDD with a reduction in B cells exhibiting a regulatory phenotype. Recovery of CD5 surface expression on transitional B cells in clinical response, a molecule involved in activation and down-regulation of B cell responses, further points towards a B cell-dependent process in the pathogenesis of MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ahmetspahic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schwarte
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Ambrée
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Bürger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Vladislava Falcone
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Seiler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mehrdad Rahbar Kooybaran
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Laura Grosse
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Fernand Roos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Scheffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Silke Jörgens
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katja Koelkebeck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, University of Münster, Münster, Germany. .,Alexianer Hospital for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mekuria ZH, El-Hage C, Ficorilli NP, Washington EA, Gilkerson JR, Hartley CA. Mapping B lymphocytes as major reservoirs of naturally occurring latent equine herpesvirus 5 infection. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:461-470. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem H Mekuria
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Centre, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nino P Ficorilli
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Washington
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - James R Gilkerson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Carol A Hartley
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Devarapu SK, Lorenz G, Kulkarni OP, Anders HJ, Mulay SR. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Autoimmunity and Lupus Nephritis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 332:43-154. [PMID: 28526137 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity involves immune responses directed against self, which are a result of defective self/foreign distinction of the immune system, leading to proliferation of self-reactive lymphocytes, and is characterized by systemic, as well as tissue-specific, inflammation. Numerous mechanisms operate to ensure the immune tolerance to self-antigens. However, monogenetic defects or genetic variants that weaken immune tolerance render susceptibility to the loss of immune tolerance, which is further triggered by environmental factors. In this review, we discuss the phenomenon of immune tolerance, genetic and environmental factors that influence the immune tolerance, factors that induce autoimmunity such as epigenetic and transcription factors, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, extracellular vesicles, ion channels, and lipid mediators, as well as costimulatory or coinhibitory molecules that contribute to an autoimmune response. Further, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of autoimmune tissue injury and inflammation during systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Devarapu
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - G Lorenz
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Abteilung für Nephrologie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - H-J Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - S R Mulay
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Garaud S, Taher TE, Debant M, Burgos M, Melayah S, Berthou C, Parikh K, Pers JO, Luque-Paz D, Chiocchia G, Peppelenbosch M, Isenberg DA, Youinou P, Mignen O, Renaudineau Y, Mageed RA. CD5 expression promotes IL-10 production through activation of the MAPK/Erk pathway and upregulation of TRPC1 channels in B lymphocytes. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 15:158-170. [PMID: 27499044 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD5 is constitutively expressed on T cells and a subset of mature normal and leukemic B cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Important functional properties are associated with CD5 expression in B cells, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation, IL-10 production and the promotion of B-lymphocyte survival and transformation. However, the pathway(s) by which CD5 influences the biology of B cells and its dependence on B-cell receptor (BCR) co-signaling remain unknown. In this study, we show that CD5 expression activates a number of important signaling pathways, including Erk1/2, leading to IL-10 production through a novel pathway independent of BCR engagement. This pathway is dependent on extracellular calcium (Ca2+) entry facilitated by upregulation of the transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) protein. We also show that Erk1/2 activation in a subgroup of CLL patients is associated with TRPC1 overexpression. In this subgroup of CLL patients, small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) for CD5 reduces TRPC1 expression. Furthermore, siRNAs for CD5 or for TRPC1 inhibit IL-10 production. These findings provide new insights into the role of CD5 in B-cell biology in health and disease and could pave the way for new treatment strategies for patients with B-CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soizic Garaud
- INSERM ERI29/EA2216, réseau epigenetique and réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, Brest University Medical School, Brest 29609, France
| | - Taher E Taher
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Marjolaine Debant
- INSERM ERI29/EA2216, réseau epigenetique and réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, Brest University Medical School, Brest 29609, France
| | - Miguel Burgos
- Canalopathy and Calcium Signaling, INSERM UMR1078, Brest 29238, France
| | - Sarra Melayah
- INSERM ERI29/EA2216, réseau epigenetique and réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, Brest University Medical School, Brest 29609, France
| | - Christian Berthou
- INSERM ERI29/EA2216, réseau epigenetique and réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, Brest University Medical School, Brest 29609, France
| | - Kaushal Parikh
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- INSERM ERI29/EA2216, réseau epigenetique and réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, Brest University Medical School, Brest 29609, France
| | - Damien Luque-Paz
- INSERM ERI29/EA2216, réseau epigenetique and réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, Brest University Medical School, Brest 29609, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Morvan, Brest 29609, France
| | | | - Maikel Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, 015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David A Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Pierre Youinou
- INSERM ERI29/EA2216, réseau epigenetique and réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, Brest University Medical School, Brest 29609, France
| | - Olivier Mignen
- Canalopathy and Calcium Signaling, INSERM UMR1078, Brest 29238, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- INSERM ERI29/EA2216, réseau epigenetique and réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, Brest University Medical School, Brest 29609, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Morvan, Brest 29609, France
| | - Rizgar A Mageed
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang J, Wan M, Ren J, Gao J, Fu M, Wang G, Liu Y, Li W. Positive selection of B10 cells is determined by BCR specificity and signaling strength. Cell Immunol 2016; 304-305:27-34. [PMID: 27132875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
B10 cells, a regulatory B cell subset, negatively regulate immune responses in an IL-10-dependent manner. However, the mechanism of B10 cell development is unclear. We found that B10 cells mainly identified self-antigens. TgVH3B4 transgenic mice, whose VH was derived from an actin-reactive natural antibody, exhibit elevated numbers of actin-binding B10 cells. Immunization of TgVH3B4 mice with actin induced elevated B10 cell numbers in an antigen-specific manner, indicating positive selection of B10 cells by self-antigens. Furthermore, higher BCR signaling strength facilitated B10 cell development. We also observed that actin-reactive IgG levels were unchanged in TgVH3B4 mice after immunization with actin in contrast to the elevated OVA-reactive IgG level after immunization with OVA, indicating that B10 cells acted in an antigen-specific manner to inhibit the immune response. Our data demonstrate for the first time that B10 cells are positively selected by self-reactivity and that higher BCR signaling strength promotes B10 cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jigang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ming Wan
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jing Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jixin Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Meng Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sutton LA, Rosenquist R. The complex interplay between cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors driving the evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:22-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
36
|
Hardy RR, Hayakawa K. Perspectives on fetal derived CD5+ B1 B cells. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2978-84. [PMID: 26339791 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD5(+) B-cell origins and their predisposition to lymphoma are long-standing issues. Transfer of fetal and adult liver BM Pro-B cells generates B cells with distinct phenotypes: fetal cells generate IgM(high) IgD(low) CD5(+) , whereas adult cells IgM(low) IgD(high) CD5(-) . This suggests a developmental switch in B lymphopoiesis, similar to the switch in erythropoiesis. Comparison of mRNA and miRNA expression in fetal and adult Pro-B cells revealed differential expression of Lin28b mRNA and Let-7 miRNA, providing evidence that this regulatory axis functions in the switch. Recent work has shown that Arid3a is a key transcription factor mediating fetal-type B-cell development. Lin28b-promoted fetal development generates CD5(+) B cells as a consequence of positively selected self-reactivity. CD5(+) B cells play important roles in clearance of apoptotic cells and in protective immune responses, but also pose a risk of progression to leukemia/lymphoma. Differential Lin28b expression in fetal and adult human B-cell precursors showed that human B-cell development may resemble mouse, with self-reactive "innate-like" B cells generated early in life. It remains to be determined whether such human B cells have a higher propensity to leukemic progression. This review describes our recent research with CD5(+) B cells and presents our perspective on their role in disease.
Collapse
|
37
|
Sim JH, Kim HR, Chang SH, Kim IJ, Lipsky PE, Lee J. Autoregulatory function of interleukin-10-producing pre-naïve B cells is defective in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2015. [PMID: 26209442 PMCID: PMC4515025 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre-naïve B cells represent an intermediate stage in human B-cell development with some functions of mature cells, but their involvement in immune responses is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the functional role of normal pre-naïve B cells during immune responses and possible abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that might contribute to disease pathogenesis. METHODS Pre-naïve, naïve, and memory B cells from healthy individuals and SLE patients were stimulated through CD40 and were analyzed for interleukin-10 (IL-10) production and co-stimulatory molecule expression and their regulation of T-cell activation. Autoreactivity of antibodies produced by pre-naïve B cells was tested by measuring immunoglobulin M (IgM) autoantibodies in culture supernatants after differentiation. RESULTS CD40-stimulated pre-naïve B cells produce larger amounts of IL-10 but did not suppress CD4(+) T-cell cytokine production. Activated pre-naïve B cells demonstrated IL-10-mediated ineffective promotion of CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and induction of CD4(+)FoxP3(+) T cells and IL-10 independent impairment of co-stimulatory molecule expression and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 production. IgM antibodies produced by differentiated pre-naïve B cells were reactive to single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid. SLE pre-naïve B cells were defective in producing IL-10, and co-stimulatory molecule expression was enhanced, resulting in promotion of robust CD4(+) T-cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS There is an inherent and IL-10-mediated mechanism that limits the capacity of normal pre-naïve B cells from participating in cellular immune response, but these cells can differentiate into autoantibody-secreting plasma cells. In SLE, defects in IL-10 secretion permit pre-naïve B cells to promote CD4(+) T-cell activation and may thereby enhance the development of autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Sim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Daehak-ro 103, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hang-Rae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Daehak-ro 103, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Daehak-ro 103, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soog-Hee Chang
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Daehak-ro 103, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
| | - In Je Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Anyangcheon-gil 1071, Seoul, 158-710, Korea.
| | | | - Jisoo Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Anyangcheon-gil 1071, Seoul, 158-710, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Natural IgM plays a critical role in protection from pathogens and the prevention of autoimmunity. While its importance has been shown in many different settings, its origins are incompletely understood. This review focuses on the properties of the natural IgM antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), which arise mainly from the B-1 cell lineage. B-1 cells are generated in multiple waves during development, mostly in the fetal and early postfetal periods. The developmental time points can affect their repertoire: prenatal B-1 cells express a mainly germ line-encoded repertoire, while postnatally developing B-1 cells can express Ig with a greater degree of variation. Spleen and bone marrow, but not the body cavities, are primary sites of natural IgM secretion. Within these tissues heterogeneous populations of IgM ASCs can be found. While some ASCs express classical markers of B-1 lymphocytes, others express those of terminally differentiated plasma cells. A better understanding of the properties of these different natural IgM ASCs could aid their future therapeutic exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Savage
- Graduate Group in Immunology, Davis, California.,Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Graduate Group in Immunology, Davis, California.,Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
B-1 cells comprise subpopulations of B lymphocytes in mice that display developmental, phenotypic, and functional characteristics that are distinct from those of conventional B cell populations (B-2 cells). Despite the known importance of murine B-1a (CD5(+) ) and B-1b (CD5(-) ) cells in the production of natural antibodies and rapid antigen-specific humoral responses to infection, evidence for B-1 cells in primates, including humans, is very limited. Identifying these cells in humans proves challenging given the limited number of cells that can be obtained from sites expected to harbor increased frequencies of these cells (i.e., peritoneal and pleural cavities) and the need to perform functional analyses on these cells, which, in the case of B-1b cells, must be carried out in vivo. My laboratory has used cynomolgus macaques and African green monkeys to bypass these limitations and to identify and extensively analyze primate B cell populations with the phenotypic and functional characteristics of mouse B-1a and B-1b cells. Our results reveal striking similarities between primate and murine B-1 cells, including a conserved functional role for primate B-1b-like cells in immunity to T cell-independent type 2 antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nguyen TTT, Elsner RA, Baumgarth N. Natural IgM prevents autoimmunity by enforcing B cell central tolerance induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1489-502. [PMID: 25595791 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear why selective deficiency in secreted (s)IgM causes Ab-mediated autoimmunity. We demonstrate that sIgM is required for normal B cell development and selection. The CD5(+) B cells that were previously shown to accumulate in body cavities of sIgM(-/-) mice are not B-1a cells, but CD19(int), CD43(-), short-lived, BCR signaling-unresponsive anergic B-2 cells. Body cavity B-1 cells were >10-fold reduced, including VH11(+) and phosphotidylcholine-specific B-1a cells, whereas splenic B-1 cells were unaffected and marginal zone B cells increased. Follicular B cells had higher turnover rates, survived poorly after adoptive transfer, and were unresponsiveness to BCR stimulation in vitro. sIgM bound to B cell precursors and provided a positive signal to overcome a block at the pro/pre-B stage and during IgVH repertoire selection. Polyclonal IgM rescued B cell development and returned autoantibody levels to near normal. Thus, natural IgM deficiency causes primary autoimmune disease by altering B cell development, selection, and central tolerance induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trang T T Nguyen
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rebecca A Elsner
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; Microbiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; Microbiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cenit MC, Martínez-Florensa M, Consuegra M, Bonet L, Carnero-Montoro E, Armiger N, Caballero-Baños M, Arias MT, Benitez D, Ortego-Centeno N, de Ramón E, Sabio JM, García–Hernández FJ, Tolosa C, Suárez A, González-Gay MA, Bosch E, Martín J, Lozano F. Analysis of ancestral and functionally relevant CD5 variants in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113090. [PMID: 25402503 PMCID: PMC4234640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective CD5 plays a crucial role in autoimmunity and is a well-established genetic risk factor of developing RA. Recently, evidence of positive selection has been provided for the CD5 Pro224-Val471 haplotype in East Asian populations. The aim of the present work was to further analyze the functional relevance of non-synonymous CD5 polymorphisms conforming the ancestral and the newly derived haplotypes (Pro224-Ala471 and Pro224-Val471, respectively) as well as to investigate the potential role of CD5 on the development of SLE and/or SLE nephritis. Methods The CD5 SNPs rs2241002 (C/T; Pro224Leu) and rs2229177 (C/T; Ala471Val) were genotyped using TaqMan allelic discrimination assays in a total of 1,324 controls and 681 SLE patients of Spanish origin. In vitro analysis of CD3-mediated T cell proliferative and cytokine response profiles of healthy volunteers homozygous for the above mentioned CD5 haplotypes were also analyzed. Results T-cell proliferation and cytokine release were significantly increased showing a bias towards to a Th2 profile after CD3 cross-linking of peripheral mononuclear cells from healthy individuals homozygous for the ancestral Pro224-Ala471 (CC) haplotype, compared to the more recently derived Pro224-Val471 (CT). The same allelic combination was statistically associated with Lupus nephritis. Conclusion The ancestral Ala471 CD5 allele confers lymphocyte hyper-responsiveness to TCR/CD3 cross-linking and is associated with nephritis in SLE patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Cenit
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Florensa
- ImmunNovative Developments, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Consuegra
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lizette Bonet
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Carnero-Montoro
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Armiger
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maria Teresa Arias
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Benitez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Enrique de Ramón
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Mario Sabio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Carles Tolosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Ana Suárez
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Elena Bosch
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Martín
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociencies, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Engelmann R, Wang N, Kneitz C, Müller-Hilke B. Bone resorption correlates with the frequency of CD5⁺ B cells in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 54:545-53. [PMID: 25193807 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevention of bone resorption and subsequent joint destruction is one of the main challenges in the treatment of patients suffering from RA. Various mechanisms have previously been described that contribute to bone resorption in tightly defined cohorts. Here we analysed a cross-sectional cohort of RA patients and searched for humoral and cellular markers in the peripheral blood associated with bone resorption. METHODS We enrolled 61 consecutive RA patients positive for ACPA. Blood was analysed by flow cytometry to determine the percentages of regulatory T cells and B cell subpopulations. Cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10) and ACPA levels as well as the bone resorption marker CTX-1 were determined from the patients' sera. Standard clinical disease parameters were included. RESULTS Multivariate analyses showed that the percentages of CD5(+) B cells were positively correlated with CTX-1 serum levels. However, neither low-avidity ACPA nor serum IL-6 levels, both known to be produced by CD5(+) cells, were associated with CTX-1 in patients' sera. There was no correlation between CTX-1 levels and clinical parameters or ACPA levels. CONCLUSION In summary, we found that the CD5(+) B cell population is associated with bone resorption as measured via serum CTX-1 levels in a cross-sectional cohort of RA patients. However, a possible functional link between CD5(+) B cells and bone resorption still needs to be defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robby Engelmann
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany, Institute of Blood Research, Dalian Blood Center, Liaoning Province, China and Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum Südstadt Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Ni Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany, Institute of Blood Research, Dalian Blood Center, Liaoning Province, China and Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum Südstadt Rostock, Rostock, Germany. Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany, Institute of Blood Research, Dalian Blood Center, Liaoning Province, China and Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum Südstadt Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Kneitz
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany, Institute of Blood Research, Dalian Blood Center, Liaoning Province, China and Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum Südstadt Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany, Institute of Blood Research, Dalian Blood Center, Liaoning Province, China and Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum Südstadt Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mankai A, Bordron A, Renaudineau Y, Berthou C, Ghedira I, Youinou P. CD5 links humoral autoimmunity with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 3:333-41. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.3.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
44
|
Dalloul A. B-cell-mediated strategies to fight chronic allograft rejection. Front Immunol 2013; 4:444. [PMID: 24381571 PMCID: PMC3865384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid organs have been transplanted for decades. Since the improvement in graft selection and in medical and surgical procedures, the likelihood of graft function after 1 year is now close to 90%. Nonetheless even well-matched recipients continue to need medications for the rest of their lives hence adverse side effects and enhanced morbidity. Understanding Immune rejection mechanisms, is of increasing importance since the greater use of living-unrelated donors and genetically unmatched individuals. Chronic rejection is devoted to T-cells, however the role of B-cells in rejection has been appreciated recently by the observation that B-cell depletion improve graft survival. By contrast however, B-cells can be beneficial to the grafted tissue. This protective effect is secondary to either the secretion of protective antibodies or the induction of B-cells that restrain excessive inflammatory responses, chiefly by local provision of IL-10, or inhibit effector T-cells by direct cellular interactions. As a proof of concept B-cell-mediated infectious transplantation tolerance could be achieved in animal models, and evidence emerged that the presence of such B-cells in transplanted patients correlate with a favorable outcome. Among these populations, regulatory B-cells constitute a recently described population. These cells may develop as a feedback mechanism to prevent uncontrolled reactivity to antigens and inflammatory stimuli. The difficult task for the clinician, is to quantify the respective ratios and functions of “tolerant” vs. effector B-cells within a transplanted organ, at a given time point in order to modulate B-cell-directed therapy. Several receptors at the B-cell membrane as well as signaling molecules, can now be targeted for this purpose. Understanding the temporal expansion of regulatory B-cells in grafted patients and the stimuli that activate them will help in the future to implement specific strategies aimed at fighting chronic allograft rejection.
Collapse
|
45
|
Poe JC, Kountikov EI, Lykken JM, Natarajan A, Marchuk DA, Tedder TF. EndoU is a novel regulator of AICD during peripheral B cell selection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 211:57-69. [PMID: 24344237 PMCID: PMC3892980 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Balanced transmembrane signals maintain a competent peripheral B cell pool limited in self-reactive B cells that may produce pathogenic autoantibodies. To identify molecules regulating peripheral B cell survival and tolerance to self-antigens (Ags), a gene modifier screen was performed with B cells from CD22-deficient C57BL/6 (CD22(-/-[B6])) mice that undergo activation-induced cell death (AICD) and fail to up-regulate c-Myc expression after B cell Ag receptor ligation. Likewise, lysozyme auto-Ag-specific B cells in Ig(Tg) hen egg lysozyme (HEL) transgenic mice inhabit the spleen but undergo AICD after auto-Ag encounter. This gene modifier screen identified EndoU, a single-stranded RNA-binding protein of ancient origin, as a major regulator of B cell survival in both models. EndoU gene disruption prevents AICD and normalizes c-Myc expression. These findings reveal that EndoU is a critical regulator of an unexpected and novel RNA-dependent pathway controlling peripheral B cell survival and Ag responsiveness that may contribute to peripheral B cell tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Poe
- Department of Immunology and 2 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Antigen selection in B-cell lymphomas—Tracing the evidence. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:399-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
47
|
B lymphocytes: development, tolerance, and their role in autoimmunity-focus on systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmune Dis 2013; 2013:827254. [PMID: 24187614 PMCID: PMC3804284 DOI: 10.1155/2013/827254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are the effectors of humoral immunity, providing defense against pathogens through different functions including antibody production. B cells constitute approximately 15% of peripheral blood leukocytes and arise from hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. It is here that their antigen receptors (surface immunoglobulin) are assembled. In the context of autoimmune diseases defined by B and/or T cell autoreactive that upon activation lead to chronic tissue inflammation and often irreversible structural and functional damage, B lymphocytes play an essential role by not only producing autoantibodies but also functioning as antigen-presenting cells (APC) and as a source of cytokines. In this paper, we describe B lymphocyte functions in autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases with a special focus on their abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Collapse
|
48
|
Jain P, Fayad LE, Rosenwald A, Young KH, O'Brien S. Recent advances in de novo CD5+ diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol 2013; 88:798-802. [PMID: 23695956 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Various subsets of DLBCL are distinguished based on molecular and immunohistochemical features. CD5 expressing DLBCL (CD5+ DLBCL) is increasingly recognized as a subtype of DLBCL with an aggressive disease course. Primary CD5+ DLBCL comprises approximately 5-10% of DLBCL. Few studies of CD5+ DLBCL have been reported, primarily from Japan. Publications covered in this review include articles published on PubMed and abstracts from major international conferences until April 2013. Common features of patients with CD5+ DLBCL are older age, female preponderance, elevated LDH, more extra-nodal involvement, poor performance status (PS), higher incidence of CNS involvement, inferior response to rituximab-containing regimens (as compared to CD5- DLBCL) and advanced stage. The majority of these cases belong to the activated B cell subtype (ABC) of DLBCL. It is unclear whether CD5 expression in malignant B cells may confer chemo resistance, upregulate antiapoptotic signals and alter the microenvironment. Molecular techniques have helped in understanding CD5+ DLBCL. Gene expression signature was similar in ABC-DLBCL and CD5+ DLBCL in some studies. Despite the better characterization treatment outcomes are poor and additional studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preetesh Jain
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Margry B, Wieland WH, van Kooten PJ, van Eden W, Broere F. Peritoneal cavity B-1a cells promote peripheral CD4+T-cell activation. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2317-26. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Margry
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Willemien H. Wieland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van Kooten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Le Dantec C, Alonso R, Fali T, Montero E, Devauchelle V, Saraux A, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y. Rationale for treating primary Sjögren’s syndrome patients with an anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody (Itolizumab). Immunol Res 2013; 56:341-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|