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Scott O, Visuvanathan S, Reddy E, Mahamed D, Gu B, Roifman CM, Cohn RD, Guidos CJ, Ivakine EA. The human Stat1 gain-of-function T385M mutation causes expansion of activated T-follicular helper/T-helper 1-like CD4 T cells and sex-biased autoimmunity in specific pathogen-free mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183273. [PMID: 37275873 PMCID: PMC10235531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Humans with gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in STAT1 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1), a potent immune regulator, experience frequent infections. About one-third, especially those with DNA-binding domain (DBD) mutations such as T385M, also develop autoimmunity, sometimes accompanied by increases in T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-follicular helper (Tfh) CD4 effector T cells, resembling those that differentiate following infection-induced STAT1 signaling. However, environmental and molecular mechanisms contributing to autoimmunity in STAT1 GOF patients are not defined. Methods We generated Stat1T385M/+ mutant mice to model the immune impacts of STAT1 DBD GOF under specific-pathogen free (SPF) conditions. Results Stat1T385M/+ lymphocytes had more total Stat1 at baseline and also higher amounts of IFNg-induced pStat1. Young mutants exhibited expansion of Tfh-like cells, while older mutants developed autoimmunity accompanied by increased Tfh-like cells, B cell activation and germinal center (GC) formation. Mutant females exhibited these immune changes sooner and more robustly than males, identifying significant sex effects of Stat1T385M-induced immune dysregulation. Single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) analysis revealed that Stat1T385M activated transcription of GC-associated programs in both B and T cells. However, it had the strongest transcriptional impact on T cells, promoting aberrant CD4 T cell activation and imparting both Tfh-like and Th1-like effector programs. Discussion Collectively, these data demonstrate that in the absence of overt infection, Stat1T385M disrupted naïve CD4 T cell homeostasis and promoted expansion and differentiation of abnormal Tfh/Th1-like helper and GC-like B cells, eventually leading to sex-biased autoimmunity, suggesting a model for STAT1 GOF-induced immune dysregulation and autoimmune sequelae in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Scott
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shagana Visuvanathan
- Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Reddy
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deeqa Mahamed
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Chaim M. Roifman
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency and The Jeffrey Modell Research Laboratory for the diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald D. Cohn
- Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical & Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia J. Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Chandran S, Tang Q. Impact of interleukin-6 on T cells in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2022; 22 Suppl 4:18-27. [PMID: 36453710 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine, plays a key role in T cell activation, survival, and differentiation. Acting as a switch that induces the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th17 cells and inhibits their development into regulatory T cells, IL-6 promotes rejection and abrogates tolerance. Therapies that target IL-6 signaling include antibodies to IL-6 and the IL-6 receptor and inhibitors of janus kinases; several of these therapeutics have demonstrated robust clinical efficacy in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Clinical trials of IL-6 inhibition in kidney transplantation have focused primarily on its effects on B cells, plasma cells, and HLA antibodies. In this review, we summarize the impact of IL-6 on T cells in experimental models of transplant and describe the effects of IL-6 inhibition on the T cell compartment in kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Chandran
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, Diabetes Center, Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genome Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Delic M, Boeswald V, Goepfert K, Pabst P, Moehler M. In vitro Characterization of Enhanced Human Immune Responses by GM-CSF Encoding HSV-1-Induced Melanoma Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1291-1307. [PMID: 36310770 PMCID: PMC9606445 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s350136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the innate and adaptive immune response against melanoma cells after JS-1 (wild-type herpes simplex virus 1, wt HSV-1) or Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) infection and evaluated the antitumoral efficacy in human melanoma cells. We analyzed the putative synergistic biological and immunological effects of JS-1 or T-VEC combined with cytostatic drugs in human tumor and immune cells. T-VEC is a genetically modified strain of HSV-1. Genetic modifications (insertion of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene) were made to attenuate the virus and increase selectivity for cancer cells. In addition to the direct oncolytic effect, we investigated the immune stimulatory effects of T-VEC by comparing it with JS-1. JS-1 is identical T-VEC except for the inserted GM-CSF gene. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the effects of T-VEC and JS-1 with cytostatic drugs in human tumor-immune cell coculture experiments. After coculture, the surface markers CD80, CD83 and CD86 were measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and the cytokines, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and GM-CSF, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Furthermore, we analyzed the potential of the viruses to induce T cell activation, measured on the basis of CD4, CD8 and CD69. Analysis of these markers and cytokines allows for conclusions to be drawn concerning the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and the immunostimulatory effects of the treatment. RESULTS We documented increased activation of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes after infection by both HSV-1 strains and treatment with cytostatic drugs without significant differences between T-VEC and JS-1. CONCLUSION We demonstrated an immune response as a result of infection with both viruses, but T-VEC was in vitro not stronger than JS-1. The immunostimulatory effects of the viruses could be partially increased by chemotherapy, providing a rationale for future preclinical studies designed to explore T-VEC in combined regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Delic
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany,Correspondence: Maike Delic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany, Tel +49 6131 179803, Fax +49 6131 179657, Email
| | - Veronika Boeswald
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Goepfert
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Pabst
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Moehler
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Kaviany S, Bartkowiak T, Dulek DE, Khan YW, Hayes MJ, Schaefer SG, Ye X, Dahunsi DO, Connelly JA, Irish JM, Rathmell JC. Systems Immunology Analyses of STAT1 Gain-of-Function Immune Phenotypes Reveal Heterogeneous Response to IL-6 and Broad Immunometabolic Roles for STAT1. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:447-464. [PMID: 35840326 PMCID: PMC9623573 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with STAT1 gain-of-function (GOF) pathogenic variants have enhanced or prolonged STAT1 phosphorylation following cytokine stimulation and exhibit increased yet heterogeneous susceptibility to infections, autoimmunity, and cancer. Although disease phenotypes are diverse and other genetic factors contribute, how STAT1 GOF affects cytokine sensitivity and cell biology remains poorly defined. In this study, we analyzed the immune and immunometabolic profiles of two patients with known pathogenic heterozygous STAT1 GOF mutation variants. A systems immunology approach of peripheral blood cells from these patients revealed major changes in multiple immune cell compartments relative to healthy adult and pediatric donors. Although many phenotypes of STAT1 GOF donors were shared, including increased Th1 cells but decreased class-switched B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell populations, others were heterogeneous. Mechanistically, hypersensitivity for cytokine-induced STAT1 phosphorylation in memory T cell populations was particularly evident in response to IL-6 in one STAT1 GOF patient. Immune cell metabolism directly influences cell function, and the STAT1 GOF patients shared an immunometabolic phenotype of heightened glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1a) expression across multiple immune cell lineages. Interestingly, the metabolic phenotypes of the pediatric STAT1 GOF donors more closely resembled or exceeded those of healthy adult than healthy age-similar pediatric donors, which had low expression of these metabolic markers. These results define new features of STAT1 GOF patients, including a differential hypersensitivity for IL-6 and a shared increase in markers of metabolism in many immune cell types that suggests a role for STAT1 in metabolic regulation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Kaviany
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Todd Bartkowiak
- Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and
| | - Daniel E Dulek
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yasmin W Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Madeline J Hayes
- Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and
| | - Samuel G Schaefer
- Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Debolanle O Dahunsi
- Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - James A Connelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jonathan M Irish
- Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; .,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Lambert K, Diggins KE, Jones BE, Hundhausen C, Maerz MD, Hocking AM, Sanda S, Greenbaum CJ, Linsley PS, Cerosaletti K, Buckner JH. IL-6-Driven pSTAT1 Response Is Linked to T Cell Features Implicated in Early Immune Dysregulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:935394. [PMID: 35911690 PMCID: PMC9327741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.935394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels and enhanced sensing of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) are key features of many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. To better understand how IL-6 signaling may influence human T cell fate, we investigated the relationships between levels of components of the IL-6R complex, pSTAT responses, and transcriptomic and translational changes in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets from healthy individuals after exposure to IL-6. Our findings highlight the striking heterogeneity in mbIL-6R and gp130 expression and IL-6-driven pSTAT1/3 responses across T cell subsets. Increased mbIL-6R expression correlated with enhanced signaling via pSTAT1 with less impact on pSTAT3, most strikingly in CD4+ naïve T cells. Additionally, IL-6 rapidly induced expression of transcription factors and surface receptors expressed by T follicular helper cells and altered expression of markers of apoptosis. Importantly, many of the features associated with the level of mbIL-6R expression on T cells were recapitulated both in the setting of tocilizumab therapy and when comparing donor CD4+ T cells harboring the genetic variant, IL6R Asp358Ala (rs2228145), known to alter mbIL-6R expression on T cells. Collectively, these findings should be taken into account as we consider the role of IL-6 in disease pathogenesis and translating IL-6 biology into effective therapies for T cell-mediated autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lambert
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kirsten E. Diggins
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Britta E. Jones
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christian Hundhausen
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Megan D. Maerz
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anne M. Hocking
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Srinath Sanda
- Immune Tolerance Network, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Carla J. Greenbaum
- Center for Interventional Immunology and Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Peter S. Linsley
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Karen Cerosaletti
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jane H. Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
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6
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Millrine D, Jenkins RH, Hughes STO, Jones SA. Making sense of IL-6 signalling cues in pathophysiology. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:567-588. [PMID: 34618359 PMCID: PMC9673051 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unravelling the molecular mechanisms that account for functional pleiotropy is a major challenge for researchers in cytokine biology. Cytokine-receptor cross-reactivity and shared signalling pathways are considered primary drivers of cytokine pleiotropy. However, reports epitomized by studies of Jak-STAT cytokine signalling identify interesting biochemical and epigenetic determinants of transcription factor regulation that affect the delivery of signal-dependent cytokine responses. Here, a regulatory interplay between STAT transcription factors and their convergence to specific genomic enhancers support the fine-tuning of cytokine responses controlling host immunity, functional identity, and tissue homeostasis and repair. In this review, we provide an overview of the signalling networks that shape the way cells sense and interpret cytokine cues. With an emphasis on the biology of interleukin-6, we highlight the importance of these mechanisms to both physiological processes and pathophysiological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Millrine
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityUK
- Systems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityUK
- Present address:
Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation UnitSir James Black CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee3rd FloorDundeeUK
| | - Robert H. Jenkins
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityUK
- Systems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityUK
| | - Stuart T. O. Hughes
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityUK
- Systems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityUK
| | - Simon A. Jones
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityUK
- Systems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityUK
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7
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Jenkins RH, Hughes STO, Figueras AC, Jones SA. Unravelling the broader complexity of IL-6 involvement in health and disease. Cytokine 2021; 148:155684. [PMID: 34411990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The classification of interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a pro-inflammatory cytokine undervalues the biological impact of this cytokine in health and disease. With broad activities affecting the immune system, tissue homeostasis and metabolic processes, IL-6 displays complex biology. The significance of these involvements has become increasingly important in clinical settings where IL-6 is identified as a prominent target for therapy. Here, clinical experience with IL-6 antagonists emphasises the need to understand the context-dependent properties of IL-6 within an inflammatory environment and the anticipated or unexpected consequences of IL-6 blockade. In this review, we will describe the immunobiology of IL-6 and explore the gamut of IL-6 bioactivity affecting the clinical response to biological drugs targeting this cytokine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Jenkins
- Division of Infection & Immunity, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Stuart T O Hughes
- Division of Infection & Immunity, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Ana Cardus Figueras
- Division of Infection & Immunity, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Simon A Jones
- Division of Infection & Immunity, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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8
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Sellner J, Sitte HH, Rommer PS. Targeting interleukin-6 to treat neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: Implications from immunology, the FcRn pathway and clinical experience. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1591-1601. [PMID: 33781948 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is associated with poor outcomes for patients. Until recently, when complement inhibitors were approved, there was no approved therapy. Most recently, clinical trials of interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade showed a therapeutic benefit for NMOSD. In this review, we introduce the immunological basis of IL-6 blockade in NMOSD and summarize current knowledge about the clinical use of the IL-6 receptor inhibitors tocilizumab and satralizumab. The aim of extending the half-life of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been actualized by successful clinical translation for Satralizumab, achieved via the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) pathway. The basic principles of FcRn are highlighted in this review together with the potential therapeutic benefits of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Mistelbach, Austria; Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paulus S Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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9
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Harbour SN, DiToro DF, Witte SJ, Zindl CL, Gao M, Schoeb TR, Jones GW, Jones SA, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. T H17 cells require ongoing classic IL-6 receptor signaling to retain transcriptional and functional identity. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/49/eaaw2262. [PMID: 32680955 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acting in concert with TGF-β, interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling induces T helper 17 (TH17) cell development by programming TH17-related genes via signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). A role for IL-6 signaling beyond the inductive phase of TH17 cell development has not been defined because IL-23 signaling downstream of TH17 cell induction also activates STAT3 and is thought responsible for TH17 cell maintenance. Here, we find that IL-6 signaling is required for both induction and maintenance of mouse TH17 cells; IL-6Rα-deficient TH17 cells rapidly lost their TH17 phenotype and did not cause disease in two models of colitis. Cotransfer of wild-type TH17 cells with IL-6Rα-deficient TH17 cells induced colitis but was unable to rescue phenotype loss of the latter. High IL-6 expression in the colon promoted classic, or cis, rather than transreceptor signaling that was required for maintenance of TH17 cells. Thus, ongoing classic IL-6 signaling underpins the TH17 program and is required for TH17 cell maintenance and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey N Harbour
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel F DiToro
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Steven J Witte
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Carlene L Zindl
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gareth W Jones
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Simon A Jones
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Robin D Hatton
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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10
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ADAM17 Activity and IL-6 Trans-Signaling in Inflammation and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111736. [PMID: 31694340 PMCID: PMC6895846 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
All ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) are transmembrane proteins, which need to be proteolytically cleaved in order to be systemically active. The major protease responsible for this cleavage is the membrane metalloprotease ADAM17, which also has been implicated in cleavage of TNFα and interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor. It has been recently shown that in the absence of ADAM17, the main protease for EGF-R ligand processing, colon cancer formation is largely abrogated. Intriguingly, colon cancer formation depends on EGF-R activity on myeloid cells rather than on intestinal epithelial cells. A major activity of EGF-R on myeloid cells is the stimulation of IL-6 synthesis. Subsequently, IL-6 together with the ADAM17 shed soluble IL-6 receptor acts on intestinal epithelial cells via IL-6 trans-signaling to induce colon cancer formation, which can be blocked by the inhibitor of IL-6 trans-signaling, sgp130Fc. Blockade of IL-6 trans-signaling therefore offers a new therapeutic window downstream of the EGF-R for the treatment of colon cancer and possibly of other EGF-R related neoplastic diseases.
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11
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Bemani E, Oryan A, Bahrami S. Effectiveness of amiodarone in treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major. Exp Parasitol 2019; 205:107747. [PMID: 31442454 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Development of new chemotherapeutic agents is an essential issue in the treatment and control of a disease. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-leishmanial activity of amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic class III drug, against Leishmania major, the most prevalent etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the old world. The proliferation of promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes in the absence or presence of amiodarone was estimated, in an in vitro study. For in vivo study, five weeks after infection of BALB/c mice with L. major, when the lesions appeared at the injection site, the mice were divided into four groups (n = 6 each); treatment was conducted for 28 consecutive days with vehicle, amiodarone at 40 mg/kg orally and glucantime at 60 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Therapy with amiodarone reduced the size of lesions compared to the untreated group after 12 days. Amiodarone decreased the parasite load and inflammatory responses, particularly the macrophages containing amastigotes, and enhanced granulation tissue formation in the dermis and subcutaneous area. The Tumor necrosis factor-α and Interleukin-6 levels were significantly lower in the cell culture supernatants of the inguinal lymph node in the amiodarone treated group compared to the vehicle and untreated groups. Amiodarone significantly increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase in comparison to the vehicle and untreated groups but did not affect the plasma levels of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, adiponectin, and ferric reducing ability of plasma. Therefore, the anti- L. major activity and immunomodulatory effects of amiodarone reduced the parasitic load and enhanced wound healing in cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Amiodarone reduced the lesion surface area, but it did not cure it completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bemani
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - S Bahrami
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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12
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Tait Wojno ED, Hunter CA, Stumhofer JS. The Immunobiology of the Interleukin-12 Family: Room for Discovery. Immunity 2019; 50:851-870. [PMID: 30995503 PMCID: PMC6472917 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of interleukin (IL)-6 and its receptor subunits provided a foundation to understand the biology of a group of related cytokines: IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27. These family members utilize shared receptors and cytokine subunits and influence the outcome of cancer, infection, and inflammatory diseases. Consequently, many facets of their biology are being therapeutically targeted. Here, we review the landmark discoveries in this field, the combinatorial biology inherent to this family, and how patient datasets have underscored the critical role of these pathways in human disease. We present significant knowledge gaps, including how similar signals from these cytokines can mediate distinct outcomes, and discuss how a better understanding of the biology of the IL-12 family provides new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia D Tait Wojno
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 235 Hungerford Hill Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 380 South University Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA.
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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13
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Activation of naïve CD4 + T cells re-tunes STAT1 signaling to deliver unique cytokine responses in memory CD4 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:458-470. [PMID: 30890796 PMCID: PMC7610646 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine IL-6 controls the survival, proliferation and effector characteristics of lymphocytes through activation of the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT3. While STAT3 activity is an ever-present feature of IL-6 signaling in CD4+ T cells, prior T-cell receptor activation limits the IL-6 control of STAT1 in effector and memory populations. Here we show that STAT1 phosphorylation in response to IL-6 was regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPN2, PTPN22) expressed in response to the activation of naïve CD4+ T cells. Transcriptomic and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing of IL-6 responses in naïve and effector memory CD4+ T cells showed how the suppression of STAT1 activation shaped the functional identity and effector characteristics of memory CD4+ T cells. Thus, protein tyrosine phosphatases induced by activation of naïve T cells determined the way activated or memory CD4+ T cells sensed and interpreted cytokine signals.
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14
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Lang PA, Lang KS. Stand by me(mory): Chronic infection diminishes memory pool via IL-6/STAT1. J Exp Med 2019; 216:474-475. [PMID: 30782615 PMCID: PMC6400542 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great efforts to eradicate chronic viral infections, they still remain a global health problem. In this issue, Barnstorf et al. (2019. J. Exp. Med. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20181589) show that virus-unspecific bystander memory T cells are highly affected during chronic viral infection via IL-6/STAT1. Bystander memory T cells are strongly decimated in numbers and change in phenotype and function during chronic viral infection. These data provide new explanations for immune-mediated problems during chronic virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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15
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Barnstorf I, Borsa M, Baumann N, Pallmer K, Yermanos A, Joller N, Spörri R, Welten SPM, Kräutler NJ, Oxenius A. Chronic virus infection compromises memory bystander T cell function in an IL-6/STAT1-dependent manner. J Exp Med 2019; 216:571-586. [PMID: 30745322 PMCID: PMC6400541 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections are widespread among humans, with ∼8-12 chronic viral infections per individual, and there is epidemiological proof that these impair heterologous immunity. We studied the impact of chronic LCMV infection on the phenotype and function of memory bystander CD8+ T cells. Active chronic LCMV infection had a profound effect on total numbers, phenotype, and function of memory bystander T cells in mice. The phenotypic changes included up-regulation of markers commonly associated with effector and exhausted cells and were induced by IL-6 in a STAT1-dependent manner in the context of chronic virus infection. Furthermore, bystander CD8 T cell functions were reduced with respect to their ability to produce inflammatory cytokines and to undergo secondary expansion upon cognate antigen challenge with major cell-extrinsic contributions responsible for the diminished memory potential of bystander CD8+ T cells. These findings open new perspectives for immunity and vaccination during chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Spörri
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Wilkinson AN, Gartlan KH, Kelly G, Samson LD, Olver SD, Avery J, Zomerdijk N, Tey SK, Lee JS, Vuckovic S, Hill GR. Granulocytes Are Unresponsive to IL-6 Due to an Absence of gp130. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3547-3555. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Schett G. Physiological effects of modulating the interleukin-6 axis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 57:ii43-ii50. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Kuuliala K, Penttilä AK, Kaukonen KM, Mustonen H, Kuuliala A, Oiva J, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen E, Pettilä V, Puolakkainen P, Kylänpää L, Repo H. Signalling Profiles of Blood Leucocytes in Sepsis and in Acute Pancreatitis in Relation to Disease Severity. Scand J Immunol 2017; 87:88-98. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kuuliala
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - A. K. Penttilä
- Department of GI surgery; Abdominal Centre; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - K.-M. Kaukonen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - H. Mustonen
- Department of GI surgery; Abdominal Centre; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - A. Kuuliala
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - J. Oiva
- Department of Surgery; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - M. Hämäläinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - E. Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - V. Pettilä
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - P. Puolakkainen
- Department of GI surgery; Abdominal Centre; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - L. Kylänpää
- Department of GI surgery; Abdominal Centre; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - H. Repo
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
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19
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Markiewski MM, Vadrevu SK, Sharma SK, Chintala NK, Ghouse S, Cho JH, Fairlie DP, Paterson Y, Astrinidis A, Karbowniczek M. The Ribosomal Protein S19 Suppresses Antitumor Immune Responses via the Complement C5a Receptor 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2989-2999. [PMID: 28228558 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about factors that initiate immunosuppression in tumors and act at the interface between tumor cells and host cells. In this article, we report novel immunosuppressive properties of the ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19), which is upregulated in human breast and ovarian cancer cells and released from apoptotic tumor cells, whereupon it interacts with the complement C5a receptor 1 expressed on tumor infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells. This interaction promotes tumor growth by facilitating recruitment of these cells to tumors. RPS19 also induces the production of immunosuppressive cytokines, including TGF-β, by myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes, leading to T cell responses skewed toward Th2 phenotypes. RPS19 promotes generation of regulatory T cells while reducing infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumors. Reducing RPS19 in tumor cells or blocking the C5a receptor 1-RPS19 interaction decreases RPS19-mediated immunosuppression, impairs tumor growth, and delays the development of tumors in a transgenic model of breast cancer. This work provides initial preclinical evidence for targeting RPS19 for anticancer therapy enhancing antitumor T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M Markiewski
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601;
| | - Surya Kumari Vadrevu
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601
| | - Sharad K Sharma
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601
| | - Navin Kumar Chintala
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601
| | - Shanawaz Ghouse
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601
| | - Jun-Hung Cho
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
| | - Yvonne Paterson
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Aristotelis Astrinidis
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601
| | - Magdalena Karbowniczek
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX 79601;
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20
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Strutt TM, McKinstry KK, Kuang Y, Finn CM, Hwang JH, Dhume K, Sell S, Swain SL. Direct IL-6 Signals Maximize Protective Secondary CD4 T Cell Responses against Influenza. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:3260-3270. [PMID: 27647834 PMCID: PMC5101150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells can often respond against pathogens that have evaded neutralizing Abs and are thus key to vaccine-induced protection, yet the signals needed to optimize their responses are unclear. In this study, we identify a dramatic and selective requirement for IL-6 to achieve optimal memory CD4 T cell recall following heterosubtypic influenza A virus (IAV) challenge of mice primed previously with wild-type or attenuated IAV strains. Through analysis of endogenous T cell responses and adoptive transfer of IAV-specific memory T cell populations, we find that without IL-6, CD4+, but not CD8+, secondary effector populations expand less and have blunted function and antiviral impact. Early and direct IL-6 signals to memory CD4 T cells are required to program maximal secondary effector responses at the site of infection during heterosubtypic challenge, indicating a novel role for a costimulatory cytokine in recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Strutt
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827;
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Karl Kai McKinstry
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827;
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Caroline M Finn
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827
| | - Ji Hae Hwang
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827
| | - Kunal Dhume
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827
| | | | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
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21
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Critical Review: Immunomodulation by Seminal Factors and Implications for Male-to-Female HIV-1 Transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 69:131-7. [PMID: 25642971 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of semen in heterosexual transmission of the HIV-1 has been marginally viewed as an inert vehicle for the delivery of virus. However, studies from the field of reproductive biology have made it clear that seminal fluid is a complex and dynamic medium containing high concentrations of factors that play key roles in modulating the local immune response in the female reproductive tract during fertilization and embryogenesis. It is therefore strongly implied that the same seminal factors responsible for guiding the immune response in reproduction also play a role in male-to-female transmission of HIV-1. To begin to understand how these factors affect male-to-female HIV-1 transmission, multiple studies have comparatively profiled the contents of seminal fluid collected from uninfected and HIV-1-infected men. This review provides an overview of these studies, as well as a discussion of the potential impact of semen on HIV-1 transmission.
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22
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O'Brien SA, Zhu M, Zhang W. The Importance of IL-6 in the Development of LAT-Mediated Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:695-705. [PMID: 26034173 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a transmembrane adaptor protein that is highly tyrosine phosphorylated upon engagement of the TCR. Phosphorylated LAT binds Grb2, Gads, and phospholipase C (PLC)γ1 to mediate T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. T cells from mice harboring a mutation at the PLCγ1 binding site of LAT (Y136F) have impaired calcium flux and Erk activation. Interestingly, these T cells are highly activated, resulting in the development of a lymphoproliferative syndrome in these mice. CD4(+) T cells in LATY136F mice are Th2 skewed, producing large amounts of IL-4. In this study, we showed that the LATY136F T cells could also overproduce IL-6 due to activated NF-κB, AKT, and p38 pathways. By crossing LATY136F mice with IL-6-deficient mice, we demonstrated that IL-6 is required for uncontrolled T cell expansion during the early stage of disease development. Reduced CD4(+) T cell expansion was not due to a further block in thymocyte development or an increase in the number of regulatory T cells, but was caused by reduction in cell survival. In aged IL-6(-/-) LATY136F mice, CD4(+) T cells began to hyperproliferate and induced splenomegaly; however, isotype switching and autoantibody production were diminished. Our data indicated that the LAT-PLCγ1 interaction is important for controlling IL-6 production by T cells and demonstrated a critical role of IL-6 in the development of this lymphoproliferative syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A O'Brien
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Minghua Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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23
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Gandhapudi SK, Tan C, Marino JH, Taylor AA, Pack CC, Gaikwad J, Van De Wiele CJ, Wren JD, Teague TK. IL-18 acts in synergy with IL-7 to promote ex vivo expansion of T lymphoid progenitor cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3820-8. [PMID: 25780034 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although IL-18 has not previously been shown to promote T lymphopoiesis, results obtained via a novel data mining algorithm (global microarray meta-analysis) led us to explore a predicted role for this cytokine in T cell development. IL-18 is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family that has been extensively characterized as a mediator of inflammatory immune responses. To assess a potential role for IL-18 in T cell development, we sort-purified mouse bone marrow-derived common lymphoid progenitor cells, early thymic progenitors (ETPs), and double-negative 2 thymocytes and cultured these populations on OP9-Delta-like 4 stromal layers in the presence or absence of IL-18 and/or IL-7. After 1 wk of culture, IL-18 promoted proliferation and accelerated differentiation of ETPs to the double-negative 3 stage, similar in efficiency to IL-7. IL-18 showed synergy with IL-7 and enhanced proliferation of both the thymus-derived progenitor cells and the bone marrow-derived common lymphoid progenitor cells. The synergistic effect on the ETP population was further characterized and found to correlate with increased surface expression of c-Kit and IL-7 receptors on the IL-18-treated cells. In summary, we successfully validated the global microarray meta-analysis prediction that IL-18 affects T lymphopoiesis and demonstrated that IL-18 can positively impact bone marrow lymphopoiesis and T cell development, presumably via interaction with the c-Kit and IL-7 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva K Gandhapudi
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Chibing Tan
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Julie H Marino
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Ashlee A Taylor
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Christopher C Pack
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Joel Gaikwad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oral Roberts University, Tulsa, OK 74171
| | - C Justin Van De Wiele
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74104; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Tulsa, OK 74135
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104;
| | - T Kent Teague
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74104; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Tulsa, OK 74135; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74104; and Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for the Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107
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24
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Fontes JA, Rose NR, Čiháková D. The varying faces of IL-6: From cardiac protection to cardiac failure. Cytokine 2015; 74:62-8. [PMID: 25649043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
IL6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is made in response to perturbations in homeostasis. IL6 becomes elevated in the acute response to host injury and can activate immune cells, direct immune cell trafficking, signal protective responses in local tissue, initial the acute phase response or initiate wound healing. In the short term this proinflammatory response is protective and limits host damage. It is when this acute response remains chronically activated that IL6 becomes pathogenic to the host. Chronically elevated IL6 levels lead to chronic inflammation and fibrotic disorders. The heart is a tissue where this temporal regulation of IL6 is very apparent. Studies from myocardial infarction show how short-term IL6 signaling can protect and preserve the heart tissue in response to acute damage, where long term IL6 signaling or an over-production of IL6R protein plays a causal role in cardiovascular disease. Thus, IL6 can be both protective and pathogenic, depending on the kinetics of the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian A Fontes
- William H. Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Noel R Rose
- William H. Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- William H. Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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25
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Bhanumathy KK, Zhang B, Ahmed KA, Qureshi M, Xie Y, Tao M, Tan X, Xiang J. Transgene IL-6 enhances DC-stimulated CTL responses by counteracting CD4+25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell suppression via IL-6-induced Foxp3 downregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5508-21. [PMID: 24690994 PMCID: PMC4013578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen-presenting cells have been extensively applied in clinical trials for evaluation of antitumor immunity. However, the efficacy of DC-mediated cancer vaccines is still limited as they are unable to sufficiently break the immune tolerance. In this study, we constructed a recombinant adenoviral vector (AdVIL-6) expressing IL-6, and generated IL-6 transgene-engineered DC vaccine (DCOVA/IL-6) by transfection of murine bone marrow-derived ovalbumin (OVA)-pulsed DCs (DCOVA) with AdVIL-6. We then assessed DCOVA/IL-6-stimulated cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses and antitumor immunity in OVA-specific animal tumor model. We demonstrate that DCOVA/IL-6 vaccine up-regulates expression of DC maturation markers, secretes transgene-encoded IL-6, and more efficiently stimulates OVA-specific CTL responses and therapeutic immunity against OVA-expressing B16 melanoma BL6-10OVA in vivo than the control DCOVA/Null vaccine. Moreover, DCOVA/IL-6-stimulated CTL responses were relatively maintained in mice with transfer of CD4+25+Foxp3+ Tr-cells, but significantly reduced when treated with anti-IL-6 antibody. In addition, we demonstrate that IL-6 down-regulates Foxp3-expression of CD4+25+Foxp3+ Tr-cells in vitro. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AdV-mediated IL-6 transgene-engineered DC vaccine stimulates potent CTL responses and antitumor immunity by counteracting CD4+25+ Tr immunosuppression via IL-6-induced Foxp3 down-regulation. Thus, IL-6 may be a good candidate for engineering DCs for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bei Zhang
- Cancer Research Unit, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | | | - Mabood Qureshi
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow 215000, China.
| | - Min Tao
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow 215000, China.
| | - Xin Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jim Xiang
- Cancer Research Unit, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
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26
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Hong C, Nam AS, Keller HR, Ligons DL, Park JY, Yoon HW, Park JJ, Luckey MA, Park JH. Interleukin-6 expands homeostatic space for peripheral T cells. Cytokine 2013; 64:532-40. [PMID: 23988623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
T cell homeostasis and survival is dependent on interleukin-7 (IL-7). Immune activation, however, downregulates IL-7 receptor expression on T cells so that T cell survival during activation must be maintained independently of IL-7. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 shares common signaling pathways with IL-7 and can promote T cell survival in vitro. But whether IL-6 promotes T cell survival and homeostasis in vivo is not clear. Notably, IL-6 overexpression results in massive plasmacytosis and autoimmunity so that an IL-6 effect on in vivo T cell survival has remained untested. To overcome this limitation, here we generated IL-6 transgenic mice on an immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) deficient background which rendered them B cell deficient. Notably, such IgH(KO)IL6(Tg) mice were free of any signs of inflammation or autoimmunity and remained healthy throughout the course of analysis. In these mice, we found that IL-6 overexpression significantly increased peripheral T cell numbers, but importantly without increasing thymopoiesis. Moreover, IL-6 signaled T cells maintained their naïve phenotype and did not express activation/memory markers, suggesting that increased T cell numbers were due to increased T cell survival and not because of expansion of activated T cells. Mechanistically, we found that IL-6 signaling induced expression of pro-survival factors Mcl-1 and Pim-1/-2 but not Bcl-2. Thus, IL-6 is a T cell homeostatic cytokine that expands T cell space and can maintain the naïve T cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwan Hong
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Cox MA, Kahan SM, Zajac AJ. Anti-viral CD8 T cells and the cytokines that they love. Virology 2013; 435:157-69. [PMID: 23217625 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections cause an immunological disequilibrium that provokes CD8 T cell responses. These cells play critical roles in purging acute infections, limiting persistent infections, and conferring life-long protective immunity. At every stage of the response anti-viral CD8 T cells are sensitive to signals from cytokines. Initially cytokines operate as immunological warning signs that inform of the presence of an infection, and also influence the developmental choices of the responding cells. Later during the course of the response other sets of cytokines support the survival and maintenance of the differentiated anti-viral CD8 T cells. Although many cytokines promote virus-specific CD8 T cells, other cytokines can suppress their activities and thus favor viral persistence. In this review we discuss how select cytokines act to regulate anti-viral CD8 T cells throughout the response and influence the outcome of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Cox
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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IL-6 production by dendritic cells is dispensable for CD8+ memory T-cell generation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:126189. [PMID: 23484075 PMCID: PMC3591162 DOI: 10.1155/2013/126189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Following activation, naïve CD8+ T cells will differentiate into effectors that differ in their ability to survive: some will persist as memory cells while the majority will die by apoptosis. Signals given by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) at the time of priming modulate this differential outcome. We have recently shown that, in opposition to dendritic cell (DC), CD40-activated B-(CD40-B) cell vaccination fails to efficiently produce CD8+ memory T cells. Understanding why CD40-B-cell vaccination does not lead to the generation of functional long-lived memory cells is essential to define the signals that should be provided to naïve T cells by APCs. Here we show that CD40-B cells produce very low amount of IL-6 when compared to DCs. However, supplementation with IL-6 during CD40-B-cell vaccination did not improve memory generation. Furthermore, IL-6-deficient DCs maintained the capacity to promote the formation of functional CD8+ effectors and memory cells. Our results suggest that in APC vaccination models, IL-6 provided by the APCs is dispensable for proper CD8+ T-cell memory generation.
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Hidalgo E, Essex SJ, Yeo L, Curnow SJ, Filer A, Cooper MS, Thomas AM, McGettrick HM, Salmon M, Buckley CD, Raza K, Scheel-Toellner D. The response of T cells to interleukin-6 is differentially regulated by the microenvironment of the rheumatoid synovial fluid and tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:3284-93. [DOI: 10.1002/art.30570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Booth AJ, Grabauskiene S, Wood SC, Lu G, Burrell BE, Bishop DK. IL-6 promotes cardiac graft rejection mediated by CD4+ cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5764-71. [PMID: 22025555 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
IL-6 mediates numerous immunologic effects relevant to transplant rejection; however, its specific contributions to these processes are not fully understood. To this end, we neutralized IL-6 in settings of acute cardiac allograft rejection associated with either CD8(+) or CD4(+) cell-dominant responses. In a setting of CD8(+) cell-dominant graft rejection, IL-6 neutralization delayed the onset of acute rejection while decreasing graft infiltrate and inverting anti-graft Th1/Th2 priming dominance in recipients. IL-6 neutralization markedly prolonged graft survival in the setting of CD4(+) cell-mediated acute rejection and was associated with decreased graft infiltrate, altered Th1 responses, and reduced serum alloantibody. Furthermore, in CD4(+) cell-dominated rejection, IL-6 neutralization was effective when anti-IL-6 administration was delayed by as many as 6 d posttransplant. Finally, IL-6-deficient graft recipients were protected from CD4(+) cell-dominant responses, suggesting that IL-6 production by graft recipients, rather than grafts, is necessary for this type of rejection. Collectively, these observations define IL-6 as a critical promoter of graft infiltration and a shaper of T cell lineage development in cardiac graft rejection. In light of these findings, the utility of therapeutics targeting IL-6 should be considered for preventing cardiac allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jared Booth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Jones SA, Scheller J, Rose-John S. Therapeutic strategies for the clinical blockade of IL-6/gp130 signaling. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3375-83. [PMID: 21881215 PMCID: PMC3163962 DOI: 10.1172/jci57158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful treatment of certain autoimmune conditions with the humanized anti-IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) antibody tocilizumab has emphasized the clinical importance of cytokines that signal through the β-receptor subunit glycoprotein 130 (gp130). In this Review, we explore how gp130 signaling controls disease progression and examine why IL-6 has a special role among these cytokines as an inflammatory regulator. Attention will be given to the role of the soluble IL-6R, and we will provide a perspective into the clinical blockade of IL-6 activity in autoimmunity, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A. Jones
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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Spectratyping analysis of the islet-reactive T cell repertoire in diabetic NOD Igμ(null) mice after polyclonal B cell reconstitution. J Transl Med 2011; 9:101. [PMID: 21722394 PMCID: PMC3141497 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non Obese Diabetic mice lacking B cells (NOD.Igμ(null) mice) do not develop diabetes despite their susceptible background. Upon reconstitution of B cells using a chimera approach, animals start developing diabetes at 20 weeks of age. METHODS We have used the spectratyping technique to follow the T cell receptor (TCR) V beta repertoire of NOD.Igμ(null) mice following B cell reconstitution. This technique provides an unbiased approach to understand the kinetics of TCR expansion. We have also analyzed the TCR repertoire of reconstituted animals receiving cyclophosphamide treatment and following tissue transplants to identify common aggressive clonotypes. RESULTS We found that B cell reconstitution of NOD.Igμ(null) mice induces a polyclonal TCR repertoire in the pancreas 10 weeks later, gradually diversifying to encompass most BV families. Interestingly, these clonotypic BV expansions are mainly confined to the pancreas and are absent from pancreatic lymph nodes or spleens. Cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes at 10 weeks post-B cell reconstitution reorganized the predominant TCR repertoires by removing potential regulatory clonotypes (BV1, BV8 and BV11) and increasing the frequency of others (BV4, BV5S2, BV9, BV16-20). These same clonotypes are more frequently present in neonatal pancreatic transplants under the kidney capsule of B-cell reconstituted diabetic NOD.Igμ(null) mice, suggesting their higher invasiveness. Phenotypic analysis of the pancreas-infiltrating lymphocytes during diabetes onset in B cell reconstituted animals show a predominance of CD19+ B cells with a B:T lymphocyte ratio of 4:1. In contrast, in other lymphoid organs (pancreatic lymph nodes and spleens) analyzed by FACS, the B:T ratio was 1:1. Lymphocytes infiltrating the pancreas secrete large amounts of IL-6 and are of Th1 phenotype after CD3-CD28 stimulation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes in NOD.Igμ(null) mice appears to be caused by a polyclonal repertoire of T cell accumulation in pancreas without much lymphoid organ involvement and is dependent on the help by B cells.
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Ten-color flow cytometry reveals distinct patterns of expression of CD124 and CD126 by developing thymocytes. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:36. [PMID: 21689450 PMCID: PMC3130696 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have developed a 12-parameter/10-color flow cytometric staining method for the simultaneous detection and characterization of 21 mouse thymocyte subpopulations that represent discreet stages of T cell development. To demonstrate the utility of this method, we assessed cytokine receptor expression on mouse thymocyte subsets. These experiments revealed distinct patterns of surface expression of receptors for the cytokines IL-4 and IL-6. Results The IL-4 receptor α chain (CD124) was highly expressed on the earliest thymocyte subsets, then downregulated prior to T cell receptor β-selection and finally upregulated in the CD4/CD8 double positive cells prior to positive selection. The IL-6 receptor α chain (CD126) showed a different pattern of expression. It was expressed on the most mature subsets within the CD4 and CD8 single positive (SP) compartments and was absent on all other thymocytes with the exception of a very small cKit-CD4-CD8- population. Intracellular staining of SP thymocytes for phosphorylated STAT-1 demonstrated that IL-6 signaling was confined to the most mature SP subsets. Conclusions This 12-parameter staining methodology uses only commercially available fluorochrome-coupled monoclonal antibodies and therefore could be employed by any investigator with access to a 4-laser flow cytometer. This novel staining scheme allowed us to easily phenotype thymocyte subpopulations that span across development, from the early thymic progenitors (ETPs) to the most mature subsets of the CD4 and CD8 single positive populations.
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Bour-Jordan H, Esensten JH, Martinez-Llordella M, Penaranda C, Stumpf M, Bluestone JA. Intrinsic and extrinsic control of peripheral T-cell tolerance by costimulatory molecules of the CD28/ B7 family. Immunol Rev 2011; 241:180-205. [PMID: 21488898 PMCID: PMC3077803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Positive and negative costimulation by members of the CD28 family is critical for the development of productive immune responses against foreign pathogens and their proper termination to prevent inflammation-induced tissue damage. In addition, costimulatory signals are critical for the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. This paradigm has been established in many animal models and has led to the development of immunotherapies targeting costimulation pathways for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disease, and allograft rejection. During the last decade, the complexity of the biology of costimulatory pathways has greatly increased due to the realization that costimulation does not affect only effector T cells but also influences regulatory T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Thus, costimulation controls T-cell tolerance through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In this review, we discuss the influence of costimulation on intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of peripheral tolerance, with emphasis on members of the CD28 family, CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and programmed death-1 (PD-1), as well as the downstream cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bour-Jordan
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0400, USA
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Jones GW, Stumhofer JS, Foster T, Twohig JP, Hertzog P, Topley N, Williams AS, Hunter CA, Jenkins BJ, Wang ECY, Jones SA. Naive and activated T cells display differential responsiveness to TL1A that affects Th17 generation, maintenance, and proliferation. FASEB J 2011; 25:409-19. [PMID: 20826539 PMCID: PMC3005434 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-166843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like cytokine (TL1A) is a T-cell costimulator that bolsters cytokine-induced activation through death receptor 3 (DR3). To explore the relationship between T-cell activation and TL1A responsiveness, flow cytometry profiled DR3 expression in resting and activated T cells. In human CD4(+) T cells, DR3 was induced rapidly following activation and expressed prominently by interleukin (IL)-17-secreting T cells (Th17). Splenic T cells from wild-type and DR3-deficient mice showed that TL1A activation of DR3 inhibits Th17 generation (81 ± 2.6% at 100 ng/ml TL1A) from naive T cells. This response was not associated with suppression of T-cell proliferation. Using neutralizing antibodies or T cells derived from genetically modified mice, TL1A inhibition of Th17 development was found to be independent of IL-2, IL-27, γIFN, IFNAR1, and STAT1. Under suboptimal TCR activation, TL1A continued to block IL-17A secretion, however, the reduced threshold of TCR engagement was now linked with an increase in TL1A-driven proliferation. In contrast, fully committed Th17 cells displayed an altered TL1A responsiveness and in the absence of TCR costimulation supported the maintenance of T cell IL-17A expression. Consequently, TL1A orchestrates unique outcomes in naive and effector T-helper cells, which may affect the proliferation, differentiation and maintenance of Th17 cells in peripheral compartments and inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W. Jones
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry and
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Jason S. Stumhofer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tom Foster
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry and
| | | | - Paul Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
| | | | - Anwen S. Williams
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brendan J. Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
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Marino JH, Tan C, Taylor AA, Bentley C, Van De Wiele CJ, Ranne R, Paliotta M, Broughan TA, Teague TK. Differential IL-7 responses in developing human thymocytes. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:329-33. [PMID: 20074604 PMCID: PMC2896073 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-7 is a factor essential for mouse and human thymopoiesis. Mouse thymocytes have altered sensitivities to IL-7 at different developmental stages. CD4/CD8 double positive (DP) mouse thymocytes are shielded from the influence of IL-7 because of loss of CD127 (IL-7Ralpha). In this study, we assessed IL-7 receptor expression and IL-7 signaling in human thymocytes. We found human DP cells to be severely limited in their ability to phosphorylate STAT-5 in response to IL-7. The relative expression levels of the IL-7-inducible proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 were also lower in human DP cells, consistent with a stage-specific decrease in IL-7 responsiveness. IL-7 responses were restored in a subset of cells that matured past the DP stage. Unlike the regulation of IL-7 signaling in mouse thymocytes, loss of IL-7 signaling in human DP cells was not due to absence of CD127, but instead correlated with downregulation of CD132 (common gamma chain).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Child, Preschool
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/immunology
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-7/immunology
- Interleukin-7/pharmacology
- Mice
- Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid/cytology
- Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid/drug effects
- Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid/immunology
- Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie H Marino
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Jones GW, McLoughlin RM, Hammond VJ, Parker CR, Williams JD, Malhotra R, Scheller J, Williams AS, Rose-John S, Topley N, Jones SA. Loss of CD4+ T cell IL-6R expression during inflammation underlines a role for IL-6 trans signaling in the local maintenance of Th17 cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:2130-9. [PMID: 20083667 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 responses are classically orchestrated via a membrane-bound IL-6R (CD126) alpha subunit (classical IL-6R signaling) or through a soluble form of this cognate receptor (IL-6 trans signaling). Appraisal of IL-6R expression on human and mouse T cells emphasized that IL-6R expression is closely linked with that of CCR7 and CD62L. In this regard, infiltrating effector T cells from clinical and experimental peritonitis episodes lose IL-6R expression, and anti-CD3/CD28 Ab costimulation of peripheral T cells in vitro leads to a downregulation in IL-6R expression. Consequently, IL-6 signaling through membrane-bound IL-6R seems to be limited to naive or central memory T cell populations. Loss of IL-6R expression by activated T cells further suggests that these effector cells might still retain IL-6 responsiveness via IL-6 trans signaling. Using IL-6R-deficient mice and recombinant tools that modulate the capacity of IL-6 to signal via its soluble receptor, we report that local control of IL-6 trans signaling regulates the effector characteristics of the T cell infiltrate and promotes the maintenance of IL-17A-secreting CD4(+) T cells. Therefore, we concluded that classical IL-6R signaling in naive or central memory CD4(+) T cells is required to steer their effector characteristics, whereas local regulation of soluble IL-6R activity might serve to maintain the cytokine profile of the Th cell infiltrate. Therefore, the activation status of a T cell population is linked with an alteration in IL-6 responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Jones
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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Dobreva ZG, Prakova GR, Slavov ES, Stanilova SA. Changes of cytokine production and cell viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from silicosis patients: effect of in vitro treatment with acetylsalicylic acid. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 26:3-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233709354555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, IL-6 and IL-12p40 production and cell viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from silicosis patients after in vitro stimulation were investigated. Furthermore, the effects of introducing acetylsalicylic acid to stimulated patients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells on cytokine production and cell viability were determined. Nine patients with moderate silicosis, 11 with severe silicosis and 14 healthy subjects were recruited for this study. The level of IL-6 produced by patients peripheral blood mononuclear cells decreased depending on the stage of the disease. The addition of acetylsalicylic acid had significantly suppressive effect on the IL-6 production by lipopolysaccharide—stimulated patients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Acetylsalicylic acid treatment of C3 binding glycoprotein—stimulated patients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells led to significant upregulation of IL-12p40 production. Results showed a stage-dependent decrease of cell viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from silicosis patients. Acetylsalicylic acid significantly decreased cell viability entirely in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with severe silicosis. In conclusion, this study showed that the disease progression affects peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with silicosis and causes functional changes that became apparent after stimulation. Our study demonstrated that in severe silicosis the treatment with acetylsalicylic acid, as an anti-inflammatory agent, might not be beneficial for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatka Georgieva Dobreva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology & Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria,
| | | | - Emil Slavov Slavov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology & Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Spaska Angelova Stanilova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology & Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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39
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The Foxo and the hound: chasing the in vivo regulation of T cell populations during infection. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:457-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ni0509-457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Atsumi T, Sato M, Kamimura D, Moroi A, Iwakura Y, Betz UAK, Yoshimura A, Nishihara M, Hirano T, Murakami M. IFN-gamma expression in CD8+ T cells regulated by IL-6 signal is involved in superantigen-mediated CD4+ T cell death. Int Immunol 2008; 21:73-80. [PMID: 19050105 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with pathogens containing superantigens (Sags) can result in massive excessive CD4+ T cell activation and death in such conditions as toxic shock, food poisoning and autoimmune diseases. We here showed how enhancement of IL-6 signaling suppresses Sag-mediated activated CD4+ T cell death. Sag-induced CD4+ T cell death increased in IL-6 knockout (KO) mice, whereas it decreased in mice characterized by enhanced IL-6-gp130-STAT3 signaling. The serum concentration of IFN-gamma was inversely correlated with the magnitude of IL-6 signaling, and IFN-gamma deficiency inhibited Sag-induced activated CD4+ T cell death, suggesting that IL-6 suppresses CD4+ T cell death via IFN-gamma expression. Interestingly, depletion of activated CD8+ T cells inhibited Sag-mediated increases in IFN-gamma expression in IL-6 KO mice as well as the augmented CD4+ T cell death. The results demonstrate that IL-6-gp130-STAT3 signaling in activated CD8+ T cells contributes to Sag-induced CD4+ T cell death via IFN-gamma expression, highlighting this signaling axis in CD8+ T cells as a potential therapeutic target for Sag-related syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Atsumi
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology and the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Wang W, Edington HD, Jukic DM, Rao UNM, Land SR, Kirkwood JM. Impact of IFNalpha2b upon pSTAT3 and the MEK/ERK MAPK pathway in melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1315-21. [PMID: 18386001 PMCID: PMC11030104 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-dose IFNalpha2b (HDI) was established as the first effective adjuvant therapy for patients with high-risk resected melanoma more than a decade ago, but its fundamental molecular mechanism of action remains unclear. STAT3 and the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), especially ERK (extracellular signal-regulating kinase) and MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase), play roles in melanoma progression and host immunity. We have therefore evaluated STAT3 and MEK/ERK MAP kinases in patients with regional lymph node metastasis (stage IIIB) of melanoma in the context of a prospective neoadjuvant trial of HDI (UPCI 00-008). PATIENTS AND METHODS In the context of this trial, HDI was administered daily for 20 doses following diagnostic biopsy, and prior to definitive surgery. Immunohistochemistry for pSTAT3, phospho-MEK1/2, phospho-ERK1/2, and EGFR was performed on paired fixed (nine patients) biopsies. RESULTS HDI was found to down-regulate pSTAT3 (P = 0.008) and phospho-MEK1/2 (P = 0.008) levels significantly in tumor cells. Phospho-ERK1/2 was down-regulated by HDI in tumor cells (P = 0.015), but not in lymphoid cells. HDI down-regulated EGFR (P = 0.013), but pSTAT3 activation appeared not to be associated with EGFR expression and the MEK/ERK MAPK pathway. CONCLUSION We conclude that HDI regulates MAPK signaling differentially in melanoma tumor cells and host lymphoid cells in vivo. STAT3 activation is independent of the EGFR/MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Suite 1.32, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2584 USA
- Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Suite 1.32, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2584 USA
| | | | - Drazen M. Jukic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Uma N. M. Rao
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Stephanie R. Land
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Suite 1.32, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2584 USA
- Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Suite 1.32, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2584 USA
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Marino JH, Tan C, Davis B, Han ES, Hickey M, Naukam R, Taylor A, Miller KS, Van De Wiele CJ, Teague TK. Disruption of thymopoiesis in ST6Gal I-deficient mice. Glycobiology 2008; 18:719-26. [PMID: 18535087 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymocyte development is accompanied by sequential changes in cell surface glycosylation. For example, medullary thymocytes have increased levels of alpha2,3-linked sialic acid and a loss of asialo core 1 O-glycans as compared to cortical thymocytes. Some of these changes have been linked to fine tuning of the T cell receptor avidity. We analyzed ST6Gal I transcript abundance and levels of alpha2,6-linked sialic acid across thymocyte subsets. We found that ST6Gal I transcript levels increased following T cell receptor beta-selection suggesting that this sialyltransferase may influence the development of early thymocyte populations. Indeed, low levels of alpha2,6-linked sialic acid were found in the earliest T lineage cells, and then increased in T cell receptor beta-selected cells. To determine whether ST6Gal I influences T cell development, we analyzed ST6Gal I-deficient mice for disruptions in thymocyte populations. We found reduced thymic cellularity in the ST6Gal I-deficient mice starting in the early thymocyte compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie H Marino
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA
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Gagnon J, Ramanathan S, Leblanc C, Cloutier A, McDonald PP, Ilangumaran S. IL-6, in Synergy with IL-7 or IL-15, Stimulates TCR-Independent Proliferation and Functional Differentiation of CD8+T Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7958-68. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.7958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Impaired thymopoiesis in interleukin-7 receptor transgenic mice is not corrected by Bcl-2. Cell Immunol 2008; 250:31-9. [PMID: 18321477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Murine thymocytes down-regulate IL-7 responsiveness following beta-selection and reacquire sensitivity after positive selection. To assess the potential consequences of IL-7 signaling during this phase of development, transgenic IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Ralpha) mice were evaluated for IL-7 responsiveness as gauged by STAT-5 phosphorylation. Transgenic IL-7Ralpha expression increased the percentage of thymocytes responsive to IL-7 yet resulted in a decrease in total thymic cellularity. Aberrant thymocyte development in transgenic mice was first manifested by a reduction of DN3 thymocytes that correlated with lower Bcl-2 expression. Surprisingly, transgenic restoration of Bcl-2 expression did not correct thymic hypocellularity induced by IL-7Ralpha overexpression. These findings demonstrate that failure to appropriately downregulate IL-7Ralpha expression interferes with thymocyte development past the pro-T stage resulting in significantly lower levels of mature thymocytes.
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Interleukin-6 is crucial for recall of influenza-specific memory CD4 T cells. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000006. [PMID: 18389078 PMCID: PMC2279258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, our understanding of mechanisms underlying cell-mediated immunity and particularly of mechanisms that promote robust T cell memory to respiratory viruses is incomplete. Interleukin (IL)-6 has recently re-emerged as an important regulator of T cell proliferation and survival. Since IL-6 is abundant following infection with influenza virus, we analyzed virus-specific T cell activity in both wild type and IL-6 deficient mice. Studies outlined herein highlight a novel role for IL-6 in the development of T cell memory to influenza virus. Specifically, we find that CD4+ but not CD8+ T cell memory is critically dependent upon IL-6. This effect of IL-6 includes its ability to suppress CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg). We demonstrate that influenza-induced IL-6 limits the activity of virus-specific Tregs, thereby facilitating the activity of virus-specific memory CD4+ T cells. These experiments reveal a critical role for IL-6 in ensuring, within the timeframe of an acute infection with a cytopathic virus, that antigen-specific Tregs have no opportunity to down-modulate the immune response, thereby favoring pathogen clearance and survival of the host. Influenza virus poses a serious global health threat, particularly in light of newly emerging strains such as the avian virus H5N1. The generation of cell-mediated vaccines against influenza virus requires an understanding of mechanisms underlying effective virus-specific T cell memory. This study explored the impact of a cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), on generation of effective influenza-specific T cell memory. This cytokine was considered important based on previous studies revealing its role in promoting survival and activity of conventional T cells whilst inhibiting the activity of T cells involved in dampening down immunity (regulatory T cells). We found that the activity of a subset of influenza-specific memory T cells (CD4+ T cells) was diminished in the absence of IL-6 due to the inhibitory effects of regulatory T cells—an effect that compromised protective anti-viral immunity. Since a robust CD4+ T cell response is likely to be central to the success of a vaccine against influenza virus, these findings highlight the importance of IL-6 in promoting effective cell-mediated immune responses, thereby facilitating successful virus clearance.
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Wojciechowski S, Tripathi P, Bourdeau T, Acero L, Grimes HL, Katz JD, Finkelman FD, Hildeman DA. Bim/Bcl-2 balance is critical for maintaining naive and memory T cell homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1665-75. [PMID: 17591857 PMCID: PMC2118628 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of the antiapoptotic molecule Bcl-2 in combating the proapoptotic molecule Bim in control of naive and memory T cell homeostasis using Bcl-2−/− mice that were additionally deficient in one or both alleles of Bim. Naive T cells were significantly decreased in Bim+/−Bcl-2−/− mice, but were largely restored in Bim−/−Bcl-2−/− mice. Similarly, a synthetic Bcl-2 inhibitor killed wild-type, but not Bim−/−, T cells. Further, T cells from Bim+/−Bcl-2−/− mice died rapidly ex vivo and were refractory to cytokine-driven survival in vitro. In vivo, naive CD8+ T cells required Bcl-2 to combat Bim to maintain peripheral survival, whereas naive CD4+ T cells did not. In contrast, Bim+/−Bcl-2−/− mice generated relatively normal numbers of memory T cells after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Accumulation of memory T cells in Bim+/−Bcl-2−/− mice was likely caused by their increased proliferative renewal because of the lymphopenic environment of the mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate a critical role for a balance between Bim and Bcl-2 in controlling homeostasis of naive and memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wojciechowski
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Rose-John S, Schooltink H. Cytokines are a therapeutic target for the prevention of inflammation-induced cancers. RECENT RESULTS IN CANCER RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER KREBSFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DANS LES RECHERCHES SUR LE CANCER 2007; 174:57-66. [PMID: 17302185 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-37696-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an inflammatory cytokine with a well-documented role in cancer. The cytokine binds to a membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and this complex associates with two molecules of the signal transducing protein gp130, initiating intracellular signaling. Whereas gp130 is expressed on all cells of the body, the IL-6R is only found on some cells, mainly hepatocytes and several leukocytes. Cells, which only express gp130 and no IL-6R, cannot respond to IL-6. We have shown that the IL-6R exists as a soluble protein generated by limited proteolysis of the membrane-bound receptor or by translation from an alternatively spliced mRNA. The complex of soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) and IL-6 can bind to gp130 on cells that lack the membrane-bound IL-6R and trigger gp130 signaling. We have named this process trans-signaling. We review data that show that IL-6 uses classical signaling via the membrane-bound receptor and trans-signaling via the soluble receptor in physiological and pathophysiological situations. We have developed designer cytokines, which specifically enhance or inhibit IL-6 trans-signaling. These designer cytokines have been shown to be extremely useful in therapeutic applications such as blockade of chronic inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rose-John
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany
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Castellino F, Germain RN. Chemokine-guided CD4+ T cell help enhances generation of IL-6RalphahighIL-7Ralpha high prememory CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:778-87. [PMID: 17202339 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells promote effective CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunity, but the timing and mechanistic details of such help remain controversial. Furthermore, the extent to which innate stimuli act independently of help in enhancing CD8(+) T cell responses is also unresolved. Using a noninfectious vaccine model in immunocompetent mice, we show that even in the presence of innate stimuli, CD4(+) T cell help early after priming is required for generating an optimal pool of functional memory CD8(+) T cells. CD4(+) T cell help increased the size of a previously unreported population of IL-6Ralpha(high)IL-7Ralpha(high) prememory CD8(+) T cells shortly after priming that showed a survival advantage in vivo and contributed to the majority of functional memory CD8(+) T cells after the contraction phase. In accord with our recent demonstration of chemokine-guided recruitment of naive CD8(+) T cells to sites of CD4(+) T cell-dendritic cell interactions, the generation of IL-6Ralpha(high)IL-7Ralpha(high) prememory as well as functional memory CD8(+) T cells depended on the early postvaccination action of the inflammatory chemokines CCL3 and CCL4. Together, these findings support a model of CD8(+) T cell memory cell differentiation involving the delivery of key signals early in the priming process based on chemokine-guided attraction of naive CD8(+) T cells to sites of Ag-driven interactions between TLR-activated dendritic cells and CD4(+) T cells. They also reveal that elevated IL-6Ralpha expression by a subset of CD8(+) T cells represents an early imprint of CD4(+) T cell helper function that actively contributes to the survival of activated CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Castellino
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Marino JH, Van De Wiele CJ, Everhart JM, Masengale R, Naukam RJ, Schniederjan MJ, Vo S, Teague TK. Attenuation of cytokine responsiveness during T cell development and differentiation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26:748-59. [PMID: 17032169 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play critical roles during T cell development; however, it is unclear to what extent development is altered by the high levels of cytokines produced during immune responses. A potential mechanism to shield developing cells from cytokine influence is attenuation of cytokine signaling. Using intracellular staining and flow cytometry to detect cytokine-induced Stat phosphorylation, we analyzed the cytokine responsiveness of developmentally defined mouse T cells. We assessed CD4(-)CD8(-) (DN), CD4(+)CD8(+) (DP), CD4(+)CD8(-) (SP4), and CD4(-)CD8(+) (SP8) in the thymus, and CD4(+)CD44(lo) (naive), CD4(+)CD44(hi) (memory), CD8(+)CD44(lo) (naive), and CD8(+)CD44(hi) (memory) in the periphery for responsiveness to interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL- 10, IL-15, interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), and IFN-gamma. SP thymocytes responded to a wider range of cytokines than did the less mature DN and DP subpopulations. DP thymocytes were nonresponsive to all cytokines tested except for modest responses to IL-4 and IFN-alpha. Peripheral naive and memory T cells also displayed differential cytokine sensitivity. Memory T cells were less responsive to the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IFN-gamma when compared with naive T cells, and the memory CD4(+) subset was less responsive to IL-4. In summary, developing thymocytes and memory T cells appear to be resistant to the influences of numerous cytokines produced during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie H Marino
- University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA
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50
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Horiuchi S, Yamamoto N, Dewan MZ, Takahashi Y, Yamashita A, Yoshida T, Nowell MA, Richards PJ, Jones SA, Yamamoto N. Human T-cell leukemia virus type-I Tax induces expression of interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R): Shedding of soluble IL-6R and activation of STAT3 signaling. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:823-30. [PMID: 16557588 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) encodes for the viral protein Tax, which is known to significantly disrupt transcriptional control of cytokines, cytokine receptors and other immuno-modulatory proteins in T cells. Specific dysregulation of these factors can alter the course and pathogenesis of infection. Soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) was shown to circulate at elevated levels in HTLV-I-infected patients, and high expressions of IL-6R and sIL-6R by HTLV-I-infected T cells were clinically and experimentally associated with Tax activity. To examine roles of Tax in expression of the IL-6R gene, the JPX-9 cell line was used, which is derived from Jurkat cell line expressing Tax cDNA. Over-expression of Tax enhanced IL-6R expression but not in Tax mutant JPX-9/M cell line. The clinical relevance of these observations was further demonstrated by ELISA using sera obtained from HTLV-I-infected patients. Our results revealed that sIL-6R levels were apparently elevated in HAM/TSP patients who were expressing Tax in their cells, while ATL patients' cells barely expressed Tax. HTLV-I-infected T-cell lines stimulated by IL-6/sIL-6R showed gp130-mediated STAT3 activity. IL-6/sIL-6R enhanced proliferation of HTLV-I-infected T cells in association with activation of STAT3. Consequently, Tax-mediated regulations of IL-6R and sIL-6R observed in HTLV-I-associated disorders may contribute to proliferation of HTLV-I-infected T cells through activation of inducible STAT3, and ultimately affect malignant growth and transformation of T cells by HTLV-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankichi Horiuchi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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