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Yan Z, Xie J, Hou Z, Zhang Y, Yue J, Zhang X, Chen L, Yang Y, Li X, Li H, Feng R. Pseudorabies virus UL38 attenuates the cGAS-STING signaling pathway by recruiting Tollip to promote STING for autophagy degradation. Virol J 2024; 21:107. [PMID: 38720392 PMCID: PMC11080157 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural immunity is the first defense line of the host immune system, which plays a significant role in combating foreign pathogenic microorganisms. The IFN-β (interferon-beta) signaling pathway, being a typical example of innate immunity, plays a vital function. This study aimed to elucidate the function of pseudorabies virus (PRV) UL38 protein (unique long region 38) in suppressing the activation of the IFN-β signaling pathway. The findings from our study indicate that the PRV UL38 protein effectively hampers the activation of IFN-β by poly (dA: dT) (poly(deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic)) and 2'3'-cGAMP (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP). Furthermore, UL38 exhibits spatial co-localization with STING (stimulator of interferon genes) and effectively hinders STING dimerization. Subsequently, STING was downgraded to suppress the production of IFN-β and ISGs (interferon stimulated genes). Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that the interaction between UL38 and STING, which subsequently initiated the degradation of STING via selective autophagy mediated by TOLLIP (toll interacting protein). To summarize, this research elucidates the function of UL38 in counteracting the cGAS (cGAMP synthase)-STING-induced IFN-β pathway. The PRV UL38 protein may attenuate the activation of IFN-β as a means of regulating the virus's persistence in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Zhengyang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Jiayu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xiangbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Huixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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Tu H, Ren H, Jiang J, Shao C, Shi Y, Li P. Dying to Defend: Neutrophil Death Pathways and their Implications in Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306457. [PMID: 38044275 PMCID: PMC10885667 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils, accounting for ≈70% of human peripheral leukocytes, are key cells countering bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophil homeostasis involves a balance between cell maturation, migration, aging, and eventual death. Neutrophils undergo different death pathways depending on their interactions with microbes and external environmental cues. Neutrophil death has significant physiological implications and leads to distinct immunological outcomes. This review discusses the multifarious neutrophil death pathways, including apoptosis, NETosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, and outlines their effects on immune responses and disease progression. Understanding the multifaceted aspects of neutrophil death, the intersections among signaling pathways and ramifications of immunity will help facilitate the development of novel therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Tu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Haoyu Ren
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Changshun Shao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Yufang Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Peishan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
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Vorobjeva NV, Chelombitko MA, Sud’ina GF, Zinovkin RA, Chernyak BV. Role of Mitochondria in the Regulation of Effector Functions of Granulocytes. Cells 2023; 12:2210. [PMID: 37759432 PMCID: PMC10526294 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) are the most abundant circulating cells in the innate immune system. Circulating granulocytes, primarily neutrophils, can cross the endothelial barrier and activate various effector mechanisms to combat invasive pathogens. Eosinophils and basophils also play an important role in allergic reactions and antiparasitic defense. Granulocytes also regulate the immune response, wound healing, and tissue repair by releasing of various cytokines and lipid mediators. The effector mechanisms of granulocytes include the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), degranulation, phagocytosis, and the formation of DNA-containing extracellular traps. Although all granulocytes are primarily glycolytic and have only a small number of mitochondria, a growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondria are involved in all effector functions as well as in the production of cytokines and lipid mediators and in apoptosis. It has been shown that the production of mitochondrial ROS controls signaling pathways that mediate the activation of granulocytes by various stimuli. In this review, we will briefly discuss the data on the role of mitochondria in the regulation of effector and other functions of granulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V. Vorobjeva
- Department Immunology, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria A. Chelombitko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
- The Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 129226 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina F. Sud’ina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
| | - Roman A. Zinovkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
- The Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 129226 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
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Ma Z, Bai J, Jiang C, Zhu H, Liu D, Pan M, Wang X, Pi J, Jiang P, Liu X. Tegument protein UL21 of alpha-herpesvirus inhibits the innate immunity by triggering CGAS degradation through TOLLIP-mediated selective autophagy. Autophagy 2023; 19:1512-1532. [PMID: 36343628 PMCID: PMC10241001 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2139921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-herpesvirus causes lifelong infections and serious diseases in a wide range of hosts and has developed multiple strategies to counteract the host defense. Here, we demonstrate that the tegument protein UL21 (unique long region 21) in pseudorabies virus (PRV) dampens type I interferon signaling by triggering the degradation of CGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase) through the macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosome pathway. Mechanistically, the UL21 protein scaffolds the E3 ligase UBE3C (ubiquitin protein ligase E3C) to catalyze the K27-linked ubiquitination of CGAS at Lys384, which is recognized by the cargo receptor TOLLIP (toll interacting protein) and degraded in the lysosome. Additionally, we show that the N terminus of UL21 in PRV is dominant in destabilizing CGAS-mediated innate immunity. Moreover, viral tegument protein UL21 in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) also displays the conserved inhibitory mechanisms. Furthermore, by using PRV, we demonstrate the roles of UL21 in degrading CGAS to promote viral infection in vivo. Altogether, these findings describe a distinct pathway where alpha-herpesvirus exploits TOLLIP-mediated selective autophagy to evade host antiviral immunity, highlighting a new interface of interplay between the host and DNA virus.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin beta; AHV-1: anatid herpesvirus 1; ATG7: autophagy related 7; ATG13: autophagy related 13; ATG101: autophagy related 101; BHV-1: bovine alphaherpesvirus 1; BNIP3L/Nix: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CCDC50: coiled-coil domain containing 50; CCT2: chaperonin containing TCP1 subunit 2; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CHV-2: cercopithecine herpesvirus 2; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; CRISPR: clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat; Cas9: CRISPR-associated system 9; CTD: C-terminal domain; Ctrl: control; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DBD: N-terminal DNA binding domain; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DYNLRB1: dynein light chain roadblock-type 1; EHV-1: equine herpesvirus 1; gB: glycoprotein B; GFP: green fluorescent protein; H&E: hematoxylin and eosin; HSV-1: herpes simplex virus 1; HSV-2: herpes simplex virus 2; IB: immunoblotting; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; lenti: lentivirus; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MARCHF9: membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 9; MG132: cbz-leu-leu-leucinal; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NC: negative control; NEDD4L: NEDD4 like E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; NH4Cl: ammonium chloride; OPTN: optineurin; p-: phosphorylated; PFU: plaque-forming unit; Poly(dA:dT): Poly(deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic) acid; PPP1: protein phosphatase 1; PRV: pseudorabies virus; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RNF126: ring finger protein 126; RT-PCR: real-time polymerase chain reaction; sgRNA: single guide RNA; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TOLLIP: toll interacting protein; TRIM33: tripartite motif containing 33; UL16: unique long region 16; UL21: unique long region 21; UL54: unique long region 54; Ub: ubiquitin; UBE3C: ubiquitin protein ligase E3C; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; Vec: vector; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; VZV: varicella-zoster virus; WCL: whole-cell lysate; WT: wild-type; Z-VAD: carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoromethylketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Chenlong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Huixin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Depeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Mengjiao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, the First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
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Dubyak GR, Miller BA, Pearlman E. Pyroptosis in neutrophils: Multimodal integration of inflammasome and regulated cell death signaling pathways. Immunol Rev 2023; 314:229-249. [PMID: 36656082 PMCID: PMC10407921 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a proinflammatory mode of lytic cell death mediated by accumulation of plasma membrane (PM) macropores composed of gasdermin-family (GSDM) proteins. It facilitates two major functions in innate immunity: (i) elimination of intracellular replicative niches for pathogenic bacteria; and (ii) non-classical secretion of IL-1 family cytokines that amplify host-beneficial inflammatory responses to microbial infection or tissue damage. Physiological roles for gasdermin D (GSDMD) in pyroptosis and IL-1β release during inflammasome signaling have been extensively characterized in macrophages. This involves cleavage of GSDMD by caspase-1 to generate GSDMD macropores that mediate IL-1β efflux and progression to pyroptotic lysis. Neutrophils, which rapidly accumulate in large numbers at sites of tissue infection or damage, become the predominant local source of IL-1β in coordination with their potent microbiocidal capacity. Similar to macrophages, neutrophils express GSDMD and utilize the same spectrum of diverse inflammasome platforms for caspase-1-mediated cleavage of GSDMD. Distinct from macrophages, neutrophils possess a remarkable capacity to resist progression to GSDMD-dependent pyroptotic lysis to preserve their viability for efficient microbial killing while maintaining GSDMD-dependent mechanisms for export of bioactive IL-1β. Rather, neutrophils employ cell-specific mechanisms to conditionally engage GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in response to bacterial pathogens that use neutrophils as replicative niches. GSDMD and pyroptosis have also been mechanistically linked to induction of NETosis, a signature neutrophil pathway that expels decondensed nuclear DNA into extracellular compartments for immobilization and killing of microbial pathogens. This review summarizes a rapidly growing number of recent studies that have produced new insights, unexpected mechanistic nuances, and some controversies regarding the regulation of, and roles for, neutrophil inflammasomes, pyroptosis, and GSDMs in diverse innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Dubyak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brandon A. Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Peng S, Gao J, Stojkov D, Yousefi S, Simon H. Established and emerging roles for mitochondria in neutrophils. Immunol Rev 2022; 314:413-426. [PMID: 36331270 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant innate immune cells in human blood, emerging as important players in a variety of diseases. Mitochondria are bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles critical for cell fate and function. Mitochondria have been overlooked in neutrophil research owing to the conventional view that neutrophils contain few, if any, competent mitochondria and do not rely on these organelles for adenosine triphosphate production. A growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondria participate in neutrophil biology at many levels, ranging from neutrophil development to chemotaxis, effector function, and cell death. Moreover, mitochondria and mitochondrial components, such as mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid, can be released by neutrophils to eliminate infection and/or shape immune response, depending on the specific context. In this review, we provide an update on the functional role of mitochondria in neutrophils, highlight mitochondria as key players in modulating the neutrophil phenotype and function during infection and inflammation, and discuss the possibilities and challenges to exploit the unique aspects of mitochondria in neutrophils for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Peng
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas USA
| | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Hans‐Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology Sechenov University Moscow Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University Kazan Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School Neuruppin Germany
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Pérez-Figueroa E, Álvarez-Carrasco P, Ortega E, Maldonado-Bernal C. Neutrophils: Many Ways to Die. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631821. [PMID: 33746968 PMCID: PMC7969520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are key participants in the innate immune response for their ability to execute different effector functions. These cells express a vast array of membrane receptors that allow them to recognize and eliminate infectious agents effectively and respond appropriately to microenvironmental stimuli that regulate neutrophil functions, such as activation, migration, generation of reactive oxygen species, formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, and mediator secretion, among others. Currently, it has been realized that activated neutrophils can accomplish their effector functions and simultaneously activate mechanisms of cell death in response to different intracellular or extracellular factors. Although several studies have revealed similarities between the mechanisms of cell death of neutrophils and other cell types, neutrophils have distinctive properties, such as a high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), that are important for their effector function in infections and pathologies such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiencies, influencing their cell death mechanisms. The present work offers a synthesis of the conditions and molecules implicated in the regulation and activation of the processes of neutrophil death: apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, NETosis, and necrosis. This information allows to understand the duality encountered by PMNs upon activation. The effector functions are carried out to eliminate invading pathogens, but in several instances, these functions involve activation of signaling cascades that culminate in the death of the neutrophil. This process guarantees the correct elimination of pathogenic agents, damaged or senescent cells, and the timely resolution of the inflammation that is essential for the maintenance of homeostasis in the organism. In addition, they alert the organism when the immunological system is being deregulated, promoting the activation of other cells of the immune system, such as B and T lymphocytes, which produce cytokines that potentiate the microbicide functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erandi Pérez-Figueroa
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Álvarez-Carrasco
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmen Maldonado-Bernal
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
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Lima TS, Mallya S, Jankeel A, Messaoudi I, Lodoen MB. Toxoplasma gondii Extends the Life Span of Infected Human Neutrophils by Inducing Cytosolic PCNA and Blocking Activation of Apoptotic Caspases. mBio 2021; 12:e02031-20. [PMID: 33500339 PMCID: PMC7858050 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02031-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that has the remarkable ability to infect and replicate in neutrophils, immune cells with an arsenal of antimicrobial effector mechanisms. We report that T. gondii infection extends the life span of primary human peripheral blood neutrophils by delaying spontaneous apoptosis, serum starvation-induced apoptosis, and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α)-mediated apoptosis. T. gondii blockade of apoptosis was associated with an inhibition of processing and activation of the apoptotic caspases caspase-8 and -3, decreased phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane, and reduced cell death. We performed a global transcriptome analysis of T. gondii-infected peripheral blood neutrophils using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and identified gene expression changes associated with DNA replication and DNA repair pathways, which in mature neutrophils are indicative of changes in regulators of cell survival. Consistent with the RNA-Seq data, T. gondii infection upregulated transcript and protein expression of PCNA, which is found in the cytosol of human neutrophils, where it functions as a key inhibitor of apoptotic pro-caspases. Infection of neutrophils resulted in increased interaction of PCNA with pro-caspase-3. Inhibition of this interaction with an AlkB homologue 2 PCNA-interacting motif (APIM) peptide reversed the infection-induced delay in cell death. Taken together, these findings indicate a novel strategy by which T. gondii manipulates cell life span in primary human neutrophils, which may allow the parasite to maintain an intracellular replicative niche and avoid immune clearance.IMPORTANCEToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can cause life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals and in the developing fetus. Interestingly, T. gondii has evolved strategies to successfully manipulate the host immune system to establish a productive infection and evade host defense mechanisms. Although it is well documented that neutrophils are mobilized during acute T. gondii infection and infiltrate the site of infection, these cells can also be actively infected by T. gondii and serve as a replicative niche for the parasite. However, there is a limited understanding of the molecular processes occurring within T. gondii-infected neutrophils. This study reveals that T. gondii extends the life span of human neutrophils by inducing the expression of PCNA, which prevents activation of apoptotic caspases, thus delaying apoptosis. This strategy may allow the parasite to preserve its replicative intracellular niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane S Lima
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sharmila Mallya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Allen Jankeel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Melissa B Lodoen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Hoogendijk AJ, Pourfarzad F, Aarts CEM, Tool ATJ, Hiemstra IH, Grassi L, Frontini M, Meijer AB, van den Biggelaar M, Kuijpers TW. Dynamic Transcriptome-Proteome Correlation Networks Reveal Human Myeloid Differentiation and Neutrophil-Specific Programming. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2505-2519.e4. [PMID: 31747616 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophilic granulocytes form the largest pool of innate immune cells for host defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens. The dynamic changes that accompany the metamorphosis from a proliferating myeloid progenitor cell in the bone marrow into a mature non-dividing polymorphonuclear blood cell have remained poorly defined. Using mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics combined with transcriptomic data, we report on the dynamic changes of five developmental stages in the bone marrow and blood. Integration of transcriptomes and proteome unveils highly dynamic and differential interactions between RNA and protein kinetics during human neutrophil development, which can be linked to functional maturation of typical end-stage blood neutrophil killing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie J Hoogendijk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Farzin Pourfarzad
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cathelijn E M Aarts
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anton T J Tool
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ida H Hiemstra
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luigi Grassi
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Mattia Frontini
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK; British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alexander B Meijer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, AUMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Neutrophils play a critical role in the eradication of pathogenic organisms, particularly bacteria. However, in the septic patient the prolonged activation and accumulation of neutrophils may augment tissue and organ injury. This review discusses the different activation states and chemotaxis of neutrophils in septic patients. Neutrophil killing of bacteria and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps represent important components of the innate immune response and they become dysregulated during sepsis, possibly through changes in their metabolism. Delayed neutrophil apoptosis may contribute to organ injury, or allow better clearance of pathogens. Neutrophils provide a friendly immune response to clear infections, but excessive activation and recruitment has the potential to turn them into potent foes.
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11
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Noonan JJ, Jarzabek M, Lincoln FA, Cavanagh BL, Pariag AR, Juric V, Young LS, Ligon KL, Jahns H, Zheleva D, Prehn JHM, Rehm M, Byrne AT, Murphy BM. Implementing Patient-Derived Xenografts to Assess the Effectiveness of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11122005. [PMID: 31842413 PMCID: PMC6966586 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor with no available cure. As previously described, seliciclib, a first-generation cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, down-regulates the anti-apoptotic protein, Mcl-1, in GBM, thereby sensitizing GBM cells to the apoptosis-inducing effects of the death receptor ligand, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Here, we have assessed the efficacy of seliciclib when delivered in combination with the antibody against human death receptor 5, drozitumab, in clinically relevant patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of GBM. A reduction in viability and significant levels of apoptosis were observed in vitro in human GBM neurospheres following treatment with seliciclib plus drozitumab. While the co-treatment strategy induced a similar effect in PDX models, the dosing regimen required to observe seliciclib-targeted responses in the brain, resulted in lethal toxicity in 45% of animals. Additional studies showed that the second-generation CDK inhibitor, CYC065, with improved potency in comparison to seliciclib, induced a significant decrease in the size of human GBM neurospheres in vitro and was well tolerated in vivo, upon administration at clinically relevant doses. This study highlights the continued need for robust pre-clinical assessment of promising treatment approaches using clinically relevant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis J. Noonan
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin 2, Ireland; (J.J.N.); (M.J.); (F.A.L.); (A.R.P.); (V.J.); (J.H.M.P.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Monika Jarzabek
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin 2, Ireland; (J.J.N.); (M.J.); (F.A.L.); (A.R.P.); (V.J.); (J.H.M.P.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Frank A. Lincoln
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin 2, Ireland; (J.J.N.); (M.J.); (F.A.L.); (A.R.P.); (V.J.); (J.H.M.P.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Brenton L. Cavanagh
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin 2, Ireland;
| | - Arhona R. Pariag
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin 2, Ireland; (J.J.N.); (M.J.); (F.A.L.); (A.R.P.); (V.J.); (J.H.M.P.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Viktorija Juric
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin 2, Ireland; (J.J.N.); (M.J.); (F.A.L.); (A.R.P.); (V.J.); (J.H.M.P.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Leonie S. Young
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin 2, Ireland;
| | - Keith L. Ligon
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Hanne Jahns
- Pathobiology Section, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Daniella Zheleva
- Cyclacel Ltd., 1 James Lindsay Place, Dundee, Scotland DD1 5JJ, UK;
| | - Jochen H. M. Prehn
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin 2, Ireland; (J.J.N.); (M.J.); (F.A.L.); (A.R.P.); (V.J.); (J.H.M.P.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Markus Rehm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annette T. Byrne
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin 2, Ireland; (J.J.N.); (M.J.); (F.A.L.); (A.R.P.); (V.J.); (J.H.M.P.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Brona M. Murphy
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin 2, Ireland; (J.J.N.); (M.J.); (F.A.L.); (A.R.P.); (V.J.); (J.H.M.P.); (A.T.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-31-402-2119
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12
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Hamam HJ, Palaniyar N. Post-Translational Modifications in NETosis and NETs-Mediated Diseases. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080369. [PMID: 31416265 PMCID: PMC6723044 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils undergo a unique form of cell death that generates neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that may help to neutralize invading pathogens and restore homeostasis. However, uncontrolled NET formation (NETosis) can result in numerous diseases that adversely affect health. Recent studies further elucidate the mechanistic details of the different forms of NETosis and their common end structure, as NETs were constantly found to contain DNA, modified histones and cytotoxic enzymes. In fact, emerging evidence reveal that the post translational modifications (PTMs) of histones in neutrophils have a critical role in regulating neutrophil death. Histone citrullination is shown to promote a rapid form of NET formation independent of NADPH oxidase (NOX), which relies on calcium influx. Interestingly, few studies suggest an association between histone citrullination and other types of PTMs to control cell survival and death, such as histone methylation. Even more exciting is the finding that histone acetylation has a biphasic effect upon NETosis, where histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors promote baseline, NOX-dependent and -independent NETosis. However, increasing levels of histone acetylation suppresses NETosis, and to switch neutrophil death to apoptosis. Interestingly, in the presence of NETosis-promoting stimuli, high levels of HDACis limit both NETosis and apoptosis, and promote neutrophil survival. Recent studies also reveal the importance of the PTMs of neutrophils in influencing numerous pathologies. Histone modifications in NETs can act as a double-edged sword, as they are capable of altering multiple types of neutrophil death, and influencing numerous NET-mediated diseases, such as acute lung injury (ALI), thrombosis, sepsis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cancer progression. A clear understanding of the role of different PTMs in neutrophils would be important for an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of NETosis, and to appropriately treat NETs-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein J Hamam
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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13
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Rungelrath V, Kobayashi SD, DeLeo FR. Neutrophils in innate immunity and systems biology-level approaches. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 12:e1458. [PMID: 31218817 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against invading microorganisms. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils) are the most abundant leukocyte in humans and essential to the innate immune response against invading pathogens. Compared to the acquired immune response, which requires time to develop and is dependent on previous interaction with specific microbes, the ability of neutrophils to kill microorganisms is immediate, nonspecific, and not dependent on previous exposure to microorganisms. Historically, studies of PMN-pathogen interaction focused on the events leading to killing of microorganisms, such as recruitment/chemotaxis, transmigration, phagocytosis, and activation, whereas postphagocytosis sequelae were infrequently considered. In addition, it was widely accepted that human neutrophils possessed limited capacity for new gene transcription and thus, relatively little biosynthetic capacity. This notion has changed dramatically within the past 20 years. Further, there is now more effort directed to understand the events occurring in PMNs after killing of microbes. Herein, we give an updated review of the systems biology-level approaches that have been used to gain an enhanced view of the role of neutrophils during host-pathogen interaction and neutrophil-mediated diseases. We anticipate that these and future systems-level studies will continue to provide information important for understanding, treatment, and control of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. This article is categorized under: Physiology > Organismal Responses to Environment Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Rungelrath
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Scott D Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
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14
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Bright LA, Dittmar W, Nanduri B, McCarthy FM, Mujahid N, Costa LR, Burgess SC, Swiderski CE. Modeling the pasture-associated severe equine asthma bronchoalveolar lavage fluid proteome identifies molecular events mediating neutrophilic airway inflammation. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:43-63. [PMID: 31119093 PMCID: PMC6504673 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s194427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Pasture-associated severe equine asthma is a warm season, environmentally-induced respiratory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, persistent and non-specific airway hyper-responsiveness, and chronic neutrophilic airway inflammation. During seasonal exacerbation, signs vary from mild to life-threatening episodes of wheezing, coughing, and chronic debilitating labored breathing. Purpose: In human asthma, neutrophilic airway inflammation is associated with more severe and steroid-refractory asthma phenotypes, highlighting a need to decipher the mechanistic basis of this disease characteristic. We hypothesize that the collective biological activities of proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of horses with pasture-associated severe asthma predict changes in neutrophil functions that contribute to airway neutrophilic inflammation. Methods: Using shotgun proteomics, we identified 1,003 unique proteins in cell-free BALF from six horses experiencing asthma exacerbation and six control herdmates. Contributions of each protein to ten neutrophil functions were modeled using manual biocuration to determine each protein’s net effect on the respective neutrophil functions. Results: A total of 417 proteins were unique to asthmatic horses, 472 proteins were unique to control horses (p<0.05), and 114 proteins were common in both groups. Proteins whose biological activities are responsible for increasing neutrophil migration, chemotaxis, cell spreading, transmigration, and infiltration, which would collectively bring neutrophils to airways, were over-represented in the BALF of asthmatic relative to control horses. By contrast, proteins whose biological activities support neutrophil activation, adhesion, phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and apoptosis, which would collectively shorten neutrophil lifespan, were under-represented in BALF of asthmatic relative to control horses. Interaction networks generated using Ingenuity® Pathways Analysis further support the results of our biocuration. Conclusion: Congruent with our hypothesis, the collective biological functions represented in differentially expressed proteins of BALF from horses with pasture-associated severe asthma support neutrophilic airway inflammation. This illustrates the utility of systems modeling to organize functional genomics data in a manner that characterizes complex molecular events associated with clinically relevant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Bright
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Wellesley Dittmar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Fiona M McCarthy
- School of Animal Comparative and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Nisma Mujahid
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Lais Rr Costa
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Shane C Burgess
- School of Animal Comparative and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Cyprianna E Swiderski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
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15
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Cartwright JA, Lucas CD, Rossi AG. Inflammation Resolution and the Induction of Granulocyte Apoptosis by Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Drugs. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:55. [PMID: 30886578 PMCID: PMC6389705 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a necessary dynamic tissue response to injury or infection and it's resolution is essential to return tissue homeostasis and function. Defective or dysregulated inflammation resolution contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of many, often common and challenging to treat human conditions. The transition of inflammation to resolution is an active process, involving the clearance of inflammatory cells (granulocytes), a change of mediators and their receptors, and prevention of further inflammatory cell infiltration. This review focuses on the use of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor drugs to pharmacologically target this inflammatory resolution switch, specifically through inducing granulocyte apoptosis and phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis). The key processes and pathways required for granulocyte apoptosis, recruitment of phagocytes and mechanisms of engulfment are discussed along with the cumulating evidence for cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor drugs as pro-resolution therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Cartwright
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D. Lucas
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G. Rossi
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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16
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Dąbrowska D, Jabłońska E, Iwaniuk A, Garley M. Many Ways-One Destination: Different Types of Neutrophils Death. Int Rev Immunol 2018; 38:18-32. [PMID: 30516403 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1540616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils constitute the most numerous populations of peripheral blood leukocytes, fulfilling the fundamental role in the development of the innate immune response. As the cells of the first line of defense, they guard the organism against the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. Neutrophils, similar to the other cells of the immune system, enter the path of death after fulfilling their biological function. Depending on the conditions that they are found in, they may undergo different types of cell death which requires the involvement of numerous signaling pathways. In this review article, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the different forms of neutrophil death, such as apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagy, NETosis and pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Dąbrowska
- a Department of Immunology , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- a Department of Immunology , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Iwaniuk
- a Department of Immunology , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland
| | - Marzena Garley
- a Department of Immunology , Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland
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17
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Jie H, He Y, Huang X, Zhou Q, Han Y, Li X, Bai Y, Sun E. Necrostatin-1 enhances the resolution of inflammation by specifically inducing neutrophil apoptosis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19367-81. [PMID: 27027357 PMCID: PMC4991389 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a central role in innate immunity and are rapidly recruited to sites of infection and injury. Neutrophil apoptosis is essential for the successful resolution of inflammation. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1,methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan (MTH-Trp)), is a potent and specific inhibitor of necroptosis[1] (a newly identified type of cell death representing a form of programmed necrosis or regulated non apoptotic cell death) by inhibiting the receptor interacting protein 1(RIP1) kinase. Here we report that Nec-1 specifically induces caspase-dependent neutrophils apoptosis and overrides powerful anti-apoptosis signaling from survival factors such as GM-CSF and LPS. We showed that Nec-1 markedly enhanced the resolution of established neutrophil-dependent inflammation in LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice. We also provided evidence that Nec-1 promoted apoptosis by reducing the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 and increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Thus, Nec-1 is not only an inhibitor of necroptosis, but also a promoter of apoptosis, of neutrophils, enhancing the resolution of established inflammation by inducing apoptosis of inflammatory cells. Our results suggest that Nec-1 may have potential roles for the treatment of diseases with increased or persistent inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Jie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuechan Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyou Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanping Han
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Hospital of South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongkun Bai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Erwei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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18
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Zhang S, Yeap XY, DeBerge M, Naresh NK, Wang K, Jiang Z, Wilcox JE, White SM, Morrow JP, Burridge PW, Procissi D, Scott EA, Frazier W, Thorp EB. Acute CD47 Blockade During Ischemic Myocardial Reperfusion Enhances Phagocytosis-Associated Cardiac Repair. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2017; 2:386-397. [PMID: 28920097 PMCID: PMC5595371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our data suggest that, after a myocardial infarction, integrin-associated protein CD47 on cardiac myocytes is elevated. In culture, increased CD47 on the surface of dying cardiomyocytes impairs phagocytic removal by immune cell macrophages. After myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, acute CD47 inhibition with blocking antibodies enhanced dead myocyte clearance by cardiac phagocytes and also improved the resolution of cardiac inflammation, reduced infarct size, and preserved cardiac contractile function. Early targeting of CD47 in the myocardium after reperfusion may be a new strategy to enhance wound repair in the ischemic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xin-Yi Yeap
- Department of Pathology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew DeBerge
- Department of Pathology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nivedita K Naresh
- Department of Pathology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kevin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zhengxin Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jane E Wilcox
- Department of Pathology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Steven M White
- Department of Pathology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Paul W Burridge
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel Procissi
- Department of Pathology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Evan A Scott
- Department of Pathology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William Frazier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Edward B Thorp
- Department of Pathology and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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19
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Role of granule proteases in the life and death of neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:473-481. [PMID: 28212734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils constitute a crucial component of the innate immune defenses against microbes. Produced in the bone marrow and patrolling in blood vessels, neutrophils are recruited to injured tissues and are immediately active to contain pathogen invasion. Neutrophils undergo programmed cell death by multiple, context-specific pathways, which have consequences on immunopathology and disease outcome. Studies in the last decade indicate additional functions for neutrophils - or a subset of neutrophils - in modulating adaptive responses and tumor progression. Neutrophil granules contain abundant amounts of various proteases, which are directly implicated in protective and pathogenic functions of neutrophils. It now emerges that neutral serine proteases such as cathepsin G and proteinase-3 also contribute to the neutrophil life cycle, but do so via different pathways than that of the aspartate protease cathepsin D and that of mutants of the serine protease elastase. The aim of this review is to appraise the present knowledge of the function of neutrophil granule proteases and their inhibitors in neutrophil cell death, and to integrate these findings in the current understandings of neutrophil life cycle and programmed cell death pathways.
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20
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Moisan E, Kouassi E, Girard D. Mechanisms involved in methylmercuric chloride (MeHgCl)-induced suppression of human neutrophil apoptosis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 22:629-37. [PMID: 14992324 DOI: 10.1191/0960327103ht403oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that concentrations of 1-10 μM of methylmercuric chloride (MeHgCl) that are cytotoxic to monocytes-macrophages can curiously inhibit neutrophil apoptosis by a yet unknown mechanism. In the present study, we demonstrate that, as with the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a classical inhibitor of neutrophil apoptosis, treatment of cells with 5 M MeHgCl inducesde novo protein synthesis and prevents the loss of expression of the antiapoptotic Mcl-1 protein. The expression of the cytoskeletal proteins gelsolin, paxillin and vinculin was similar in MeHgCl or GM-CSF-induced suppression of apoptosis. However, MeHgCl prevents the degradation of vimentin differently than GM-CSF. Apoptosis was further confirmed by flow cytometry (FITC annexin-V), and by monitoring CD16 cell surface expression. Curiously, unlike GM-CSF, MeHgCl did not prevent CD16 shedding. We conclude that, like GM-CSF, MeHgCl can delay neutrophil apoptosis by inducing de novoprotein synthesis and by preventing the loss of the antiapoptotic Mcl-1 protein. However, unlike GM-CSF, MeHgCl induces an atypical degradation of vimentin without preventing CD16 shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Moisan
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 245 boulevard Hymus, Pointe-Claire, PQ, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Upon entry to the systemic circulation, neutrophils exhibit a short mean time to cell death. The viability of most cell types in a steady state is preserved by the interplay of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, wherein the anti-apoptotic members inhibit the action of their pro-apoptotic counterparts. Neutrophils, however, display absent or severely reduced expression of several anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Hence, they rely on the expression of Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, for survival. This protein is uniquely short-lived relative to related proteins and its loss likely precipitates the induction of apoptosis in neutrophils. This review describes the role of Mcl-1 in the neutrophil in the context of apoptosis and highlights the proteins' importance to the cell. We also address neutrophil apoptosis in the broader context of the cells' response to pathogens, focussing particularly on the strategies used by pathogens to manipulate the apoptotic pathway to their own ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Murphy
- Centre for Microbial-Host Interactions, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Old Blessington Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland,
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22
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Andzinski L, Wu CF, Lienenklaus S, Kröger A, Weiss S, Jablonska J. Delayed apoptosis of tumor associated neutrophils in the absence of endogenous IFN-β. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:572-83. [PMID: 24806531 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The importance of neutrophils in tumor immune surveillance, invasive growth and angiogenesis becomes increasingly clear. Many of neutrophil activities are controlled by endogenous IFN-β. Here, we provide evidence that endogenous IFN-β is regulating the apoptosis of pro-angiogenic tumor infiltrating neutrophils by influencing both, the extrinsic as well as the intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Accordingly, the life span of tumor associated neutrophils (TANs) is remarkably prolonged in tumor bearing Ifnb1(-/-) mice compared to wild type controls. Lower expression of Fas, reactive oxygen species, active Caspase 3 and 9, as well as a change in expression pattern of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family and the major apoptosome constituent Apaf-1 is observed under such conditions. In line with inhibition of apoptosis and the prolonged neutrophil survival, in the absence of endogenous IFN-β, a strong enhancement of G-CSF expression and PI3 Kinase phosphorylation is detected. These data explain the increased longevity of tumor infiltrating neutrophils and the accumulation of such cells in tumors. Taken together, our findings add to the important role of Type I IFN in immune surveillance against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Andzinski
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, HZI, Braunschweig, Germany
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23
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Erttmann SF, Gekara NO, Fällman M. Bacteria induce prolonged PMN survival via a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C- and protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87859. [PMID: 24498214 PMCID: PMC3909253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are essential for the human innate immune defense, limiting expansion of invading microorganisms. PMN turnover is controlled by apoptosis, but the regulating signaling pathways remain elusive, largely due to inherent differences between mice and humans that undermine use of mouse models for understanding human PMN biology. Here, we aim to elucidate signal transduction mediating survival of human peripheral blood PMNs in response to bacteria, such as Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, an enteropathogen that causes the gastro-intestinal disease yersiniosis, as well as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Determinations of cell death reveal that uninfected control cells undergo apoptosis, while PMNs infected with either Gram-positive or -negative bacteria show profoundly increased survival. Infected cells exhibit decreased caspase 3 and 8 activities, increased mitochondrial integrity and are resistant to apoptosis induced by a death receptor ligand. This bacteria-induced response is accompanied by pro-inflammatory cytokine production including interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α competent to attract additional PMNs. Using agonists and pharmacological inhibitors, we show participation of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4, and interestingly, that protein kinase C (PKC) and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), but not tyrosine kinases or phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) are key players in this dual PMN response. Our findings indicate the importance of prolonged PMN survival in response to bacteria, where general signaling pathways ensure complete exploitation of PMN anti-microbial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia F. Erttmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå Sweden
| | - Nelson O. Gekara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå Sweden
| | - Maria Fällman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå Sweden
- * E-mail:
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24
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Freitas M, Costa VM, Ribeiro D, Couto D, Porto G, Carvalho F, Fernandes E. Acetaminophen prevents oxidative burst and delays apoptosis in human neutrophils. Toxicol Lett 2013; 219:170-7. [PMID: 23518321 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Gabelloni ML, Trevani AS, Sabatté J, Geffner J. Mechanisms regulating neutrophil survival and cell death. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:423-37. [PMID: 23370701 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils not only play a critical role as a first line of defense against bacteria and fungi infections but also contribute to tissue injury associated with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Neutrophils are rapidly and massively recruited from the circulation into injured tissues displaying an impressive arsenal of toxic weapons. Although effective in their ability to kill pathogens, these weapons were equally effective to induce tissue damage. Therefore, the inflammatory activity of neutrophils must be regulated with exquisite precision and timing, a task mainly achieved through a complex network of mechanisms, which regulate neutrophil survival. Neutrophils have the shortest lifespan among leukocytes and usually die via apoptosis although new forms of cell death have been characterized over the last few years. The lifespan of neutrophils can be dramatically modulated by a large variety of agents such as cytokines, pathogens, danger-associated molecular patterns as well as by pharmacological manipulation. Recent findings shed light about the complex mechanisms responsible for the regulation of neutrophil survival in different physiological, pathological, and pharmacological scenarios. Here, we provide an updated review on the current knowledge and new findings in this field and discuss novel strategies that could be used to drive the resolution of neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Gabelloni
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental IMEX, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Paunel-Görgülü A, Kirichevska T, Lögters T, Windolf J, Flohé S. Molecular mechanisms underlying delayed apoptosis in neutrophils from multiple trauma patients with and without sepsis. Mol Med 2012; 18:325-35. [PMID: 22231730 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed neutrophil apoptosis and overshooting neutrophil activity contribute to organ dysfunction and subsequent organ failure in sepsis. Here, we investigated apoptotic signaling pathways that are involved in the inhibition of spontaneous apoptosis in neutrophils isolated from major trauma patients with uneventful outcome as well as in those with sepsis development. DNA fragmentation in peripheral blood neutrophils showed an inverse correlation with the organ dysfunction at d 10 after trauma in all patients, supporting the important role of neutrophil apoptosis regulation for patient's outcome. The expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein members A1 and Mcl-1 were found to be diminished in the septic patients at d 5 and d 10 after trauma. This decrease was also linked to an impaired intrinsic apoptosis resistance, which has been previously shown to occur in neutrophils during systemic inflammation. In patients with sepsis development, delayed neutrophil apoptosis was found to be associated with a disturbed extrinsic pathway, as demonstrated by reduced caspase-8 activity and Bid truncation. Notably, the expression of Dad1 protein, which is involved in protein N-glycosylation, was significantly increased in septic patients at d 10 after trauma. Taken together, our data demonstrate that neutrophil apoptosis is regulated by both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway, depending on patient's outcome. These findings might provide a molecular basis for new strategies targeting cell death pathways in apoptosis-resistant neutrophils during systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnana Paunel-Görgülü
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Analyses of neutrophil death mechanisms have revealed many similarities with other cell types; however, a few important molecular features make these cells unique executors of cell death mechanisms. For instance, in order to fight invading pathogens, neutrophils possess a potent machinery to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Evidence is emerging that these ROS are crucial in the execution of most neutrophil cell death mechanisms. Likewise, neutrophils exhibit many diverse granules that are packed with cytotoxic mediators. Of those, cathepsins were recently shown to activate pro-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family members and caspases, thus acting on apoptosis regulators. Moreover, neutrophils have few mitochondria, which hardly participate in ATP synthesis, as neutrophils gain energy from glycolysis. In spite of relatively low levels of cytochrome c in these cells, the mitochondrial death pathway is functional. In addition to these pecularities defining neutrophil death pathways, neutrophils are terminally differentiated cells, hence they do not divide but undergo apoptosis shortly after maturation. The initial trigger of this spontaneous apoptosis remains to be determined, but may result from low transcription and translation activities in mature neutrophils. Due to the unique biological characteristics of neutrophils, pharmacological intervention of inflammation has revealed unexpected and sometimes disappointing results when neutrophils were among the prime target cells during therapy. In this study, we review the current and emerging models of neutrophil cell death mechanisms with a focus on neutrophil peculiarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Geering
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Friedbuehlstrasse 49, Bern, Switzerland
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28
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Jaquet V, Marcoux J, Forest E, Leidal KG, McCormick S, Westermaier Y, Perozzo R, Plastre O, Fioraso-Cartier L, Diebold B, Scapozza L, Nauseef WM, Fieschi F, Krause KH, Bedard K. NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms are inhibited by celastrol with a dual mode of action. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 164:507-20. [PMID: 21501142 PMCID: PMC3188888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celastrol is one of several bioactive compounds extracted from the medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii. Celastrol is used to treat inflammatory conditions, and shows benefits in models of neurodegenerative disease, cancer and arthritis, although its mechanism of action is incompletely understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Celastrol was tested on human NADPH oxidases (NOXs) using a panel of experiments: production of reactive oxygen species and oxygen consumption by NOX enzymes, xanthine oxidase activity, cell toxicity, phagocyte oxidase subunit translocation, and binding to cytosolic subunits of NOX enzymes. The effect of celastrol was compared with diphenyleneiodonium, an established inhibitor of flavoproteins. KEY RESULTS Low concentrations of celastrol completely inhibited NOX1, NOX2, NOX4 and NOX5 within minutes with concentration-response curves exhibiting higher Hill coefficients and lower IC₅₀ values for NOX1 and NOX2 compared with NOX4 and NOX5, suggesting differences in their mode of action. In a cell-free system, celastrol had an IC₅₀ of 1.24 and 8.4 µM for NOX2 and NOX5, respectively. Cytotoxicity, oxidant scavenging, and inhibition of p47(phox) translocation could not account for NOX inhibition. Celastrol bound to a recombinant p47(phox) and disrupted the binding of the proline rich region of p22(phox) to the tandem SH3 domain of p47(phox) and NOXO1, the cytosolic subunits of NOX2 and NOX1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate that celastrol is a potent inhibitor of NOX enzymes in general with increased potency against NOX1 and NOX2. Furthermore, inhibition of NOX1 and NOX2 was mediated via a novel mode of action, namely inhibition of a functional association between cytosolic subunits and the membrane flavocytochrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland.
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29
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Witko-Sarsat V, Pederzoli-Ribeil M, Hirsch E, Hirsh E, Sozzani S, Cassatella MA. Regulating neutrophil apoptosis: new players enter the game. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:117-24. [PMID: 21317039 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, unexpected biological features of polymorphonuclear neutrophils have been revealed. In addition to their pivotal role in the defence against pathogens, neutrophils display a high degree of plasticity and contribute to control of adaptive immune responses. An emerging aspect of neutrophils is their ability to modulate their survival in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This review focuses on recent advances that have uncovered proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and other cell cycle regulatory proteins as novel players regulating neutrophil survival. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in neutrophil fate might pave the way for the identification of new anti-inflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Witko-Sarsat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1016, 75014 Paris, France.
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30
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Witko-Sarsat V, Mocek J, Bouayad D, Tamassia N, Ribeil JA, Candalh C, Davezac N, Reuter N, Mouthon L, Hermine O, Pederzoli-Ribeil M, Cassatella MA. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen acts as a cytoplasmic platform controlling human neutrophil survival. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2631-45. [PMID: 20975039 PMCID: PMC2989777 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) binds to procaspases and protects human neutrophils from apoptosis. Neutrophil apoptosis is a highly regulated process essential for inflammation resolution, the molecular mechanisms of which are only partially elucidated. In this study, we describe a survival pathway controlled by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a nuclear factor involved in DNA replication and repairing of proliferating cells. We show that mature neutrophils, despite their inability to proliferate, express high levels of PCNA exclusively in their cytosol and constitutively associated with procaspases, presumably to prevent their activation. Notably, cytosolic PCNA abundance decreased during apoptosis, and increased during in vitro and in vivo exposure to the survival factor granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Peptides derived from the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, which compete with procaspases to bind PCNA, triggered neutrophil apoptosis thus demonstrating that specific modification of PCNA protein interactions affects neutrophil survival. Furthermore, PCNA overexpression rendered neutrophil-differentiated PLB985 myeloid cells significantly more resistant to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand– or gliotoxin-induced apoptosis. Conversely, a decrease in PCNA expression after PCNA small interfering RNA transfection sensitized these cells to apoptosis. Finally, a mutation in the PCNA interdomain-connecting loop, the binding site for many partners, significantly decreased the PCNA-mediated antiapoptotic effect. These results identify PCNA as a regulator of neutrophil lifespan, thereby highlighting a novel target to potentially modulate pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Witko-Sarsat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1016, 75014 Paris, France.
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31
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Abstract
Cytochrome c from mitochondria significantly accelerates the apoptotic process. In this issue of Molecular Cell, Mei et al. show that cytochrome c is itself regulated by binding to tRNA, providing an unanticipated level of control of cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram J van Raam
- Program in Apoptosis and Cell Death Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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32
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Loynes CA, Martin JS, Robertson A, Trushell DMI, Ingham PW, Whyte MKB, Renshaw SA. Pivotal Advance: Pharmacological manipulation of inflammation resolution during spontaneously resolving tissue neutrophilia in the zebrafish. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:203-12. [PMID: 19850882 PMCID: PMC2812557 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0409255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are a unique model for pharmacological manipulation of physiological processes such as inflammation; they are small and permeable to many small molecular compounds, and being transparent, they permit the visualization and quantitation of the inflammatory response by observation of transgenically labeled inflammatory cell populations. Using a transgenic line specifically labeling neutrophils in vivo (mpx:GFP), we studied the effects of a range of pharmacological agents on the resolution of inflammation in vivo. These agents were selected for their ability to modulate neutrophil function and lifespan in human neutrophils in vitro. Agents delaying neutrophil apoptosis (LPS, dbcAMP, and several caspase inhibitors) all lead to a delay in resolution of neutrophilic inflammation. Reciprocally, pyocyanin and roscovitine (inducers of neutrophil apoptosis) lead to reduced neutrophil numbers. The occurrence of apoptosis was observed by time-lapse analysis and confirmed by dual staining for neutrophil-specific mpx activity (TSA staining) and an apoptotic marker (TUNEL). During inflammation, macrophages follow neutrophils into the inflamed site, and TUNEL/TSA dual-positive material can be demonstrated within macrophages, consistent with their uptake of apoptotic neutrophils. This model has several advantages over mammalian models and lends itself to the study of pharmaceutical agents modulating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Loynes
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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33
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Filep JÃG, Kebir DE. Neutrophil apoptosis: A target for enhancing the resolution of inflammation. J Cell Biochem 2009; 108:1039-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Kobayashi SD. Role of neutrophils in innate immunity: a systems biology-level approach. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 1:309-333. [PMID: 20836000 PMCID: PMC3501127 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against invading microorganisms. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils) are the most abundant leukocyte in humans and essential to the innate immune response against invading pathogens. Compared with the acquired immune response, which requires time to develop and is dependent on previous interaction with specific microbes, the ability of neutrophils to kill microorganisms is immediate, non-specific, and not dependent on previous exposure to microorganisms. Historically, studies on PMN-pathogen interaction focused on the events leading to killing of microorganisms, such as recruitment/chemotaxis, transmigration, phagocytosis, and activation, whereas post-phagocytosis sequelae were infrequently considered. In addition, it was widely accepted that human neutrophils possessed limited capacity for new gene transcription and thus, relatively little biosynthetic capacity. This notion has changed dramatically within the past decade. Further, there is now more effort directed to understand the events occurring in PMNs after killing of microbes. Herein we review the systems biology-level approaches that have been used to gain an enhanced view of the role of neutrophils during host-pathogen interaction. We anticipate that these and future systems-level studies will ultimately provide information critical to our understanding, treatment, and control of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
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35
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Paunel-Görgülü A, Zörnig M, Lögters T, Altrichter J, Rabenhorst U, Cinatl J, Windolf J, Scholz M. Mcl-1-mediated impairment of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in circulating neutrophils from critically ill patients can be overcome by Fas stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6198-206. [PMID: 19841168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The systemic inflammatory response syndrome and subsequent organ failure are mainly driven by activated neutrophils with prolonged life span, which is believed to be due to apoptosis resistance. However, detailed underlying mechanisms leading to neutrophil apoptosis resistance are largely unknown, and possible therapeutic options to overcome this resistance do not exist. Here we report that activated neutrophils from severely injured patients exhibit cell death resistance due to impaired activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, as evidenced by limited staurosporine-induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and decreased caspase-9 activity. Moreover, we found that these neutrophils express high levels of antiapoptotic Mcl-1 and low levels of proapoptotic Bax protein. Mcl-1 up-regulation was dependent on elevated concentrations of GM-CSF in patient serum. Accordingly, increased Mcl-1 protein stability and GM-CSF serum concentrations were shown to correlate with staurosporine-induced apoptosis resistance. However, cross-linking of neutrophil Fas by immobilized agonistic anti-Fas IgM resulted in caspase-dependent mitochondrial membrane depolarization and apoptosis induction. In conclusion, the observed impairment of the intrinsic pathway and the resulting apoptosis resistance may be overcome by immobilized agonistic anti-Fas IgM. Targeting of neutrophil Fas by immobilized agonistic effector molecules may represent a new therapeutic tool to limit neutrophil hyperactivation and its sequelae in patients with severe immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnana Paunel-Görgülü
- Department of Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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36
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Optical probes for detection and quantification of neutrophils’ oxidative burst. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 649:8-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Kim SY, Bae YS. Cell death and stress signaling in glycogen storage disease type I. Mol Cells 2009; 28:139-48. [PMID: 19756389 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death has been traditionally classified in apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis, known as programmed cell death, is an active form of cell death mechanism that is tightly regulated by multiple cellular signaling pathways and requires ATP for its appropriate process. Apoptotic death plays essential roles for successful development and maintenance of normal cellular homeostasis in mammalian. In contrast to apoptosis, necrosis is classically considered as a passive cell death process that occurs rather by accident in disastrous conditions, is not required for energy and eventually induces inflammation. Regardless of different characteristics between apoptosis and necrosis, it has been well defined that both are responsible for a wide range of human diseases. Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD-I) is a kind of human genetic disorders and is caused by the deficiency of a microsomal protein, glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α) or glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT) responsible for glucose homeostasis, leading to GSD-Ia or GSD-Ib, respectively. This review summarizes cell deaths in GSD-I and mostly focuses on current knowledge of the neutrophil apoptosis in GSD-Ib based upon ER stress and redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Youn Kim
- Center for Cell Signaling and Drug Discovery Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
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38
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Elbim C, Katsikis PD, Estaquier J. Neutrophil apoptosis during viral infections. Open Virol J 2009; 3:52-9. [PMID: 19572056 PMCID: PMC2703832 DOI: 10.2174/1874357900903010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a highly conserved cellular suicide mechanism. Apoptosis is critical to the effective resolution of inflammation, particularly in regulating the lifespan of neutrophils. Neutrophils are key components of the first line of defense against microorganisms. Thus, subversion of this critical host defense mechanism by pathogens can contribute to susceptibility to severe and recurrent infections. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms involved in PMN death in relationship with viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Elbim
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR S 872, Paris, F-75006 France ; Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 872, Paris, F-75006 France ; INSERM, U872, Paris, F-75006, France
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39
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Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the most abundant white cell in humans and an essential component of the innate immune system. PMNs are typically the first type of leukocyte recruited to sites of infection or areas of inflammation. Ingestion of microorganisms triggers production of reactive oxygen species and fusion of cytoplasmic granules with forming phagosomes, leading to effective killing of ingested microbes. Phagocytosis of bacteria typically accelerates neutrophil apoptosis, which ultimately promotes the resolution of infection. However, some bacterial pathogens alter PMN apoptosis to survive and thereby cause disease. Herein, we review PMN apoptosis and the ability of microorganisms to alter this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Kennedy
- Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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40
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Intracellular signaling dynamics during apoptosis execution in the presence or absence of X-linked-inhibitor-of-apoptosis-protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1903-13. [PMID: 18590777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
X-linked-inhibitor-of-apoptosis-protein (XIAP) is the most potent intracellular inhibitor of caspases-9, -3 and -7. While highly elevated XIAP levels reduce the apoptotic response to various stimuli, the potency of physiological XIAP expression to control caspase activation and the consequences of XIAP deficiency on apoptosis execution remain controversial. We therefore analyzed parental and XIAP-deficient DLD-1 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells by employing fluorescence-based single-cell imaging of mitochondrial permeabilisation and effector caspase activation. Our results demonstrate that physiological XIAP expression maintains a transient "off"-state for effector caspase activation following mitochondrial permeabilisation. Loss of XIAP expression instead accelerated the caspase activation response, but did not enhance the measured caspase activity. Apoptosis execution kinetics were independent of activating the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway by either staurosporine or TRAIL, and corresponded to computational systems analyses of caspase activation dynamics. We confirmed a protective role of XIAP upstream of mitochondrial permeabilisation during TRAIL-induced apoptosis, however, once mitochondria permeabilised ultimately no cell could escape effector caspase activation, regardless of potential cell-to-cell variability within the populations or the presence of XIAP. Our study provides comprehensive kinetic and mechanistic insight into the rapid molecular dynamics during apoptosis execution in the presence or absence of physiological XIAP expression.
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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor delays neutrophil apoptosis by inhibition of calpains upstream of caspase-3. Blood 2008; 112:2046-54. [PMID: 18524991 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-149575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have a very short life span and undergo apoptosis within 24 hours after leaving the bone marrow. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is essential for the recruitment of fresh neutrophils from the bone marrow but also delays apoptosis of mature neutrophils. To determine the mechanism by which G-CSF inhibits neutrophil apoptosis, the kinetics of neutrophil apoptosis during 24 hours in the absence or presence of G-CSF were analyzed in vitro. G-CSF delayed neutrophil apoptosis for approximately 12 hours and inhibited caspase-9 and -3 activation, but had virtually no effect on caspase-8 and little effect on the release of proapoptotic proteins from the mitochondria. However, G-CSF strongly inhibited the activation of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases calpains, upstream of caspase-3, via apparent control of Ca(2+)-influx. Calpain inhibition resulted in the stabilization of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) and hence inhibited caspase-9 and -3 in human neutrophils. Thus, neutrophil apoptosis is controlled by G-CSF after initial activation of caspase-8 and mitochondrial permeabilization by the control of postmitochondrial calpain activity.
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42
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van Raam BJ, Sluiter W, de Wit E, Roos D, Verhoeven AJ, Kuijpers TW. Mitochondrial membrane potential in human neutrophils is maintained by complex III activity in the absence of supercomplex organisation. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2013. [PMID: 18431494 PMCID: PMC2295260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophils depend mainly on glycolysis for their energy provision. Their mitochondria maintain a membrane potential (Δψm), which is usually generated by the respiratory chain complexes. We investigated the source of Δψm in neutrophils, as compared to peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes and HL-60 cells, and whether neutrophils can still utilise this Δψm for the generation of ATP. Methods and Principal Findings Individual activity of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes was significantly reduced in neutrophils, except for complex II and V, but Δψm was still decreased by inhibition of complex III, confirming the role of the respiratory chain in maintaining Δψm. Complex V did not maintain Δψm by consumption of ATP, as has previously been suggested for eosinophils. We show that complex III in neutrophil mitochondria can receive electrons from glycolysis via the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. Furthermore, respiratory supercomplexes, which contribute to efficient coupling of the respiratory chain to ATP synthesis, were lacking in neutrophil mitochondria. When HL-60 cells were differentiated to neutrophil-like cells, they lost mitochondrial supercomplex organisation while gaining increased aerobic glycolysis, just like neutrophils. Conclusions We show that neutrophils can maintain Δψm via the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, whereby their mitochondria play an important role in the regulation of aerobic glycolysis, rather than producing energy themselves. This peculiar mitochondrial phenotype is acquired during differentiation from myeloid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram J. van Raam
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, Department of Paediatric Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Sluiter
- Department of Biochemistry, Mitochondrial Research Unit, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elly de Wit
- Department of Biochemistry, Mitochondrial Research Unit, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Roos
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur J. Verhoeven
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Taco W. Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, Department of Paediatric Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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43
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Abstract
Neutrophil constitutive death is a critical cellular process for modulating neutrophil number and function, and it plays an essential role in neutrophil homeostasis and the resolution of inflammation. Neutrophils die due to programmed cell death or apoptosis. In this article, we review recent studies on the mechanism of neutrophil apoptosis. The involvement of caspase, calpain, reactive oxygen species, cellular survival/death signaling pathways, mitochondria, and BCL-2 family member proteins are discussed. The fate of neutrophils can be influenced within the inflammatory microenvironment. We summarize the current understanding regarding the modulation of neutrophil apoptotic death by various extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion, phagocytosis, red blood cells, and platelets. The involvement of neutrophil apoptosis in infectious and inflammatory diseases is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo R Luo
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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44
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Analysis of apoptosis in cell-free systems. Methods 2008; 44:273-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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45
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Big wheel keeps on turning: apoptosome regulation and its role in chemoresistance. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:443-52. [PMID: 17975549 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, enables organisms to maintain tissue homeostasis through deletion of extraneous cells and also serves as a means to eliminate potentially harmful cells. Numerous stress signals have been shown to engage the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, with the release from mitochondria of proapoptotic factors such as cytochrome c and the subsequent formation of a cytosolic complex between apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) and procaspase-9, known as the apoptosome. Recent studies have led to the identification of an array of factors that control the formation and activation of the apoptosome under physiological conditions. Moreover, deregulation of apoptosome function has been documented in various forms of human cancer, and may play a role in both carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. We discuss how the apoptosome is regulated in normal and disease states, and how targeting of apoptosome-dependent, post-mitochondrial stages of apoptosis may serve as a rational approach to cancer treatment.
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46
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Ruiz-Vela A, Korsmeyer SJ. Proapoptotic histone H1.2 induces CASP-3 and -7 activation by forming a protein complex with CYT c, APAF-1 and CASP-9. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3422-8. [PMID: 17618626 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c (CYT c) is a protein that employs the caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing proteins APAF-1 and CASP-9 to activate effectors CASP-3 and -7. By using affinity labeling techniques and mass spectrometry analysis, we show that histone H1.2 is a regulator of caspases upon UV irradiation. We demonstrated that histone H1.2 forms a protein complex with APAF-1, CASP-9 and CYT c upon UV irradiation. In cell-free systems, we show that histone H1.2 triggers activation of CASP-3 and -7 via APAF-1 and CASP-9. We therefore conclude that upon DNA damage histone H1.2 acts as a positive regulator of apoptosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ruiz-Vela
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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47
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Saffar AS, Alphonse MP, Shan L, Hayglass KT, Simons FER, Gounni AS. IgE modulates neutrophil survival in asthma: role of mitochondrial pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2535-41. [PMID: 17277162 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) has recently been reported to be expressed by neutrophils in atopic asthmatic individuals, leading to speculations that IgE could influence biological functions of these cells. In this study, we demonstrate that monomeric human IgE delayed spontaneous apoptosis of primary human neutrophils from atopic asthmatics in vitro. This effect was not dependent on FcepsilonRI cross-linking or autocrine release of soluble mediators; however, it was associated with increased expression of the antiapoptotic myeloid cell leukemia-1 protein, retention of the proapoptotic molecule Bax in the cytoplasm, decreased release of Smac from mitochondria, and reduced caspase-3 activity. Taken together, our results indicate that in vitro IgE can delay programmed cell death of neutrophils from allergic asthmatics and this may possibly contribute to neutrophilic inflammation in atopic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Shoja Saffar
- Department of Immunology, Canadian Institutes of Health Research National Training Program in Allergy and Asthma Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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48
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Kwon YS, Foley JD, Murphy CJ, McAnulty JF. The effect of trophic factor supplementation on cold ischemia-induced early apoptotic changes. Transplantation 2007; 83:91-4. [PMID: 17220800 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000242524.35562.4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that trophic factor supplementation (TFS) of University of Wisconsin (UW) solution enhanced kidney viability after cold storage. Here, we use an in vitro model to study the effect of TFS on early apoptotic changes after cold ischemic storage. Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by fluorescence intensity in primary canine kidney tubule cells, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In addition, caspase 3 enzyme activity assay and immunofluorescence staining were performed to evaluate apoptosis. There was a 15% increase in mitochondrial membrane potential in human umbilical vein endothelial cells stored in trophic factor supplemented University of Wisconsin solution after four-hour rewarming (P<0.05). TFS suppressed caspase 3 enzyme activity and activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We confirmed that the presence of TFS in UW solution has a beneficial effect by protecting mitochondrial function and reducing early apoptotic changes in vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sam Kwon
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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49
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Lüthi AU, Martin SJ. The CASBAH: a searchable database of caspase substrates. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:641-50. [PMID: 17273173 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is coordinated by members of the caspase family of aspartic acid-specific proteases. Other members of this protease family also play essential roles in inflammation where they participate in the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. To date, almost 400 substrates for the apoptosis-associated caspases have been reported and there are likely to be hundreds more yet to be discovered. Thus, the fraction of the proteome that is degraded (the degradome) by caspases during the demolition phase of apoptosis appears to be quite substantial. Despite this, we still know surprisingly little concerning how caspases provoke some of the signature events in apoptosis, such as membrane phosphatidylserine externalization, cellular retraction, chromatin condensation and apoptotic body production. The inflammatory caspases appear to be much more specific proteases than those involved in apoptosis and only two confirmed substrates for these proteases have been described to date. Here, we have compiled a comprehensive list of caspase substrates and describe a searchable web resource (The Casbah; www.casbah.ie) which contains information pertaining to all currently known caspase substrates. We also discuss some of the unresolved issues relating to caspase-dependent events in apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Lüthi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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50
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Abstract
Central in the regulation of the short life span of neutrophils are their mitochondria. These organelles hardly contribute to the energy status of neutrophils but play a vital role in the apoptotic process. Not only do the mitochondria contain cytotoxic proteins that are released during apoptosis and contribute to caspase activation, but they also act as sensors of the metabolic and redox state of the cell and as scavengers of free Ca2+. The balance of the expression and activity of the proapoptotic and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins determines the life span of neutrophils, because these proteins are essential for the formation of a permeability transition pore in the mitochondria and also seem to control the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum and thereby mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J van Raam
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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