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Mariniello A, Nasti TH, Chang DY, Hashimoto M, Malik S, McManus DT, Lee J, McGuire DJ, Cardenas MA, Umana P, Nicolini V, Antia R, Saha A, Buchwald Z, Kissick H, Ghorani E, Novello S, Sangiolo D, Scagliotti GV, Ramalingam SS, Ahmed R. Platinum-Based Chemotherapy Attenuates the Effector Response of CD8 T Cells to Concomitant PD-1 Blockade. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1833-1845. [PMID: 37992307 PMCID: PMC11061601 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Combination of chemotherapy with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blockade is a front-line treatment for lung cancer. However, it remains unknown whether and how chemotherapy affects the response of exhausted CD8 T cells to PD-1 blockade. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used the well-established mouse model of T-cell exhaustion with chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection to assess the effect of chemotherapy (cisplatin+pemetrexed) on T-cell response to PD-1 blockade, in the absence of the impact of chemotherapy on antigen release and presentation observed in tumor models. RESULTS When concomitantly administered with PD-1 blockade, chemotherapy affected the differentiation path of LCMV-specific CD8 T cells from stem-like to transitory effector cells, thereby reducing their expansion and production of IFNγ. After combination treatment, these restrained effector responses resulted in impaired viral control, compared with PD-1 blockade alone. The sequential combination strategy, where PD-1 blockade followed chemotherapy, proved to be superior to the concomitant combination, preserving the proliferative response of exhausted CD8 T cells to PD-1 blockade. Our findings suggest that the stem-like CD8 T cells themselves are relatively unaffected by chemotherapy partly because they are quiescent and maintained by slow self-renewal at the steady state. However, upon the proliferative burst mediated by PD-1 blockade, the accelerated differentiation and self-renewal of stem-like cells may be curbed by concomitant chemotherapy, ultimately resulting in impaired overall CD8 T-cell effector functions. CONCLUSIONS In a translational context, we provide a proof-of-concept to consider optimizing the timing of chemo-immunotherapy strategies for improved CD8 T-cell functions. See related commentary by Vignali and Luke, p. 1705.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapaola Mariniello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Winship Cancer Institute, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tahseen H. Nasti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel Y. Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Masao Hashimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sakshi Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel T. McManus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Judong Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Donald J. McGuire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maria A. Cardenas
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Nicolini
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ananya Saha
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zachary Buchwald
- Winship Cancer Institute, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hayden Kissick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ehsan Ghorani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Imperial College London, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Novello
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Suresh S. Ramalingam
- Winship Cancer Institute, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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2
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Shi H, Chen S, Chi H. Immunometabolism of CD8 + T cell differentiation in cancer. Trends Cancer 2024:S2405-8033(24)00059-1. [PMID: 38693002 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are central mediators of tumor immunity and immunotherapies. Upon tumor antigen recognition, CTLs differentiate from naive/memory-like toward terminally exhausted populations with more limited function against tumors. Such differentiation is regulated by both immune signals, including T cell receptors (TCRs), co-stimulation, and cytokines, and metabolism-associated processes. These immune signals shape the metabolic landscape via signaling, transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, while metabolic processes in turn exert spatiotemporal effects to modulate the strength and duration of immune signaling. Here, we review the bidirectional regulation between immune signals and metabolic processes, including nutrient uptake and intracellular metabolic pathways, in shaping CTL differentiation and exhaustion. We also discuss the mechanisms underlying how specific nutrient sources and metabolite-mediated signaling events orchestrate CTL biology. Understanding how metabolic programs and their interplay with immune signals instruct CTL differentiation and exhaustion is crucial to uncover tumor-immune interactions and design novel immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; System Biology Institute, Integrated Science & Technology Center, West Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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3
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Ouyang W, Li Q, Niu Q, Qui M, Fu H, Du Y, Mo X. A multiplexed time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer ultrahigh-throughput screening assay for targeting the SMAD4-SMAD3-DNA complex. J Mol Cell Biol 2024; 15:mjad068. [PMID: 37968137 PMCID: PMC11063955 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway plays crucial roles in the establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, making anti-TGFβ agents a significant area of interest in cancer immunotherapy. However, the clinical translation of current anti-TGFβ agents that target upstream cytokines and receptors remains challenging. Therefore, the development of small-molecule inhibitors specifically targeting SMAD4, the downstream master regulator of the TGFβ pathway, would offer an alternative approach with significant therapeutic potential for anti-TGFβ signaling. In this study, we present the development of a cell lysate-based multiplexed time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay in an ultrahigh-throughput screening (uHTS) 1536-well plate format. This assay enables simultaneous monitoring of the protein‒protein interaction between SMAD4 and SMAD3, as well as the protein‒DNA interaction between SMADs and their consensus DNA-binding motif. The multiplexed TR-FRET assay exhibits high sensitivity, allowing the dynamic analysis of the SMAD4-SMAD3-DNA complex at single-amino acid resolution. Moreover, the multiplexed uHTS assay demonstrates robustness for screening small-molecule inhibitors. Through a pilot screening of an FDA-approved bioactive compound library, we identified gambogic acid and gambogenic acid as potential hit compounds. These proof-of-concept findings underscore the utility of our optimized multiplexed TR-FRET platform for large-scale screening to discover small-molecule inhibitors that target the SMAD4-SMAD3-DNA complex as novel anti-TGFβ signaling agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wukun Ouyang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Qianjin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Qiankun Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Min Qui
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiulei Mo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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4
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Trivedi P, Jhala G, De George DJ, Chiu C, Selck C, Ge T, Catterall T, Elkerbout L, Boon L, Joller N, Kay TW, Thomas HE, Krishnamurthy B. TIGIT acts as an immune checkpoint upon inhibition of PD1 signaling in autoimmune diabetes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1370907. [PMID: 38533515 PMCID: PMC10964479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1370907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic activation of self-reactive T cells with beta cell antigens results in the upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules that keep self-reactive T cells under control and delay beta cell destruction in autoimmune diabetes. Inhibiting PD1/PD-L1 signaling results in autoimmune diabetes in mice and humans with pre-existing autoimmunity against beta cells. However, it is not known if other immune checkpoint molecules, such as TIGIT, can also negatively regulate self-reactive T cells. TIGIT negatively regulates the CD226 costimulatory pathway, T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling, and hence T-cell function. Methods The phenotype and function of TIGIT expressing islet infiltrating T cells was studied in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice using flow cytometry and single cell RNA sequencing. To determine if TIGIT restrains self-reactive T cells, we used a TIGIT blocking antibody alone or in combination with anti-PDL1 antibody. Results We show that TIGIT is highly expressed on activated islet infiltrating T cells in NOD mice. We identified a subset of stem-like memory CD8+ T cells expressing multiple immune checkpoints including TIGIT, PD1 and the transcription factor EOMES, which is linked to dysfunctional CD8+ T cells. A known ligand for TIGIT, CD155 was expressed on beta cells and islet infiltrating dendritic cells. However, despite TIGIT and its ligand being expressed, islet infiltrating PD1+TIGIT+CD8+ T cells were functional. Inhibiting TIGIT in NOD mice did not result in exacerbated autoimmune diabetes while inhibiting PD1-PDL1 resulted in rapid autoimmune diabetes, indicating that TIGIT does not restrain islet infiltrating T cells in autoimmune diabetes to the same degree as PD1. Partial inhibition of PD1-PDL1 in combination with TIGIT inhibition resulted in rapid diabetes in NOD mice. Discussion These results suggest that TIGIT and PD1 act in synergy as immune checkpoints when PD1 signaling is partially impaired. Beta cell specific stem-like memory T cells retain their functionality despite expressing multiple immune checkpoints and TIGIT is below PD1 in the hierarchy of immune checkpoints in autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerak Trivedi
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Gaurang Jhala
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - David J De George
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Chiu
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Claudia Selck
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Tingting Ge
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara Catterall
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Lorraine Elkerbout
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Nicole Joller
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Kay
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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5
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Zhang Z, Su Z, Li Z, Li J, Yu W, Ye G, Lin J, Che Y, Xu P, Zeng Y, Wu Y, Shen H, Xie Z. CYP7B1-mediated 25-hydroxycholesterol degradation maintains quiescence-activation balance and improves therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Chem Biol 2024:S2451-9456(24)00045-X. [PMID: 38382532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Stem cells remain quiescent in vivo and become activated in response to external stimuli. However, the mechanism regulating the quiescence-activation balance of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) is still unclear. Herein, we demonstrated that CYP7B1 was the common critical molecule that promoted activation and impeded quiescence of BM-MSCs under inflammatory stimulation. Mechanistically, CYP7B1 degrades 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) into 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC), which alleviates the quiescence maintenance effect of 25-HC through Notch3 signaling pathway activation. CYP7B1 expression in BM-MSCs was regulated by NF-κB p65 under inflammatory conditions. BM-MSCs from CYP7B1 conditional knockout (CKO) mice had impaired activation abilities, relating to the delayed healing of bone defects. Intravenous infusion of BM-MSCs overexpressing CYP7B1 could improve the pathological scores of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. These results clarified the quiescence-activation regulatory mechanism of BM-MSCs through the NF-κB p65-CYP7B1-Notch3 axis and provided insight into enhancing BM-MSCs biological function as well as the subsequent therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen 518000, P.R. China; Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Zepeng Su
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen 518000, P.R. China
| | - Zhikun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen 518000, P.R. China
| | - Jinteng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen 518000, P.R. China
| | - Wenhui Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen 518000, P.R. China
| | - Guiwen Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen 518000, P.R. China
| | - Jiajie Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen 518000, P.R. China
| | - Yunshu Che
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen 518000, P.R. China
| | - Peitao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen 518000, P.R. China
| | - Yipeng Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen 518000, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Center for Biotherapy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen 518000, P.R. China.
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen 518000, P.R. China.
| | - Zhongyu Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen 518000, P.R. China.
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6
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Kim J, Bose D, Araínga M, Haque MR, Fennessey CM, Caddell RA, Thomas Y, Ferrell DE, Ali S, Grody E, Goyal Y, Cicala C, Arthos J, Keele BF, Vaccari M, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hope TJ, Villinger F, Martinelli E. TGF-β blockade drives a transitional effector phenotype in T cells reversing SIV latency and decreasing SIV reservoirs in vivo. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1348. [PMID: 38355731 PMCID: PMC10867093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 persistence during ART is due to the establishment of long-lived viral reservoirs in resting immune cells. Using an NHP model of barcoded SIVmac239 intravenous infection and therapeutic dosing of anti-TGFBR1 inhibitor galunisertib (LY2157299), we confirm the latency reversal properties of in vivo TGF-β blockade, decrease viral reservoirs and stimulate immune responses. Treatment of eight female, SIV-infected macaques on ART with four 2-weeks cycles of galunisertib leads to viral reactivation as indicated by plasma viral load and immunoPET/CT with a 64Cu-DOTA-F(ab')2-p7D3-probe. Post-galunisertib, lymph nodes, gut and PBMC exhibit lower cell-associated (CA-)SIV DNA and lower intact pro-virus (PBMC). Galunisertib does not lead to systemic increase in inflammatory cytokines. High-dimensional cytometry, bulk, and single-cell (sc)RNAseq reveal a galunisertib-driven shift toward an effector phenotype in T and NK cells characterized by a progressive downregulation in TCF1. In summary, we demonstrate that galunisertib, a clinical stage TGF-β inhibitor, reverses SIV latency and decreases SIV reservoirs by driving T cells toward an effector phenotype, enhancing immune responses in vivo in absence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Muhammad R Haque
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rachel A Caddell
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Yanique Thomas
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas E Ferrell
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Syed Ali
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Emanuelle Grody
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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McManus DT, Valanparambil RM, Medina CB, Hu Y, Scharer CD, Sobierajska E, Chang DY, Wieland A, Lee J, Nasti TH, Hashimoto M, Ross JL, Prokhnevska N, Cardenas MA, Gill AL, Clark EC, Abadie K, Kueh HY, Kaye J, Au-Yeung BB, Kissick HT, Ahmed R. Early generation of a precursor CD8 T cell that can adapt to acute or chronic viral infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3922168. [PMID: 38410458 PMCID: PMC10896375 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3922168/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Virus specific PD-1+ TCF-1+ TOX+ stem-like CD8+ T cells are essential for maintaining T cell responses during chronic infection and are also critical for PD-1 directed immunotherapy. In this study we have used the mouse model of chronic LCMV infection to examine when these virus specific stem-like CD8+ T cells are generated during the course of chronic infection and what is the role of antigen in maintaining the stem-like program. We found that these stem-like CD8+ T cells are generated early (day 5) during chronic infection and that antigen is essential for maintaining their stem-like program. This early generation of stem-like CD8+ T cells suggested that the fate commitment to this cell population was agnostic to the eventual outcome of infection and the immune system prepares a priori for a potential chronic infection. Indeed, we found that an identical virus specific stem-cell like CD8+ T cell population was also generated during acute LCMV infection but these cells were lost once the virus was cleared. To determine the fate of these early PD-1+TCF-1+TOX+ stem-like CD8+ T cells that are generated during both acute and chronic LCMV infection we set up two reciprocal adoptive transfer experiments. In the first experiment we transferred day 5 stem-like CD8+ T cells from chronically infected into acutely infected mice and examined their differentiation after viral clearance. We found that these early stem-like CD8+ T cells downregulated canonical markers of the chronic stem-like CD8+ T cells and expressed markers (CD127 and CD62L) associated with central memory CD8+ T cells. In the second experiment, we transferred day 5 stem-like cells from acutely infected mice into chronically infected mice and found that these CD8+ T cells could function like resource cells after transfer into a chronic environment by generating effector CD8+ T cells in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues while also maintaining the number of stem-like CD8+ T cells. These findings provide insight into the generation and maintenance of virus specific stem-like CD8+ T cells that play a critical role in chronic viral infection. In particular, our study highlights the early generation of stem-like CD8+ T cells and their ability to adapt to either an acute or chronic infection. These findings are of broad significance since these novel stem-like CD8+ T cells play an important role in not only viral infections but also in cancer and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. McManus
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Rajesh M. Valanparambil
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Christopher B. Medina
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yinghong Hu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ewelina Sobierajska
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Y. Chang
- Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Wieland
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Judong Lee
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tahseen H. Nasti
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Masao Hashimoto
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James L. Ross
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nataliya Prokhnevska
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria A. Cardenas
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amanda L. Gill
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elisa C. Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen Abadie
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hao Yuan Kueh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan Kaye
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Byron B. Au-Yeung
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Haydn T. Kissick
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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8
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Hsu H, Zanettini C, Coker M, Boudova S, Rach D, Mvula G, Divala TH, Mungwira RG, Boldrin F, Degiacomi G, Mazzabò LC, Manganelli R, Laufer MK, Zhang Y, Marchionni L, Cairo C. Concomitant assessment of PD-1 and CD56 expression identifies subsets of resting cord blood Vδ2 T cells with disparate cytotoxic potential. Cell Immunol 2024; 395-396:104797. [PMID: 38157646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes are programmed for broad antimicrobial responses with rapid production of Th1 cytokines even before birth, and thus thought to play key roles against pathogens in infants. The process regulating Vδ2 cell acquisition of cytotoxic potential shortly after birth remains understudied. We observed that perforin production in cord blood Vδ2 cells correlates with phenotypes defined by the concomitant assessment of PD-1 and CD56. Bulk RNA sequencing of sorted Vδ2 cell fractions indicated that transcripts related to cytotoxic activity and NK function are enriched in the subset with the highest proportion of perforin+ cells. Among differentially expressed transcripts, IRF8, previously linked to CD8 T cell effector differentiation and NK maturation, has the potential to mediate Vδ2 cell differentiation towards cytotoxic effectors. Our current and past results support the hypothesis that distinct mechanisms regulate Vδ2 cell cytotoxic function before and after birth, possibly linked to different levels of microbial exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoting Hsu
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Claudio Zanettini
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Modupe Coker
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Sarah Boudova
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David Rach
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Godfrey Mvula
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Titus H Divala
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Randy G Mungwira
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Francesca Boldrin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Degiacomi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Miriam K Laufer
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yuji Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenbaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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9
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Kime J, Bose D, Arainga M, Haque MR, Fennessey CM, Caddell RA, Thomas Y, Ferrell DE, Ali S, Grody E, Goyal Y, Cicala C, Arthos J, Keele BF, Vaccari M, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hope TJ, Villinger FJ, Marinelli E. TGF-β blockade drives a transitional effector phenotype in T cells reversing SIV latency and decreasing SIV reservoirs in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.05.556422. [PMID: 38014094 PMCID: PMC10680555 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.05.556422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 persistence during ART is due to the establishment of long-lived viral reservoirs in resting immune cells. Using an NHP model of barcoded SIVmac239 intravenous infection and therapeutic dosing of the anti-TGFBR1 inhibitor galunisertib (LY2157299), we confirmed the latency reversal properties of in vivo TGF-β blockade, decreased viral reservoirs and stimulated immune responses. Eight SIV-infected macaques on suppressive ART were treated with 4 2-week cycles of galunisertib. ART was discontinued 3 weeks after the last dose, and macaques euthanized 6 weeks after ART-interruption(ATI). One macaque did not rebound, while the remaining rebounded between week 2 and 6 post-ATI. Galunisertib led to viral reactivation as indicated by plasma viral load and immunoPET/CT with the 64Cu-DOTA-F(ab')2-p7D3-probe. Half to 1 Log decrease in cell-associated (CA-)SIV DNA was detected in lymph nodes, gut and PBMC, while intact pro-virus in PBMC decreased by 3-fold. No systemic increase in inflammatory cytokines was observed. High-dimensions cytometry, bulk and single-cell RNAseq revealed a shift toward an effector phenotype in T and NK cells. In summary, we demonstrated that galunisertib, a clinical stage TGFβ inhibitor, reverses SIV latency and decreases SIV reservoirs by driving T cells toward an effector phenotype, enhancing immune responses in vivo in absence of toxicity.
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10
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Schenkel JM, Pauken KE. Localization, tissue biology and T cell state - implications for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:807-823. [PMID: 37253877 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue localization is a critical determinant of T cell immunity. CD8+ T cells are contact-dependent killers, which requires them to physically be within the tissue of interest to kill peptide-MHC class I-bearing target cells. Following their migration and extravasation into tissues, T cells receive many extrinsic cues from the local microenvironment, and these signals shape T cell differentiation, fate and function. Because major organ systems are variable in their functions and compositions, they apply disparate pressures on T cells to adapt to the local microenvironment. Additional complexity arises in the context of malignant lesions (either primary or metastatic), and this has made understanding the factors that dictate T cell function and longevity in tumours challenging. Moreover, T cell differentiation state influences how cues from the microenvironment are interpreted by tissue-infiltrating T cells, highlighting the importance of T cell state in the context of tissue biology. Here, we review the intertwined nature of T cell differentiation state, location, survival and function, and explain how dysfunctional T cell populations can adopt features of tissue-resident memory T cells to persist in tumours. Finally, we discuss how these factors have shaped responses to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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11
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Taber A, Konecny A, Oda SK, Scott-Browne J, Prlic M. TGF-β broadly modifies rather than specifically suppresses reactivated memory CD8 T cells in a dose-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313228120. [PMID: 37988468 PMCID: PMC10691214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313228120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) directly acts on naive, effector, and memory T cells to control cell fate decisions, which was shown using genetic abrogation of TGF-β signaling. TGF-β availability is altered by infections and cancer; however, the dose-dependent effects of TGF-β on memory CD8 T cell (Tmem) reactivation are still poorly defined. We examined how activation and TGF-β signals interact to shape the functional outcome of Tmem reactivation. We found that TGF-β could suppress cytotoxicity in a manner that was inversely proportional to the strength of the activating TCR or proinflammatory signals. In contrast, even high doses of TGF-β had a comparatively modest effect on IFN-γ expression in the context of weak and strong reactivation signals. Since CD8 Tmem may not always receive TGF-β signals concurrently with reactivation, we also explored whether the temporal order of reactivation versus TGF-β signals is of importance. We found that exposure to TGF-β before or after an activation event were both sufficient to reduce cytotoxic effector function. Concurrent ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analysis revealed that TGF-β altered ~10% of the regulatory elements induced by reactivation and also elicited transcriptional changes indicative of broadly modulated functional properties. We confirmed some changes on the protein level and found that TGF-β-induced expression of CCR8 was inversely proportional to the strength of the reactivating TCR signal. Together, our data suggest that TGF-β is not simply suppressing CD8 Tmem but modifies functional and chemotactic properties in context of their reactivation signals and in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Taber
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Andrew Konecny
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA98109
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Shannon K. Oda
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98105
| | - James Scott-Browne
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Martin Prlic
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA98109
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
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12
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Abstract
T cells can acquire a broad spectrum of differentiation states following activation. At the extreme ends of this continuum are short-lived cells equipped with effector machinery and more quiescent, long-lived cells with heightened proliferative potential and stem cell-like developmental plasticity. The latter encompass stem-like exhausted T cells and memory T cells, both of which have recently emerged as key determinants of cancer immunity and response to immunotherapy. Here, we discuss key similarities and differences in the regulation and function of stem-like exhausted CD8+ T cells and memory CD8+ T cells, and consider their context-specific contributions to protective immunity in diverse outcomes of cancer, including tumour escape, long-term control and eradication. Finally, we emphasize how recent advances in the understanding of the molecular regulation of stem-like exhausted T cells and memory T cells are being explored for clinical benefit in cancer immunotherapies such as checkpoint inhibition, adoptive cell therapy and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Parish
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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13
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Rainey MA, Allen CT, Craveiro M. Egress of resident memory T cells from tissue with neoadjuvant immunotherapy: Implications for systemic anti-tumor immunity. Oral Oncol 2023; 146:106570. [PMID: 37738775 PMCID: PMC10591905 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resident memory T (TRM) cells are embedded in peripheral tissue and capable of acting as sentinels that can respond quickly to repeat pathogen exposure as part of an endogenous anti-microbial immune response. Recent evidence suggests that chronic antigen exposure and other microenvironment cues may promote the development of TRM cells within solid tumors as well, and that this TRM phenotype can sequester tumor-specific T cells into tumors and out of circulation resulting in limited systemic antitumor immunity. Here, we perform a review of the published English literature and describe tissue-specific mediators of TRM cell differentiation in states of infection and malignancy with special focus on the role of TGF-β and how targeting TGF-β signaling could be used as a therapeutical approach to promote tumor systemic immunity. DISCUSSION The presence of TRM cells with antigen specificity to neoepitopes in tumors associates with positive clinical prognosis and greater responsiveness to immunotherapy. Recent evidence indicates that solid tumors may act as reservoirs for tumor specific TRM cells and limit their circulation - possibly resulting in impaired systemic antitumor immunity. TRM cells utilize specific mechanisms to egress from peripheral tissues into circulation and other peripheral sites, and emerging evidence indicates that immunotherapeutic approaches may initiate these processes and increase systemic antitumor immunity. CONCLUSIONS Reversing tumor sequestration of tumor-specific T cells prior to surgical removal or radiation of tumor may increase systemic antitumor immunity. This finding may underlie the improved recurrence free survival observed with neoadjuvant immunotherapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Rainey
- Head and Neck Section, Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clint T Allen
- National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 7N240C, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Marco Craveiro
- Head and Neck Section, Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Jia B, Zhao C, Minagawa K, Shike H, Claxton DF, Ehmann WC, Rybka WB, Mineishi S, Wang M, Schell TD, Prabhu KS, Paulson RF, Zhang Y, Shultz LD, Zheng H. Acute Myeloid Leukemia Causes T Cell Exhaustion and Depletion in a Humanized Graft-versus-Leukemia Model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1426-1437. [PMID: 37712758 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is, in many clinical settings, the only curative treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The clinical benefit of alloSCT greatly relies on the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. However, AML relapse remains the top cause of posttransplant death; this highlights the urgent need to enhance GVL. Studies of human GVL have been hindered by the lack of optimal clinically relevant models. In this article, we report, the successful establishment of a novel (to our knowledge) humanized GVL model system by transplanting clinically paired donor PBMCs and patient AML into MHC class I/II knockout NSG mice. We observed significantly reduced leukemia growth in humanized mice compared with mice that received AML alone, demonstrating a functional GVL effect. Using this model system, we studied human GVL responses against human AML cells in vivo and discovered that AML induced T cell depletion, likely because of increased T cell apoptosis. In addition, AML caused T cell exhaustion manifested by upregulation of inhibitory receptors, increased expression of exhaustion-related transcription factors, and decreased T cell function. Importantly, combined blockade of human T cell-inhibitory pathways effectively reduced leukemia burden and reinvigorated CD8 T cell function in this model system. These data, generated in a highly clinically relevant humanized GVL model, not only demonstrate AML-induced inhibition of alloreactive T cells but also identify promising therapeutic strategies targeting T cell depletion and exhaustion for overcoming GVL failure and treating AML relapse after alloSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Jia
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Kentaro Minagawa
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Hiroko Shike
- Department of Pathology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - David F Claxton
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - W Christopher Ehmann
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Witold B Rybka
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Shin Mineishi
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Todd D Schell
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - K Sandeep Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - Robert F Paulson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Edison, NJ
| | - Leonard D Shultz
- Department of Immunology, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
| | - Hong Zheng
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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15
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Takamura S, Nomura A, Kubo M. BCL6 fine-tunes long-term tumor control. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadj6724. [PMID: 37862430 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj6724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Sun et al. provide comprehensive evidence that the transcription factor BCL6 functions as a gatekeeper for CD8+ progenitor cell function in tumors and prevents their excessive terminal differentiation, thereby preserving this stem-like population for long-term tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Laboratory for Immunological Memory, IMS RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Aneela Nomura
- Laboratory for Immunological Memory, IMS RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, IMS RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
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16
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Sun Q, Cai D, Liu D, Zhao X, Li R, Xu W, Xie B, Gou M, Wei K, Li Y, Huang J, Chi X, Wei P, Hao J, Guo X, Pan B, Fu Y, Ni L, Dong C. BCL6 promotes a stem-like CD8 + T cell program in cancer via antagonizing BLIMP1. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadh1306. [PMID: 37862431 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adh1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming CD8+ T cell exhaustion is critical in cancer immunotherapy. Recently, an intratumor stem/progenitor-like CD8+ T cell (Tprog cell) population that mediates the persistence of antitumor responses has been defined, which can further develop into a terminally differentiated CD8+ T cell (Tterm cell) subpopulation with potent cytotoxic functions. Tprog cells are the main responders to immune checkpoint blockade therapies, yet how extrinsic signals via transcription factors control Tprog cell generation and persistence in tumors is unclear. Here, we found that BCL6 inhibits tumor-specific Tterm cell generation from Tprog cell downstream of TCF1. We show that Bcl6 deficiency reduced the persistence of Tprog cells, without affecting their generation, thus abrogating long-term tumor control. High-level BCL6 expression was observed in tumor-specific T cells in draining lymph nodes (LNs) and was associated with T cell exhaustion. This was observed in TOX+TCF1+ Tprog cells in both LNs and tumors. BCL6 expression in CD8+ T cells was up-regulated by TGF-β-SMAD2 signaling but down-regulated by the IL-2-STAT5 pathway. Mechanistically, BCL6 transcriptionally repressed the expression of Tterm cell-associated genes and induced those of Tprog cell-related genes, in a manner antagonistic to BLIMP1. Prdm1 deficiency also promoted the Tprog cell program and greatly improved the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy. Thus, we identified the TGF-β-BCL6 and IL-2-BLIMP1 antagonistic pathways in regulation of antitumor CD8+ T cells, which may benefit the development of long-lasting and effective cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinli Sun
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongli Cai
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Department of Gynaecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Dingfeng Liu
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Department of Gynaecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bowen Xie
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengting Gou
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Kun Wei
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuling Li
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Life Science and Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinxin Chi
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Hao
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xinyi Guo
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Birui Pan
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ling Ni
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Research Unit of Immune Regulation and Immune Diseases of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
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17
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Wu H, Zhao X, Hochrein SM, Eckstein M, Gubert GF, Knöpper K, Mansilla AM, Öner A, Doucet-Ladevèze R, Schmitz W, Ghesquière B, Theurich S, Dudek J, Gasteiger G, Zernecke A, Kobold S, Kastenmüller W, Vaeth M. Mitochondrial dysfunction promotes the transition of precursor to terminally exhausted T cells through HIF-1α-mediated glycolytic reprogramming. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6858. [PMID: 37891230 PMCID: PMC10611730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell exhaustion is a hallmark of cancer and persistent infections, marked by inhibitory receptor upregulation, diminished cytokine secretion, and impaired cytolytic activity. Terminally exhausted T cells are steadily replenished by a precursor population (Tpex), but the metabolic principles governing Tpex maintenance and the regulatory circuits that control their exhaustion remain incompletely understood. Using a combination of gene-deficient mice, single-cell transcriptomics, and metabolomic analyses, we show that mitochondrial insufficiency is a cell-intrinsic trigger that initiates the functional exhaustion of T cells. At the molecular level, we find that mitochondrial dysfunction causes redox stress, which inhibits the proteasomal degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and promotes the transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming of Tpex cells into terminally exhausted T cells. Our findings also bear clinical significance, as metabolic engineering of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is a promising strategy to enhance the stemness and functionality of Tpex cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Xiufeng Zhao
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sophia M Hochrein
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Eckstein
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela F Gubert
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana Maria Mansilla
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Arman Öner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Remi Doucet-Ladevèze
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Werner Schmitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Laboratory of Applied Mass Spectrometry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and Metabolomics Core Facility Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Theurich
- Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, University Hospital, Department of Medicine III, Munich, Germany and LMU Gene Center, Cancer and Immunometabolism Research Group, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, a partnership between the DKFZ Heidelberg and the University Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Dudek
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, a partnership between the DKFZ Heidelberg and the University Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Vaeth
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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18
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Im SJ, Obeng RC, Nasti TH, McManus D, Kamphorst AO, Gunisetty S, Prokhnevska N, Carlisle JW, Yu K, Sica GL, Cardozo LE, Gonçalves ANA, Kissick HT, Nakaya HI, Ramalingam SS, Ahmed R. Characteristics and anatomic location of PD-1 +TCF1 + stem-like CD8 T cells in chronic viral infection and cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221985120. [PMID: 37782797 PMCID: PMC10576122 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221985120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells play an essential role in antitumor immunity and chronic viral infections. Recent findings have delineated the differentiation pathway of CD8 T cells in accordance with the progenitor-progeny relationship of TCF1+ stem-like and Tim-3+TCF1- more differentiated T cells. Here, we investigated the characteristics of stem-like and differentiated CD8 T cells isolated from several murine tumor models and human lung cancer samples in terms of phenotypic and transcriptional features as well as their location compared to virus-specific CD8 T cells in the chronically lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-infected mice. We found that CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in both murine and human tumors exhibited overall similar phenotypic and transcriptional characteristics compared to corresponding subsets in the spleen of chronically infected mice. Moreover, stem-like CD8 TILs exclusively responded and produced effector-like progeny CD8 T cells in vivo after antigenic restimulation, confirming their lineage relationship and the proliferative potential of stem-like CD8 TILs. Most importantly, similar to the preferential localization of PD-1+ stem-like CD8 T cells in T cell zones of the spleen during chronic LCMV infection, we found that the PD-1+ stem-like CD8 TILs in lung cancer samples are preferentially located not in the tumor parenchyma but in tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). The stem-like CD8 T cells are present in TLSs located within and at the periphery of the tumor, as well as in TLSs closely adjacent to the tumor parenchyma. These findings suggest that TLSs provide a protective niche to support the quiescence and maintenance of stem-like CD8 T cells in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Im
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Rebecca C. Obeng
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Tahseen H. Nasti
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
| | - Daniel McManus
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
| | - Alice O. Kamphorst
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Sivaram Gunisetty
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
| | - Nataliya Prokhnevska
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
| | - Jennifer W. Carlisle
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
| | - Ke Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
| | - Gabriel L. Sica
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15213
| | | | | | - Haydn T. Kissick
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
| | | | - Suresh S. Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA30322
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19
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Giles JR, Globig AM, Kaech SM, Wherry EJ. CD8 + T cells in the cancer-immunity cycle. Immunity 2023; 56:2231-2253. [PMID: 37820583 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are end effectors of cancer immunity. Most forms of effective cancer immunotherapy involve CD8+ T cell effector function. Here, we review the current understanding of T cell function in cancer, focusing on key CD8+ T cell subtypes and states. We discuss factors that influence CD8+ T cell differentiation and function in cancer through a framework that incorporates the classic three-signal model and a fourth signal-metabolism-and also consider the impact of the tumor microenvironment from a T cell perspective. We argue for the notion of immunotherapies as "pro-drugs" that act to augment or modulate T cells, which ultimately serve as the drug in vivo, and for the importance of overall immune health in cancer treatment and prevention. The progress in understanding T cell function in cancer has and will continue to improve harnessing of the immune system across broader tumor types to benefit more patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine R Giles
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna-Maria Globig
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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20
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Mellman I, Chen DS, Powles T, Turley SJ. The cancer-immunity cycle: Indication, genotype, and immunotype. Immunity 2023; 56:2188-2205. [PMID: 37820582 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The cancer-immunity cycle provides a framework to understand the series of events that generate anti-cancer immune responses. It emphasizes the iterative nature of the response where the killing of tumor cells by T cells initiates subsequent rounds of antigen presentation and T cell stimulation, maintaining active immunity and adapting it to tumor evolution. Any step of the cycle can become rate-limiting, rendering the immune system unable to control tumor growth. Here, we update the cancer-immunity cycle based on the remarkable progress of the past decade. Understanding the mechanism of checkpoint inhibition has evolved, as has our view of dendritic cells in sustaining anti-tumor immunity. We additionally account for the role of the tumor microenvironment in facilitating, not just suppressing, the anti-cancer response, and discuss the importance of considering a tumor's immunological phenotype, the "immunotype". While these new insights add some complexity to the cycle, they also provide new targets for research and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel S Chen
- Engenuity Life Sciences, Burlingame, CA, USA; Synthetic Design Lab, Burlingame, CA, USA
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21
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Lan X, Zebley CC, Youngblood B. Cellular and molecular waypoints along the path of T cell exhaustion. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadg3868. [PMID: 37656775 PMCID: PMC10618911 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adg3868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years of foundational research investigating molecular and cellular mechanisms promoting T cell exhaustion are now enabling rational design of T cell-based therapies for the treatment of chronic infections and cancer. Once described as a static cell fate, it is now well appreciated that the developmental path toward exhaustion is composed of a heterogeneous pool of cells with varying degrees of effector potential that ultimately converge on a terminally differentiated state. Recent description of the developmental stages along the differentiation trajectory of T cell exhaustion has provided insight into past immunotherapeutic success and future opportunities. Here, we discuss the hallmarks of distinct developmental stages occurring along the path to T cell dysfunction and the impact of these discrete CD8+ T cell fates on cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Caitlin C. Zebley
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ben Youngblood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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22
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Taber A, Konecny A, Scott-Browne J, Prlic M. TGF-β broadly modifies rather than specifically suppresses reactivated memory CD8 T cells in a dose-dependent manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.27.550871. [PMID: 37546887 PMCID: PMC10402134 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.27.550871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) directly acts on naïve, effector and memory T cells to control cell fate decisions, which was shown using genetic abrogation of TGF-β signaling. TGF-β availability is altered by infections and cancer, however the dose-dependent effects of TGF-β on memory CD8 T cell (Tmem) reactivation are still poorly defined. We examined how activation and TGF-β signals interact to shape the functional outcome of Tmem reactivation. We found that TGF-β could suppress cytotoxicity in a manner that was inversely proportional to the strength of the activating TCR or pro-inflammatory signals. In contrast, even high doses of TGF-β had a comparatively modest effect on IFN-γ expression in the context of weak and strong reactivation signals. Since CD8 Tmem may not always receive TGF-β signals concurrently with reactivation, we also explored whether the temporal order of reactivation versus TGF-β signals is of importance. We found that exposure to TGF-β prior to as well as after an activation event were both sufficient to reduce cytotoxic effector function. Concurrent ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analysis revealed that TGF-β altered ~10% of the regulatory elements induced by reactivation and also elicited transcriptional changes indicative of broadly modulated functional properties. We confirmed some changes on the protein level and found that TGF-β-induced expression of CCR8 was inversely proportional to the strength of the reactivating TCR signal. Together, our data suggest that TGF-β is not simply suppressing CD8 Tmem, but modifies functional and chemotactic properties in context of their reactivation signals and in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Taber
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew Konecny
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - James Scott-Browne
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Martin Prlic
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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23
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Ouyang W, Niu Q, Qui M, Fu H, Du Y, Mo X. A multiplexed time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer ultrahigh-throughput screening assay for targeting SMAD4-SMAD3-DNA complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.15.549169. [PMID: 37503208 PMCID: PMC10370110 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.15.549169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The signaling pathway of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) plays crucial roles in the establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, making anti-TGFβ agents a significant area of interest in cancer immunotherapy. However, the clinical translation of current anti-TGFβ agents that target upstream cytokines and receptors remains challenging. Therefore, the development of small molecule inhibitors specifically targeting SMAD4, the downstream master regulator of TGFβ pathway, would offer an alternative approach with significant therapeutic potential for anti-TGF-β signaling. In this study, we present the development of a cell lysate-based multiplexed time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay in an ultrahigh-throughput screening (uHTS) 1536-well plate format. This assay enables simultaneous monitoring of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between SMAD4 and SMAD3, as well as the protein-DNA interaction (PDI) between SMADs and their consensus DNA binding motif. The multiplexed TR-FRET assay exhibits high sensitivity, allowing the dynamic analysis of the SMAD4-SMAD3-DNA complex at single amino acid resolution. Moreover, the multiplexed uHTS assay demonstrates robustness for screening small molecule inhibitors. Through a pilot screening of an FDA-approved and bioactive compound library, we identified gambogic acid and gambogenic acid as potential hit compounds. These proof-of-concept findings underscore the utility of our optimized multiplexed TR-FRET platform for large-scale screening to discover small molecule inhibitors that target the SMAD4-SMAD3-DNA complex as novel anti-TGFβ signaling agents.
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24
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Chandiran K, Cauley LS. The diverse effects of transforming growth factor-β and SMAD signaling pathways during the CTL response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199671. [PMID: 37426662 PMCID: PMC10327426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in defense against infections with intracellular pathogens and anti-tumor immunity. Efficient migration is required to locate and destroy infected cells in different regions of the body. CTLs accomplish this task by differentiating into specialized subsets of effector and memory CD8 T cells that traffic to different tissues. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) belongs to a large family of growth factors that elicit diverse cellular responses via canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways. Canonical SMAD-dependent signaling pathways are required to coordinate changes in homing receptor expression as CTLs traffic between different tissues. In this review, we discuss the various ways that TGFβ and SMAD-dependent signaling pathways shape the cellular immune response and transcriptional programming of newly activated CTLs. As protective immunity requires access to the circulation, emphasis is placed on cellular processes that are required for cell-migration through the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Chandiran
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Linda S. Cauley
- Department of Immunology, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, United States
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25
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Ford BR, Poholek AC. Regulation and Immunotherapeutic Targeting of the Epigenome in Exhausted CD8 T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:869-879. [PMID: 36947818 PMCID: PMC10037537 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Exhaustion is a state of CD8 T cell differentiation that occurs in settings of chronic Ag such as tumors, chronic viral infection, and autoimmunity. Cellular differentiation is driven by a series of environmental signals that promote epigenetic landscapes that set transcriptomes needed for function. For CD8 T cells, the epigenome that underlies exhaustion is distinct from effector and memory cell differentiation, suggesting that signals early on set in motion a process where the epigenome is modified to promote a trajectory toward a dysfunctional state. Although we know many signals that promote exhaustion, putting this in the context of the epigenetic changes that occur during differentiation has been less clear. In this review, we aim to summarize the epigenetic changes associated with exhaustion in the context of signals that promote it, highlighting immunotherapeutic studies that support these observations or areas for future therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rhodes Ford
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Amanda C Poholek
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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26
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Salmond RJ. Regulation of T Cell Activation and Metabolism by Transforming Growth Factor-Beta. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020297. [PMID: 36829573 PMCID: PMC9953227 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor signalling regulates T cell development, differentiation and effector function. Expression of the immune-associated isoform of this cytokine, TGFβ1, is absolutely required for the maintenance of immunological tolerance in both mice and humans, whilst context-dependent TGFβ1 signalling regulates the differentiation of both anti- and pro-inflammatory T cell effector populations. Thus, distinct TGFβ-dependent T cell responses are implicated in the suppression or initiation of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In cancer settings, TGFβ signals contribute to the blockade of anti-tumour immune responses and disease progression. Given the key functions of TGFβ in the regulation of immune responses and the potential for therapeutic targeting of TGFβ-dependent pathways, the mechanisms underpinning these pleiotropic effects have been the subject of much investigation. This review focuses on accumulating evidence suggesting that modulation of T cell metabolism represents a major mechanism by which TGFβ influences T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Salmond
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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27
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Saadey AA, Yousif A, Osborne N, Shahinfar R, Chen YL, Laster B, Rajeev M, Bauman P, Webb A, Ghoneim HE. Rebalancing TGFβ1/BMP signals in exhausted T cells unlocks responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:280-294. [PMID: 36543960 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T cell dysfunctionality prevents the clearance of chronic infections and cancer. Furthermore, epigenetic programming in dysfunctional CD8+ T cells limits their response to immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, it is unclear which upstream signals drive acquisition of dysfunctional epigenetic programs, and whether therapeutically targeting these signals can remodel terminally dysfunctional T cells to an ICB-responsive state. Here we innovate an in vitro model system of stable human T cell dysfunction and show that chronic TGFβ1 signaling in posteffector CD8+ T cells accelerates their terminal dysfunction through stable epigenetic changes. Conversely, boosting bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling while blocking TGFβ1 preserved effector and memory programs in chronically stimulated human CD8+ T cells, inducing superior responses to tumors and synergizing the ICB responses during chronic viral infection. Thus, rebalancing TGFβ1/BMP signals provides an exciting new approach to unleash dysfunctional CD8+ T cells and enhance T cell immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey A Saadey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amir Yousif
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicole Osborne
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Roya Shahinfar
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yu-Lin Chen
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brooke Laster
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Meera Rajeev
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Parker Bauman
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy Webb
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resources, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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28
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Ma C, Zhang N. Lymphoid tissue residency: A key to understand Tcf-1 +PD-1 + T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1074698. [PMID: 36569850 PMCID: PMC9767944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1074698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic antigen exposure, a subset of exhausted CD8+ T cells differentiate into stem cell-like or progenitor-like T cells expressing both transcription factor Tcf-1 (T cell factor-1) and co-inhibitory receptor PD-1. These Tcf-1+ stem-like or progenitor exhausted T cells represent the key target for immunotherapies. Deeper understanding of the biology of Tcf-1+PD-1+ CD8+ T cells will lead to rational design of future immunotherapies. Here, we summarize recent findings about the migratory and resident behavior of Tcf-1+ T cells. Specifically, we will focus on TGF-β-dependent lymphoid tissue residency program of Tcf-1+ T cells, which may represent a key to understanding the differentiation and maintenance of Tcf-1+ stem-like CD8+ T cells during persistent antigen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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29
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Ma C, Wang L, Liao W, Liu Y, Mishra S, Li G, Zhang X, Qiu Y, Lu Q, Zhang N. TGF-β promotes stem-like T cells via enforcing their lymphoid tissue retention. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211538. [PMID: 35980385 PMCID: PMC9393408 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem-like CD8+ T cells sustain the antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response during chronic antigen exposure. However, the signals that control the maintenance and differentiation of these cells are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that TGF-β was essential for the optimal maintenance of these cells and inhibited their differentiation into migratory effectors during chronic viral infection. Mechanistically, stem-like CD8+ T cells carried a unique expression pattern of α4 integrins (i.e., α4β1hi and α4β7lo) controlled by TGF-β. In the absence of TGF-β signaling, greatly enhanced expression of migration-related markers, including altered expression of α4 integrins, led to enhanced egress of stem-like CD8+ T cells into circulation accompanied by further differentiation into transitional states. Blocking α4 integrin significantly promoted their lymphoid tissue retention and therefore partially rescued the defective maintenance of Tcf-1+ subset in the absence of TGF-β signaling. Thus, TGF-β promotes the maintenance and inhibits the further differentiation of stem-like T cells at least partially via enforcing their lymphoid tissue residency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Liwen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Laryngopharyngeal and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shruti Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Laryngopharyngeal and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Laryngopharyngeal and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanzheng Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Laryngopharyngeal and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hospital for Skin Diseases (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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