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Basit S, Khan S, Ahmad W. Genetics of human isolated hereditary hair loss disorders. Clin Genet 2014; 88:203-12. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Basit
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases; Taibah University; Almadinah Almunawwarah Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; Kohat University of Science and Technology; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - W. Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad Pakistan
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Yang J, Liang Y, Zeng K, Huang L, Zheng M. Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis: a recurrent c.74C>T mutation in theU2HRgene and literature review. Int J Dermatol 2013; 53:206-9. [PMID: 24261346 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Yang
- Department of Dermatology; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
| | - Yanhua Liang
- Department of Dermatology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Kang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Dermatology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
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4
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Frank J, Poblete-Gutiérrez P, Giehl K. [Genetic hair diseases. An update]. Hautarzt 2013; 64:830-42. [PMID: 24177665 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-013-2578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from hair loss or undesirable excessive hair growth are a challenge for dermatologists because the pathogenesis of most hair diseases is not well understood and therapeutic options are limited. This particularly holds true for genetic hair disorders, in which all current treatment attempts are unsuccessful. Furthermore, these diseases also pose a diagnostic challenge due to a broad range of clinical and genetic heterogeneity. However, the enormous progress in molecular biology over the past 20 years, in particular the availability of different new techniques such as whole exome and genome sequencing, has enabled us to elucidate the genetic basis of most monogenic hair disorders, given the availability of suitable index patients and families as well as adequate technical equipment and sufficient financial resources. In this review we provide an update on clinical and genetic aspects of selected monogenic and polygenic hair diseases manifesting with hypertrichosis and hypotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frank
- Hautklinik und Sektion für Genodermatosen, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland,
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Zhang X, Guo BR, Cai LQ, Jiang T, Sun LD, Cui Y, Hu JC, Zhu J, Chen G, Tang XF, Sun GQ, Tang HY, Liu Y, Li M, Li QB, Cheng H, Gao M, Li P, Yang X, Zuo XB, Zheng XD, Wang PG, Wang J, Wang J, Liu JJ, Yang S, Li YR, Zhang XJ. Exome sequencing identified a missense mutation of EPS8L3 in Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis. J Med Genet 2012; 49:727-30. [PMID: 23099647 PMCID: PMC3512347 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by coarse, wiry, twisted hair developed in early childhood and subsequent progressive hair loss. MUHH is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. No gene in 1p21.1-1q21.3 region responsible for MUHH has been identified. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed on two affected subjects, who had normal vertex hair and modest alopecia, and one unaffected individual from a four-generation MUHH family of which our previous linkage study mapped the MUHH locus on chromosome 1p21.1-1q21.3. RESULTS We identified a missense mutation in EPS8L3 (NM_024526.3: exon2: c.22G->A:p.Ala8Thr) within 1p21.1-1q21.3. Sanger sequencing confirmed the cosegregation of this mutation with the disease phenotype in the family by demonstrating the presence of the heterozygous mutation in all the eight affected and absence in all the seven unaffected individuals. This mutation was found to be absent in 676 unrelated healthy controls and 781 patients of other disease from another unpublished project of our group. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that EPS8L3 is a causative gene for MUHH, which was helpful for advancing us on understanding of the pathogenesis of MUHH. Our study also has further demonstrated the effectiveness of combining exome sequencing with linkage information for identifying Mendelian disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
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Unveiling the roots of monogenic genodermatoses: genotrichoses as a paradigm. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:906-14. [PMID: 22170492 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have seen significant and unprecedented progress in human genetics owing to the advent of novel molecular biological technologies and major developments in computational methods. Dermatology has benefited from and, in some cases, led these advances. In this article, we review major discoveries in the field of inherited hair diseases, which illustrate the changes that genodermatology has undergone in recent years from a mostly descriptive discipline through the elucidation of the molecular basis of numerous disorders, up to the first attempts at translating these new findings into novel preventive and therapeutic tools to the benefit of our patients.
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Kim JK, Kim BK, Park JK, Choi JH, KimYoon SJ. The Hairless Gene: A Putative Navigator of Hair Follicle Development. Genomics Inform 2011. [DOI: 10.5808/gi.2011.9.3.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Redler S, Kruse R, Eigelshoven S, Hanneken S, Refke M, Wen Y, Zhang X, Cichon S, Betz RC, Nöthen MM. Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis: Identification of a U2HR mutation in the family from the original 1925 report. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:e45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Mansur AT, Elcioglu NH, Redler S, Serdar ZA, Cetinel S, Betz RC, Akarsu NA. Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis: A Turkish family with loss of eyebrows and a U2HR mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2628-33. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shimomura
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
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12
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Düzenli S, Redler S, Müller M, Polat M, Dogruer D, Pasternack SM, Betz RC. Identification of a U2HR gene mutation in Turkish families with Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 34:e953-6. [PMID: 20055871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) is an autosomal dominant form of isolated alopecia. The disorder is characterized by the absence or scarcity of scalp hair, eyebrows and eyelashes at birth. Coarse wiry hair begins to grow during childhood, but this is followed by progressive hair loss, which usually begins around puberty. A recent study identified mutations in U2HR, an inhibitory upstream open reading frame in the 5'-untranslated region of the human hairless gene. We investigated three reportedly unrelated Turkish multigeneration families with MUHH. Using direct sequencing of U2HR we were able to identify the c. 2T>A (p.M1K) mutation in one index patient of each family. The mutation cosegregates perfectly with the disease in all members of the families. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a mutation in U2HR has been identified in families from the Middle East. The observation of a common mutation is suggestive of a possible founder effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Düzenli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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13
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Basit S, Ali G, Wasif N, Ansar M, Ahmad W. Genetic mapping of a novel hypotrichosis locus to chromosome 7p21.3-p22.3 in a Pakistani family and screening of the candidate genes. Hum Genet 2010; 128:213-20. [PMID: 20544222 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hypotrichosis is a heterogeneous group of inherited hair loss disorders characterized by diffused or localized thinning or absence of hair affecting scalp, eyebrows and eyelashes, and other body parts. Over the past few years, at least four autosomal dominant and six autosomal recessive forms of hypotrichosis have been described. All these ten forms of hypotrichosis have been mapped on different human chromosomes and the corresponding genes have been identified in most of these cases. In the present study, we have described a six-generation Pakistani consanguineous family with an autosomal recessive transmission of hereditary hypotrichosis. All the five affected individuals of the family showed complete absence of scalp hair and sparse eyebrows and eyelashes. They were born with complete absence of scalp hairs. Facial hair of beard and mustaches were present in all the affected adult male individuals. Papules were observed only on scalp of the affected individuals. A scalp biopsy from an affected individual showed markedly reduced number of hair follicles. Human genome scan using polymorphic microsatellite markers mapped the disease locus on chromosome 7p21.3-p22.3, flanked by markers D7S1532 and D7S3047. A maximum two-point LOD score of 4.74 (theta = 0.00) was obtained at marker D7S481. The linkage interval spans 15.69 cM, which corresponds to 6.59 Mb according to the sequence-based physical map (Build 36.2). Mutation analysis of five potential candidate genes (GNA12, FOXK1, DAGLB, ZNF12, ACTB), located in the linkage interval, did not reveal any functional sequence variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulman Basit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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14
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Betz R. Genetik der monogenen isolierten Alopezien. MED GENET-BERLIN 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-009-0200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Die monogen vererbten isolierten Alopezien umfassen eine Gruppe klinisch und genetisch heterogener Formen von Haarlosigkeit/-verlust. Die klinische Unterteilung der isolierten Alopezien erfolgt nach Erkrankungsbeginn, betroffenen Regionen und Struktur des Haarschafts. Frauen und Männer sind gleichermaßen betroffen, die Vererbung ist autosomal-dominant oder autosomal-rezessiv. Seit der Identifizierung des Keratingens KRT86 als Ursache für die so genannte Monilethrix im Jahr 1997 konnten in der letzten Dekade Mutationen in 9 weiteren Genen für verschiedene Formen isolierter Alopezien identifiziert werden, darunter weitere Keratingene (KRT81 und KRT83) für die Monilethrix, das Hairless-Gen für die Atrichia congenita/papuläre Atrichie, das Corneodesmosingen für die autosomal-dominante Form der Hypotrichosis simplex sowie die Gene Desmoglein 4, Lipase H und der G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptor P2RY5 (LPAR6) für autosomal-rezessive Formen der Hypotrichose. Molekulargenetische und pathophysiologische Untersuchungen dieser seltenen Haarentwicklungsstörungen trugen entscheidend dazu bei, grundlegende Mechanismen des Haarausfalls und somit auch physiologische Mechanismen des Haarwachstums besser zu verstehen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.C. Betz
- Aff1_200 grid.15090.3d 000000008786803X Institut für Humangenetik, Biomedizinisches Zentrum Universitätsklinikum Bonn AöR Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25 53127 Bonn Deutschland
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Kim JK, Kim E, Baek IC, Kim BK, Cho AR, Kim TY, Song CW, Seong JK, Yoon JB, Stenn KS, Parimoo S, Yoon SK. Overexpression of Hr links excessive induction of Wnt signaling to Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 19:445-53. [PMID: 19897589 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) is a rare autosomal dominant hair disorder. Through the study of a mouse model, we identified a mutation in the 5'-untranslated region of the hairless (HR) gene in patients with MUHH in a Caucasian family. The corresponding mutation, named 'hairpoor', was found in mutant mice that were generated through N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis. Hairpoor mouse mutants display partial hair loss at an early age and progress to near alopecia, which resembles the MUHH phenotype. This mutation conferred overexpression of HR through translational derepression and, in turn, decreased the expression of Sfrp2, an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway. This study indicates that the gain in function of HR also results in alopecia, as seen with the loss of function of HR, via abnormal upregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-ku, Seoul, Korea
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Cai LQ, Wang PG, Gao M, Lu WS, Xu SX, Fang QY, Zhou WM, Lin D, Du WH, Zhang SM, Yang S, Zhang XJ. A novel U2HR non-synonymous mutation in a Chinese patient with Marie Unna Hereditary Hypotrichosis. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 55:125-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Wen Y, Liu Y, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Hua R, Wang K, Sun M, Li Y, Yang S, Zhang XJ, Kruse R, Cichon S, Betz RC, Nöthen MM, van Steensel MAM, van Geel M, Steijlen PM, Hohl D, Huber M, Dunnill GS, Kennedy C, Messenger A, Munro CS, Terrinoni A, Hovnanian A, Bodemer C, de Prost Y, Paller AS, Irvine AD, Sinclair R, Green J, Shang D, Liu Q, Luo Y, Jiang L, Chen HD, Lo WHY, McLean WHI, He CD, Zhang X. Loss-of-function mutations of an inhibitory upstream ORF in the human hairless transcript cause Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis. Nat Genet 2009; 41:228-33. [PMID: 19122663 DOI: 10.1038/ng.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) is an autosomal dominant form of genetic hair loss. In a large Chinese family carrying MUHH, we identified a pathogenic initiation codon mutation in U2HR, an inhibitory upstream ORF in the 5' UTR of the gene encoding the human hairless homolog (HR). U2HR is predicted to encode a 34-amino acid peptide that is highly conserved among mammals. In 18 more families from different ancestral groups, we identified a range of defects in U2HR, including loss of initiation, delayed termination codon and nonsense and missense mutations. Functional analysis showed that these classes of mutations all resulted in increased translation of the main HR physiological ORF. Our results establish the link between MUHH and U2HR, show that fine-tuning of HR protein levels is important in control of hair growth, and identify a potential mechanism for preventing hair loss or promoting hair removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaran Wen
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine and National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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18
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The genetics of hair shaft disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59:1-22; quiz 23-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mohseni M, Chishti AH. Erythrocyte dematin is a candidate gene for Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis and related hairloss disorders. Am J Hematol 2008; 83:430-2. [PMID: 18273904 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Rieubland C, de Viragh PA, Addor MC. Uncombable hair syndrome: A clinical report. Eur J Med Genet 2007; 50:309-14. [PMID: 17526443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Uncombable hair syndrome, also named "pili trianguli et canaliculi" or "cheveux incoiffables", is a rare structural anomaly of the hair shaft first reported in 1973. Both inherited and sporadic forms have been described, characterized by dry and frizzy scalp hair that is impossible to comb. Diagnosis is suspected clinically and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The condition is usually isolated, however, several physical abnormalities can be associated. We report the case of a 2(1/2) year old-girl presenting isolated uncombable hair syndrome suspected clinically and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Rieubland
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHUV, rue Pierre Decker, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Liu Y, Das S, Olszewski RE, Carpenter DA, Culiat CT, Sundberg JP, Soteropoulos P, Liu X, Doktycz MJ, Michaud EJ, Voy BH. The Near-Naked Hairless (Hr) Mutation Disrupts Hair Formation but Is Not Due to a Mutation in the Hairless Coding Region. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1605-14. [PMID: 17330134 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Near-naked hairless (Hr(N)) is a semi-dominant, spontaneous mutation that was suggested by allelism testing to be allelic with mouse Hairless (Hr). Hr(N) mice differ from other Hr mutants in that hair loss appears as the postnatal coat begins to emerge, rather than as an inability to regrow hair after the first catagen and that the mutation displays semi-dominant inheritance. We sequenced the Hr cDNA in Hr(N)/Hr(N) mice and characterized the pathological and molecular phenotypes to identify the basis for hair loss in this model. Hr(N)/Hr(N) mice exhibit dystrophic hairs that are unable to emerge consistently from the hair follicle, whereas Hr(N)/+ mice display a sparse coat of hair and a milder degree of follicular dystrophy than their homozygous littermates. DNA microarray analysis of cutaneous gene expression demonstrates that numerous genes are downregulated in Hr(N)/Hr(N) mice, primarily genes important for hair structure. By contrast, Hr expression is significantly increased. Sequencing the Hr-coding region, intron-exon boundaries, 5'- and 3'-untranslated region, and immediate upstream region did not reveal the underlying mutation. Therefore, Hr(N) does not appear to be an allele of Hr but may result from a mutation in a closely linked gene or from a regulatory mutation in Hr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Liu
- Life Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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Smith FJD, Liao H, Cassidy AJ, Stewart A, Hamill KJ, Wood P, Joval I, van Steensel MAM, Björck E, Callif-Daley F, Pals G, Collins P, Leachman SA, Munro CS, McLean WHI. The genetic basis of pachyonychia congenita. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2005; 10:21-30. [PMID: 16250206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In 1994, the molecular basis of pachyonychia congenita (PC) was elucidated. Four keratin genes are associated with the major subtypes of PC: K6a or K16 defects cause PC-1; and mutations in K6b or K17 cause PC-2. Mutations in keratins, the epithelial-specific intermediate filament proteins, result in aberrant cytoskeletal networks which present clinically as a variety of epithelial fragility phenotypes. To date, mutations in 20 keratin genes are associated with human disorders. Here, we review the genetic basis of PC and report 30 new PC mutations. Of these, 25 mutations were found in PC-1 families and five mutations were identified in PC-2 kindreds. All mutations identified were heterozygous amino acid substitutions or small in-frame deletion mutations with the exception of an unusual mutation in a sporadic case of PC-1. The latter carried a 117 bp duplication resulting in a 39 amino acid insertion in the 2B domain of K6a. Also of note was mutation L388P in K17, which is the first genetic defect identified in the helix termination motif of this protein. Understanding the genetic basis of these disorders allows better counseling for patients and paves the way for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J D Smith
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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Cassidy AJ, van Steensel MAM, Steijlen PM, van Geel M, Velden JVD, Morley SM, Terrinoni A, Melino G, Candi E, McLean WHI. A homozygous missense mutation in TGM5 abolishes epidermal transglutaminase 5 activity and causes acral peeling skin syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:909-17. [PMID: 16380904 PMCID: PMC1285176 DOI: 10.1086/497707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peeling skin syndrome is an autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by the shedding of the outer epidermis. In the acral form, the dorsa of the hands and feet are predominantly affected. Ultrastructural analysis has revealed tissue separation at the junction between the granular cells and the stratum corneum in the outer epidermis. Genomewide linkage analysis in a consanguineous Dutch kindred mapped the gene to 15q15.2 in the interval between markers D15S1040 and D15S1016. Two homozygous missense mutations, T109M and G113C, were found in TGM5, which encodes transglutaminase 5 (TG5), in all affected persons in two unrelated families. The mutation was present on the same haplotype in both kindreds, indicating a probable ancestral mutation. TG5 is strongly expressed in the epidermal granular cells, where it cross-links a variety of structural proteins in the terminal differentiation of the epidermis to form the cornified cell envelope. An established, in vitro, biochemical cross-linking assay revealed that, although T109M is not pathogenic, G113C completely abolishes TG5 activity. Three-dimensional modeling of TG5 showed that G113C lies close to the catalytic domain, and, furthermore, that this glycine residue is conserved in all known transglutaminases, which is consistent with pathogenicity. Other families with more-widespread peeling skin phenotypes lacked TGM5 mutations. This study identifies the first causative gene in this heterogeneous group of skin disorders and demonstrates that the protein cross-linking function performed by TG5 is vital for maintaining cell-cell adhesion between the outermost layers of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Cassidy
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, and Department of Dermatology, Tayside University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome
| | - Maurice A. M. van Steensel
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, and Department of Dermatology, Tayside University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome
| | - Peter M. Steijlen
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, and Department of Dermatology, Tayside University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome
| | - Michel van Geel
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, and Department of Dermatology, Tayside University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome
| | - Jaap van der Velden
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, and Department of Dermatology, Tayside University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome
| | - Susan M. Morley
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, and Department of Dermatology, Tayside University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome
| | - Alessandro Terrinoni
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, and Department of Dermatology, Tayside University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome
| | - Gerry Melino
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, and Department of Dermatology, Tayside University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, and Department of Dermatology, Tayside University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome
| | - W. H. Irwin McLean
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, and Department of Dermatology, Tayside University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome
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Yang S, Gao M, Cui Y, Yan KL, Ren YQ, Zhang GL, Wang PG, Xiao FL, Du WH, Liang YH, Sun LD, Xu SJ, Huang W, Zhang XJ. Identification of a novel locus for Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis to a 17.5 cM interval at 1p21.1-1q21.3. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:711-4. [PMID: 16185270 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by coarse, wiry, twisted hair developed in early childhood and followed by the development of alopecia. A locus for this disorder was localized to chromosome 8p, but no gene responsible for it has been identified. To map and determine whether MUHH is a genetically heterogeneous disorder and identify the disease gene locus in a four-generation Chinese family with MUHH. We performed a genome-wide scan in this family. Two-point linkage analysis was performed using Linkage programs version 5.10 software and haplotype was constructed with Cyrillic Version 2.02 software. We failed to confirm the previous locus for MUHH at chromosome 8p and obtained the conformed evidence for linkage at chromosome 1. Two-point logarithm of odds ratio scores > or =3 were observed at markers D1S2746 and D1S2881. Haplotype analysis localized this locus to a 42 Mb region. The previous results and this study have shown that MUHH is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Our family was mapped to a 17.5 cM region between markers D1S248 and D1S2345.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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25
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Yan KL, He PP, Yang S, Li M, Yang Q, Ren YQ, Cui Y, Gao M, Xiao FL, Huang W, Zhang XJ. Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis: report of a Chinese family and evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004; 29:460-3. [PMID: 15347323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with progressive hair loss starting in early childhood and aggravating at puberty. Several studies have mapped the MUHH gene to chromosome 8p21. Here we report a Chinese MUHH family with variable phenotypes. All affected individuals have anomalies affecting both hair density and hair shafts. Major clinical characteristics, disease history and histological examination support the diagnosis of MUHH, but the features of scarring in this kindred are modest and none of the patients have vertex hair loss, which is in contrast with typical MUHH. We now report genotyping and linkage analysis using 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers spanning the MUHH locus at 8p. Two-point linkage analysis using these markers revealed significant exclusion of this locus (log of the odds scores < - 2) at Theta = 0 indicating that there is a range of clinical presentations in MUHH, and that more than one genetic locus is responsible for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Yan
- Institute of Dermatology & Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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26
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He PP, Zhang XJ, Yang Q, Li M, Liang YH, Yang S, Yan KL, Cui Y, Shen YY, Wang HY, Sun LD, Du WH, Shen YJ, Xu SJ, Huang W. Refinement of a locus for Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis to a 1.1-cM interval at 8p21.3. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150:837-42. [PMID: 15149494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) is a rare autosomal congenital alopecia with progressive hair loss starting in early childhood and accelerating at puberty. A locus for MUHH has been mapped on chromosome 8p21 but no genes for MUHH have been identified to date. OBJECTIVES To refine the MUHH locus to a narrow chromosome region to facilitate cloning of the gene. METHODS We performed genotyping and linkage analysis in a multigeneration Chinese family with MUHH, using 18 high-density microsatellite markers spanning the previously mapped interval at 8p21. RESULTS Significant evidence for linkage was observed in this region, with a maximum two-point LOD score of 3.01 (theta = 0). Haplotype analysis localized the MUHH locus within the region defined by D8S282 and D8S1839. This region overlaps by 1.1-cM with the previously reported MUHH region and represents a physical distance of about 380 kb. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a refined map location (1.1 cM) for isolation of the gene causing MUHH. These data also indicate the existence of a common MUHH locus at 8p21.3 between affected caucasian and Chinese families.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P He
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Genome Research at Anhui, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui, China
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27
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Hanneken S, Ritzmann S, Nöthen MM, Kruse R. [Androgenetic alopecia. Current aspects of a common phenotype]. DER HAUTARZT 2003; 54:703-12. [PMID: 12942184 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-003-0561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia is the most common type of hair loss in men and women. The disorder represents a quantitative phenotype with an underlying genetic disposition. So far none of the causative genes have been identified. Under the influence of androgens there is a shortening of the anagen phase as well as a reduction of the cellular hair matrix volume in the involved scalp area. This results in the transformation of thick terminal hair follicles into thin vellus-like hair follicles. Clinically, patients present with an alopecia that follows a defined pattern (pattern baldness) and progresses continuously but in varying degrees. In advanced cases, men may develop baldness with remaining hair exclusively in the temporal and occipital regions. Women are prone to exhibit a more diffuse type of hair loss with pronounced thinning in the parietal region. Whereas the diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia is easy, its treatment is often difficult. The physician is commonly confronted with high patients' expectations regarding hair regrowth. Today, with minoxidil and finasteride, effective therapies are available which can lead to cessation of hair loss. The identification of underlying genes will make a more specific therapy easier to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hanneken
- Hautklinik der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf.
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28
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Green J, Fitzpatrick E, de Berker D, Forrest SM, Sinclair RD. Progressive patterned scalp hypotrichosis, with wiry hair, onycholysis, and intermittently associated cleft lip and palate: clinical and genetic distinction from Marie Unna. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2003; 8:121-5. [PMID: 12895008 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis has been described in over a dozen families since 1924. Features include scant or no eyebrows at birth, the development of firm wiry hair in the first few years of life followed by a progressive patterned scalp alopecia in the second or third decade. This is associated with generalized hypotrichosis of the body and the condition is nonsyndromic. We have identified a novel form of autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia that resembles Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis in a family of 23 members over four generations. Affected individuals have patterned hair loss and associated hair shaft dystrophy similar to that seen in Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis. It differs from Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis by an absence of signs of affectation at birth, relative sparing of body hair, distal onycholysis, and intermittent cosegregation with autosomal dominant cleft lip and palate. Linkage studies to the known Marie Unna locus at 8p21 near the Hairless gene were performed. Linkage analysis using markers D8S298, D8S560, D8S258, and D8S282 revealed significant exclusion of this locus (Z = -2.0 or lower) at theta = 0.1. This demonstrates that this novel ectodermal dysplasia is both phenotypically and genetically distinct from Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Green
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Abstract
Hair loss in children encompasses a wide range of conditions that can be congenital or acquired. A congenital hair abnormality may be an isolated finding in an otherwise healthy child or may exist as a feature of a clinical syndrome. A thorough understanding of basic hair biology and normal hair development enables accurate assessment of the child with hair loss. Knowledge of the normal range and variation observed in children's hair additionally enhances this assessment. Social and cultural factors also influence these norms. The psychological and cosmetic importance of hair is immense in our society. The clinical presentation of pediatric hair disorders ranges from subtle to disfiguring. Management of hair disorders requires a holistic approach to the child and family. Young children usually lack self-awareness and it may be the parent who, projecting their own concerns onto the child, most acutely feels any associated anxiety. In addition, parents of a child with an inherited hair condition often feel guilt, and siblings can develop unsupported fears that they may be affected. Hair loss for the older child can lead to low self-esteem, depression and humiliation. Congenital and hereditary hypotrichosis and hair shaft abnormalities often have no effective treatment. There is a variety of treatment options for alopecia areata and telogen effluvium, but no single treatment is 100% effective. Tinea capitis is an infective condition of the hair that responds readily to the appropriate medical therapy. If no effective treatment for the hair loss exists, cosmetic camouflage with wigs is the best option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Harrison
- Department of Medicine (Dermatology), St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Wade
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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31
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Hung BS, Wang XQ, Cam GR, Rothnagel JA. Characterization of mouse Frizzled-3 expression in hair follicle development and identification of the human homolog in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:940-6. [PMID: 11407985 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Frizzled genes encode a family of Wnt ligand receptors, which have a conserved cysteine-rich Wnt binding domain and include both transmembrane and secreted forms. Work by others has shown that experimental perturbation of Wnt signaling results in aberrant hair formation, hair growth, and hair structure. To date, however, there is no information on the contribution of individual Frizzled proteins to hair development. We now report that Frizzled-3 expression in skin is restricted to the epidermis and to the developing hair follicle. Northern analysis on total mouse skin mRNA revealed a single Frizzled-3 transcript of 3.7 kb. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization analysis revealed Frizzled-3 expression in epidermal and hair follicle keratinocytes. Frizzled-3 transcripts are first detected in discrete foci in the developing epidermis of 13 d embryos and later in the hair follicle placodes of 15 d embryos, suggesting a role for this Frizzled isoform in follicle development. In 17 d embryos and 1 d old newborn mice Frizzled-3 expression is limited to suprabasal keratinocytes and is not seen in pelage follicles until 3 d postpartum. In 7 d old neonatal skin, Frizzled-3 is expressed throughout the epidermis and in the outer cell layers of hair follicles. We have also identified the mRNA encoding human Frizzled-3 in epidermal keratinocytes and in the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line. Human Frizzled-3 mRNA encodes a 666 amino acid protein with 97.8% identity to the mouse protein. The human Frizzled-3 gene was mapped using a radiation-hybrid cell line panel to the short arm of chromosome 8 between the markers WI-1172 and WI-8496 near the loci for the Hypotrichosis of Marie Unna and Hairless genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Hung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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32
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McGrath JA, Eady RA. Recent advances in the molecular basis of inherited skin diseases. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2001; 43:1-32. [PMID: 11037297 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(01)43002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years the molecular basis of several inherited skin diseases has been delineated. Some discoveries have stemmed from a candidate gene approach using clinical, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural clues, while others have arisen from genetic linkage and positional cloning analyses. Notable advances have included elucidation of specific gene pathology in the major forms of inherited skin fragility, ichthyosis, and keratoderma. These findings have led to a better understanding of the significance of individual structural proteins and regulatory enzymes in keratinocyte adhesion and differentiation. From a clinical perspective, the advances have led to better genetic counseling in many disorders, the development of DNA-based prenatal diagnosis, and a foundation for planning newer forms of treatment, including somatic gene therapy, in selected conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McGrath
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pathology, St John's Institute of Dermatology, The Guy's, Kings College and St Thomas' Hospital Medical School, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- R Happle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 9, 35033 Marburg, Germany.
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34
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Terrinoni A, Rugg EL, Lane EB, Melino G, Felix DH, Munro CS, McLean WH. A novel mutation in the keratin 13 gene causing oral white sponge nevus. J Dent Res 2001; 80:919-23. [PMID: 11379896 DOI: 10.1177/00220345010800031401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
White sponge nevus (WSN) is an autosomal-dominantly inherited form of mucosal leukokeratosis. Defects in keratins, proteins that form the stress-bearing cytoskeleton in epithelia, have been shown to cause several epithelial fragility disorders. Recently, mutations in the genes encoding mucosal-specific keratins K4 and K13 were shown to be the underlying cause of WSN. We have studied a large Scottish family with 19 persons affected by WSN in four generations. The K4 locus was excluded by genetic linkage analysis; however, genetic linkage consistent with a K13 defect was obtained. Subsequently, a heterozygous missense mutation 335A>G was detected in exon 1 of the KRT13 gene, predicting the amino acid change N112S in the 1A domain of the K13 polypeptide. The mutation was confirmed in affected family members and was excluded from 50 unaffected people by restriction enzyme analysis. These results confirm that mucosal keratin defects are the cause of WSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Terrinoni
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Dundee, UK
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35
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Irvine AD, Christiano AM. Hair on a gene string: recent advances in understanding the molecular genetics of hair loss. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001; 26:59-71. [PMID: 11260183 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle is finally, after remaining a mystery for many years, beginning to yield some of its molecular secrets. The past decade has seen unprecedented and ever quickening advances in understanding the molecular genetics of the many single gene disorders, which have alopecia as a major feature. This article reviews recent novel clinical and experimental observations, which have shed new light on the basic molecular mechanisms underlying hair morphogenesis, differentiation, keratinization and cycling. We consider recent progress in understanding structural hair defects and complex traits and consider where future developments are likely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Irvine
- Department of Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
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36
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Cichon S, Kruse R, Hillmer AM, Kukuk G, Anker M, Altland K, Knapp M, Propping P, Nöthen MM. A distinct gene close to the hairless locus on chromosome 8p underlies hereditary Marie Unna type hypotrichosis in a German family. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:811-4. [PMID: 11069461 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypotrichosis of the Marie Unna type (HMU) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by male-pattern hair loss with childhood onset and anomalies of the hair shaft. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate a number of chromosomal loci as possible candidate regions for HMU. METHODS A linkage analysis was performed in a large German family using microsatellite markers spanning candidate regions on chromosomes 8, 12 and 17. RESULTS We found that the HMU locus maps to chromosomal region 8p21 in a 13.01-cM interval between markers D8S1145 and D8S1771. This interval harbours the hairless gene (HR). Mutational analysis of HR on the genomic and transcript levels revealed no pathogenic mutation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, together with a recent report of two unrelated families of Dutch and British origin, provide evidence for a hair growth regulatory gene distinct from HR in chromosomal region 8p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Wilhelmstr. 31, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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37
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Sreekumar GP, Roberts JL, Wong CQ, Stenn KS, Parimoo S. Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis gene maps to human chromosome 8p21 near hairless. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:595-7. [PMID: 10777357 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.02001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Peritz AE, Gasparro FP. Psoriasis, PUVA, and skin cancer--molecular epidemiology: the curious question of T-->A transversions. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1999; 4:11-6. [PMID: 10537001 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jidsp.5640174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Photochemotherapy with 8-methoxypsoralen and long wavelength ultraviolet radiation (PUVA) is commonly used to treat psoriasis and vitiligo. These vastly different diseases respond to the therapy by different mechanisms even though the immediate effects of the therapy - photoadduct formation - is the same for both. Because psoriasis is not cured by PUVA, patients receive many treatments over their lifetime and develop a significant risk for the development of skin cancers (primarily squamous cell carcinomas). In this review the basic aspects of psoralen photobiology are reviewed briefly. In addition the impact of the analysis of mutations in the tumor suppressor gene, p53, are summarized. An unexpected mutation spectrum (very few T-->A transversions and frequent UVB signature C-->T transitions) suggest that effects other than direct DNA photoadduct formation may be at play. The roles of reactive oxygen species-induced base changes as well as other clastogenic factors are discussed. This analysis suggests that it may be possible to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PUVA by a careful evaluation of the mode of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Peritz
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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