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Afanasyeva TA, Athanasiou D, Perdigao PR, Whiting KR, Duijkers L, Astuti GD, Bennett J, Garanto A, van der Spuy J, Roepman R, Cheetham ME, Collin RW. CRISPR-Cas9 correction of a nonsense mutation in LCA5 rescues lebercilin expression and localization in human retinal organoids. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 29:522-531. [PMID: 37305852 PMCID: PMC10250556 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the lebercilin-encoding gene LCA5 cause one of the most severe forms of Leber congenital amaurosis, an early-onset retinal disease that results in severe visual impairment. Here, we report on the generation of a patient-specific cellular model to study LCA5-associated retinal disease. CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used to correct a homozygous nonsense variant in LCA5 (c.835C>T; p.Q279∗) in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The absence of off-target editing in gene-corrected (isogenic) control iPSCs was demonstrated by whole-genome sequencing. We differentiated the patient, gene-corrected, and unrelated control iPSCs into three-dimensional retina-like cells, so-called retinal organoids. We observed opsin and rhodopsin mislocalization to the outer nuclear layer in patient-derived but not in the gene-corrected or unrelated control organoids. We also confirmed the rescue of lebercilin expression and localization along the ciliary axoneme within the gene-corrected organoids. Here, we show the potential of combining precise single-nucleotide gene editing with the iPSC-derived retinal organoid system for the generation of a cellular model of early-onset retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess A.V. Afanasyeva
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GD Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kae R. Whiting
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Duijkers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Galuh D.N. Astuti
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean Bennett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Alejandro Garanto
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rob W.J. Collin
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GD Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Sajovic J, Meglič A, Volk M, Maver A, Jarc-Vidmar M, Hawlina M, Fakin A. Stargardt-like Clinical Characteristics and Disease Course Associated with Variants in the WDR19 Gene. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020291. [PMID: 36833218 PMCID: PMC9957452 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in WDR19 (IFT144) have been implicated as another possible cause of Stargardt disease. The purpose of this study was to compare longitudinal multimodal imaging of a WDR19-Stargardt patient, harboring p.(Ser485Ile) and a novel c.(3183+1_3184-1)_(3261+1_3262-1)del variant, with 43 ABCA4-Stargardt patients. Age at onset, visual acuity, Ishihara color vision, color fundus, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, microperimetry and electroretinography (ERG) were evaluated. First symptom of WDR19 patient was nyctalopia at the age of 5 years. After the age of 18 years, OCT showed hyper-reflectivity at the level of the external limiting membrane/outer nuclear layer. There was abnormal cone and rod photoreceptor function on ERG. Widespread fundus flecks appeared, followed by perifoveal photoreceptor atrophy. Fovea and peripapillary retina remained preserved until the latest exam at 25 years of age. ABCA4 patients had median age of onset at 16 (range 5-60) years and mostly displayed typical Stargardt triad. A total of 19% had foveal sparing. In comparison to ABCA4 patients, the WDR19 patient had a relatively large foveal preservation and severe rod photoreceptor impairment; however, it was still within the ABCA4 disease spectrum. Addition of WDR19 in the group of genes producing phenocopies of Stargardt disease underlines the importance of genetic testing and may help to understand its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sajovic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Grablovičeva 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Meglič
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Grablovičeva 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Volk
- Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Šlajmerjeva 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Maver
- Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Šlajmerjeva 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Jarc-Vidmar
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Grablovičeva 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Hawlina
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Grablovičeva 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Fakin
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Grablovičeva 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Huang CH, Yang CM, Yang CH, Hou YC, Chen TC. Leber's Congenital Amaurosis: Current Concepts of Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081261. [PMID: 34440435 PMCID: PMC8392113 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leber’s congenital amaurosis (LCA), one of the most severe inherited retinal dystrophies, is typically associated with extremely early onset of visual loss, nystagmus, and amaurotic pupils, and is responsible for 20% of childhood blindness. With advances in molecular diagnostic technology, the knowledge about the genetic background of LCA has expanded widely, while disease-causing variants have been identified in 38 genes. Different pathogenetic mechanisms have been found among these varieties of genetic mutations, all of which result in the dysfunction or absence of their encoded proteins participating in the visual cycle. Hence, the clinical phenotypes also exhibit extensive heterogenicity, including the course of visual impairment, involvement of the macular area, alteration in retinal structure, and residual function of the diseased photoreceptor. By reviewing the clinical course, fundoscopic images, optical coherent tomography examination, and electroretinogram, genotype-phenotype correlations could be established for common genetic mutations in LCA, which would benefit the timing of the diagnosis and thus promote early intervention. Gene therapy is promising in the management of LCA, while several clinical trials are ongoing and preliminary success has been announced, focusing on RPE65 and other common disease-causing genes. This review provides an update on the genetics, clinical examination findings, and genotype-phenotype correlations in the most well-established causative genetic mutations of LCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (C.-H.H.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-M.Y.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-M.Y.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (C.-H.H.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Ta-Ching Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-M.Y.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-23123456
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Padhy SK, Takkar B, Narayanan R, Venkatesh P, Jalali S. Voretigene Neparvovec and Gene Therapy for Leber's Congenital Amaurosis: Review of Evidence to Date. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2020; 13:179-208. [PMID: 33268999 PMCID: PMC7701157 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s230720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has now evolved as the upcoming modality for management of many disorders, both inheritable and non-inheritable. Knowledge of genetics pertaining to a disease has therefore become paramount for physicians across most specialities. Inheritable retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are notorious for progressive and relentless vision loss, frequently culminating in complete blindness in both eyes. Leber’s congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a typical example of an IRD that manifests very early in childhood. Research in gene therapy has led to the development and approval of voretigene neparvovec (VN) for use in patients of LCA with a deficient biallelic RPE65 gene. The procedure involves delivery of a recombinant virus vector that carries the RPE65 gene in the subretinal space. This comprehensive review reports the evidence thus far in support of gene therapy for LCA. We explore and compare the various gene targets including but not limited to RPE65, and discuss the choice of vector and method for ocular delivery. The review details the evolution of gene therapy with VN in a phased manner, concluding with the challenges that lie ahead for its translation for use in communities that differ much both genetically and economically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Kumar Padhy
- Vitreoretina and Uveitis Services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Mithu Tulsi Chanrai Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Brijesh Takkar
- Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreoretinal Diseases, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Center of Excellence for Rare Eye Diseases, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Raja Narayanan
- Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreoretinal Diseases, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pradeep Venkatesh
- Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhadra Jalali
- Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreoretinal Diseases, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Jasti V. Ramanamma Childrens' Eye Care Centre, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Uyhazi KE, Aravand P, Bell BA, Wei Z, Leo L, Serrano LW, Pearson DJ, Shpylchak I, Pham J, Vasireddy V, Bennett J, Aleman TS. Treatment Potential for LCA5-Associated Leber Congenital Amaurosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:30. [PMID: 32428231 PMCID: PMC7405811 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the therapeutic window for gene augmentation for Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) associated with mutations in LCA5. Methods Five patients (ages 6–31) with LCA and biallelic LCA5 mutations underwent an ophthalmic examination including optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), full-field stimulus testing (FST), and pupillometry. The time course of photoreceptor degeneration in the Lca5gt/gt mouse model and the efficacy of subretinal gene augmentation therapy with AAV8-hLCA5 delivered at postnatal day 5 (P5) (early, n = 11 eyes), P15 (mid, n = 14), and P30 (late, n = 13) were assessed using SD-OCT, histologic study, electroretinography (ERG), and pupillometry. Comparisons were made with the human disease. Results Patients with LCA5-LCA showed a maculopathy with detectable outer nuclear layer (ONL) in the pericentral retina and at least 4 log units of dark-adapted sensitivity loss. The Lca5gt/gt mouse has a similarly severe and rapid photoreceptor degeneration. The ONL became progressively thinner and was undetectable by P60. Rod- and cone-mediated ERGs were severely reduced in amplitudes at P30 and became nondetectable by P60. Subretinal AAV8-hLCA5 administered to Lca5gt/gt mice at P5 and P15, but not at P30, resulted in structural and functional rescue. Conclusions LCA5-LCA is a particularly severe form of LCA that was recapitulated in the Lca5gt/gt mouse. Gene augmentation resulted in structural and functional rescue in the Lca5gt/gt mouse if delivered before P30. Retained photoreceptors were visible within the central retina in all patients with LCA5-LCA, at a level equivalent to that observed in rescued Lca5gt/gt mice, suggesting a window of opportunity for the treatment of patients with LCA5-LCA.
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Lin HH, Lo YL, Wang WC, Huang KY, I KY, Chang GW. Overexpression of FAM46A, a Non-canonical Poly(A) Polymerase, Promotes Hemin-Induced Hemoglobinization in K562 Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:414. [PMID: 32528962 PMCID: PMC7264091 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
FAM46A belongs to the FAM46 subfamily of the nucleotidyltransferase-fold superfamily and is predicted to be a non-canonical poly(A) polymerase. FAM46A has been linked to several human disorders including retinitis pigmentosa, bone abnormality, cancer, and obesity. However, its molecular and functional characteristics are largely unknown. We herein report that FAM46A is expressed in cells of the hematopoietic system and plays a role in hemin-induced hemoglobinization. FAM46A is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein modified by Tyr-phosphorylation only in the cytosol, where it is closely associated with ER. On the other hand, it is located proximal to the chromatin regions of active transcription in the nucleus. FAM46A is a cell cycle-dependent poly-ubiquitinated short-lived protein degraded mostly by proteasome and its overexpression inhibits cell growth and promotes hemin-induced hemoglobinization in K562 cell. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments confirm the non-canonical poly(A) polymerase activity of FAM46A is essential for enhanced hemin-induced hemoglobinization. In summary, FAM46A is a novel poly(A) polymerase that functions as a critical intracellular modulator of hemoglobinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Lo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chih Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yeh Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu I
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gin-Wen Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Qu Z, Yimer TA, Xie S, Wong F, Yu S, Liu X, Han S, Ma J, Lu Z, Hu X, Qin Y, Huang Y, Lv Y, Li J, Tang Z, Liu F, Liu M. Knocking out lca5 in zebrafish causes cone-rod dystrophy due to impaired outer segment protein trafficking. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2694-2705. [PMID: 31348989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the most serious form of inherited retinal dystrophy that leads to blindness or severe visual impairment within a few months after birth. Approximately 1-2% of the reported cases are caused by mutations in the LCA5 gene. This gene encodes a ciliary protein called LCA5 that is localized to the connecting cilium of photoreceptors. The retinal phenotypes caused by LCA5 mutations and the underlying pathological mechanisms are still not well understood. In this study, we knocked out the lca5 gene in zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. An early onset visual defect is detected by the ERG in 7 dpf lca5-/- zebrafish. Histological analysis by HE staining and immunofluorescence reveal progressive degeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors, with a pattern that cones are more severely affected than rods. In addition, ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy shows disordered and broken membrane discs in rods' and cones' outer segments, respectively. In our lca5-/- zebrafish, the red-cone opsin and cone α-transducin are selectively mislocalized to the inner segment and synaptic terminal. Moreover, we found that Ift88, a key component of the intraflagellar transport complex, is retained in the outer segments. These data suggest that the intraflagellar transport complex-mediated outer segment protein trafficking might be impaired due to lca5 deletion, which finally leads to a type of retinal degeneration mimicking the phenotype of cone-rod dystrophy in human. Our work provides a novel animal model to study the physiological function of LCA5 and develop potential treatments of LCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Tinsae Assefa Yimer
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Shanglun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Fulton Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Xiliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Shanshan Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Zhaojing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Xuebin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Yayun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Yuwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Yuexia Lv
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Jingzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
| | - Mugen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
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Sharon D, Wimberg H, Kinarty Y, Koch KW. Genotype-functional-phenotype correlations in photoreceptor guanylate cyclase (GC-E) encoded by GUCY2D. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 63:69-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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The human GCOM1 complex gene interacts with the NMDA receptor and internexin-alpha. Gene 2018; 648:42-53. [PMID: 29339073 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The known functions of the human GCOM1 complex hub gene include transcription elongation and the intercalated disk of cardiac myocytes. However, in all likelihood, the gene's most interesting, and thus far least understood, roles will be found in the central nervous system. To investigate the functions of the GCOM1 gene in the CNS, we have cloned human and rat brain cDNAs encoding novel, 105 kDa GCOM1 combined (Gcom) proteins, designated Gcom15, and identified a new group of GCOM1 interacting genes, termed Gints, from yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screens. We showed that Gcom15 interacts with the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor by co-expression in heterologous cells, in which we observed bi-directional co-immunoprecipitation of human Gcom15 and murine NR1. Our Y2H screens revealed 27 novel GCOM1 interacting genes, many of which are synaptic proteins and/or play roles in neurologic diseases. Finally, we showed, using rat brain protein preparations, that the Gint internexin-alpha (INA), a known interactor of the NMDAR, co-IPs with GCOM1 proteins, suggesting a GCOM1-GRIN1-INA interaction and a novel pathway that may be relevant to neuroprotection.
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10
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Li S, Xi Q, Zhang X, Yu D, Li L, Jiang Z, Chen Q, Wang QK, Traboulsi EI. Identification of a mutation in CNNM4 by whole exome sequencing in an Amish family and functional link between CNNM4 and IQCB1. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:699-710. [PMID: 29322253 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated an Amish family in which three siblings presented with an early-onset childhood retinal dystrophy inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. Genome-wide linkage analysis identified significant linkage to marker D2S2216 on 2q11 with a two-point LOD score of 1.95 and a multi-point LOD score of 3.76. Whole exome sequencing was then performed for the three affected individuals and identified a homozygous nonsense mutation (c.C1813T, p.R605X) in the cyclin and CBS domain divalent metal cation transport mediator 4 (CNNM4) gene located within the 2p14-2q14 Jalili syndrome locus. The initial assessment and collection of the family were performed before the clinical delineation of Jalili syndrome. Another assessment was made after the discovery of the responsible gene and the dental abnormalities characteristic of Jalili syndrome were retrospectively identified. The p.R605X mutation represents the first probable founder mutation of Jalili syndrome identified in the Amish community. The molecular mechanism underlying Jalili syndrome is unknown. Here we show that CNNM4 interacts with IQCB1, which causes Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) when mutated. A truncated CNNM4 protein starting at R605 significantly increased the rate of apoptosis, and significantly increased the interaction between CNNM4 and IQCB1. Mutation p.R605X may cause Jalili syndrome by a nonsense-mediated decay mechanism, affecting the function of IQCB1 and apoptosis, or both. Our data, for the first time, functionally link Jalili syndrome gene CNNM4 to LCA gene IQCB1, providing important insights into the molecular pathogenic mechanism of retinal dystrophy in Jalili syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research and Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Quansheng Xi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research and Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research and Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Zhenyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research and Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qiuyun Chen
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Qing K Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research and Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Elias I Traboulsi
- Center for Genetic Eye Diseases, Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Coussa RG, Lopez Solache I, Koenekoop RK. Leber congenital amaurosis, from darkness to light: An ode to Irene Maumenee. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 38:7-15. [PMID: 28095138 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2016.1275021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article is dedicated to Irene Hussels Maumenee, Professor of Human Genetics and Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins' Wilmer Eye Institute, Ocular Genetics Fellowship director in 1994-1995. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) has almost come full circle, from a profound and molecularly uncharacterized form of congenital retinal blindness to one in which a large number of causative genes and disease pathways are known, and the world's first human retinal disease to be treated by gene therapy. Dr. Maumenee's insights, efforts, and leadership have contributed significantly to this remarkable scientific journey. In this manuscript, we present a short summary of the known LCA genes, LCA disease subtypes, and emerging treatment options. Our manuscript consolidates previous knowledge with current findings in an attempt to provide a more comprehensive understanding of LCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razek Georges Coussa
- a Department of Paediatric Surgery, Montreal Children's Hospital , McGill University Health Centre , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,b The McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Paediatric Ophthalmology Division , Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Irma Lopez Solache
- b The McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Paediatric Ophthalmology Division , Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Robert K Koenekoop
- a Department of Paediatric Surgery, Montreal Children's Hospital , McGill University Health Centre , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,b The McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Paediatric Ophthalmology Division , Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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12
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Srilekha S, Rao B, Rao DM, Sudha D, Chandrasekar SP, Pandian AJ, Soumittra N, Sripriya S. Strategies for Gene Mapping in Inherited Ophthalmic Diseases. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2016; 5:282-92. [PMID: 27488070 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene mapping of inherited ophthalmic diseases such as congenital cataracts, retinal degeneration, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, myopia, optic atrophy, and eye malformations has shed more light on the disease pathology, identified targets for research on therapeutics, earlier detection, and treatment options for disease management and patient care. This article details the different approaches to gene identification for both Mendelian and complex eye disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundar Srilekha
- From the SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Kamal Nayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (KNBIRVO), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Corton M, Avila-Fernandez A, Vallespín E, López-Molina MI, Almoguera B, Martín-Garrido E, Tatu SD, Khan MI, Blanco-Kelly F, Riveiro-Alvarez R, Brión M, García-Sandoval B, Cremers FPM, Carracedo A, Ayuso C. Involvement of LCA5 in Leber congenital amaurosis and retinitis pigmentosa in the Spanish population. Ophthalmology 2013; 121:399-407. [PMID: 24144451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify novel genetic defects in the LCA5 gene underlying Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) in the Spanish population and to describe the associated phenotype. DESIGN Case series. PARTICIPANTS A cohort of 217 unrelated Spanish families affected by autosomal recessive or isolated retinal dystrophy, that is, 79 families with LCA and 138 families with early-onset retinitis pigmentosa (EORP). A total of 100 healthy, unrelated Spanish individuals were screened as controls. METHODS High-resolution homozygosity mapping was performed in 44 patients with LCA using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays. Direct sequencing of the LCA5 gene was performed in 5 patients who showed homozygous regions at chromosome 6 and in 173 unrelated individuals with LCA or EORP. The ophthalmic history of 8 patients carrying LCA5 mutations was reviewed and additional examinations were performed, including electroretinography (ERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fundus photography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping, identity-by-descent (IBD) regions, LCA5 mutations, best-corrected visual acuity, visual field assessments, fundus appearance, ERG, and OCT findings. RESULTS Four novel and 2 previously reported LCA5 mutations have been identified in 6 unrelated families with LCA by homozygosity mapping or Sanger sequencing. Thus, LCA5 mutations have a frequency of 7.6% in the Spanish population. However, no LCA5 mutations were found in 138 patients with EORP. Although most of the identified LCA5 mutations led to a truncated protein, a likely pathogenic missense variant was identified for the first time as a cause of LCA, segregating in 2 families. We also have characterized a novel splicing site mutation at the RNA level, demonstrating that the mutant LCA5 transcript was absent in a patient. All patients carrying LCA5 mutations presented nystagmus, night blindness, and progressive loss of visual acuity and visual field leading to blindness toward the third decade of life. Fundoscopy showed fundus features of pigmentary retinopathy with atrophic macular lesions. CONCLUSIONS This work reveals a higher frequency of LCA5 mutations in a Spanish LCA cohort than in other populations. This study established gene-specific frequencies and the underlying phenotype of LCA5 mutations in the Spanish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Corton
- Department of Genetics, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - Almudena Avila-Fernandez
- Department of Genetics, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Vallespín
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, IdiPaz, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Isabel López-Molina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - Berta Almoguera
- Department of Genetics, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Martín-Garrido
- Department of Genetics, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sorina D Tatu
- Department of Genetics, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Imran Khan
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Department of Genetics, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Riveiro-Alvarez
- Department of Genetics, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Brión
- Genetics of Cardiovascular and Ophthalmologic Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, RIC, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - Blanca García-Sandoval
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - Frans P M Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Genomic Medicine Group-USC, Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain.
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14
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Mackay DS, Borman AD, Sui R, van den Born LI, Berson EL, Ocaka LA, Davidson AE, Heckenlively JR, Branham K, Ren H, Lopez I, Maria M, Azam M, Henkes A, Blokland E, Qamar R, Webster AR, Cremers FPM, Moore AT, Koenekoop RK, Andreasson S, de Baere E, Bennett J, Chader GJ, Berger W, Golovleva I, Greenberg J, den Hollander AI, Klaver CCW, Klevering BJ, Lorenz B, Preising MN, Ramsear R, Roberts L, Roepman R, Rohrschneider K, Wissinger B. Screening of a large cohort of leber congenital amaurosis and retinitis pigmentosa patients identifies novel LCA5 mutations and new genotype-phenotype correlations. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:1537-1546. [PMID: 23946133 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of sequence variants in LCA5 in patients with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), early-onset retinal dystrophy (EORD), and autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP); to delineate the ocular phenotypes; and to provide an overview of all published LCA5 variants in an online database. Patients underwent standard ophthalmic evaluations after providing informed consent. In selected patients, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus autofluorescence imaging were possible. DNA samples from 797 unrelated patients with LCA and 211 with the various types of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) were screened by Sanger sequence analysis of all LCA5 exons and intron/exon junctions. Some LCA patients were prescreened by APEX technology or selected based on homozygosity mapping. In silico analyses were performed to assess the pathogenicity of the variants. Segregation analysis was performed where possible. Published and novel LCA5 variants were collected, amended for their correct nomenclature, and listed in a Leiden Open Variation Database (LOVD). Sequence analysis identified 18 new probands with 19 different LCA5 variants. Seventeen of the 19 LCA5 variants were novel. Except for two missense variants and one splice site variant, all variants were protein-truncating mutations. Most patients expressed a severe phenotype, typical of LCA. However, some LCA subjects had better vision and intact inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) junctions on OCT imaging. In two families with LCA5 variants, the phenotype was more compatible with EORD with affected individuals displaying preserved islands of retinal pigment epithelium. One of the families with a milder phenotype harbored a homozygous splice site mutation; a second family was found to have a combination of a stop mutation and a missense mutation. This is the largest LCA5 study to date. We sequenced 1,008 patients (797 with LCA, 211 with arRP) and identified 18 probands with LCA5 mutations. Mutations in LCA5 are a rare cause of childhood retinal dystrophy accounting for ∼2% of disease in this cohort, and the majority of LCA5 mutations are likely null. The LCA5 protein truncating mutations are predominantly associated with LCA. However, in two families with the milder EORD, the LCA5 gene analysis revealed a homozygous splice site mutation in one and a stop mutation in combination with a missense mutation in a second family, suggesting that this milder phenotype is due to residual function of lebercilin and expanding the currently known phenotypic spectrum to include the milder early onset RP. Some patients have remaining foveal cone structures (intact IS/OS junctions on OCT imaging) and remaining visual acuities, which may bode well for upcoming treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna S Mackay
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Arundhati Dev Borman
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ruifang Sui
- Ophthalmology, Peking Union Med College Hosp, Beijing, China
| | | | - Eliot L Berson
- Berman-Gund Laboratory for the Study of Retinal Degenerations, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Louise A Ocaka
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Alice E Davidson
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - John R Heckenlively
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kari Branham
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Huanan Ren
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Pediatric Surgery, Human Genetics and Ophthalmology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Irma Lopez
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Pediatric Surgery, Human Genetics and Ophthalmology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maleeha Maria
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arjen Henkes
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Blokland
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Al-Nafees Medical College & Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Andrew R Webster
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Frans P M Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony T Moore
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robert K Koenekoop
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Pediatric Surgery, Human Genetics and Ophthalmology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sten Andreasson
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Elfride de Baere
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jean Bennett
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Gerald J Chader
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Berger
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Irina Golovleva
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jacquie Greenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | - B Jeroen Klevering
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Birgit Lorenz
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Markus N Preising
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Raj Ramsear
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Lisa Roberts
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Bernd Wissinger
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
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15
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Ahmad A, Daud S, Kakar N, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Babar ME, Thoenes M, Kubisch C, Ahmad J, Bolz HJ. Identification of a novel LCA5 mutation in a Pakistani family with Leber congenital amaurosis and cataracts. Mol Vis 2011; 17:1940-5. [PMID: 21850168 PMCID: PMC3154126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the cause of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and developmental cataracts in a consanguineous Pakistani family. METHODS The diagnosis was established in all affected individuals of a Pakistani LCA family by medical history, funduscopy, and standard ERG. We performed genome-wide linkage analysis for mapping the disease locus in this family. RESULTS Congenitally severely reduced visual acuity and nystagmus were reported for all patients who, in the later phase of the disease, also developed cataracts. LCA in the family cosegregated with homozygosity for a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotype on chromosome 6p14.1. The respective candidate region contained Leber congenital amaurosis 5 (LCA5), a gene previously reported to underlie LCA. We subsequently identified a novel truncating mutation in exon 4 of LCA5, c.642delC, in homozygous state in all affected persons of the family. CONCLUSIONS We report a novel LCA5 mutation causing LCA in a Pakistani family. Developmental cataracts were present in two of the four patients, raising the possibility that LCA5 mutations may predispose to this additional ocular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan,Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shakeela Daud
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naseebullah Kakar
- Department of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Gudrun Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Michaela Thoenes
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Jamil Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Hanno Jörn Bolz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
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Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a rare disease that severely affects vision in early life. It is characterized by genetic and clinical heterogeneity due to complex and not fully understood pathogenetic mechanisms. It is also now widely known as a disease model for gene therapy. In this issue of the JCI, two independent research groups report valuable new data on LCA. Specifically, they provide important insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of LCA and offer strong hope that the outcome of gene therapy for retinal degenerative diseases will be successful.
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Abd El-Aziz MM, El-Ashry MF, Barragan I, Marcos I, Borrego S, Antiñolo G, Bhattacharya SS. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Two Functional Candidate Genes in the Autosomal Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa, RP25, Locus. Curr Eye Res 2009; 30:1081-7. [PMID: 16354621 DOI: 10.1080/02713680500351039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the disease gene in five Spanish families with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) linked to the RP25 locus. Two candidate genes, EEF1A1 and IMPG1, were selected from the region between D6S280 and D6S1644 markers where the families are linked. The genes were selected as good candidates on the basis of their function, tissue expression pattern, and/or genetic data. METHODS A molecular genetic study was performed on DNA extracted from one parent and one affected member of each studied family. The coding exons, splice sites, and the 5' UTR of the genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For mutation detection, direct sequence analysis was performed using the ABI 3100 automated sequencer. Segregation of an IMPG1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in all the families studied was analyzed by restriction enzyme digest of the amplified gene fragments. RESULTS In total, 15 SNPs were identified of which 7 were novel. Of the identified SNPs, one was insertion, two were deletions, five were intronic, six were missense, and one was located in the 5' UTR. These changes, however, were also identified in unaffected members of the families and/or 50 control Caucasians. The examined known IMPG1 SNP was not segregating with the disease phenotype but was correlating with the genetic data in all families studied. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that neither EEF1A1 nor IMPG1 could be responsible for RP25 in the studied families due to absence of any pathogenic variants. However, it is important to notice that the methodology used in this study cannot detect larger deletions that lie outside the screened regions or primer site mutations that exist in the heterozygous state. A role of both genes in other inherited forms of RP and/or retinal degenerations needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tanta University Hospital, Tanta, Egypt.
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Jacobson SG, Aleman TS, Cideciyan AV, Sumaroka A, Schwartz SB, Windsor EA, Swider M, Herrera W, Stone EM. Leber congenital amaurosis caused by Lebercilin (LCA5) mutation: retained photoreceptors adjacent to retinal disorganization. Mol Vis 2009; 15:1098-106. [PMID: 19503738 PMCID: PMC2690955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the retinal disease expression in the rare form of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) caused by Lebercilin (LCA5) mutation. METHODS Two young unrelated LCA patients, ages six years (P1) and 25 years (P2) at last visit, both with the same homozygous mutation in the LCA5 gene, were evaluated clinically and with noninvasive studies. En face imaging was performed with near-infrared (NIR) reflectance and autofluorescence (AF); cross-sectional retinal images were obtained with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Dark-adapted thresholds were measured in the older patient; and the transient pupillary light reflex was recorded and quantified in both patients. RESULTS Both LCA5 patients had light perception vision only, hyperopia, and nystagmus. P1 showed a prominent central island of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) surrounded by alternating elliptical-appearing areas of decreased and increased pigmentation. Retinal laminar architecture at and near the fovea was abnormal in both patients. Foveal outer nuclear layer (ONL) was present in P1 and P2 but to different degrees. With increasing eccentricity, there was retinal laminar disorganization. Regions of pericentral and midperipheral retina in P1, but not P2, could retain measurable ONL and less laminopathy. P2 had a small central island of perception with >5 log units of sensitivity loss. Pupillary responsiveness was present in both LCA5 patients; the thresholds were abnormally elevated by >or=5.5 log units. CONCLUSIONS LCA5 patients had evidence of retained photoreceptors mainly in the central retina. Retinal remodeling was present in pericentral regions in both patients. The NIR reflectance and NIR-AF imaging in the younger patient suggested preserved RPE in retinal regions with retained photoreceptors. Detailed phenotype studies in other LCA5 patients with longitudinal follow-up will help determine the feasibility of future intervention in this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G. Jacobson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tomas S. Aleman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Artur V. Cideciyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander Sumaroka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sharon B. Schwartz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth A.M. Windsor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Malgorzata Swider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Waldo Herrera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Edwin M. Stone
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
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19
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den Hollander AI, Roepman R, Koenekoop RK, Cremers FPM. Leber congenital amaurosis: genes, proteins and disease mechanisms. Prog Retin Eye Res 2008; 27:391-419. [PMID: 18632300 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the most severe retinal dystrophy causing blindness or severe visual impairment before the age of 1 year. Linkage analysis, homozygosity mapping and candidate gene analysis facilitated the identification of 14 genes mutated in patients with LCA and juvenile retinal degeneration, which together explain approximately 70% of the cases. Several of these genes have also been implicated in other non-syndromic or syndromic retinal diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa and Joubert syndrome, respectively. CEP290 (15%), GUCY2D (12%), and CRB1 (10%) are the most frequently mutated LCA genes; one intronic CEP290 mutation (p.Cys998X) is found in approximately 20% of all LCA patients from north-western Europe, although this frequency is lower in other populations. Despite the large degree of genetic and allelic heterogeneity, it is possible to identify the causative mutations in approximately 55% of LCA patients by employing a microarray-based, allele-specific primer extension analysis of all known DNA variants. The LCA genes encode proteins with a wide variety of retinal functions, such as photoreceptor morphogenesis (CRB1, CRX), phototransduction (AIPL1, GUCY2D), vitamin A cycling (LRAT, RDH12, RPE65), guanine synthesis (IMPDH1), and outer segment phagocytosis (MERTK). Recently, several defects were identified that are likely to affect intra-photoreceptor ciliary transport processes (CEP290, LCA5, RPGRIP1, TULP1). As the eye represents an accessible and immune-privileged organ, it appears to be uniquely suitable for human gene replacement therapy. Rodent (Crb1, Lrat, Mertk, Rpe65, Rpgrip1), avian (Gucy2D) and canine (Rpe65) models for LCA and profound visual impairment have been successfully corrected employing adeno-associated virus or lentivirus-based gene therapy. Moreover, phase 1 clinical trials have been carried out in humans with RPE65 deficiencies. Apart from ethical considerations inherently linked to treating children, major obstacles for the treatment of LCA could be the putative developmental deficiencies in the visual cortex in persons blind from birth (amblyopia), the absence of sufficient numbers of viable photoreceptor or RPE cells in LCA patients, and the unknown and possibly toxic effects of overexpression of transduced genes. Future LCA research will focus on the identification of the remaining causal genes, the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of disease in the retina, and the development of gene therapy approaches for different genetic subtypes of LCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Human Genetics & Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ramprasad VL, Soumittra N, Nancarrow D, Sen P, McKibbin M, Williams GA, Arokiasamy T, Lakshmipathy P, Inglehearn CF, Kumaramanickavel G. Identification of a novel splice-site mutation in the Lebercilin (LCA5) gene causing Leber congenital amaurosis. Mol Vis 2008; 14:481-6. [PMID: 18334959 PMCID: PMC2268850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is one of the most common causes of hereditary blindness in infants. To date, mutations in 13 known genes and at two other loci have been implicated in LCA causation. An examination of the known genes highlights several processes which, when defective, cause LCA, including photoreceptor development and maintenance, phototransduction, vitamin A metabolism, and protein trafficking. In addition, it has been known for some time that defects in sensory cilia can cause syndromes involving hereditary blindness. More recently evidence has come to light that non-syndromic LCA can also be a "ciliopathy." METHODS Here we present a homozygosity mapping analysis in a consanguineous sibship that led to the identification of a mutation in the recently discovered LCA5 gene. Homozygosity mapping was done using Affymetrix 10K Xba I Gene Chip and a 24.5cM region on chromosome 6 (6q12- q16.3) was identified to be significantly homozygous. The LCA5 gene on this region was sequenced and cDNA sequencing also done to characterize the mutation. RESULTS A c.955G>A missense mutation in the last base of exon 6 causing disruption of the splice donor site was identified in both the affected sibs. Since there is a second consensus splice donor sequence 5 bp into the adjacent intron, this mutation results in a transcript with a 5 bp insertion of intronic sequence, leading to a frameshift and premature truncation. CONCLUSIONS We report a missense mutation functionally altering the splice donor site and leading to a truncated protein. This is the second report of LCA5 mutations causing LCA. It may also be significant that one affected child died at eleven months of age due to asphyxia during sleep. To date the only phenotype unambiguously associated with mutations in this gene is LCA. However the LCA5 gene is known to be expressed in nasopharynx, trachea and lungs and was originally identified in the proteome of bronchial epithelium ciliary axonemes. The cause of death in this child may therefore imply that LCA5 mutations can in fact cause a wider spectrum of phenotypes including respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedam Lakshmi Ramprasad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya Chennai, India
| | - Nagasamy Soumittra
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya Chennai, India
| | - Derek Nancarrow
- Oncogenomics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Foundation, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Parveen Sen
- Department of Medical Retina, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Martin McKibbin
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Grange A Williams
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tharigopala Arokiasamy
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya Chennai, India
| | - Praveena Lakshmipathy
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya Chennai, India
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a congenital retinal dystrophy that was first described almost 150 years ago. LCA still remains an important cause of blindness with about 20% of children in schools for the blind being affected by it. LCA has genetic heterogeneity and the study of this disease is elucidating the genetics and molecular interactions involved in the development of the retina. This paper reviews the clinical history of the disease since it was first described. We further discuss the differential diagnosis of the disease and the difficulties encountered in making the diagnosis. We also review the genetics of the disease and the role of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ednan Ahmed
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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22
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Barragán I, Borrego S, Abd El-Aziz MM, El-Ashry MF, Abu-Safieh L, Bhattacharya SS, Antiñolo G. Genetic analysis of FAM46A in Spanish families with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa: characterisation of novel VNTRs. Ann Hum Genet 2007; 72:26-34. [PMID: 17803723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of retinal dystrophies characterised primarily by rod photoreceptor cell degeneration. Exhibiting great clinical and genetic heterogeneity, RP be inherited as an autosomal dominant (ad) and recessive (ar), X-linked (xl) and digenic disorder. RP25, a locus for arRP, was mapped to chromosome 6p12.1-q14.1 where several retinal dystrophy loci are located. A gene expressed in the retina, FAM46A, mapped within the RP25 locus, and computational data revealed its involvement in retinal signalling pathways. Therefore, we chose to perform molecular evaluation of this gene as a good candidate in arRP families linked to the RP25 interval. A comprehensive bioinformatic and retinal tissue expression characterisation of FAM46A was performed, together with mutation screening of seven RP25 families. Herein we present 4 novel sequence variants, of which one is a novel deletion within a low complexity region close to the initiation codon of FAM46A. Furthermore, we have characterised for the first time a coding tandem variation in the Caucasian population. This study reports on bioinformatic and moleculardata for the FAM46A gene that may give a wider insight into the putative function of this gene and its pathologic relevance to RP25 and other retinal diseases mapping within the 6q chromosomal interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barragán
- Unidad Clínica de Genética y Reproducción, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
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den Hollander AI, Koenekoop RK, Mohamed MD, Arts HH, Boldt K, Towns KV, Sedmak T, Beer M, Nagel-Wolfrum K, McKibbin M, Dharmaraj S, Lopez I, Ivings L, Williams GA, Springell K, Woods CG, Jafri H, Rashid Y, Strom TM, van der Zwaag B, Gosens I, Kersten FFJ, van Wijk E, Veltman JA, Zonneveld MN, van Beersum SEC, Maumenee IH, Wolfrum U, Cheetham ME, Ueffing M, Cremers FPM, Inglehearn CF, Roepman R. Mutations in LCA5, encoding the ciliary protein lebercilin, cause Leber congenital amaurosis. Nat Genet 2007; 39:889-95. [PMID: 17546029 DOI: 10.1038/ng2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) causes blindness or severe visual impairment at or within a few months of birth. Here we show, using homozygosity mapping, that the LCA5 gene on chromosome 6q14, which encodes the previously unknown ciliary protein lebercilin, is associated with this disease. We detected homozygous nonsense and frameshift mutations in LCA5 in five families affected with LCA. In a sixth family, the LCA5 transcript was completely absent. LCA5 is expressed widely throughout development, although the phenotype in affected individuals is limited to the eye. Lebercilin localizes to the connecting cilia of photoreceptors and to the microtubules, centrioles and primary cilia of cultured mammalian cells. Using tandem affinity purification, we identified 24 proteins that link lebercilin to centrosomal and ciliary functions. Members of this interactome represent candidate genes for LCA and other ciliopathies. Our findings emphasize the emerging role of disrupted ciliary processes in the molecular pathogenesis of LCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Barragán I, Abd El-Aziz MM, Borrego S, El-Ashry MF, O'Driscoll C, Bhattacharya SS, Antiñolo G. Linkage validation of RP25 Using the 10K genechip array and further refinement of the locus by new linked families. Ann Hum Genet 2007; 72:454-62. [PMID: 18510647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of retinal dystrophies, characterised by rod photoreceptor cell degeneration with autosomal recessive RP (arRP) as the commonest form worldwide. To date, a total of 26 loci have been reported for arRP, each having a prevalence of 1-5%, except for the RP25 locus which was identified as the genetic cause of 14% of arRP cases in Spain. In order to validate the original linkage of RP25, we undertook a total genome scan using the 10K GeneChip mapping array on three of the previously linked families. The data obtained supported the initial findings of linkage. Additionally, linkage analysis in 18 newly ascertained arRP families was performed using microsatellite markers spanning the chromosome 6p12.1-q15 interval. Five out of the 18 families showed suggestive evidence of linkage to RP25, hence supporting the high prevalence of this locus in the Spanish population. Furthermore, the finding of a crossover in one of these families is likely to have refined the disease interval from the original 16 cM to only a 2.67 cM region between D6S257 and D6S1557.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barragán
- Unidad Clínica de Genética y Reproducción, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Seville, Spain
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25
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Vorum H, Østergaard M, Rice GE, Honoré B, Bek T. Identification of differentially regulated proteins in a patient with Leber's Congenital Amaurosis--a proteomic study. Proteome Sci 2007; 5:5. [PMID: 17326818 PMCID: PMC1821315 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-5-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify the pattern of protein expression in the retina from a patient with Leber's Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) secondary to a mutation in the AIPL1 gene. The retina from one eye of a patient with LCA and 7 control eyes were studied. The tissue was subjected to high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, image analysis and mass spectrometry, in an effort to identify differentially regulated proteins. RESULTS In the LCA retina seven protein spots were differentially expressed. Six proteins were significantly up-regulated of which three could be identified as: alphaA-crystallin, triosephophate isomerase, and an N-terminal fragment of the beta-chain of ATP synthase. One protein spot that was down-regulated in the LCA retina was identified as a C-terminal fragment of beta-tubulin. CONCLUSION Retinal tissue in LCA is characterised by an up-regulation of alphaA-crystallin, triosephosphate isomerase, and ATP synthase (beta-chain fragment) and down-regulation of a fragment of beta-tubulin. These proteins/protein fragments may play a crucial role for the retinal degeneration processes in LCA and other retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Vorum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Greg E Rice
- Translational Proteomics, The Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bent Honoré
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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26
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Weleber RG, Gregory-Evans K. Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Disorders. Retina 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02598-0.50023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Hanein S, Perrault I, Gerber S, Tanguy G, Hamel C, Dufier JL, Rozet JM, Kaplan J. [Leber congenital amaurosis: comprehensive survey of genetic heterogeneity. A clinical definition update]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2005; 28:98-105. [PMID: 15767905 DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(05)81031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the earliest and most severe form of all inherited retinal dystrophies, responsible for congenital blindness. Disease-associated mutations have been hitherto reported in seven genes. These genes are all expressed preferentially in the photoreceptor cells or the retinal pigment epithelium, but they are involved in strikingly different physiologic pathways, resulting in an unforeseeable pathophysiologic variety. This broad genetic and physiologic heterogeneity, which could greatly increase in the coming years, hinders molecular diagnosis in LCA patients. Genotyping is, however, required to establish genetically defined subgroups of patients ready for therapy. Here we report a comprehensive mutational analysis of all the known genes in 179 unrelated LCA patients, including 52 familial and 127 sporadic (27/127 consanguineous) cases. Mutations were identified in 47.5% of patients. GUCY2D accounted for by far the largest part of the LCA cases in our series (21.2%), followed by CRB1 (10%), RPE65 (6.1%), RPGRIP1 (4.5%), AIPL1 (3.4%), TULP1 (1.7%) and CRX (0.6%). The clinical history of all patients with mutations was carefully revisited in the search for phenotype variations. Genotype-phenotype correlations were found that made it possible to divide patients into two main groups. The first one includes patients whose symptoms fit the traditional definition of LCA, i.e., congenital or very early cone-rod dystrophy, while the second group gathers patients affected with severe yet progressive rod-cone dystrophy. In addition, objective ophthalmologic data subdivided each group into two subtypes. Based on these findings, we have drawn decisional flowcharts directing the molecular analysis of LCA genes in a given case. These flowcharts will hopefully lighten the onerous task of genotyping new patients, but only if the most precise clinical history since birth is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hanein
- Unité de Recherche sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U 393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Ozgül RK, Bozkurt B, Kiratli H, Oğüş A. Exclusion of LCA5 locus in a consanguineous Turkish family with macular coloboma-type LCA. Eye (Lond) 2005; 20:817-9. [PMID: 16082399 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) is an inherited retinal dystrophy, which causes severe visual impairment in early childhood. Recent molecular genetic studies have linked 11 loci (AIPL1, CRB1, CRX, GUCY2D, RPE65, RDH12, RPGRIP1, TULP1, LCA3, LCA5, and LCA9) to LCA. LCA5 is a new locus, which maps to the 6q11-q16 chromosomal region and was found to be associated with macular coloboma-type LCA in a Pakistani family. Herein, we describe the molecular genetic features of a consanguineous Turkish family in which four children have macular coloboma-type LCA. METHODS Haplotype analysis was performed on the DNA of the family members using microsatellite markers against GUCY2D, RPE65, and LCA5. Genomic DNA was screened for mutations by means of single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis in exons of the RPE65 and CRX genes. RESULTS In haplotype analysis, no linkage to LCA5 or GUCY2D loci was detected. None of the tested markers showed homozygosity or segregation between affected siblings. PCR-SSCP mutation analysis revealed no mutations in the screened RPE65 and CRX genes. CONCLUSION We excluded LCA5 as the genetic cause of macular coloboma-type LCA in this Turkish family. Macular coloboma-type LCA shows genetic heterogeneity and it is not possible to establish a phenotype-genotype correlation with LCA5 and macular coloboma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Ozgül
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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29
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Barragan I, Marcos I, Borrego S, Antiñolo G. Molecular analysis of RIM1 in autosomal recessive Retinitis pigmentosa. Ophthalmic Res 2005; 37:89-93. [PMID: 15746564 DOI: 10.1159/000084250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a frequent retinal dystrophy characterized by a progressive loss of photoreceptors along with retinal degeneration. RIM1, encoding a presynaptic protein involved in the glutamate neurotransmission, is the responsible gene for autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy CORD7, whose locus overlaps partially with a locus of autosomal recessive RP (arRP), RP25. Given the genetic heterogeneity that features RP, it is plausible that mutations in RIM1 are also implicated in the disease in arRP families genetically linked to the CORD7 region. To test our hypothesis we analysed the complete RIM1 gene in 8 arRP families by DNA sequencing. Even though the absence of pathogenic mutations suggests that RIM1 is notinvolved in arRP, a role for this gene in other inherited forms of RP as well as other retinal dystrophies needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Barragan
- Unidad Clínica de Genética y Reproducción, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío, Avda. Manuel Sirot s/n, ES-41013 Seville, Spain
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30
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Morrow EM, Furukawa T, Raviola E, Cepko CL. Synaptogenesis and outer segment formation are perturbed in the neural retina of Crx mutant mice. BMC Neurosci 2005; 6:5. [PMID: 15676071 PMCID: PMC548520 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA), affected individuals are blind, or nearly so, from birth. This early onset suggests abnormal development of the neural retina. Mutations in genes that affect the development and/or function of photoreceptor cells have been found to be responsible in some families. These examples include mutations in the photoreceptor transcription factor, Crx. RESULTS A Crx mutant strain of mice was created to serve as a model for LCA and to provide more insight into Crx's function. In this study, an ultrastructural analysis of the developing retina in Crx mutant mice was performed. Outer segment morphogenesis was found to be blocked at the elongation stage, leading to a failure in production of the phototransduction apparatus. Further, Crx-/- photoreceptors demonstrated severely abnormal synaptic endings in the outer plexiform layer. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a synaptogenesis defect in an animal model for LCA. These data confirm the essential role this gene plays in multiple aspects of photoreceptor development and extend our understanding of the basic pathology of LCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Morrow
- Department of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, New Research Building, Room 360K, NRB, Room 360K, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Department of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, New Research Building, Room 360K, NRB, Room 360K, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- The 4th Department, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Elio Raviola
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, B2-201, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Constance L Cepko
- Department of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, New Research Building, Room 360K, NRB, Room 360K, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
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Paunescu K, Wabbels B, Preising MN, Lorenz B. Longitudinal and cross-sectional study of patients with early-onset severe retinal dystrophy associated with RPE65 mutations. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004; 243:417-26. [PMID: 15565294 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-004-1020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Revised: 07/22/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify retinal function longitudinally and cross-sectionally in patients with autosomal-recessive early-onset severe retinal dystrophy (EOSRD) associated with RPE65 mutations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The ocular phenotype was characterized in four children from three families up to the second decade of life, and in three siblings from one family aged 43-54 years carrying compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in RPE65. Standard clinical examination included colour vision testing, fundus photography and Goldmann visual fields (GVF). Full-field ERGs (in all) and multifocal ERGs (in two patients) were also recorded. Visual performance and fundus appearance were compared to literature data. RESULTS In childhood, visual acuity (VA) ranged from 0.1 to 0.3, and GVF for target V4 was well preserved. VA and GVF were measurable in only one of the three adult siblings. Nystagmus was present in two of four children and two of three adults. Photophobia was absent in childhood and developed in adulthood. Funduscopic changes were discrete during the first decade of life in three of four children; one patient had clear macular changes already at age 5 years. All three adult siblings had distinct retinal changes including the macula. Bone spicules were not a feature. Residual colour vision was present in all patients with measurable VA. Rod ERGs were absent at any age; cone ERGs were detectable in early childhood. To date, VA data have been reported in 51 patients, visual fields in 29 patients, and a detailed fundus description in 34 patients. For all three parameters, data were comparable to the results in our patient cohort. CONCLUSION In childhood, patients with RPE65 mutations have better visual functions than typically seen in Leber congenital amaurosis. The phenotype shows a common progressive pattern with intrafamilial and interfamilial variation. The data suggest a preserved retinal morphology at young ages, arguing for vision-restoring gene therapy trials in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Paunescu
- Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismology and Ophthalmogenetics, University of Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Perrault I, Hanein S, Gerber S, Barbet F, Ducroq D, Dollfus H, Hamel C, Dufier JL, Munnich A, Kaplan J, Rozet JM. Retinal dehydrogenase 12 (RDH12) mutations in leber congenital amaurosis. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 75:639-46. [PMID: 15322982 PMCID: PMC1182050 DOI: 10.1086/424889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), the most early-onset and severe form of all inherited retinal dystrophies, is responsible for congenital blindness. Ten LCA genes have been mapped, and seven of these have been identified. Because some of these genes are involved in the visual cycle, we regarded the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor-specific retinal dehydrogenase (RDH) genes as candidate genes in LCA. Studying a series of 110 unrelated patients with LCA, we found mutations in the photoreceptor-specific RDH12 gene in a significant subset of patients (4.1%). Interestingly, all patients harboring RDH12 mutations had a severe yet progressive rod-cone dystrophy with severe macular atrophy but no or mild hyperopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Perrault
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinique Ophtalmologique, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg; and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Hanein
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinique Ophtalmologique, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg; and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Gerber
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinique Ophtalmologique, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg; and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Barbet
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinique Ophtalmologique, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg; and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Ducroq
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinique Ophtalmologique, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg; and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Helene Dollfus
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinique Ophtalmologique, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg; and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Hamel
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinique Ophtalmologique, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg; and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Dufier
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinique Ophtalmologique, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg; and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinique Ophtalmologique, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg; and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Josseline Kaplan
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinique Ophtalmologique, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg; and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Rozet
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris; Clinique Ophtalmologique, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg; and Service d’Ophtalmologie, Montpellier, France
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Koenekoop RK. An overview of Leber congenital amaurosis: a model to understand human retinal development. Surv Ophthalmol 2004; 49:379-98. [PMID: 15231395 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis is a congenital retinal dystrophy described almost 150 years ago. Today, Leber congenital amaurosis is proving instrumental in our understanding of the molecular events that determine normal and aberrant retinal development. Six genes have been shown to be mutated in Leber congenital amaurosis, and they participate in a wide variety of retinal pathways: retinoid metabolism (RPE65), phototransduction (GUCY2D), photoreceptor outer segment development (CRX), disk morphogenesis (RPGRIP1), zonula adherens formation (CRB1), and cell-cycle progression (AIPL1). Longitudinal studies of visual performance show that most Leber congenital amaurosis patients remain stable, some deteriorate, and rare cases exhibit improvements. Histopathological analyses reveal that most cases have extensive degenerative retinal changes, some have an entirely normal retinal architecture, whereas others have primitive, poorly developed retinas. Animal models of Leber congenital amaurosis have greatly added to understanding the impact of the genetic defects on retinal cell death, and response to rescue. Gene therapy for RPE65 deficient dogs partially restored sight, and provides the first real hope of treatment for this devastating blinding condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Koenekoop
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Lagali PS, Ayyagari R, Wong PW. An integrated genetic approach to identify candidate genes for human chromosome 6q-linked retinal disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 533:19-28. [PMID: 15180243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0067-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Lagali
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E7.
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Hanein S, Perrault I, Gerber S, Tanguy G, Barbet F, Ducroq D, Calvas P, Dollfus H, Hamel C, Lopponen T, Munier F, Santos L, Shalev S, Zafeiriou D, Dufier JL, Munnich A, Rozet JM, Kaplan J. Leber congenital amaurosis: comprehensive survey of the genetic heterogeneity, refinement of the clinical definition, and genotype-phenotype correlations as a strategy for molecular diagnosis. Hum Mutat 2004; 23:306-17. [PMID: 15024725 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the earliest and most severe form of all inherited retinal dystrophies, responsible for congenital blindness. Disease-associated mutations have been hitherto reported in seven genes. These genes are all expressed preferentially in the photoreceptor cells or the retinal pigment epithelium but they are involved in strikingly different physiologic pathways resulting in an unforeseeable physiopathologic variety. This wide genetic and physiologic heterogeneity that could largely increase in the coming years, hinders the molecular diagnosis in LCA patients. The genotyping is, however, required to establish genetically defined subgroups of patients ready for therapy. Here, we report a comprehensive mutational analysis of the all known genes in 179 unrelated LCA patients, including 52 familial and 127 sporadic (27/127 consanguineous) cases. Mutations were identified in 47.5% patients. GUCY2D appeared to account for most LCA cases of our series (21.2%), followed by CRB1 (10%), RPE65 (6.1%), RPGRIP1 (4.5%), AIPL1 (3.4%), TULP1 (1.7%), and CRX (0.6%). The clinical history of all patients with mutations was carefully revisited to search for phenotype variations. Sound genotype-phenotype correlations were found that allowed us to divide patients into two main groups. The first one includes patients whose symptoms fit the traditional definition of LCA, i.e., congenital or very early cone-rod dystrophy, while the second group gathers patients affected with severe yet progressive rod-cone dystrophy. Besides, objective ophthalmologic data allowed us to subdivide each group into two subtypes. Based on these findings, we have drawn decisional flowcharts directing the molecular analysis of LCA genes in a given case. These flowcharts will hopefully lighten the heavy task of genotyping new patients but only if one has access to the most precise clinical history since birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Hanein
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been an exponential increase in our knowledge of heritable eye conditions. Coincidentally, our ability to provide accurate genetic diagnoses has allowed appropriate counseling to patients and families. A summary of our current understanding of ocular genetics will prove useful to clinicians, researchers, and students as an introduction to the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M MacDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Khani SC, Karoukis AJ, Young JE, Ambasudhan R, Burch T, Stockton R, Lewis RA, Sullivan LS, Daiger SP, Reichel E, Ayyagari R. Late-onset autosomal dominant macular dystrophy with choroidal neovascularization and nonexudative maculopathy associated with mutation in the RDS gene. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44:3570-7. [PMID: 12882809 PMCID: PMC2581458 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.02-1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the molecular genetic basis and phenotypic characteristics of an unusual late-onset autosomal dominant macular dystrophy with features of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a large family (SUNY901), by using linkage and mutation analyses. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 17 affected members, 17 clinically unaffected members, and 5 unrelated spouses. Clinical analyses included a review of medical history and standard ophthalmic examination with fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and electroretinography. Linkage and haplotype analyses were performed with microsatellite markers. Mutation analysis was performed by amplification of exons followed by sequencing. RESULTS A wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes including exudative and nonexudative maculopathy was observed, with onset in the late fifth decade. Linkage analysis excluded most of the previously known maculopathy loci. Markers D6S1604 (Z(max) of 3.18 at theta = 0), and D6S282 (Z(max) of 3.18 at theta = 0) gave significant positive LOD scores and haplotype analysis localized the disease gene to a 9-centimorgan (cM) interval between markers D6S1616 and D6S459. Mutation analysis excluded the GUCA1A and GUCA1B genes and revealed a missense mutation in the RDS/peripherin gene leading to a Tyr141Cys substitution. A phenotype and haplotype comparison between this and a separate family with the Tyr141Cys mutation suggested the presence of a common ancestral haplotype. CONCLUSIONS The RDS mutation in codon 141 is associated with an unusual AMD-like late-onset maculopathy. An apparent selective bias was noted favoring the transmission of the mutant allele. These observations broaden the spectrum of phenotypes associated with RDS gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrokh C. Khani
- Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Athanasios J. Karoukis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joyce E. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rajesh Ambasudhan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tracy Burch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard Stockton
- Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Richard Alan Lewis
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pediatrics, Medicine, and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lori S. Sullivan
- Human Genetics Center and the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Stephen P. Daiger
- Human Genetics Center and the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Elias Reichel
- Department of Ophthalmology, New England Eye Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Radha Ayyagari
- Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Heegaard S, Rosenberg T, Preising M, Prause JU, Bek T. An unusual retinal vascular morphology in connection with a novel AIPL1 mutation in Leber's congenital amaurosis. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87:980-3. [PMID: 12881340 PMCID: PMC1771788 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.8.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To report a case of an unusual retinal vascular morphology in connection with a novel AIPL1 mutation in a patient with Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA). METHODS A patient with LCA and no light perception from birth had both eyes enucleated at the age of 22 years because of excruciating pain. Mutation analysis was performed on known LCA genes. The eyes were processed for casts of the vascular tree, routine histopathology, and electron microscopy. RESULTS A novel H82Y (244C-->T) mutation and a H90D (286G-->C) polymorphism were detected in exon 2 of the AIPL1 gene. Both the cast and the histopathological examination showed dilated retinal vessels, mainly venules, primarily localised in the posterior pole. In the mid-peripheral retina the density of capillaries on the arteriolar side of the microcirculatory units was significantly decreased. The vascular system was seen to gradually attenuate towards the retinal periphery, and to stop at a zone located approximately 4 mm from the ora serrata along the whole circumference. In this zone pigmented aggregates characteristic of retinitis pigmentosa were seen to ensheath the retinal vessels. The photoreceptors were almost totally absent and retinal gliosis was present. A decreased number of ganglion cells and an increased vacuolisation of the nerve fibre layer were observed. The retinal pigment cells and Bruch's membrane appeared normal in all regions. CONCLUSION An unusual retinal vascular morphology in an LCA patient is presented and possible pathogenic mechanisms of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heegaard
- Eye Pathology Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Keen TJ, Mohamed MD, McKibbin M, Rashid Y, Jafri H, Maumenee IH, Inglehearn CF. Identification of a locus (LCA9) for Leber's congenital amaurosis on chromosome 1p36. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11:420-3. [PMID: 12734549 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the most common cause of inherited childhood blindness and is characterised by severe retinal degeneration at or shortly after birth. We have identified a new locus, LCA9, on chromosome 1p36, at which the disease segregates in a single consanguineous Pakistani family. Following a whole genome linkage search, an autozygous region of 10 cM was identified between the markers D1S1612 and D1S228. Multipoint linkage analysis generated a lod score of 4.4, strongly supporting linkage to this region. The critical disease interval contains at least 5.7 Mb of DNA and around 50 distinct genes. One of these, retinoid binding protein 7 (RBP7), was screened for mutations in the family, but none was found.
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Mohamed MD, Topping NC, Jafri H, Raashed Y, McKibbin MA, Inglehearn CF. Progression of phenotype in Leber's congenital amaurosis with a mutation at the LCA5 locus. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87:473-5. [PMID: 12642313 PMCID: PMC1771622 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.4.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) accounts for 5% of inherited retinal disease and is usually inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Genetic and clinical heterogeneity exist. Mutations have been described in the RPE65, CRB1, RPGRIP1, AIPL1, GUCY2D, and CRX genes and other pedigrees show linkage to the LCA3 and LCA5 loci. The latter is a new locus which maps to 6q11-q16. The ocular findings and the evolution of the macula staphyloma are described in five members of a Pakistani family with consanguinity and a mutation in the LCA5 gene. METHODS 13 family members including five affected individuals consented to DNA analysis and ocular examination including fundal photography. RESULTS Ocular abnormalities are described. The most striking feature was the progression of macula abnormalities in three brothers resulting in a colobomatous appearance in the eldest compared to only mild atrophy in the youngest. The phenotypic pattern of this mutation in this Pakistani family contrasts with the "Old Order River Brethren" who were of Swiss descent, in whom the mutation was first described. CONCLUSION The evolution of a new phenotypic picture is presented to a mutation in LCA5.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Mohamed
- Department of Ophthalmology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS7 7TF, UK.
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41
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Milam AH, Barakat MR, Gupta N, Rose L, Aleman TS, Pianta MJ, Cideciyan AV, Sheffield VC, Stone EM, Jacobson SG. Clinicopathologic effects of mutant GUCY2D in Leber congenital amaurosis. Ophthalmology 2003; 110:549-58. [PMID: 12623820 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(02)01757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the retinal degeneration in an 11 -year-old patient with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) caused by mutation in GUCY2D. STUDY DESIGN Comparative human tissue study. PARTICIPANTS Two subjects with LCA; postmortem eye from one LCA patient and three normal donors. METHODS Clinical and visual function studies were performed between the ages of 6 and 10 years in the LCA eye donor and at age 6 in an affected sibling. Genomic DNA was screened for mutations in known LCA genes. The retina of the 11 -year-old subject with LCA was compared with normal retinas from donors age 3 days, 18 years, and 53 years. The tissues were processed for histopathologic studies and immunofluorescence with retinal cell-specific antibodies. RESULTS Vision in both siblings at the ages examined was limited to severely impaired cone function. Mutation in the GUCY2D gene was identified in both siblings. Histopathologic study revealed rods and cones without outer segments in the macula and far periphery. The cones formed a monolayer of cell bodies, but the rods were clustered and had sprouted neurites in the periphery. Rods and cones were not identified in the midperipheral retina. The inner nuclear layer appeared normal in thickness throughout the retina, but ganglion cells were reduced in number. CONCLUSIONS An 11-year-old subject with LCA caused by mutant GUCY2D had only light perception but retained substantial numbers of cones and rods in the macula and far periphery. The finding of numerous photoreceptors at this age may portend well for therapies designed to restore vision at the photoreceptor level.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Blindness/congenital
- Child
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Electroretinography
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Genotype
- Guanylate Cyclase/genetics
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/enzymology
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/genetics
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/pathology
- Pedigree
- Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/pathology
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Retinal Degeneration/enzymology
- Retinal Degeneration/genetics
- Retinal Degeneration/pathology
- Visual Acuity
- Visual Fields
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann H Milam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 51 North 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Johnson S, Halford S, Morris AG, Patel RJ, Wilkie SE, Hardcastle AJ, Moore AT, Zhang K, Hunt DM. Genomic organisation and alternative splicing of human RIM1, a gene implicated in autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy (CORD7). Genomics 2003; 81:304-14. [PMID: 12659814 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A mutation has been identified in the Rab3A-interacting molecule (RIM1) gene in CORD7, an autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy that localises to chromosome 6q14. The G to A point mutation results in an Arg844His substitution in the C(2)A domain of the protein that segregates with disease. This mutation is absent in over 200 control chromosomes, indicating that it is not a common polymorphism, and the almost complete sequence conservation of the C(2)A domain between human and rat RIM1 is consistent with a disease role for the change. RIM1 is expressed in brain and photoreceptors of the retina where it is localised to the pre-synaptic ribbons in ribbon synapses. The RIM1 gene is composed of at least 35 exons, spans 577 kb of genomic DNA, and encodes a protein of up to 1693 residues. The transcript shows extensive alternative splicing involving exons 17, 21-26 and 28-30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Johnson
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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43
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Volz A, Melkaoui R, Hildebrandt F, Omran H. Candidate gene analysis of KIAA0678 encoding a DnaJ-like protein for adolescent nephronophthisis and Senior-Løken syndrome type 3. Cytogenet Genome Res 2003; 97:163-6. [PMID: 12438707 DOI: 10.1159/000066617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPH), an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease, causes progressive renal failure. The gene for adolescent nephronophthisis (NPHP3) has been mapped to chromosome 3q21-->q22. Senior-Løken syndrome (SLS) describes the association of NPH and Leber congenital amaurosis. Recently a locus for Senior-Løken syndrome (SLSN3) has been localized on chromosome 3q21-->q22 containing the whole critical NPHP3 region. Within the critical NPHP3/SLSN3 region we identified the gene KIAA0678 encoding a DnaJ-like protein. KIAA0678 was considered a good functional candidate gene for NPH3 and SLS3, because molecular cha- perones are involved in the etiology of renal and retinal diseases. Analysis of the genomic structure of KIAA0678 identified 25 exons. For mutational analysis all exons and intron-exon boundaries were amplified and directly sequenced. Affected individuals of two NPH3 families and one SLS family with haplotypes indicative for homozygosity by descent for the NPHP3/SLSN3 locus were studied. No mutation in KIAA0678 was detected. We conclude, KIAA0678 most likely is not responsible for NPH and SLS in the patients studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Volz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by severe loss of vision at birth. It accounts for 10-18% of cases of congenital blindness. Some patients exhibit only blindness of retinal origin whereas others show evidence of a multi-systemic involvement. We review the literature relating to this severe disorder, highlighting unresolved questions, in particular the nature of the association of LCA with mental retardation and with systemic findings and syndromic pictures. In recent years, genetic advances in the diagnosis of LCA have opened up new horizons, also from a therapeutic point of view. A better understanding of this pathology would be valuable for paediatric neurologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fazzi
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS C Mondino Foundation-Institute of Neurology, University of Pavia, Italy.
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45
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Perrault I, Gerber S, Hanein S, Picaud S, Rozet JM, Dufier JL, Munnich A, Sahel J, Kaplan J. Leber Congenital Amaurosis — Genotyping Required for Possible Inclusion in a Clinical Trial. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 533:69-77. [PMID: 15180249 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0067-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gerber S, Perrault I, Hanein S, Shalev S, Zlotogora J, Barbet F, Ducroq D, Dufier J, Munnich A, Rozet J, Kaplan J. A novel mutation disrupting the cytoplasmic domain of CRB1 in a large consanguineous family of Palestinian origin affected with Leber congenital amaurosis. Ophthalmic Genet 2002; 23:225-35. [PMID: 12567265 DOI: 10.1076/opge.23.4.225.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive condition responsible for congenital blindness or greatly impaired vision since birth. Eight LCA loci have been mapped, but only six out of eight genes have been hitherto identified. A genome-wide screen for homozygosity was conducted in a large consanguineous family originating from Palestine, for which no mutation was found in any of the six known LCA genes and that excluded the LCA3 and LCA5 loci. Evidence for homozygosity, however, was found in all affected patients of the family on chromosome 1q31, a region in which the human homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster crumbs gene (CRB1) has been mapped. Consequently, we proposed a hypothesis that the disease-causing mutation in this family might lie in an unexplored region of this LCA gene. As a matter of fact, while no mutation was found in any of the 11 CRB1 exons originally reported, we identified a 10-bp (del 4121-4130) deletion segregating with the disease in a later reported 12th exon lying in the 3' end of the gene. Interestingly, this deletion disrupts an amino acid sequence that was shown to be crucial for the function of the protein in the Drosophila counterpart (CRB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Gerber
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Lagali PS, Kakuk LE, Griesinger IB, Wong PW, Ayyagari R. Identification and characterization of C6orf37, a novel candidate human retinal disease gene on chromosome 6q14. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:356-65. [PMID: 12054608 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a novel human gene, chromosome 6 open reading frame 37 (C6orf37), that is expressed in the retina and maps to human chromosome 6q14, a genomic region that harbors multiple retinal disease loci. The cDNA sequence contains an open reading frame of 1314 bp that encodes a 437-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 49.2 kDa. Northern blot analysis indicates that this gene is widely expressed, with preferential expression observed in the retina compared to other ocular tissues. The C6orf37 protein shares homology with putative proteins in R. norvegicus, M. musculus, D. melanogaster, and C. elegans, suggesting evolutionary conservation of function. Additional sequence analysis predicts that the C6orf37 gene product is a soluble, globular cytoplasmic protein containing several conserved phosphorylation sites. Furthermore, we have defined the genomic structure of this gene, which will enable its analysis as a candidate gene for chromosome 6q-associated inherited retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Lagali
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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48
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Koenekoop RK, Loyer M, Dembinska O, Beneish R. Visual improvement in Leber congenital amaurosis and the CRX genotype. Ophthalmic Genet 2002; 23:49-59. [PMID: 11910559 DOI: 10.1076/opge.23.1.49.2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In order to determine genotype-phenotype correlations in Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), we analyzed the phenotype and genotype of 250 LCA children. We identified a heterozygous CRX mutation in an affected mother and son, and describe the ocular phenotype of the proband from birth through infancy to age 11 years. METHODS Best-corrected Snellen visual acuities, electroretinograms (ERGs), and Goldmann visual fields were measured, while SSCP and direct sequencing were done for genotyping. RESULTS The proband had congenital nystagmus, amaurotic, paradoxical pupils, and arteriolar narrowing, without a pigmentary retinopathy. The child had very poor fixation and wandering nystagmus at age 5 months, but had measurable vision at age 6 years. Snellen visual acuities were 20/900 at that time, and slowly improved to 20/150 by age 11 years. Perimetry revealed 60 degrees fields with the V4e target at ages 9 and 10 years, with a new 20 degrees inferior island to the III4e target. ERGs at 5 and 8 months were non-detectable, while the photopic ERGs at age 10 years and again at 11 years showed measurable cone a- and b-waves. At age 47, the phenotype of the affected mother consisted of hand motion vision, a pigmentary retinopathy, and non-detectable visual fields and ERGs. We identified a heterozygous CRX mutation, A177Delta1bp (529delG), in both affected individuals, which is predicted to cause a frameshift and introduces a premature termination codon at position 186. CONCLUSIONS We report a CRX genotype with an ocular phenotype that consists of spontaneous, marked visual improvement in the proband from birth to age 11 years, which is unlike the previous six reports of LCA patients with the CRX genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Koenekoop
- The Children's Vision Center, Montreal Children's Hospital and Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada.
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49
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Omran H, Sasmaz GÜ, Häffner K, Volz A, Olbrich H, Melkaoui R, Otto E, Wienker TF, Korinthenberg R, Brandis M, Antignac C, Hildebrandt F. Identification of a gene locus for Senior-Løken syndrome in the region of the nephronophthisis type 3 gene. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:75-79. [PMID: 11752023 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Senior-Løken syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease with the main features of nephronophthisis (NPH) and Leber congenital amaurosis. The gene for adolescent nephronophthisis (NPHP3) was recently localized to chromosome 3q21-q22. The hypothesis was tested that Senior-Løken syndrome (SLS) might localize to the same region by studying a kindred of German ancestry with extended consanguinity and typical findings of SLS. Twenty highly polymorphic markers located in the vicinity of the NPHP3 genetic region were tested. Haplotype analysis revealed homozygosity by descent in affected individuals, and linkage analysis yielded a parametric maximum multipoint logarithm of likelihood of odds (LOD) score of 3.14, thus identifying the first locus for SLS. The SLS1 locus is flanked by D3S1587 and D3S621 and contains a 14-cM interval that contains the whole critical NPHP3 region. Three additional families with SLS were studied, and evidence for genetic heterogeneity in one of them was found. Localization of a SLS locus to the region of NPHP3 opens the possibilities of both diseases arising by mutations within the same pleiotropic gene or two adjacent genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heymut Omran
- *University Children's Hospital Freiburg and Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Inserm U423, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - GÜrsel Sasmaz
- *University Children's Hospital Freiburg and Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Inserm U423, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Karsten Häffner
- *University Children's Hospital Freiburg and Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Inserm U423, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Volz
- *University Children's Hospital Freiburg and Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Inserm U423, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Heike Olbrich
- *University Children's Hospital Freiburg and Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Inserm U423, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Rachid Melkaoui
- *University Children's Hospital Freiburg and Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Inserm U423, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Edgar Otto
- *University Children's Hospital Freiburg and Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Inserm U423, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Thomas F Wienker
- *University Children's Hospital Freiburg and Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Inserm U423, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Rudolf Korinthenberg
- *University Children's Hospital Freiburg and Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Inserm U423, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Brandis
- *University Children's Hospital Freiburg and Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Inserm U423, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Antignac
- *University Children's Hospital Freiburg and Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Inserm U423, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- *University Children's Hospital Freiburg and Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Inserm U423, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Donoso LA, Edwards AO, Frost A, Vrabec T, Stone EM, Hageman GS, Perski T. Autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy. Surv Ophthalmol 2001; 46:149-63. [PMID: 11578648 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6257(01)00251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy is one of the early onset macular dystrophies. It is characterized clinically in its early stages by visual loss and by the presence of atrophic macular changes with or without the presence of yellowish flecks. It is an important retinal dystrophy to study, not only because it has implications in the care and treatment of patients with the condition, but because it also provides important information regarding retinal function. Review of the literature suggests that many of the reported families are linked to chromosome 6q. Genetic and genealogical evidence suggests that these families have descended from a common ancestor or founder. The recent identification of a disease-causing gene that is involved in fatty acid metabolism may have implications in the study of the more common age-related macular degeneration. We review the recent clinical, genetic, and genealogical aspects of autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Donoso
- Henry and Corinne Bower Laboratory for Macular Degeneration, Eye Research Institute, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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