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Rodrigues LR, Montserrat M, Magalhães S. Evolution in agricultural systems: Moving toward the understanding of complexity. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1483-1489. [PMID: 36330296 PMCID: PMC9624076 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural fields are typically simplified ecosystems compared to natural sites, a characteristic that has long-attracted researchers in Ecology and Evolution. In recent years, there has been a rising interest in understanding how agricultural systems are shaped by evolution in the context of changing agricultural practices by integrating biological information of crop systems. This editorial introduces the special issue "Evolution in agricultural systems," incorporating the articles published within this issue into three general areas of research: phenotypic and genetic responses to the environment, biotic interactions and the role of microbes. Together, this body of work unveils unforeseen complexity at all levels, from microbes to trophic chains. Understanding such complexity is critical not only to better understand natural systems, but also if we wish to improve the sustainability of the food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor R. Rodrigues
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Marta Montserrat
- IHSM La Mayora‐UMA‐CSIC: Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”MálagaSpain
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
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2
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Kim H, Rodriguez-Saona C, Lee HS. Population Genetics of the Blueberry Gall Midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), on Blueberry and Cranberry and Testing Invasion Scenarios. INSECTS 2022; 13:880. [PMID: 36292830 PMCID: PMC9604482 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We compared the population genetic structure between populations of the blueberry gall midge-Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)-from blueberry and cranberry and determined the genetic relationships among geographical subgroups by genotyping 632 individuals from 31 different populations from their native USA regions (New Jersey, Michigan, and Georgia) and from invaded Korean regions using 12 microsatellite loci. Our population genetic analyses showed a clear separation between the two host-associated D. oxycoccana populations from blueberry and cranberry. Using data from only the blueberry-associated D. oxycoccana populations, we identified five genetically isolated subgroups. An analysis of the approximate Bayesian computation suggests that the invasive D. oxycoccana population from Korea appears to have been introduced from an unsampled source population rather than directly from its native range. Our findings will allow for an easier identification of the source of D. oxycoccana into newly invaded regions, as well as to determine their association with blueberry and cranberry, which based on our results can be considered as two distinct species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojoong Kim
- Animal Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Saona
- Department of Entomology, P.E. Marucci Center, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019, USA
| | - Heung-Sik Lee
- Animal & Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
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3
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Reinert S. Quantitative genetics of pleiotropy and its potential for plant sciences. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 276:153784. [PMID: 35944292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Reinert
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Biocomputing Lab, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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4
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Darwell CT, Souto‐Vilarós D, Michalek J, Boutsi S, Isua B, Sisol M, Kuyaiva T, Weiblen G, Křivan V, Novotny V, Segar ST. Predicting distributions of
Wolbachia
strains through host ecological contact—Who's manipulating whom? Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8826. [PMID: 35432921 PMCID: PMC9006231 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive isolation in response to divergent selection is often mediated via third‐party interactions. Under these conditions, speciation is inextricably linked to ecological context. We present a novel framework for understanding arthropod speciation as mediated by Wolbachia, a microbial endosymbiont capable of causing host cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). We predict that sympatric host sister‐species harbor paraphyletic Wolbachia strains that provide CI, while well‐defined congeners in ecological contact and recently diverged noninteracting congeners are uninfected due to Wolbachia redundancy. We argue that Wolbachia provides an adaptive advantage when coupled with reduced hybrid fitness, facilitating assortative mating between co‐occurring divergent phenotypes—the contact contingency hypothesis. To test this, we applied a predictive algorithm to empirical pollinating fig wasp data, achieving up to 91.60% accuracy. We further postulate that observed temporal decay of Wolbachia incidence results from adaptive host purging—adaptive decay hypothesis—but implementation failed to predict systematic patterns. We then account for post‐zygotic offspring mortality during CI mating, modeling fitness clines across developmental resources—the fecundity trade‐off hypothesis. This model regularly favored CI despite fecundity losses. We demonstrate that a rules‐based algorithm accurately predicts Wolbachia infection status. This has implications among other systems where closely related sympatric species encounter adaptive disadvantage through hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive T. Darwell
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency Khlong Luang Thailand
| | - Daniel Souto‐Vilarós
- Biology Centre Institute of Entomology Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Jan Michalek
- Biology Centre Institute of Entomology Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Sotiria Boutsi
- Agriculture & Environment Department Harper Adams University Newport UK
| | - Brus Isua
- The New Guinea Binatang Research Center Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Mentap Sisol
- The New Guinea Binatang Research Center Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Thomas Kuyaiva
- The New Guinea Binatang Research Center Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - George Weiblen
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology Bell Museum University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota USA
| | - Vlastimil Křivan
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre Institute of Entomology Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Simon T. Segar
- Biology Centre Institute of Entomology Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Agriculture & Environment Department Harper Adams University Newport UK
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5
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Moosmann M, Cuenca-Cambronero M, De Lisle S, Greenway R, Hudson CM, Lürig MD, Matthews B. On the evolution of trophic position. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2549-2562. [PMID: 34553481 PMCID: PMC9290349 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The trophic structure of food webs is primarily determined by the variation in trophic position among species and individuals. Temporal dynamics of food web structure are central to our understanding of energy and nutrient fluxes in changing environments, but little is known about how evolutionary processes shape trophic position variation in natural populations. We propose that trophic position, whose expression depends on both environmental and genetic determinants of the diet variation in individual consumers, is a quantitative trait that can evolve via natural selection. Such evolution can occur either when trophic position is correlated with other heritable morphological and behavioural traits under selection, or when trophic position is a target of selection, which is possible if the fitness effects of prey items are heterogeneously distributed along food chains. Recognising trophic position as an evolving trait, whose expression depends on the food web context, provides an important conceptual link between behavioural foraging theory and food web dynamics, and a useful starting point for the integration of ecological and evolutionary studies of trophic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Moosmann
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Cuenca-Cambronero
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ryan Greenway
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Cameron M Hudson
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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6
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Kruitwagen A, Wertheim B, Beukeboom LW. Artificial selection for nonreproductive host killing in a native parasitoid on the invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1993-2011. [PMID: 34429744 PMCID: PMC8372078 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment and spread of invasive species can be facilitated by lack of natural enemies in the invaded area. Host-range evolution of natural enemies augments their ability to reduce the impact of the invader and could enhance their value for biological control. We assessed the potential of the Drosophila parasitoid, Leptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), to exploit the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii by focusing on three performance indices: (i) attack rate; (ii) host killing, consisting of killing rate and lethal attack rate (killing efficiency); and (iii) successful offspring development (reproductive success). We found significant intraspecific variation in attack rate and killing rate and lethal attack rate among seven European populations, but offspring generally failed to successfully develop from the D. suzukii host. We crossed these European lines to create a genetically variable source population and performed a half-sib analysis to quantify genetic variation. Using a Bayesian animal model, we found that attack rate and killing rate had a heritability ofh 2 = 0.2 , lethal attack rateh 2 = 0.4 , and offspring developmenth 2 = 0 . We then artificially selected wasps with the highest killing rate of D. suzukii for seven generations to test whether host-killing could be improved. There was a small and inconsistent response to selection in the three selection lines. Realized heritability ( h r 2 ) after four generations of selection was 0.17 but near zero after seven generations of selection. The genetic response might have been masked by an increased D. suzukii fitness resulting from adaptation to laboratory conditions. Our study reveals that native, European, L. heterotoma can attack the invasive pest, D. suzukii and significantly reduce fly survival and that different steps of the parasitization process need to be considered in the evolution of host-range. It highlights how evolutionary principles can be applied to optimize performance of native species for biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Kruitwagen
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Leo W. Beukeboom
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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7
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Hernández-Hernández T, Miller EC, Román-Palacios C, Wiens JJ. Speciation across the Tree of Life. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1205-1242. [PMID: 33768723 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of what we know about speciation comes from detailed studies of well-known model systems. Although there have been several important syntheses on speciation, few (if any) have explicitly compared speciation among major groups across the Tree of Life. Here, we synthesize and compare what is known about key aspects of speciation across taxa, including bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and major animal groups. We focus on three main questions. Is allopatric speciation predominant across groups? How common is ecological divergence of sister species (a requirement for ecological speciation), and on what niche axes do species diverge in each group? What are the reproductive isolating barriers in each group? Our review suggests the following patterns. (i) Based on our survey and projected species numbers, the most frequent speciation process across the Tree of Life may be co-speciation between endosymbiotic bacteria and their insect hosts. (ii) Allopatric speciation appears to be present in all major groups, and may be the most common mode in both animals and plants, based on non-overlapping ranges of sister species. (iii) Full sympatry of sister species is also widespread, and may be more common in fungi than allopatry. (iv) Full sympatry of sister species is more common in some marine animals than in terrestrial and freshwater ones. (v) Ecological divergence of sister species is widespread in all groups, including ~70% of surveyed species pairs of plants and insects. (vi) Major axes of ecological divergence involve species interactions (e.g. host-switching) and habitat divergence. (vii) Prezygotic isolation appears to be generally more widespread and important than postzygotic isolation. (viii) Rates of diversification (and presumably speciation) are strikingly different across groups, with the fastest rates in plants, and successively slower rates in animals, fungi, and protists, with the slowest rates in prokaryotes. Overall, our study represents an initial step towards understanding general patterns in speciation across all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A.,Catedrática CONACYT asignada a LANGEBIO-UGA Cinvestav, Libramiento Norte Carretera León Km 9.6, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth C Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - Cristian Román-Palacios
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
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8
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Orsucci M, Sicard A. Flower evolution in the presence of heterospecific gene flow and its contribution to lineage divergence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:971-989. [PMID: 33537708 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The success of species depends on their ability to exploit ecological resources in order to optimize their reproduction. However, species are not usually found within single-species ecosystems but in complex communities. Because of their genetic relatedness, closely related lineages tend to cluster within the same ecosystem, rely on the same resources, and be phenotypically similar. In sympatry, they will therefore compete for the same resources and, in the case of flowering plants, exchange their genes through heterospecific pollen transfer. These interactions, nevertheless, pose significant challenges to species co-existence because they can lead to resource limitation and reproductive interference. In such cases, divergent selective pressures on floral traits will favour genotypes that isolate or desynchronize the reproduction of sympatric lineages. The resulting displacement of reproductive characters will, in turn, lead to pre-mating isolation and promote intraspecific divergence, thus initiating or reinforcing the speciation process. In this review, we discuss the current theoretical and empirical knowledge on the influence of heterospecific pollen transfer on flower evolution, highlighting its potential to uncover the ecological and genomic constraints shaping the speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Orsucci
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural, Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural, Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Wooley SC, Smith DS, Lonsdorf EV, Brown SC, Whitham TG, Shuster SM, Lindroth RL. Local adaptation and rapid evolution of aphids in response to genetic interactions with their cottonwood hosts. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10532-10542. [PMID: 33072278 PMCID: PMC7548174 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the ecological consequences of genetic variation within a single plant species. For example, these studies show that individual plant genotypes support unique composition of the plants' associated arthropod community. By contrast, fewer studies have explored how plant genetic variation may influence evolutionary dynamics in the plant's associated species. Here, we examine how aphids respond evolutionarily to genetic variation in their host plant. We conducted two experiments to examine local adaptation and rapid evolution of the free‐feeding aphid Chaitophorus populicola across genetic variants of its host plant, Populus angustifolia. To test for local adaptation, we collected tree cuttings and aphid colonies from three sites along an elevation/climate gradient and conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment. In general, home aphids (aphids transplanted onto trees from the same site) produced 1.7–3.4 times as many offspring as foreign aphids (aphids transplanted onto trees from different sites). To test for rapid evolution, we used 4 clonally replicated aphid genotypes and transplanted each onto 5 clonally replicated P. angustifolia genotypes. Each tree genotype started with the same aphid genotype composition. After 21 days (~two aphid generations), aphid genotype composition changed (i.e., aphids evolved) and some tree genotypes supported unique evolutionary trajectories of aphids. These results suggest that plant evolution in response to human perturbation, such as climate change and invasive species, will also result in evolutionary responses in strongly interacting species that could cascade to affect whole communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart C. Wooley
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Department of Biological Sciences California State University Turlock California USA
| | - David Solance Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Biology Department California State University San Bernardino San Bernardino California USA
| | - Eric V. Lonsdorf
- Alexander Center for Population Biology Conservation and Science Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois USA
- Urban Wildlife Institute Conservation and Science Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Sarah C. Brown
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Stephen M. Shuster
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Richard L. Lindroth
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
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10
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Servedio MR, Bürger R. The effectiveness of pseudomagic traits in promoting divergence and enhancing local adaptation. Evolution 2020; 74:2438-2450. [PMID: 32652577 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
"Magic traits," in which the same trait is both under divergent ecological selection and forms the basis of assortative mating, have been sought after due to their supposed unique ability to promote divergence with gene flow. Here, we ask how unique magic traits are, by exploring whether a tightly linked complex of a locus under divergent selection and a locus that acts as a mating cue can mimic a magic trait in its divergence. We find that these "pseudomagic traits" can be very effective in promoting divergence; with tight linkage they are essentially as effective as a magic trait and with loose linkage, and even no linkage, divergence can still be enhanced. Distinguishing between magic and pseudomagic traits in empirical cases may thus not be important when inferring their role in divergence. The ability of divergence in the mating trait to drive divergence in the ecological trait by lowering the effective migration rate, which occurs somewhat even without linkage, is particularly striking; magic traits are typically considered to have the other direction of causality. Our results thus suggest that divergence in a mating trait can at least modestly increase local adaption by allowing more ecological divergence, particularly with tighter linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Servedio
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Reinhard Bürger
- Department of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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11
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Gauthier J, de Silva DL, Gompert Z, Whibley A, Houssin C, Le Poul Y, McClure M, Lemaitre C, Legeai F, Mallet J, Elias M. Contrasting genomic and phenotypic outcomes of hybridization between pairs of mimetic butterfly taxa across a suture zone. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1328-1343. [PMID: 32145112 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid zones, whereby divergent lineages come into contact and eventually hybridize, can provide insights on the mechanisms involved in population differentiation and reproductive isolation, and ultimately speciation. Suture zones offer the opportunity to compare these processes across multiple species. In this paper we use reduced-complexity genomic data to compare the genetic and phenotypic structure and hybridization patterns of two mimetic butterfly species, Ithomia salapia and Oleria onega (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini), each consisting of a pair of lineages differentiated for their wing colour pattern and that come into contact in the Andean foothills of Peru. Despite similarities in their life history, we highlight major differences, both at the genomic and phenotypic level, between the two species. These differences include the presence of hybrids, variations in wing phenotype, and genomic patterns of introgression and differentiation. In I. salapia, the two lineages appear to hybridize only rarely, whereas in O. onega the hybrids are not only more common, but also genetically and phenotypically more variable. We also detected loci statistically associated with wing colour pattern variation, but in both species these loci were not over-represented among the candidate barrier loci, suggesting that traits other than wing colour pattern may be important for reproductive isolation. Our results contrast with the genomic patterns observed between hybridizing lineages in the mimetic Heliconius butterflies, and call for a broader investigation into the genomics of speciation in Ithomiini - the largest radiation of mimetic butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Gauthier
- Inria, CNRS, IRISA, University Rennes, Rennes, France.,Geneva Natural History Museum, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Donna Lisa de Silva
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, CNRS, MNHN, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | | | - Annabel Whibley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Céline Houssin
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, CNRS, MNHN, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Yann Le Poul
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, CNRS, MNHN, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, Paris, France.,Fakultat für Biologie, Biozentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Melanie McClure
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, CNRS, MNHN, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | | | | | - James Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marianne Elias
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, CNRS, MNHN, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
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12
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Agrawal AA. A scale‐dependent framework for trade‐offs, syndromes, and specialization in organismal biology. Ecology 2020; 101:e02924. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag A. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
- Department of Entomology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
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13
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Hopper KR, Oppenheim SJ, Kuhn KL, Lanier K, Hoelmer KA, Heimpel GE, Meikle WG, O’Neil RJ, Voegtlin DG, Wu K, Woolley JB, Heraty JM. Counties not countries: Variation in host specificity among populations of an aphid parasitoid. Evol Appl 2019; 12:815-829. [PMID: 30976312 PMCID: PMC6439487 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic wasps are among the most species-rich groups on Earth. A major cause of this diversity may be local adaptation to host species. However, little is known about variation in host specificity among populations within parasitoid species. Not only is such knowledge important for understanding host-driven speciation, but because parasitoids often control pest insects and narrow host ranges are critical for the safety of biological control introductions, understanding variation in specificity and how it arises are crucial applications in evolutionary biology. Here, we report experiments on variation in host specificity among 16 populations of an aphid parasitoid, Aphelinus certus. We addressed several questions about local adaptation: Do parasitoid populations differ in host ranges or in levels of parasitism of aphid species within their host range? Are differences in parasitism among parasitoid populations related to geographical distance, suggesting clinal variation in abundances of aphid species? Or do nearby parasitoid populations differ in host use, as would be expected if differences in aphid abundances, and thus selection, were mosaic? Are differences in parasitism among parasitoid populations related to genetic distances among them? To answer these questions, we measured parasitism of a taxonomically diverse group of aphid species in laboratory experiments. Host range was the same for all the parasitoid populations, but levels of parasitism varied among aphid species, suggesting adaptation to locally abundant aphids. Differences in host specificity did not correlate with geographical distances among parasitoid populations, suggesting that local adaption is mosaic rather than clinal, with a spatial scale of less than 50 kilometers. We sequenced and assembled the genome of A. certus, made reduced-representation libraries for each population, analyzed for single nucleotide polymorphisms, and used these polymorphisms to estimate genetic differentiation among populations. Differences in host specificity correlated with genetic distances among the parasitoid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R. Hopper
- Beneficial Insect Introductions Research UnitUSDA‐ARSNewarkDelaware
| | | | - Kristen L. Kuhn
- Beneficial Insect Introductions Research UnitUSDA‐ARSNewarkDelaware
| | - Kathryn Lanier
- Beneficial Insect Introductions Research UnitUSDA‐ARSNewarkDelaware
| | - Kim A. Hoelmer
- Beneficial Insect Introductions Research UnitUSDA‐ARSNewarkDelaware
| | | | - William G. Meikle
- European Biological Control LaboratoryUSDA‐ARSSt. Gely du Fesc CEDEXFrance
| | | | | | - Kongming Wu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - James B. Woolley
- Department of EntomologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - John M. Heraty
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCalifornia
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14
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Loxdale HD. Aspects, Including Pitfalls, of Temporal Sampling of Flying Insects, with Special Reference to Aphids. INSECTS 2018; 9:E153. [PMID: 30388726 PMCID: PMC6316496 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent and widespread use of high-resolution molecular markers in the late 1970s, it is now well established that natural populations of insects are not necessarily homogeneous genetically and show variations at different spatial scales due to a variety of reasons, including hybridization/introgression events. In a similar vein, populations of insects are not necessarily homogenous in time, either over the course of seasons or even within a single season. This of course has profound consequences for surveys examining, for whatever reason/s, the temporal population patterns of insects, especially flying insects as mostly discussed here. In the present article, the topics covered include climate and climate change; changes in ecological niches due to changes in available hosts, i.e., essentially, adaptation events; hybridization influencing behaviour⁻host shifts; infection by pathogens and parasites/parasitoids; habituation to light, sound and pheromone lures; chromosomal/genetic changes affecting physiology and behaviour; and insecticide resistance. If such phenomena-i.e., aspects and pitfalls-are not considered during spatio-temporal study programmes, which is even more true in the light of the recent discovery of morphologically similar/identical cryptic species, then the conclusions drawn in terms of the efforts to combat pest insects or conserve rare and endangered species may be in error and hence end in failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
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15
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Gamberale-Stille G, Schäpers A, Janz N, Nylin S. Selective attention by priming in host search behavior of 2 generalist butterflies. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Orsucci M, Audiot P, Nidelet S, Dorkeld F, Pommier A, Vabre M, Severac D, Rohmer M, Gschloessl B, Streiff R. Transcriptomic response of female adult moths to host and non-host plants in two closely related species. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:145. [PMID: 30236059 PMCID: PMC6148789 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Divergent selection has been shown to promote speciation in many taxa and especially in phytophagous insects. In the Ostrinia species complex, the European corn borer (ECB) and adzuki bean borer (ABB) are two sibling species specialized to different host plants. The first is a well-known maize pest, whereas the second is a polyphagous species associated with various dicotyledons. Their specialization to host plants is driven by morphological, behavioral and physiological adaptations. In particular, previous studies have shown that ECB and ABB display marked behavior with regard to plant choice during oviposition, involving specific preference and avoidance mechanisms. In this study, our goal was to identify the mechanisms underlying this host-plant specialization in adult females through an analysis of their gene expression. We assembled and annotated a de novo reference transcriptome and measured differences in gene expression between ECB and ABB females, and between environments. We related differentially expressed genes to host preference behavior, and highlighted the functional categories involved. We also conducted a specific analysis of chemosensory genes, which are considered to be good candidates for host recognition before oviposition. RESULTS We recorded more differentially expressed genes in ECB than in ABB samples, and noticed that the majority of genes potentially involved in the host preference were different between the two species. At the functional level, the response to plant environment in adult females involved many processes, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and amino acids; detoxification mechanisms and immunity; and the chemosensory repertoire (as expected). Until now, most of the olfactory receptors described in Ostrinia spp. had been tested for their putative role in pheromone recognition by males. Here we observed that one specific olfactory receptor was clearly associated with ECB's discrimination between maize and mugwort conditions, highlighting a potential new candidate involved in plant odor discrimination in adult females. CONCLUSIONS Our results are a first step toward the identification of candidate genes and functions involved in chemosensory processes, carbohydrate metabolism, and virus and retrovirus dynamics. These candidates provide new avenues for research into understanding the role of divergent selection between different environments in species diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Orsucci
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- DGIMI, INRA, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Present address: Department of Ecology and Genetics, EBC, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P. Audiot
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - S. Nidelet
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - F. Dorkeld
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - A. Pommier
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - D. Severac
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, c/o Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - M. Rohmer
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, c/o Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - B. Gschloessl
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - R. Streiff
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- DGIMI, INRA, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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17
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Lievens EJP, Perreau J, Agnew P, Michalakis Y, Lenormand T. Decomposing parasite fitness reveals the basis of specialization in a two-host, two-parasite system. Evol Lett 2018; 2:390-405. [PMID: 30283690 PMCID: PMC6121826 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological specialization of parasites–whether they can obtain high fitness on very few or very many different host species–is a determining feature of their ecology. In order to properly assess specialization, it is imperative to measure parasite fitness across host species; to understand its origins, fitness must be decomposed into the underlying traits. Despite the omnipresence of parasites with multiple hosts, very few studies assess and decompose their specialization in this way. To bridge this gap, we quantified the infectivity, virulence, and transmission rate of two parasites, the horizontally transmitted microsporidians Anostracospora rigaudi and Enterocytospora artemiae, in their natural hosts, the brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica and Artemia franciscana. Our results demonstrate that each parasite performs well on one of the two host species (A. rigaudi on A. parthenogenetica, and E. artemiae on A. franciscana), and poorly on the other. This partial specialization is driven by high infectivity and transmission rates in the preferred host, and is associated with maladaptive virulence and large costs of resistance in the other. Our study represents a rare empirical contribution to the study of parasite evolution in multihost systems, highlighting the negative effects of under‐ and overexploitation when adapting to multiple hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J P Lievens
- UMR 5175 CEFE CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université P. Valéry-EPHE 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France.,UMR 5290 MIVEGEC CNRS-IRD-Université de Montpellier 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Julie Perreau
- UMR 5175 CEFE CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université P. Valéry-EPHE 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Philip Agnew
- UMR 5290 MIVEGEC CNRS-IRD-Université de Montpellier 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Yannis Michalakis
- UMR 5290 MIVEGEC CNRS-IRD-Université de Montpellier 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Thomas Lenormand
- UMR 5175 CEFE CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université P. Valéry-EPHE 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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18
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Laukkanen L, Kalske A, Muola A, Leimu R, Mutikainen P. Genetic drift precluded adaptation of an insect seed predator to a novel host plant in a long-term selection experiment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198869. [PMID: 29894503 PMCID: PMC5997315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host specialization is considered a primary driver of the enormous diversity of herbivorous insects. Trade-offs in host use are hypothesized to promote this specialization, but they have mostly been studied in generalist herbivores. We conducted a multi-generation selection experiment to examine the adaptation of the specialist seed-feeding bug, Lygaeus equestris, to three novel host plants (Helianthus annuus, Verbascum thapsus and Centaurea phrygia) and to test whether trade-offs promote specialization. During the selection experiment, body size of L. equestris increased more on the novel host plant H. annuus compared to the primary host plant, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, but this effect was not observed in other fitness related traits. In addition to selection, genetic drift caused variation among the experimental herbivore populations in their ability to exploit the host plants. Microsatellite data indicated that the level of within-population genetic variation decreased and population differentiation increased more in the selection line feeding on H. annuus compared to V. hirundinaria. We found a negative correlation between genetic differentiation and heterozygosity at the end of the experiment, suggesting that differentiation was significantly affected by genetic drift. We did not find fitness trade-offs between L. equestris feeding on the four hosts. Thus, trade-offs do not seem to promote specialization in L. equestris. Our results suggest that this insect herbivore is not likely to adapt to a novel host species in a time-scale of 20 generations despite sufficient genetic variation and that genetic drift disrupted the response to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Laukkanen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Aino Kalske
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Anne Muola
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Roosa Leimu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Mutikainen
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zürich, ETH-Zentrum, Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Chaturvedi S, Lucas LK, Nice CC, Fordyce JA, Forister ML, Gompert Z. The predictability of genomic changes underlying a recent host shift in Melissa blue butterflies. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2651-2666. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Chaturvedi
- Department of Biology Utah State University Logan Utah
- Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah
| | | | | | | | | | - Zachariah Gompert
- Department of Biology Utah State University Logan Utah
- Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah
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20
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Basra P, Alsaadi A, Bernal-Astrain G, O’Sullivan ML, Hazlett B, Clarke LM, Schoenrock A, Pitre S, Wong A. Fitness Tradeoffs of Antibiotic Resistance in Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:667-679. [PMID: 29432584 PMCID: PMC5817949 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary trade-offs occur when selection on one trait has detrimental effects on other traits. In pathogenic microbes, it has been hypothesized that antibiotic resistance trades off with fitness in the absence of antibiotic. Although studies of single resistance mutations support this hypothesis, it is unclear whether trade-offs are maintained over time, due to compensatory evolution and broader effects of genetic background. Here, we leverage natural variation in 39 extraintestinal clinical isolates of Escherichia coli to assess trade-offs between growth rates and resistance to fluoroquinolone and cephalosporin antibiotics. Whole-genome sequencing identifies a broad range of clinically relevant resistance determinants in these strains. We find evidence for a negative correlation between growth rate and antibiotic resistance, consistent with a persistent trade-off between resistance and growth. However, this relationship is sometimes weak and depends on the environment in which growth rates are measured. Using in vitro selection experiments, we find that compensatory evolution in one environment does not guarantee compensation in other environments. Thus, even in the face of compensatory evolution and other genetic background effects, resistance may be broadly costly, supporting the use of drug restriction protocols to limit the spread of resistance. Furthermore, our study demonstrates the power of using natural variation to study evolutionary trade-offs in microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabh Basra
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahlam Alsaadi
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Bryn Hazlett
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Schoenrock
- School of Computer Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Research Computing Services, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvain Pitre
- Research Computing Services, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Wong
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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21
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From mammals back to birds: Host-switch of the acanthocephalan Corynosoma australe from pinnipeds to the Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183809. [PMID: 28981550 PMCID: PMC5628790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophically-transmitted parasites are regularly exposed to potential new hosts through food web interactions. Successful colonization, or switching, to novel hosts, occur readily when ‘donor’ and ‘target’ hosts are phylogenetically related, whereas switching between distantly related hosts is rare and may result from stochastic factors (i.e. rare favourable mutations). This study investigates a host-switching event between a marine acanthocephalan specific to pinnipeds that is apparently able to reproduce in Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus from Brazil. Detailed analysis of morphological and morphometrical data from acanthocephalans from penguins indicates that they belong to Corynosoma australe Johnston, 1937. Partial fragments of the 28S rRNA and mitochondrial cox1 genes were amplified from isolates from penguins and two pinniped species (i.e. South American sea lion Otaria flavescens and South American fur seal Arctocephalus australis) to confirm this identification. Infection parameters clearly differ between penguins and the two pinniped species, which were significantly lower in S. magellanicus. The sex ratio of C. australe also differed between penguins and pinnipeds; in S. magellanicus was strongly biased against males, while in pinnipeds it was close to 1:1. Females of C. australe from O. flavescens were smaller than those from S. magellanicus and A. australis. However, fecundity (i.e. the proportion of fully developed eggs) was lower and more variable in females collected from S. magellanicus. At first glance, the occurrence of reproductive individuals of C. australe in Magellanic penguins could be interpreted as an adaptive colonization of a novel avian host through favourable mutations. However, it could also be considered, perhaps more likely, as an example of ecological fitting through the use of a plesimorphic (host) resource, since the ancestors of Corynosoma infected aquatic birds.
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22
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The Cotesia sesamiae story: insight into host-range evolution in a Hymenoptera parasitoid and implication for its use in biological control programs. Genetica 2017; 145:455-468. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-017-9989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Loxdale HD, Balog A. Aphid specialism as an example of ecological-evolutionary divergence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:642-657. [PMID: 28836372 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Debate still continues around the definition of generalism and specialism in nature. To some, generalism is equated solely with polyphagy, but this cannot be readily divorced from other essential biological factors, such as morphology, behaviour, genetics, biochemistry, chemistry and ecology, including chemical ecology. Viewed in this light, and accepting that when living organisms evolve to fill new ecological-evolutionary niches, this is the primal act of specialisation, then perhaps all living organisms are specialist in the broadest sense. To illustrate the levels of specialisation that may be found in a group of animals, we here provide an overview of those displayed by a subfamily of hemipteran insects, the Aphididae, which comprises some 1600 species/subspecies in Europe alone and whose members are specialised in a variety of lifestyle traits. These include life cycle, host adaptation, dispersal and migration, associations with bacterial symbionts (in turn related to host adaptation and resistance to hymenopterous wasp parasitoids), mutualisms with ants, and resistance to insecticides. As with polyphagy, these traits cannot easily be separated from one another, but rather, are interconnected, often highly so, which makes the Aphididae a fascinating animal group to study, providing an informative, perhaps unique, model to illustrate the complexities of defining generalism versus specialism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, U.K
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Department of Horticulture, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, 540485, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
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24
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An example of host plant expansion of host-specialized Aphis gossypii Glover in the field. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177981. [PMID: 28545139 PMCID: PMC5435340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The host plant expansion of host-specialized Aphis gossypii (Glover) has been well studied in the laboratory; however, this phenomenon is poorly understood in the field. Here, we provide a series of laboratory and field experiments to assess the role of zucchini in the host plant expansion of cotton-specialized aphids. We observed that cotton-specialized aphids possessed the ability to expand on a new host plant (cucumber), with individuals first recorded on June 12 and consequently increasing exponentially in number in a field cage. A bioassay experiment showed that aphids from both cotton and cucumber preferred their natal host, but clones from zucchini have a stronger preference for cucumber than cotton or zucchini. A total of 1512 individuals were collected from a cotton field (mixed cotton and cucurbit plot), cotton farmland (cotton alone) and a field cage and sequenced to identify their biotypes. The results for apterous individuals from the cotton field showed that more cucurbit-specialized biotypes occurred on cucumber and more cotton-specialized biotypes occurred on cotton and zucchini. A majority (> 97.0%) of aphids from both the field cage and cotton farmland were cotton-specialized individuals. Consequently, eliminating intermediate host plants may be an effective measure to suppress A. gossypii outbreaks, because cotton and cucumber are often grown together in fields and greenhouses.
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25
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Guzman-Valencia S, Santillán-Galicia MT, Guzmán-Franco AW, Vega-Muñoz R. Differential Host Plant-Associated Genetic Variation Between Sympatric Mite Species of the Genus Oligonychus (Acari: Tetranychidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:274-283. [PMID: 28087579 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to different host plants can lead to host-associated differentiation (HAD). The mites Oligonychus perseae and Oligonychus punicae have a broad range of host plants, but, to date, records of them coexisting sympatrically had only been reported on avocado. However, our field observations showed both species coexisting on host plants other than avocado. The lack of previous records of these mites on the host plants studied here suggests only recent divergence to new host plant species. Previous studies showed that O. punicae had a limited migration capacity compared with O. perseae, suggesting that O. punicae is more likely to develop a close host plant relationship leading to HAD. Adults of both species were collected from trees hosting both mite species. Three genera of host plants considered were Persea, Salix, and Alnus; two species within one genus were Alnus jorullensis and Alnus acuminata; and three varieties within one species were Persea americana var. Fuerte, var. Hass, and var. Criollo, a noncommercial variety. Using sequence data from a segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I, the phylogenetic relationships and genetic population structure of both mite species in relation to the host plant were determined. Oligonychus perseae populations showed a significant population structure in relation to host plant at the species and genus level, but there was no effect of variety. In contrast, host plant explained none of the genetic variation among O. punicae populations. The potential role of coexistence mechanisms in the contrasting genetic population structure of both mite species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Guzman-Valencia
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. de México 56230, México (; ; )
| | - Ma Teresa Santillán-Galicia
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. de México 56230, México (; ; )
| | - Ariel W Guzmán-Franco
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. de México 56230, México (; ; )
| | - Ricardo Vega-Muñoz
- Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. de México 56230, México
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26
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Henning F, Machado-Schiaffino G, Baumgarten L, Meyer A. Genetic dissection of adaptive form and function in rapidly speciating cichlid fishes. Evolution 2017; 71:1297-1312. [PMID: 28211577 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genes of major phenotypic effects and strong genetic correlations can facilitate adaptation, direct selective responses, and potentially lead to phenotypic convergence. However, the preponderance of this type of genetic architecture in repeatedly evolved adaptations remains unknown. Using hybrids between Haplochromis chilotes (thick-lipped) and Pundamilia nyererei (thin-lipped) we investigated the genetics underlying hypertrophied lips and elongated heads, traits that evolved repeatedly in cichlids. At least 25 loci of small-to-moderate and mainly additive effects were detected. Phenotypic variation in lip and head morphology was largely independent. Although several QTL overlapped for lip and head morphology traits, they were often of opposite effects. The distribution of effect signs suggests strong selection on lips. The fitness implications of several detected loci were demonstrated using a laboratory assay testing for the association between genotype and variation in foraging performance. The persistence of low fitness alleles in head morphology appears to be maintained through antagonistic pleiotropy/close linkage with positive-effect lip morphology alleles. Rather than being based on few major loci with strong positive genetic correlations, our results indicate that the evolution of the Lake Victoria thick-lipped ecomorph is the result of selection on numerous loci distributed throughout the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Henning
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Genetics, CCS, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-599, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Lukas Baumgarten
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
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27
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Vertacnik KL, Linnen CR. Evolutionary genetics of host shifts in herbivorous insects: insights from the age of genomics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1389:186-212. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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28
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Pan H, Preisser EL, Su Q, Jiao X, Xie W, Wang S, Wu Q, Zhang Y. Natal Host Plants Can Alter Herbivore Competition. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169142. [PMID: 28030636 PMCID: PMC5193396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific competition between herbivores is widely recognized as an important determinant of community structure. Although researchers have identified a number of factors capable of altering competitive interactions, few studies have addressed the influence of neighboring plant species. If adaptation to/ epigenetic effects of an herbivore’s natal host plant alter its performance on other host plants, then interspecific herbivore interactions may play out differently in heterogeneous and homogenous plant communities. We tested wether the natal host plant of a whitefly population affected interactions between the Middle-east Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) cryptic species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci by rearing the offspring of a cabbage-derived MEAM1 population and a poinsettia-derived MED population together on three different host plants: cotton, poinsettia, and cabbage. We found that MED dominated on poinsettia and that MEAM1 dominated on cabbage, results consistent with previous research. MED also dominated when reared with MEAM1 on cotton, however, a result at odds with multiple otherwise-similar studies that reared both species on the same natal plant. Our work provides evidence that natal plants affect competitive interactions on another plant species, and highlights the potential importance of neighboring plant species on herbivore community composition in agricultral systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipeng Pan
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China, Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Evan L. Preisser
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Qi Su
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguo Jiao
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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29
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Popkin M, Piffaretti J, Clamens AL, Qiao GX, Chen J, Vitalis R, Vanlerberghe-Masutti F, Gupta RK, Lamaari M, Langella O, Coeur d'acier A, Jousselin E. Large-scale phylogeographic study of the cosmopolitan aphid pestBrachycaudus helichrysireveals host plant associated lineages that evolved in allopatry. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Popkin
- INRA - UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro); 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis CS 30016 F-34 988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Josephine Piffaretti
- INRA - UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro); 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis CS 30016 F-34 988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Anne-Laure Clamens
- INRA - UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro); 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis CS 30016 F-34 988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Ge-Xia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District Beijing 100101 China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District Beijing 100101 China
| | - Renaud Vitalis
- INRA - UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro); 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis CS 30016 F-34 988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Flavie Vanlerberghe-Masutti
- INRA - UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro); 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis CS 30016 F-34 988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Rakesh K. Gupta
- Division of Entomology; Faculty of Agriculture; Sher-e-Kashmir University Agricultural & Technology of Jammu; Chatha Jammu 180009 India
| | - Malik Lamaari
- Laboratory of LATPPAM; Department of Agronomy; Institute of Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences; University of Batna; Batna Algeria
| | - Olivier Langella
- CNRS, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale; F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Armelle Coeur d'acier
- INRA - UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro); 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis CS 30016 F-34 988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
| | - Emmanuelle Jousselin
- INRA - UMR 1062 CBGP (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro); 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis CS 30016 F-34 988 Montferrier-sur-Lez France
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30
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Orsucci M, Audiot P, Pommier A, Raynaud C, Ramora B, Zanetto A, Bourguet D, Streiff R. Host specialization involving attraction, avoidance and performance, in two phytophagous moth species. J Evol Biol 2015; 29:114-25. [PMID: 26406269 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Host specialization plays a key role in the extreme diversification of phytophagous insects. Whereas proximate mechanisms of specialization have been studied extensively, their consequences for species divergence remain unclear. Preference for, and performance on hosts are thought to be a major source of divergence in phytophagous insects. We assessed these major components of specialization in two moth species, the European corn borer (ECB) and the Adzuki bean borer (ABB), by testing their oviposition behaviour in different conditions (choice or no-choice set-ups) and their performances, by reciprocal transplant at the larval stage on the usual host and an alternative host plant. We demonstrated that both ABB and ECB have a strong preference for their host plants for oviposition, but that relative larval performances on the usual host and an alternative host differed according to the experiment and the trait considered (weight or survival). Finally, we show for the first time that the preference for maize in ECB conceals a strong avoidance of mugwort. The differences in performance, attraction and avoidance between ECB and ABB are discussed in the light of the underlying mechanisms and divergence process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Orsucci
- CBGP UMR 1062, INRA-IRD-CIRAD-Montpellier SupAgro, Montferrier sur Lez, France.,DGIMI UMR 1333, INRA-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - P Audiot
- CBGP UMR 1062, INRA-IRD-CIRAD-Montpellier SupAgro, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - A Pommier
- CBGP UMR 1062, INRA-IRD-CIRAD-Montpellier SupAgro, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - C Raynaud
- MELGUEIL DIASCOPE UE 0398, INRA, Mauguio, France
| | - B Ramora
- MELGUEIL DIASCOPE UE 0398, INRA, Mauguio, France
| | - A Zanetto
- MELGUEIL DIASCOPE UE 0398, INRA, Mauguio, France
| | - D Bourguet
- CBGP UMR 1062, INRA-IRD-CIRAD-Montpellier SupAgro, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - R Streiff
- CBGP UMR 1062, INRA-IRD-CIRAD-Montpellier SupAgro, Montferrier sur Lez, France.,DGIMI UMR 1333, INRA-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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31
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Rausher MD, Delph LF. Commentary: When does understanding phenotypic evolution require identification of the underlying genes? Evolution 2015; 69:1655-64. [PMID: 25973520 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive evolution is fundamentally a genetic process. Over the past three decades, characterizing the genes underlying adaptive phenotypic change has revealed many important aspects of evolutionary change. At the same time, natural selection is often fundamentally an ecological process that can often be studied without identifying the genes underlying the variation on which it acts. This duality has given rise to disagreement about whether, and under what circumstances, it is necessary to identify specific genes associated with phenotypic change. This issue is of practical concern, especially for researchers who study nonmodel organisms, because of the often enormous cost and labor required to "go for the genes." We here consider a number of situations and questions commonly addressed by researchers. Our conclusion is that although gene identification can be crucial for answering some questions, there are others for which definitive answers can be obtained without finding underlying genes. It should thus not be assumed that considerations of "empirical completeness" dictate that gene identification is always desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Rausher
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.
| | - Lynda F Delph
- Department of Biology, 1001 East Third Street, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
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32
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Bolnick DI, Shim KC, Brock CD. Female stickleback prefer shallow males: Sexual selection on nest microhabitat. Evolution 2015; 69:1643-1653. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I. Bolnick
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas 78712
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas 78712
| | - Kum Chuan Shim
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas 78712
| | - Chad D. Brock
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas 78712
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33
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Soudi S, Reinhold K, Engqvist L. Host-associated divergence in sympatric host races of the leaf beetleLochmaea capreae: implications for local adaptation and reproductive isolation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Reinhold
- Evolutionary Biology; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld Germany
| | - Leif Engqvist
- Evolutionary Biology; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld Germany
- Department of Behavioural Ecology; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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34
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Ragland GJ, Almskaar K, Vertacnik KL, Gough HM, Feder JL, Hahn DA, Schwarz D. Differences in performance and transcriptome-wide gene expression associated withRhagoletis(Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae feeding in alternate host fruit environments. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2759-76. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Ragland
- Department of Entomology; Kansas State University; 123 W. Waters Hall Manhattan KS 66502 USA
- Environmental Change Initiative; University of Notre Dame; 1400 E. Angela Blvd. South Bend IN 46617 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Notre Dame; 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center; Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Kristin Almskaar
- Department of Biology; Western Washington University; 510 High Street MS 9160 Bellingham WA 98225 USA
| | - Kim L. Vertacnik
- Department of Biology; Western Washington University; 510 High Street MS 9160 Bellingham WA 98225 USA
| | - Harlan M. Gough
- Department of Biology; Western Washington University; 510 High Street MS 9160 Bellingham WA 98225 USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Environmental Change Initiative; University of Notre Dame; 1400 E. Angela Blvd. South Bend IN 46617 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Notre Dame; 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center; Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Daniel A. Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology; University of Florida; 1881 Natural Area Drive; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Dietmar Schwarz
- Department of Biology; Western Washington University; 510 High Street MS 9160 Bellingham WA 98225 USA
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35
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Lee Y, Lee W, Lee S, Kim H. A cryptic species of Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) complex revealed by genetic divergence and different host plant association. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:40-51. [PMID: 25413997 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three cryptic species, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, and Aphis rhamnicola sp. nov., are recognized as sharing buckthorn plant, Rhamnus spp. as primary hosts. These aphid species have morphological similarities; however, there are significant genetic differences between the three cryptic species. Based on the high level of genetic divergence and the different secondary host association, we described a new species, Aphis rhamnicola sp. nov., for apterous and alate vivipara, fundatrix, ovipara, and gynopara, including diagnostic key for the host sharing species in the genus Aphis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lee
- Insect Biosystematic Laboratory,Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University,Seoul 151-921,Korea
| | - W Lee
- Insect Biosystematic Laboratory,Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University,Seoul 151-921,Korea
| | - S Lee
- Insect Biosystematic Laboratory,Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University,Seoul 151-921,Korea
| | - H Kim
- Animal Phylogeny and Systematics,Department of Biology,Kunsan National University,Gunsan 573-701,Korea
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36
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Lindholm M. DNA Dispose, but Subjects Decide. Learning and the Extended Synthesis. BIOSEMIOTICS 2015; 8:443-461. [PMID: 26640605 PMCID: PMC4661179 DOI: 10.1007/s12304-015-9242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation by means of natural selection depends on the ability of populations to maintain variation in heritable traits. According to the Modern Synthesis this variation is sustained by mutations and genetic drift. Epigenetics, evodevo, niche construction and cultural factors have more recently been shown to contribute to heritable variation, however, leading an increasing number of biologists to call for an extended view of speciation and evolution. An additional common feature across the animal kingdom is learning, defined as the ability to change behavior according to novel experiences or skills. Learning constitutes an additional source for phenotypic variation, and change in behavior may induce long lasting shifts in fitness, and hence favor evolutionary novelties. Based on published studies, I demonstrate how learning about food, mate choice and habitats has contributed substantially to speciation in the canonical story of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands. Learning cannot be reduced to genetics, because it demands decisions, which requires a subject. Evolutionary novelties may hence emerge both from shifts in allelic frequencies and from shifts in learned, subject driven behavior. The existence of two principally different sources of variation also prevents the Modern Synthesis from self-referring explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lindholm
- />Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
- />Rudolf Steiner University College, Dahls gate 30, 0260 Oslo, Norway
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37
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Friedman J, Twyford AD, Willis JH, Blackman BK. The extent and genetic basis of phenotypic divergence in life history traits in Mimulus guttatus. Mol Ecol 2014; 24:111-22. [PMID: 25403267 PMCID: PMC4657477 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Differential natural selection acting on populations in contrasting environments often results in adaptive divergence in multivariate phenotypes. Multivariate trait divergence across populations could be caused by selection on pleiotropic alleles or through many independent loci with trait-specific effects. Here, we assess patterns of association between a suite of traits contributing to life history divergence in the common monkey flower, Mimulus guttatus, and examine the genetic architecture underlying these correlations. A common garden survey of 74 populations representing annual and perennial strategies from across the native range revealed strong correlations between vegetative and reproductive traits. To determine whether these multitrait patterns arise from pleiotropic or independent loci, we mapped QTLs using an approach combining high-throughput sequencing with bulk segregant analysis on a cross between populations with divergent life histories. We find extensive pleiotropy for QTLs related to flowering time and stolon production, a key feature of the perennial strategy. Candidate genes related to axillary meristem development colocalize with the QTLs in a manner consistent with either pleiotropic or independent QTL effects. Further, these results are analogous to previous work showing pleiotropy-mediated genetic correlations within a single population of M. guttatus experiencing heterogeneous selection. Our findings of strong multivariate trait associations and pleiotropic QTLs suggest that patterns of genetic variation may determine the trajectory of adaptive divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannice Friedman
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 110 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
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38
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Wang IJ, Bradburd GS. Isolation by environment. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5649-62. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management; University of California; 130 Mulford Hall #3114 Berkeley CA 94705 USA
| | - Gideon S. Bradburd
- Center for Population Biology; Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California; 2320 Storer Hall 1 Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
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39
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The genetic architecture of coordinately evolving male wing pigmentation and courtship behavior in Drosophila elegans and Drosophila gunungcola. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2014; 4:2079-93. [PMID: 25168010 PMCID: PMC4232533 DOI: 10.1534/g3.114.013037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many adaptive phenotypes consist of combinations of simpler traits that act synergistically, such as morphological traits and the behaviors that use those traits. Genetic correlations between components of such combinatorial traits, in the form of pleiotropic or tightly linked genes, can in principle promote the evolution and maintenance of these traits. In the Oriental Drosophila melanogaster species group, male wing pigmentation shows phylogenetic correlations with male courtship behavior; species with male-specific apical wing melanin spots also exhibit male visual wing displays, whereas species lacking these spots generally lack the displays. In this study, we investigated the quantitative genetic basis of divergence in male wing spots and displays between D. elegans, which possesses both traits, and its sibling species D. gunungcola, which lacks them. We found that divergence in wing spot size is determined by at least three quantitative trait loci (QTL) and divergence in courtship score is determined by at least four QTL. On the autosomes, QTL locations for pigmentation and behavior were generally separate, but on the X chromosome two clusters of QTL were found affecting both wing pigmentation and courtship behavior. We also examined the genetic basis of divergence in three components of male courtship, wing display, circling, and body shaking. Each of these showed a distinct genetic architecture, with some QTL mapping to similar positions as QTL for overall courtship score. Pairwise tests for interactions between marker loci revealed evidence of epistasis between putative QTL for wing pigmentation but not those for courtship behavior. The clustering of X-linked QTL for male pigmentation and behavior is consistent with the concerted evolution of these traits and motivates fine-scale mapping studies to elucidate the nature of the contributing genetic factors in these intervals.
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40
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Molecular characterization of the Aphis gossypii olfactory receptor gene families. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101187. [PMID: 24971460 PMCID: PMC4074156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is a polyphagous pest that inflicts great damage to cotton yields worldwide. Antennal olfaction, which is extremely important for insect survival, mediates key behaviors such as host preference, mate choice, and oviposition site selection. In insects, odor detection is mediated by odorant receptors (ORs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs), which ensure the specificity of the olfactory sensory neuron responses. In this study, our aim is to identify chemosensory receptors in the cotton aphid genome, as a means to uncover olfactory encoding of the polyphagous feeding habits as well as to aid the discovery of new targets for behavioral interference. We identified a total of 45 candidate ORs and 14 IRs in the cotton aphid genome. Among the candidate AgoORs, 9 are apparent pseudogenes, while 19 can be clustered with ORs from the pea aphid, forming 16 AgoOR/ApOR orthologous subgroups. Among the candidate IRs, we identified homologs of the two highly conserved co-receptors IR8a and IR25a; no AgoIR retain the complete glutamic acid binding domain, suggesting that putative AgoIRs bind different ligands. Our results provide the necessary information for functional characterization of the chemosensory receptors of A. gossypii, with potential for new or refined applications of semiochemicals-based control of this pest insect.
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41
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Nouhaud P, Peccoud J, Mahéo F, Mieuzet L, Jaquiéry J, Simon JC. Genomic regions repeatedly involved in divergence among plant-specialized pea aphid biotypes. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2013-20. [PMID: 24953130 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic bases of biological diversification is a long-standing goal in evolutionary biology. Here, we investigate whether replicated cases of adaptive divergence involve the same genomic regions in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, a large complex of genetically differentiated biotypes, each specialized on different species of legumes. A previous study identified genomic regions putatively involved in host-plant adaptation and/or reproductive isolation by performing a hierarchical genome scan in three biotypes. This led to the identification of 11 F(ST) outliers among 390 polymorphic microsatellite markers. In this study, the outlier status of these 11 loci was assessed in eight biotypes specialized on other host plants. Four of the 11 previously identified outliers showed greater genetic differentiation among these additional biotypes than expected under the null hypothesis of neutral evolution (α < 0.01). Whether these hotspots of genomic divergence result from adaptive events, intrinsic barriers or reduced recombination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nouhaud
- INRA, UMR 1349 IGEPP, Le Rheu, France
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42
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Mullen SP, Shaw KL. Insect speciation rules: unifying concepts in speciation research. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 59:339-361. [PMID: 24160421 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The study of speciation is concerned with understanding the connection between causes of divergent evolution and the origin and maintenance of barriers to gene exchange between incipient species. Although the field has historically focused either on examples of recent divergence and its causes or on the genetic basis of reproductive isolation between already divergent species, current efforts seek to unify these two approaches. Here we integrate these perspectives through a discussion of recent progress in several insect speciation model systems. We focus on the evolution of speciation phenotypes in each system (i.e., those phenotypes causally involved in reducing gene flow between incipient species), drawing an explicit connection between cause and effect (process and pattern). We emphasize emerging insights into the genomic architecture of speciation as well as timely areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Mullen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;
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43
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Sanchez JA, La-Spina M, Guirao P, Cánovas F. Inferring the population structure of Myzus persicae in diverse agroecosystems using microsatellite markers. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 103:473-484. [PMID: 23448321 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485313000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diverse agroecosystems offer phytophagous insects a wide choice of host plants. Myzus persicae is a polyphagous aphid common in moderate climates. During its life cycle it alternates between primary and secondary hosts. A spatial genetic population structure may arise due to environmental factors and reproduction modes. The aim of this work was to determine the spatial and temporal genetic population structure of M. persicae in relation to host plants and climatic conditions. For this, 923 individuals of M. persicae collected from six plant families between 2005 and 2008 in south-eastern Spain were genotyped for eight microsatellite loci. The population structure was inferred by neighbour-joining, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Bayesian analyses. Moderate polymorphism was observed for the eight loci in almost all the samples. No differences in the number of alleles were observed between primary and secondary hosts or between geographical areas. The proportion of unique genotypes found in the primary host was similar in the north (0.961 ± 0.036) and the south (0.987 ± 0.013), while in the secondary host it was higher in the north (0.801 ± 0.159) than in the south (0.318 ± 0.063). Heterozygosity excess and linkage disequilibrium suggest a high representation of obligate parthenogens in areas with warmer climate and in the secondary hosts. The F ST-values pointed to no genetic differentiation of M. persicae on the different plant families. F ST-values, AMOVA and Bayesian model-based cluster analyses pointed to a significant population structure that was related to primary and secondary hosts. Differences between primary and secondary hosts could be due to the overrepresentation of parthenogens on herbaceous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Sanchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Protección de Cultivos, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, C/Mayor, 1, 30150 La Alberca (Murcia), Spain
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Catchen J, Bassham S, Wilson T, Currey M, O’Brien C, Yeates Q, Cresko WA. The population structure and recent colonization history of Oregon threespine stickleback determined using restriction-site associated DNA-sequencing. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:2864-83. [PMID: 23718143 PMCID: PMC3712868 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how genetic variation is partitioned across genomes within and among populations is a fundamental problem in ecological and evolutionary genetics. To address this problem, we studied the threespine stickleback fish, which has repeatedly undergone parallel phenotypic and genetic differentiation when oceanic fish have invaded freshwater habitats. While significant evolutionary genetic research has been performed using stickleback from geographic regions that have been deglaciated in the last 20 000 years, less research has focused on freshwater populations that predate the last glacial maximum. We performed restriction-site associated DNA-sequencing (RAD-seq) based population genomic analyses on stickleback from across Oregon, which was not glaciated during the last maximum. We sampled stickleback from coastal, Willamette Basin and central Oregon sites, analysed their genetic diversity using RAD-seq, performed structure analyses, reconstructed their phylogeographic history and tested the hypothesis of recent stickleback introduction into central Oregon, where incidence of this species was only recently documented. Our results showed a clear phylogeographic break between coastal and inland populations, with oceanic populations exhibiting the lowest levels of divergence from one another. Willamette Basin and central Oregon populations formed a clade of closely related populations, a finding consistent with a recent introduction of stickleback into central Oregon. Finally, genome-wide analysis of genetic diversity (π) and correlations of alleles within individuals in subpopulations (FIS) supported a role for introgressive hybridization in coastal populations and a recent expansion in central Oregon. Our results exhibit the power of next-generation sequencing genomic approaches such as RAD-seq to identify both historical population structure and recent colonization history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Catchen
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 97403
| | - Susan Bassham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 97403
| | - Taylor Wilson
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 97403
| | - Mark Currey
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 97403
| | - Conor O’Brien
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 97403
| | - Quick Yeates
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 97403
| | - William A. Cresko
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 97403
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Laukkanen L, Leimu R, Muola A, Lilley M, Mutikainen P. Genetic factors affecting food-plant specialization of an oligophagous seed predator. J Evol Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Laukkanen
- Department of Biology; Section of Ecology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - R. Leimu
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - A. Muola
- Department of Biology; Section of Ecology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - M. Lilley
- Department of Biology; Section of Ecology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - P. Mutikainen
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH-Zürich; ETH-Zentrum; Zürich Switzerland
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Tétard-Jones C, Kertesz MA, Preziosi RF. Identification of plant quantitative trait loci modulating a rhizobacteria-aphid indirect effect. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41524. [PMID: 22844487 PMCID: PMC3406024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants simultaneously interact with a plethora of species both belowground and aboveground, which can result in indirect effects mediated by plants. Studies incorporating plant genetic variation indicate that indirect effects mediated by plants may be a significant factor influencing the ecology and evolution of species within a community. Here, we present findings of a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping study, where we mapped a rhizobacteria-aphid indirect effect onto the barley genome. We measured the size of aphid populations on barley when the barley rhizosphere either was or was not supplemented with a rhizobacterial species. Using a QTL mapping subset, we located five regions of the barley genome associated with the rhizobacteria-aphid indirect effect. Rhizobacterial supplementation led to an increase in aphid population size (mapped to three barley QTL), or a decrease in aphid population size (mapped to two barley QTL). One QTL associated with plant resistance to aphids was affected by a significant QTL-by-environment interaction, because it was not expressed when rhizobacteria was supplemented. Our results indicated that rhizobacterial supplementation of barley roots led to either increased or reduced aphid population size depending on plant genotype at five barley QTL. This indicates that the direction of a rhizobacteria-aphid indirect effect could influence the selection pressure on plants, when considering species that affect plant fitness. Further research may build on the findings presented here, to identify genes within QTL regions that are involved in the indirect interaction.
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Latta LC, Weider LJ, Colbourne JK, Pfrender ME. The evolution of salinity tolerance inDaphnia: a functional genomics approach. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:794-802. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh C. Latta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Harvard University; 16 Divinity Ave; Cambridge; MA; 02138-2019; USA
| | - Lawrence J. Weider
- Department of Zoology and Biological Station; University of Oklahoma; 730 Van Vleet Oval; Norman; OK; 73019-0230; USA
| | - John K. Colbourne
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics; Indiana University; 915 East Third Street; Bloomington; IN; 47405; USA
| | - Michael E. Pfrender
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Notre Dame; 109B Galvin Life Sciences; Notre Dame; IN; 46556; USA
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Raboudi F, Chavigny P, Makni H, Vanlerberghe FM, Makni M. Spatial and temporal genetic variation in Tunisian field populations of Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:420-425. [PMID: 22507018 DOI: 10.1603/en11199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) is a major pest of several economic crops in Tunisia. Using 10 microsatellites, we analyzed five populations of M. euphorbiae sampled during the 2004-2005 solanaceous and cucurbit season (April through September) from five geographic origins. From 235 aphids, 61 different multilocus genotypes were identified of which three genotypes MLG1, MLG2, and MLG42 were predominant on all host plants and regions. MLG1 and MLG2 genotypes were detected in 2004 and did not reappear in spring 2005, while the genotype MLG42 was detected only in 2005. All populations showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium even in data sets including one individual per genotype. χ(2) independence tests and analysis of molecular variance showed no significant differentiation among populations collected on different host plant and from different geographic origin, but differences between populations from two successive years were significant. Factorial component analysis corroborates these results. The probable causes of this seasonal variation were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Raboudi
- Unité de recherche, Génétique des insectes ravageurs des plantes d'intérêt agronomique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, University of El Manar, Tunisia.
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Shufran KA. Host race evolution in Schizaphis graminum (Hemiptera: Aphididae): nuclear DNA sequences. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 40:1317-1322. [PMID: 22251742 DOI: 10.1603/en11103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The greenbug aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) was introduced into the United States in the late 1880s, and quickly was established as a pest of wheat, oat, and barley. Sorghum was also a host, but it was not until 1968 that greenbug became a serious pest of it as well. The most effective control method is the planting of resistant varieties; however, the occurrence of greenbug biotypes has hampered the development and use of plant resistance as a management technique. Until the 1990s, the evolutionary status of greenbug biotypes was obscure. Four mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes were previously identified, suggesting that S. graminum sensu lato was comprised of host-adapted races. To elucidate the current evolutionary and taxonomic status of the greenbug and its biotypes, two nuclear genes and introns were sequenced; cytochrome c (CytC) and elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α). Phylogenetic analysis of CytC sequences were in complete agreement with COI sequences and demonstrated three distinct evolutionary lineages in S. graminum. EF1-α DNA sequences were in partial agreement with COI and CytC sequences, and demonstrated two distinct evolutionary lineages. Host-adapted races in greenbug are sympatric and appear reproductively isolated. Agricultural biotypes in S. graminum likely arose by genetic recombination via meiosis during sexual reproduction within host-races. The 1968 greenbug outbreak on sorghum was the result of the introduction of a host race adapted to sorghum, and not selection by host resistance genes in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Shufran
- USDA-ARS, Wheat, Peanut, and Other Field Crops Research Unit, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA.
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Poisot T, Bever JD, Nemri A, Thrall PH, Hochberg ME. A conceptual framework for the evolution of ecological specialisation. Ecol Lett 2011; 14:841-51. [PMID: 21699641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 841-851 ABSTRACT: Ecological specialisation concerns all species and underlies many major ecological and evolutionary patterns. Yet its status as a unifying concept is not always appreciated because of its similarity to concepts of the niche, the many levels of biological phenomena to which it applies, and the complexity of the mechanisms influencing it. The evolution of specialisation requires the coupling of constraints on adaptive evolution with covariation of genotype and environmental performance. This covariation itself depends upon organismal properties such as dispersal behaviour and life history and complexity in the environment stemming from factors such as species interactions and spatio-temporal heterogeneity in resources. Here, we develop a view on specialisation that integrates across the range of biological phenomena with the goal of developing a more predictive conceptual framework that specifically accounts for the importance of biotic complexity and coevolutionary events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Poisot
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC065, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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