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Majid S, Khan MS, Nisar N, Bhat JA, Haq I, Khan SMS. Impact of clinico-biochemical and inflammatory biomarkers on the immunogenicity and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 adenoviral vaccine: a longitudinal study. J Circ Biomark 2023; 12:34-43. [PMID: 37744159 PMCID: PMC10515580 DOI: 10.33393/jcb.2023.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Due to a lack of effective antiviral treatment, several vaccines have been put forth to curb SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection and to reduce the mortality and morbidity rate by eliciting a protective immune response, primarily through virus-neutralizing antibodies specific for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This longitudinal study was designed to evaluate the vaccine effectiveness and immune response following the administration of adenoviral vaccine, COVISHIELD, in Indian population who were previously uninfected with SARS-CoV-2 and to reveal the effect of various sociodemographic, inflammatory and biochemical factors on antibody response. Methods Briefly, the total immunoglobulin G (IgG) against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid protein along with the immunological markers were estimated by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) technology. Biochemical parameters were estimated by spectrometry. Results A total of 348 subjects received two doses of COVISHIELD (224 males, 124 females). The mean age of the study subjects was 42.03 ± 13.54 years. Although both the doses of COVISHIELD against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induced a robust immune response that lasted for months in all the subjects, the total IgG titer against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was found significantly higher in subjects ≥50 years of age, and those with obesity, elevated triglycerides and elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels. Conclusions There is a definite effect of age and biochemical factors on the immunogenicity of COVISHIELD. An understanding of these factors could not only impact the design of vaccines and help improve vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy but also assist in decisions on vaccination schedules, in order to combat this deadly pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabhiya Majid
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College and Associated SMHS and Super Speciality Hospital, Srinagar, J&K - India
| | - Mosin S Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College and Associated SMHS and Super Speciality Hospital, Srinagar, J&K - India
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College Baramulla and Associated Hospitals, Baramulla, J&K - India
| | - Najila Nisar
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College and Associated SMHS and Super Speciality Hospital, Srinagar, J&K - India
| | - Javid A Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College and Associated SMHS and Super Speciality Hospital, Srinagar, J&K - India
| | - Inaamul Haq
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar and Associated SMHS and Super Speciality Hospital, Srinagar, J&K - India
| | - S Muhammad Salim Khan
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar and Associated SMHS and Super Speciality Hospital, Srinagar, J&K - India
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Li HM, Wang LJ, Huang Q, Pan HF, Zhang TP. Exploring the association between Th17 pathway gene polymorphisms and pulmonary tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:994247. [PMID: 36483566 PMCID: PMC9723456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.994247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells play a key role in immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), and this study aimed to explore the association of Th17 pathway gene polymorphisms with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) susceptibility in a Chinese population. A total of 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms in Th17 pathway genes (IL-17A gene rs2275913, rs3748067, rs8193036, rs3819024, IL-17F gene rs7741835, rs763780, IL-21 gene rs907715, rs2055979, IL-23R gene rs11805303, and rs7518660) were genotyped in 456 PTB patients and 466 controls using SNPscan technique. The IL-23R rs11805303 CC genotype, C allele frequencies were significantly lower in PTB patients than in controls, and the rs11805303 variant was significantly associated with the reduced risk of PTB in a recessive model. There were no significant associations between IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-21 gene variations and PTB risk. In IL-17A gene, rs2275913, rs3748067, and rs3819024 variants were associated with drug resistance in PTB patients. In IL-17F gene, rs7741835 variant affected drug resistance, and rs763780 variant was associated with hypoproteinemia in PTB patients. In addition, the lower frequencies of the TT genotype, T allele of rs2055979 were found in PTB patients with drug-induced liver injury. Haplotype analysis showed that IL-23R CG haplotype frequency was significantly lower in PTB patients than in controls, while the TG haplotype frequency was higher. In conclusion, IL-23R rs11805303 polymorphism may contribute to the genetic underpinnings of PTB in the Chinese population, and the IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-21 genetic variations are associated with several clinical manifestations of PTB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Miao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China,Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Public Health, Medical Department, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China,*Correspondence: Tian-Ping Zhang, ; Hai-Feng Pan,
| | - Tian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China,*Correspondence: Tian-Ping Zhang, ; Hai-Feng Pan,
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3
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Uren C, Hoal EG, Möller M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and human coadaptation: a two-way street complicating host susceptibility to TB. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 30:R146-R153. [PMID: 33258469 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) has infected numerous populations, both human and non-human, causing symptomatic tuberculosis (TB) in some hosts. Research investigating the MTBC and how it has evolved with its host over time is sparse and has not resulted in many significant findings. There are even fewer studies investigating adaptation of the human host susceptibility to TB and these have largely focused on genome-wide association and candidate gene association studies. However, results emanating from these association studies are rarely replicated and appear to be population specific. It is, therefore, necessary to relook at the approach taken to investigate the relationship between the MTBC and the human host. Understanding that the evolution of the pathogen is coupled to the evolution of the host might be the missing link needed to effectively investigate their relationship. We hypothesize that this knowledge will bolster future efforts in combating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Uren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, 8000 Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, 8000 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marlo Möller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, 8000 Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
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4
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Olvany JM, Sausville LN, White MJ, Tacconelli A, Tavera G, Sobota RS, Ciccacci C, Bohlbro AS, Wejse C, Williams SM, Sirugo G. CLEC4E (Mincle) genetic variation associates with pulmonary tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau (West Africa). INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104560. [PMID: 32971250 PMCID: PMC7962542 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. According to the WHO, 85% of cases in 2018 were pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), making it the most prevalent form of the disease. Although the bacillus responsible for disease, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is estimated to infect 1.7 billion people worldwide, only a small portion of those infected (5-10%) will transition into active TB. Because such a small fraction of infected people develop active disease, we hypothesized that underlying host genetic variation associates with developing active pulmonary disease. Variation in CLEC4E has been of interest in previous association studies showing either no effect or protection from PTB. For our study we assessed 60 SNPs in 11 immune genes, including CLEC4E, using a case-control study from Guinea-Bissau. The 289 cases and 322 controls differed in age, sex, and ethnicity all of which were included in adjusted models. Initial association analysis with unadjusted logistic regression revealed putative association with seven SNPs (p < 0.05). All SNPs were then assessed in an adjusted model. Of the six SNPs that remained significant, three of them were assigned to the CLEC4E gene (rs12302046, rs10841847, and rs11046143). Of these, only rs10841847 passed FDR adjustment for multiple testing. Adjusted regression analyses showed that the minor allele at rs10841847 associated with higher risk of developing PTB (OR = 1.55, CI = 1.22-1.96, p-value = 0.00036). Based on these initial association tests, CLEC4E seemed to be the predictor of interest for PTB risk in this population. Haplotype analysis (2-SNP and 3-SNP windows) showed that minor alleles in segments including rs10841847 were the only ones to pass the threshold of global significance, compared to other haplotypes (p-value < 0.05). Linkage disequilibrium patterns showed that rs12302046 is in high LD with rs10841847 (r2 = 0.67), and all other SNPs lost significance when adjusted for rs10841847 effects. These findings indicate that rs10841847 in CLEC4E is the single best predictor of pulmonary tuberculosis risk in our study population. These results provide evidence for the hypothesis that genetic variation of CLEC4E influences risk to TB in Guinea-Bissau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M Olvany
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lindsay N Sausville
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Marquitta J White
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Gloria Tavera
- Department of Clinical Translational Science Collaborative, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rafal S Sobota
- Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Cinzia Ciccacci
- UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131, Rome, Italy; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Genetics Section, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Anders S Bohlbro
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Christian Wejse
- Bandim Health Project, Danish Epidemiology Science Centre and Statens Serum Institute, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Scott M Williams
- Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, and Genetics and Genome Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Giorgio Sirugo
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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5
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Sudbury EL, Clifford V, Messina NL, Song R, Curtis N. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific cytokine biomarkers to differentiate active TB and LTBI: A systematic review. J Infect 2020; 81:873-881. [PMID: 33007340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES New tests are needed to overcome the limitations of existing immunodiagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB) infection, including their inability to differentiate between active TB and latent TB infection (LTBI). This review aimed to identify the most promising cytokine biomarkers for use as stage-specific markers of TB infection. METHODS A systematic review was done using electronic databases to identify studies that have investigated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-specific cytokine responses as diagnostic tools to differentiate between LTBI and active TB. RESULTS The 56 studies included in this systematic review measured the MTB-specific responses of 100 cytokines, the most frequently studied of which were IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IP-10, IL-10 and IL-13. Ten studies assessed combinations of cytokines, most commonly IL-2 and IFN-γ. For most cytokines, findings were heterogenous between studies. The variation in results likely relates to differences in the study design and laboratory methods, as well as participant and environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS Although several cytokines show promise as stage-specific markers of TB infection, this review highlights the need for further well-designed studies, in both adult and paediatric populations, to establish which cytokine(s) will be of most use in a new generation of immunodiagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Sudbury
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Vanessa Clifford
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Nicole L Messina
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Rinn Song
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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6
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Messina NL, Netea MG, Curtis N. The impact of human single nucleotide polymorphisms on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin responses. Vaccine 2020; 38:6224-6235. [PMID: 32826104 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of genetic variability on human immune responses has major implications for the understanding of disease mechanisms and host-pathogen interactions. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is given globally to protect against tuberculosis, has high variability in its protective efficacy against mycobacteria and its beneficial off-target (heterologous) effects. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are major cause of genetic variation and have been strongly associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis and outcomes following BCG immunotherapy for cancer. This review discusses the contribution of SNPs to the variability in mycobacterial-specific and off-target BCG responses, and the implications for this on development of novel TB vaccines and strategies to harness the beneficial off-target effects of BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Messina
- Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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7
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Bruiners N, Schurz H, Daya M, Salie M, van Helden PD, Kinnear CJ, Hoal EG, Möller M, Gey van Pittius NC. A regulatory variant in the C1Q gene cluster is associated with tuberculosis susceptibility and C1qA plasma levels in a South African population. Immunogenetics 2020; 72:305-314. [PMID: 32556499 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several genetic studies have implicated genes that encode for components of the innate immune response in tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility. The complement system is an early player in the innate immune response and provides the host with initial protection by promoting phagocytosis of apoptotic or necrotic cells. The C1q molecule is the first component of the classical pathway that leads to the activation of complement by binding to immune complexes and is encoded by the C1Q gene cluster. We investigated variants in this region to determine its association with TB susceptibility. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs12033074, rs631090, rs172378, rs587585, and rs665691) were genotyped using TaqMan® SNP assays in 456 TB cases and 448 healthy controls and analysed by logistic regression models. The rs587585 variant showed a significant additive allelic association where the minor G allele was found more frequently in TB cases than in controls in both the discovery (p = 0.023; OR = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.04-1.64) and validation cohort (p = 0.038; OR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.22-1.40). In addition, we detected increased C1qA expression when comparing cases and controls (p = 0.037) and linked this to a dosage effect of the G allele, which increased C1qA expression in TB cases. This is the first study to report the association of C1Q gene polymorphisms with progression to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Bruiners
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Haiko Schurz
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michelle Daya
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Muneeb Salie
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Paul D van Helden
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Craig J Kinnear
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marlo Möller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas C Gey van Pittius
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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The Diversity Outbred Mouse Population Is an Improved Animal Model of Vaccination against Tuberculosis That Reflects Heterogeneity of Protection. mSphere 2020; 5:5/2/e00097-20. [PMID: 32295871 PMCID: PMC7160682 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00097-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We vaccinated the Diversity Outbred (DO) population of mice with BCG, the only vaccine currently used to protect against tuberculosis, and then challenged them with M. tuberculosis by aerosol. We found that the BCG-vaccinated DO mouse population exhibited a wide range of outcomes, in which outcomes in individual mice ranged from minimal respiratory or systemic disease to fulminant disease and death. The breadth of these outcomes appears similar to the range seen in people, indicating that DO mice may serve as an improved small-animal model to study tuberculosis infection and immunity. Moreover, sophisticated tools are available for the use of these mice to map genes contributing to control of vaccination. Thus, the present studies provided an important new tool in the fight against tuberculosis. Many studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and immunity have used mouse models. However, outcomes of vaccination and challenge with M. tuberculosis in inbred mouse strains do not reflect the full range of outcomes seen in people. Previous studies indicated that the novel Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse population exhibited a spectrum of outcomes after primary aerosol infection with M. tuberculosis. Here, we demonstrate the value of this novel mouse population for studies of vaccination against M. tuberculosis aerosol challenge. Using the only currently licensed tuberculosis vaccine, we found that the DO population readily controlled systemic Mycobacterium bovis BCG bacterial burdens and that BCG vaccination significantly improved survival across the DO population upon challenge with M. tuberculosis. Many individual DO mice that were vaccinated with BCG and then challenged with M. tuberculosis exhibited low bacterial burdens, low or even no systemic dissemination, little weight loss, and only minor lung pathology. In contrast, some BCG-vaccinated DO mice progressed quickly to fulminant disease upon M. tuberculosis challenge. Across the population, most of these disease parameters were at most modestly correlated with each other and were often discordant. This result suggests the need for a multiparameter metric to better characterize “disease” and “protection,” with closer similarity to the complex case definitions used in people. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DO mice provide a novel small-animal model of vaccination against tuberculosis that better reflects the wide spectrum of outcomes seen in people. IMPORTANCE We vaccinated the Diversity Outbred (DO) population of mice with BCG, the only vaccine currently used to protect against tuberculosis, and then challenged them with M. tuberculosis by aerosol. We found that the BCG-vaccinated DO mouse population exhibited a wide range of outcomes, in which outcomes in individual mice ranged from minimal respiratory or systemic disease to fulminant disease and death. The breadth of these outcomes appears similar to the range seen in people, indicating that DO mice may serve as an improved small-animal model to study tuberculosis infection and immunity. Moreover, sophisticated tools are available for the use of these mice to map genes contributing to control of vaccination. Thus, the present studies provided an important new tool in the fight against tuberculosis.
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Morris G, Berk M, Maes M, Carvalho AF, Puri BK. Socioeconomic Deprivation, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Medical Disorders in Adulthood: Mechanisms and Associations. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5866-5890. [PMID: 30685844 PMCID: PMC6614134 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe socioeconomic deprivation (SED) and adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are significantly associated with the development in adulthood of (i) enhanced inflammatory status and/or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction and (ii) neurological, neuroprogressive, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms by which these associations take place are detailed. The two sets of consequences are themselves strongly associated, with the first set likely contributing to the second. Mechanisms enabling bidirectional communication between the immune system and the brain are described, including complex signalling pathways facilitated by factors at the level of immune cells. Also detailed are mechanisms underpinning the association between SED, ACE and the genesis of peripheral inflammation, including epigenetic changes to immune system-related gene expression. The duration and magnitude of inflammatory responses can be influenced by genetic factors, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, and by epigenetic factors, whereby pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and nuclear factor-κB affect gene DNA methylation and histone acetylation and also induce several microRNAs including miR-155, miR-181b-1 and miR-146a. Adult HPA axis activity is regulated by (i) genetic factors, such as glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms; (ii) epigenetic factors affecting glucocorticoid receptor function or expression, including the methylation status of alternative promoter regions of NR3C1 and the methylation of FKBP5 and HSD11β2; (iii) chronic inflammation and chronic nitrosative and oxidative stress. Finally, it is shown how severe psychological stress adversely affects mitochondrial structure and functioning and is associated with changes in brain mitochondrial DNA copy number and transcription; mitochondria can act as couriers of childhood stress into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Basant K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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11
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Aslibekyan S, Agha G, Colicino E, Do AN, Lahti J, Ligthart S, Marioni RE, Marzi C, Mendelson MM, Tanaka T, Wielscher M, Absher DM, Ferrucci L, Franco OH, Gieger C, Grallert H, Hernandez D, Huan T, Iurato S, Joehanes R, Just AC, Kunze S, Lin H, Liu C, Meigs JB, van Meurs JBJ, Moore AZ, Peters A, Prokisch H, Räikkönen K, Rathmann W, Roden M, Schramm K, Schwartz JD, Starr JM, Uitterlinden AG, Vokonas P, Waldenberger M, Yao C, Zhi D, Baccarelli AA, Bandinelli S, Deary IJ, Dehghan A, Eriksson J, Herder C, Jarvelin MR, Levy D, Arnett DK. Association of Methylation Signals With Incident Coronary Heart Disease in an Epigenome-Wide Assessment of Circulating Tumor Necrosis Factor α. JAMA Cardiol 2018; 3:463-472. [PMID: 29617535 PMCID: PMC6100733 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2018.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine with manifold consequences for mammalian pathophysiology, including cardiovascular disease. A deeper understanding of TNF-α biology may enhance treatment precision. Objective To conduct an epigenome-wide analysis of blood-derived DNA methylation and TNF-α levels and to assess the clinical relevance of findings. Design, Setting, and Participants This meta-analysis assessed epigenome-wide associations in circulating TNF-α concentrations from 5 cohort studies and 1 interventional trial, with replication in 3 additional cohort studies. Follow-up analyses investigated associations of identified methylation loci with gene expression and incident coronary heart disease; this meta-analysis included 11 461 participants who experienced 1895 coronary events. Exposures Circulating TNF-α concentration. Main Outcomes and Measures DNA methylation at approximately 450 000 loci, neighboring DNA sequence variation, gene expression, and incident coronary heart disease. Results The discovery cohort included 4794 participants, and the replication study included 816 participants (overall mean [SD] age, 60.7 [8.5] years). In the discovery stage, circulating TNF-α levels were associated with methylation of 7 cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites, 3 of which were located in or near DTX3L-PARP9 at cg00959259 (β [SE] = -0.01 [0.003]; P = 7.36 × 10-8), cg08122652 (β [SE] = -0.008 [0.002]; P = 2.24 × 10-7), and cg22930808(β [SE] = -0.01 [0.002]; P = 6.92 × 10-8); NLRC5 at cg16411857 (β [SE] = -0.01 [0.002]; P = 2.14 × 10-13) and cg07839457 (β [SE] = -0.02 [0.003]; P = 6.31 × 10-10); or ABO, at cg13683939 (β [SE] = 0.04 [0.008]; P = 1.42 × 10-7) and cg24267699 (β [SE] = -0.009 [0.002]; P = 1.67 × 10-7), after accounting for multiple testing. Of these, negative associations between TNF-α concentration and methylation of 2 loci in NLRC5 and 1 in DTX3L-14 PARP9 were replicated. Replicated TNF-α-linked CpG sites were associated with 9% to 19% decreased risk of incident coronary heart disease per 10% higher methylation per CpG site (cg16411857: hazard ratio [HR], 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78-1.95; P = .003; cg07839457: HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80-0.94; P = 3.1 × 10-5; cg00959259: HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84-0.97; P = .002; cg08122652: HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.74-0.89; P = 2.0 × 10-5). Conclusions and Relevance We identified and replicated novel epigenetic correlates of circulating TNF-α concentration in blood samples and linked these loci to coronary heart disease risk, opening opportunities for validation and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Golareh Agha
- The Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Elena Colicino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Anh N. Do
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham
- Now with Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo E. Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carola Marzi
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael M. Mendelson
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthias Wielscher
- Medical Research Council–Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Devin M. Absher
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Oscar H. Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tianxiao Huan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stella Iurato
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Roby Joehanes
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, Bethesda, Maryland
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allan C. Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sonja Kunze
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James B. Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Population and Medical Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Joyce B. J. van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ann Zenobia Moore
- Longitudinal Study Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Annette Peters
- Medical Research Council–Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum fur Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Schramm
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joel D. Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pantel Vokonas
- Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chen Yao
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Degui Zhi
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Andrea A. Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | | | - Ian J. Deary
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Medical Research Council–Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical Diabetology, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Medical Research Council–Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Center for Life-Course Health Research, Northern Finland Cohort Center, Finland and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Abel L, Fellay J, Haas DW, Schurr E, Srikrishna G, Urbanowski M, Chaturvedi N, Srinivasan S, Johnson DH, Bishai WR. Genetics of human susceptibility to active and latent tuberculosis: present knowledge and future perspectives. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:e64-e75. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Jabot-Hanin F, Cobat A, Feinberg J, Orlova M, Niay J, Deswarte C, Poirier C, Theodorou I, Bustamante J, Boisson-Dupuis S, Casanova JL, Alcaïs A, Hoal EG, Delacourt C, Schurr E, Abel L. An eQTL variant of ZXDC is associated with IFN-γ production following Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific stimulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12800. [PMID: 28993696 PMCID: PMC5634485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large inter-individual variability in the response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In previous linkage analyses, we identified a major locus on chromosome region 8q controlling IFN-γ production after stimulation with live BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin), and a second locus on chromosome region 3q affecting IFN-γ production triggered by the 6-kDa early secretory antigen target (ESAT-6), taking into account the IFN-γ production induced by BCG (IFNγ-ESAT6BCG). High-density genotyping and imputation identified ~100,000 variants within each linkage region, which we tested for association with the corresponding IFN-γ phenotype in families from a tuberculosis household contact study in France. Significant associations were replicated in a South African familial sample. The most convincing association observed was that between the IFNγ-ESAT6BCG phenotype and rs9828868 on chromosome 3q (p = 9.8 × 10−6 in the French sample). This variant made a significant contribution to the linkage signal (p < 0.001), and a trend towards the same association was observed in the South African sample. This variant was reported to be an eQTL of the ZXDC gene, biologically linked to monocyte IL-12 production through CCL2/MCP1. The identification of rs9828868 as a genetic driver of IFNγ production in response to mycobacterial antigens provides new insights into human anti-tuberculosis immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Jabot-Hanin
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Feinberg
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Marianna Orlova
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jonathan Niay
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UF d'Histocompatibilité et Immunogénétique, Département d'Immunologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Christine Poirier
- Centre de Lutte Anti-Tuberculeuse, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Ioannis Theodorou
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UF d'Histocompatibilité et Immunogénétique, Département d'Immunologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Christophe Delacourt
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Pneumology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France. .,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France. .,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Shah JA, Musvosvi M, Shey M, Horne DJ, Wells RD, Peterson GJ, Cox JS, Daya M, Hoal EG, Lin L, Gottardo R, Hanekom WA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hawn TR. A Functional Toll-Interacting Protein Variant Is Associated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Specific Immune Responses and Tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:502-511. [PMID: 28463648 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201611-2346oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The molecular mechanisms that regulate tuberculosis susceptibility and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced immunity are mostly unknown. However, induction of the adaptive immune response is a critical step in host control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Toll-interacting protein (TOLLIP) is a ubiquitin-binding protein that regulates innate immune responses, including Toll-like receptor signaling, which initiate adaptive immunity. TOLLIP variation is associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis, but the mechanism by which it regulates tuberculosis immunity is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To identify functional TOLLIP variants and evaluate the role of TOLLIP variation on innate and adaptive immune responses to mycobacteria and susceptibility to tuberculosis. METHODS We used human cellular immunology approaches to characterize the role of a functional TOLLIP variant on monocyte mRNA expression and M. tuberculosis-induced monocyte immune functions. We also examined the association of TOLLIP variation with BCG-induced T-cell responses and susceptibility to latent tuberculosis infection. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified a functional TOLLIP promoter region single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs5743854, which was associated with decreased TOLLIP mRNA expression in infant monocytes. After M. tuberculosis infection, TOLLIP-deficient monocytes demonstrated increased IL-6, increased nitrite, and decreased bacterial replication. The TOLLIP-deficiency G/G genotype was associated with decreased BCG-specific IL-2+ CD4+ T-cell frequency and proliferation. This genotype was also associated with increased susceptibility to latent tuberculosis infection. CONCLUSIONS TOLLIP deficiency is associated with decreased BCG-specific T-cell responses and increased susceptibility to tuberculosis. We hypothesize that the heightened antibacterial monocyte responses after vaccination of TOLLIP-deficient infants are responsible for decreased BCG-specific T-cell responses. Activating TOLLIP may provide a novel adjuvant strategy for BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed A Shah
- 1 University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,2 Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Muki Shey
- 3 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and.,4 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David J Horne
- 1 University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard D Wells
- 1 University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Jeffery S Cox
- 5 University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Michelle Daya
- 6 Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- 6 Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Lin Lin
- 7 Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and
| | | | - Willem A Hanekom
- 3 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and.,4 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- 3 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and.,4 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- 3 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and.,4 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas R Hawn
- 1 University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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Kinnear C, Hoal EG, Schurz H, van Helden PD, Möller M. The role of human host genetics in tuberculosis resistance. Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11:721-737. [PMID: 28703045 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1354700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem: the latest estimate of new incident cases per year is a staggering 10.4 million. Despite this overwhelming number, the majority of the immunocompetent population can control infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The human genome underlies the immune response and contributes to the outcome of TB infection. Areas covered: Investigations of TB resistance in the general population have closely mirrored those of other infectious diseases and initially involved epidemiological observations. Linkage and association studies, including studies of VDR, SLC11A1 and HLA-DRB1 followed. Genome-wide association studies of common variants, not necessarily sufficient for disease, became possible after technological advancements. Other approaches involved the identification of those individuals with rare disease-causing mutations that strongly predispose to TB, epistasis and the role of ethnicity in disease. Despite these efforts, infection outcome, on an individual basis, cannot yet be predicted. Expert commentary: The early identification of future disease progressors is necessary to stem the TB epidemic. Human genetics may contribute to this endeavour and could in future suggest pathways to target for disease prevention. This will however require concerted efforts to establish large, well-phenotyped cohorts from different ethnicities, improved genomic resources and a better understanding of the human genome architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Kinnear
- a SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- a SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Haiko Schurz
- a SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Paul D van Helden
- a SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Marlo Möller
- a SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Cape Town , South Africa
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Familial risk of tuberculosis (TB) has been recognized for centuries. Largely through studies of mono- and dizygotic twin concordance rates, studies of families with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease, and candidate gene studies performed in the 20th century, it was recognized that susceptibility to TB disease has a substantial host genetic component. Limitations in candidate gene studies and early linkage studies made the robust identification of specific loci associated with disease challenging, and few loci have been convincingly associated across multiple populations. Genome-wide and transcriptome-wide association studies, based on microarray (commonly known as genechip) technologies, conducted in the past decade have helped shed some light on pathogenesis but only a handful of new pathways have been identified. This apparent paradox, of high heritability but few replicable associations, has spurred a new wave of collaborative global studies. This review aims to comprehensively review the heritability of TB, critically review the host genetic and transcriptomic correlates of disease, and highlight current studies and future prospects in the study of host genomics in TB. An implicit goal of elucidating host genetic correlates of susceptibility to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection or TB disease is to identify pathophysiological features amenable to translation to new preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic interventions. The translation of genomic insights into new clinical tools is therefore also discussed.
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17
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Tuberculosis Susceptibility and Vaccine Protection Are Independently Controlled by Host Genotype. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01516-16. [PMID: 27651361 PMCID: PMC5030360 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01516-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the immunological response to the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine are highly variable in humans. Deciphering the relative importance of host genetics, environment, and vaccine preparation for the efficacy of BCG has proven difficult in natural populations. We developed a model system that captures the breadth of immunological responses observed in outbred individual mice, which can be used to understand the contribution of host genetics to vaccine efficacy. This system employs a panel of highly diverse inbred mouse strains, consisting of the founders and recombinant progeny of the "Collaborative Cross" project. Unlike natural populations, the structure of this panel allows the serial evaluation of genetically identical individuals and the quantification of genotype-specific effects of interventions such as vaccination. When analyzed in the aggregate, our panel resembled natural populations in several important respects: the animals displayed a broad range of susceptibility to M. tuberculosis, differed in their immunological responses to infection, and were not durably protected by BCG vaccination. However, when analyzed at the genotype level, we found that these phenotypic differences were heritable. M. tuberculosis susceptibility varied between lines, from extreme sensitivity to progressive M. tuberculosis clearance. Similarly, only a minority of the genotypes was protected by vaccination. The efficacy of BCG was genetically separable from susceptibility to M. tuberculosis, and the lack of efficacy in the aggregate analysis was driven by nonresponsive lines that mounted a qualitatively distinct response to infection. These observations support an important role for host genetic diversity in determining BCG efficacy and provide a new resource to rationally develop more broadly efficacious vaccines. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) remains an urgent global health crisis, and the efficacy of the currently used TB vaccine, M. bovis BCG, is highly variable. The design of more broadly efficacious vaccines depends on understanding the factors that limit the protection imparted by BCG. While these complex factors are difficult to disentangle in natural populations, we used a model population of mice to understand the role of host genetic composition in BCG efficacy. We found that the ability of BCG to protect mice with different genotypes was remarkably variable. The efficacy of BCG did not depend on the intrinsic susceptibility of the animal but, instead, correlated with qualitative differences in the immune responses to the pathogen. These studies suggest that host genetic polymorphism is a critical determinant of vaccine efficacy and provide a model system to develop interventions that will be useful in genetically diverse populations.
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Djuardi Y, Supali T, Wibowo H, Heijmans BT, Deelen J, Slagboom EP, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Sartono E, Yazdanbakhsh M. Maternal and child cytokine relationship in early life is not altered by cytokine gene polymorphisms. Genes Immun 2016; 17:380-385. [PMID: 27581100 PMCID: PMC5223084 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of immune responses is influenced by the interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Our previous study showed a close association between maternal and young infant's cytokine responses. The question is how this association evolves over time and the contribution of genetic polymorphisms to this association. Five cytokines in mitogen-stimulated whole blood culture were measured from pregnant mothers and their children aged 2, 5, 12, 24 and 48 months. Cytokine gene polymorphisms were determined in both mothers and children. High production of maternal interleukin (IL)-10, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was significantly associated with higher levels of the corresponding cytokines in their children at 2 months (T2), but the association decreased over time. Maternal single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in IFN-γ gene, rs3181032, was found to be associated with child's IFN-γ levels at T2 only, whereas maternal IL-10 rs4579758 and child's TNF-α rs13215091 were associated with child's corresponding cytokines at later ages but not at T2. In the final models including the gene polymorphisms, maternal cytokines were still the strongest determinant of child cytokines. Maternal cytokine during pregnancy, which could be a proxy for child's environmental factors, showed its highest impact at early age, with no or little influence from genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Djuardi
- Department of Parasitology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Supali
- Department of Parasitology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - H Wibowo
- Department of Parasitology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - B T Heijmans
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Deelen
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E P Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J J Houwing-Duistermaat
- Medical Statistics, Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E Sartono
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Qiu F, Stein CM, Elston RC. Joint modeling of longitudinal data and discrete-time survival outcome. Stat Methods Med Res 2016; 25:1512-26. [PMID: 23709103 PMCID: PMC3830602 DOI: 10.1177/0962280213490342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A predictive joint shared parameter model is proposed for discrete time-to-event and longitudinal data. A discrete survival model with frailty and a generalized linear mixed model for the longitudinal data are joined to predict the probability of events. This joint model focuses on predicting discrete time-to-event outcome, taking advantage of repeated measurements. We show that the probability of an event in a time window can be more precisely predicted by incorporating the longitudinal measurements. The model was investigated by comparison with a two-step model and a discrete-time survival model. Results from both a study on the occurrence of tuberculosis and simulated data show that the joint model is superior to the other models in discrimination ability, especially as the latent variables related to both survival times and the longitudinal measurements depart from 0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyou Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA Medical Mutual of Ohio, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Catherine M Stein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration
| | - Robert C Elston
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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20
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Jabot-Hanin F, Cobat A, Feinberg J, Grange G, Remus N, Poirier C, Boland-Auge A, Besse C, Bustamante J, Boisson-Dupuis S, Casanova JL, Schurr E, Alcaïs A, Hoal EG, Delacourt C, Abel L. Major Loci on Chromosomes 8q and 3q Control Interferon γ Production Triggered by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and 6-kDa Early Secretory Antigen Target, Respectively, in Various Populations. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1173-9. [PMID: 26690346 PMCID: PMC4779307 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Interferon γ (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs) provide an in vitro measurement of antimycobacterial immunity that is widely used as a test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. IGRA outcomes are highly heritable in various populations, but the nature of the involved genetic factors remains unknown. Methods. We conducted a genome-wide linkage analysis of IGRA phenotypes in families from a tuberculosis household contact study in France and a replication study in families from South Africa to confirm the loci identified. Results. We identified a major locus on chromosome 8q controlling IFN-γ production in response to stimulation with live bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG; LOD score, 3.81; P = 1.40 × 10−5). We also detected a second locus, on chromosome 3q, that controlled IFN-γ levels in response to stimulation with 6-kDa early secretory antigen target, when accounting for the IFN-γ production shared with that induced by BCG (LOD score, 3.72; P = 1.8 × 10−5). Both loci were replicated in South African families, where tuberculosis is hyperendemic. These loci differ from those previously identified as controlling the response to the tuberculin skin test (TST1 and TST2) and the production of TNF-α (TNF1). Conclusions. The identification of 2 new linkage signals in populations of various ethnic origins living in different M. tuberculosis exposure settings provides new clues about the genetic control of human antimycobacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Jabot-Hanin
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163 Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163 Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute
| | - Jacqueline Feinberg
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163 Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute
| | - Ghislain Grange
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163 Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute
| | - Natascha Remus
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163 Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute
| | - Christine Poirier
- Centre de Lutte Anti-Tuberculeuse, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil
| | - Anne Boland-Auge
- Centre National de Génotypage, Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry, France
| | - Céline Besse
- Centre National de Génotypage, Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163 Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163 Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163 Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York
| | - Erwin Schurr
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163 Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology and DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | | | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163 Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University
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21
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Jiang D, Wubuli A, Hu X, Ikramullah S, Maimaiti A, Zhang W, Wushouer Q. The variations of IL-23R are associated with susceptibility and severe clinical forms of pulmonary tuberculosis in Chinese Uygurs. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:550. [PMID: 26626589 PMCID: PMC4665827 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) remains high among Chinese Uygurs (a long-dwelling ethnic minority in Xinjiang) in China and the variants in IL-23R likely contribute to individual’s diversity in host response during infection. Methods A hospital based one to one matched case–control study was performed to assess the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variation (CNV) of IL-23R in susceptibility and clinical features of pulmonary TB in Chinese Uygurs. Thirteen SNPs in IL-23R were genotyped by multiplex SNaPshot and a CNV was analyzed using Taqman real-time PCR in 250 pairs of pulmonary TB patients and controls. Results The SNP rs7518660 (OR = 4.78, 95 % CI 3.14–8.52) and the CNV in IL23R (OR = 2.75, 95 % CI 1.51–4.98) were significantly associated with susceptibility to pulmonary TB. The SNP rs11465802 (OR = 3.23, 95 % CI 1.85–5.62) was significantly associated with drug-resistance and the SNP rs1884444 (OR = 3.61, 95 % CI 1.90–6.85) was significantly related to cavitary lesion in Chinese Uygurs. Conclusions Our study shows for the first time that SNP and CNV in IL23R were associated with susceptibility, drug resistance and cavity formation of pulmonary TB. Our findings indicate that these IL-23R polymorphisms may be considered as risk factors for active pulmonary TB and its severe clinical forms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1284-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daobin Jiang
- Department of Pulmonology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China. .,Department of Pulmonology, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China. .,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Respiratory Physiology Pathology Key Laboratory, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Atikaimu Wubuli
- Department of Pulmonology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Pulmonology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Syed Ikramullah
- Department of Pulmonology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Abudoujilili Maimaiti
- Department of Pulmonology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Qimanguli Wushouer
- Department of Pulmonology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
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22
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Aschard H, Vilhjálmsson B, Joshi A, Price A, Kraft P. Adjusting for heritable covariates can bias effect estimates in genome-wide association studies. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:329-39. [PMID: 25640676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a number of large-scale genome-wide association studies have been published for human traits adjusted for other correlated traits with a genetic basis. In most studies, the motivation for such an adjustment is to discover genetic variants associated with the primary outcome independently of the correlated trait. In this report, we contend that this objective is fulfilled when the tested variants have no effect on the covariate or when the correlation between the covariate and the outcome is fully explained by a direct effect of the covariate on the outcome. For all other scenarios, an unintended bias is introduced with respect to the primary outcome as a result of the adjustment, and this bias might lead to false positives. Here, we illustrate this point by providing examples from published genome-wide association studies, including large meta-analysis of waist-to-hip ratio and waist circumference adjusted for body mass index (BMI), where genetic effects might be biased as a result of adjustment for body mass index. Using both theory and simulations, we explore this phenomenon in detail and discuss the ramifications for future genome-wide association studies of correlated traits and diseases.
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23
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Newport MJ. The genetic regulation of infant immune responses to vaccination. Front Immunol 2015; 6:18. [PMID: 25699041 PMCID: PMC4313718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of factors are recognized to influence immune responses to vaccinations including age, gender, the dose, and quality of the antigen used, the number of doses given, the route of administration, and the nutritional status of the recipient. Additionally, several immunogenetic studies have identified associations between polymorphisms in genes encoding immune response proteins, both innate and adaptive, and variation in responses to vaccines. Variants in the genes encoding Toll-like receptors, HLA molecules, cytokines, and cytokine receptors have associated with heterogeneity of responses to a wide range of vaccines including measles, hepatitis B, influenza A, BCG, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and certain Neisseria meningitidis serotypes, amongst others. However, the vast majority of these studies have been conducted in older children and adults and there are very few data available from studies conducted in infants. This paper reviews the evidence to date that host genes influencing vaccines responses in these older population and identifies a large gap in our understanding of the genetic regulation of responses in early life. Given the high mortality from infection in early life and the challenges of developing vaccines that generate effective immune responses in the context of the developing immune system further research on infant populations is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Newport
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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24
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Heritability of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Receptor Type 1 Expression and Vitamin D Levels in Healthy Adolescent Twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2014; 18:28-35. [DOI: 10.1017/thg.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines and vitamin D both have a role in modulating the immune system, and are also potentially useful biomarkers in mental illnesses such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia. Studying the variability of cytokines and vitamin D in a healthy population sample may add to understanding the association between these biomarkers and mental illness. To assess genetic and environmental contributions to variation in circulating levels of cytokines and vitamin D (25-hydroxy vitamin D: 25(OH)D3), we analyzed data from a healthy adolescent twin cohort (mean age 16.2 years; standard deviation 0.25). Plasma cytokine measures were available for 400 individuals (85 MZ, 115 DZ pairs), dried blood spot sample vitamin D measures were available for 378 individuals (70 MZ, 118 DZ pairs). Heritability estimates were moderate but significant for the cytokines transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), 0.57 (95% CI 0.26–0.80) and tumor necrosis factor-receptor type 1 (TNFR1), 0.50 (95% CI 0.11–0.63) respectively. Measures of 25(OH)D3 were within normal range and heritability was estimated to be high (0.86, 95% CI 0.61–0.94). Assays of other cytokines did not generate meaningful results. These potential biomarkers may be useful in mental illness, with further research warranted in larger sample sizes. They may be particularly important in adolescents with mental illness where diagnostic uncertainty poses a significant clinical challenge.
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25
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Abel L, El-Baghdadi J, Bousfiha AA, Casanova JL, Schurr E. Human genetics of tuberculosis: a long and winding road. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130428. [PMID: 24821915 PMCID: PMC4024222 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a small fraction of individuals exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis develop clinical tuberculosis (TB). Over the past century, epidemiological studies have shown that human genetic factors contribute significantly to this interindividual variability, and molecular progress has been made over the past decade for at least two of the three key TB-related phenotypes: (i) a major locus controlling resistance to infection with M. tuberculosis has been identified, and (ii) proof of principle that severe TB of childhood can result from single-gene inborn errors of interferon-γ immunity has been provided; genetic association studies with pulmonary TB in adulthood have met with more limited success. Future genetic studies of these three phenotypes could consider subgroups of subjects defined on the basis of individual (e.g. age at TB onset) or environmental (e.g. pathogen strain) factors. Progress may also be facilitated by further methodological advances in human genetics. Identification of the human genetic variants controlling the various stages and forms of TB is critical for understanding TB pathogenesis. These findings should have major implications for TB control, in the definition of improved prevention strategies, the optimization of vaccines and clinical trials and the development of novel treatments aiming to restore deficient immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, , 75015 Paris, France
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26
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Newport MJ, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A. Hunting for immune response regulatory genes: vaccination studies in infant twins. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 4:739-46. [PMID: 16221074 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.5.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of twin studies towards unraveling the complex mechanisms of multifactorial diseases is increasingly recognized. Recent twin studies using infant vaccination as a model for infectious diseases have confirmed the importance of host genetic factors as major regulators of the immune response. A combination of twin-based family studies and population-based association studies should lead to the identification of the specific genes involved. These genes and their products have the potential to be developed as targets for novel therapeutic and prophylactic agents against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Newport
- Department of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PS, UK.
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27
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Cobat A, Hoal EG, Gallant CJ, Simkin L, Black GF, Stanley K, Jaïs JP, Yu TH, Boland-Auge A, Grange G, Delacourt C, van Helden P, Casanova JL, Abel L, Alcaïs A, Schurr E. Identification of a major locus, TNF1, that controls BCG-triggered tumor necrosis factor production by leukocytes in an area hyperendemic for tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:963-70. [PMID: 23800941 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key immune regulator of tuberculosis resistance, as exemplified by the highly increased risk of tuberculosis disease among individuals receiving TNF-blocker therapy. METHODS We determined the extent of TNF production after stimulation with BCG or BCG plus interferon gamma (IFN-γ) using a whole blood assay in 392 children belonging to 135 nuclear families from an area hyperendemic for tuberculosis in South Africa. We conducted classical univariate and bivariate genome-wide linkage analysis of TNF production using the data from both stimulation protocols by means of an extension of the maximum-likelihood-binomial method for quantitative trait loci to multivariate analysis. RESULTS Stimulation of whole blood by either BCG or BCG plus IFN-γ resulted in a range of TNF release across subjects. Extent of TNF production following both stimulation protocols was highly correlated (r = 0.81). We failed to identify genetic linkage of TNF release when considering each stimulus separately. However, using a multivariate approach, we detected a major pleiotropic locus (P < 10(-5)) on chromosome region 11p15, termed TNF locus 1 (TNF1), that controlled TNF production after stimulation by both BCG alone and BCG plus IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS The TNF1 locus was mapped in the vicinity of the TST1 locus, previously identified in the same family sample, that controls tuberculin skin test (TST) negativity per se, that is, T-cell-independent resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This suggested that there is a connection between TST negativity per se and TNF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Cobat
- McGill International TB Centre and Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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28
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Stein CM, Hall NB, Malone LL, Mupere E. The household contact study design for genetic epidemiological studies of infectious diseases. Front Genet 2013; 4:61. [PMID: 23641253 PMCID: PMC3639375 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most genetic epidemiological study designs fall into one of two categories: family based and population-based (case–control). However, recent advances in statistical genetics call for study designs that combine these two approaches. We describe the household contact study design as we have applied it in our several years of study of the epidemiology of tuberculosis. Though we highlight its applicability for genetic epidemiological studies of infectious diseases, there are many facets of this design that are appealing for modern genetic studies, including the simultaneous enrollment of related and unrelated individuals, closely and distantly related individuals, collection of extensive epidemiologic and phenotypic data, and evaluation of effects of shared environment and gene by environment interaction. These study design characteristics are particularly appealing for current sequencing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Stein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, USA ; Uganda - Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration Kampala, Uganda
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29
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Tao L, Zalwango S, Chervenak K, Thiel B, Malone LL, Qiu F, Mayanja-Kizza H, Boom WH, Stein CM. Genetic and shared environmental influences on interferon-γ production in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in a Ugandan population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:169-73. [PMID: 23629934 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a key cytokine in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Many studies established IFN-γ responses are influenced by host genetics, however differed widely by the study design and heritability estimation method. We estimated heritability of IFN-γ responses to Mtb culture filtrate (CF), ESAT-6, and Antigen 85B (Ag85B) in 1,104 Ugandans from a household contact study. Our method separately evaluates shared environmental and genetic variance, therefore heritability estimates were not upwardly biased, ranging from 11.6% for Ag85B to 22.9% for CF. Subset analyses of individuals with latent Mtb infection or without human immunodeficiency virus infection yielded higher heritability estimates, suggesting 10-30% of variation in IFN-γ is caused by a shared environment. Immunosuppression does not negate the role of genetics on IFN-γ response. These estimates are remarkably close to those reported for components of the innate immune response. These findings have implications for the interpretation of IFN-γ response assays and vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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30
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El Baghdadi J, Grant AV, Sabri A, El Azbaoui S, Zaidi H, Cobat A, Schurr E, Boisson-Dupuis S, Casanova JL, Abel L. [Human genetics of tuberculosis]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 61:11-6. [PMID: 23399414 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major public health problem worldwide, resulting in 8.7 million new cases and 1.4 million deaths each year. One third of the world's population is exposed to M. tuberculosis and, after exposure, most, but not all, individuals become infected. Among infected subjects, only a minority (∼10%) will eventually develop clinical disease, which is typically either a primary, often extra-pulmonary, TB in children, or a reactivation, pulmonary TB in adults. Considerable genetic epidemiological evidence has accumulated to support a major role for human genetic factors in the development of TB. Numerous association studies with various candidate genes have been conducted in pulmonary TB, with very few consistent results. Recent genome-wide association studies revealed only a modest role for two inter-genic polymorphisms. However, a first major locus for pulmonary TB was mapped to chromosome 8q12-q13 in a Moroccan population after a genome-wide linkage screen. Using a similar strategy, two other major loci controlling TB infection were recently identified. While the precise identification of these major genes is ongoing, the other fascinating observation of these last years was the demonstration that TB can also reflect a Mendelian predisposition. Following the findings obtained in the syndrome of Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases, several children with complete IL-12Rβ1 deficiency, were found to have severe TB as their sole phenotype. Overall, these recent findings provide the proof of concept that the human genetics of TB involves a continuous spectrum from Mendelian to complex predisposition with intermediate major gene involvement. The understanding of the molecular genetic basis of TB will have fundamental immunological and medical implications, in particular for the development of new vaccines and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J El Baghdadi
- Unité de génétique, hôpital militaire d'instruction Mohammed V, Hay Riad, Rabat, Maroc
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Cobat A, Orlova M, Barrera L, Schurr E. Host Genomics and Control of Tuberculosis Infection. Public Health Genomics 2013; 16:44-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000341499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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32
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Randhawa AK, Shey MS, Keyser A, Peixoto B, Wells RD, de Kock M, Lerumo L, Hughes J, Hussey G, Hawkridge A, Kaplan G, Hanekom WA, Hawn TR. Association of human TLR1 and TLR6 deficiency with altered immune responses to BCG vaccination in South African infants. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002174. [PMID: 21852947 PMCID: PMC3154845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective immunoprophylaxis against tuberculosis (TB) remains a global priority, but is hampered by a partially protective Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although host genetic factors may be a primary reason for BCG's variable and inadequate efficacy, this possibility has not been intensively examined. We hypothesized that Toll-like receptor (TLR) variation is associated with altered in vivo immune responses to BCG. We examined whether functionally defined TLR pathway polymorphisms were associated with T cell cytokine responses in whole blood stimulated ex vivo with BCG 10 weeks after newborn BCG vaccination of South African infants. In the primary analysis, polymorphism TLR6_C745T (P249S) was associated with increased BCG-induced IFN-γ in both discovery (n = 240) and validation (n = 240) cohorts. In secondary analyses of the combined cohort, TLR1_T1805G (I602S) and TLR6_G1083C (synonymous) were associated with increased IFN-γ, TLR6_G1083C and TLR6_C745T were associated with increased IL-2, and TLR1_A1188T was associated with increased IFN-γ and IL-2. For each of these polymorphisms, the hypo-responsive allele, as defined by innate immunity signaling assays, was associated with increased production of TH1-type T cell cytokines (IFN-γ or IL-2). After stimulation with TLR1/6 lipopeptide ligands, PBMCs from TLR1/6-deficient individuals (stratified by TLR1_T1805G and TLR6_C745T hyporesponsive genotypes) secreted lower amounts of IL-6 and IL-10 compared to those with responsive TLR1/6 genotypes. In contrast, no IL-12p70 was secreted by PBMCs or monocytes. These data support a mechanism where TLR1/6 polymorphisms modulate TH1 T-cell polarization through genetic regulation of monocyte IL-10 secretion in the absence of IL-12. These studies provide evidence that functionally defined innate immune gene variants are associated with the development of adaptive immune responses after in vivo vaccination against a bacterial pathogen in humans. These findings could potentially guide novel adjuvant vaccine strategies as well as have implications for IFN-γ-based diagnostic testing for TB. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading infectious causes of death worldwide. The current vaccine for TB, BCG, is widely used but it is not highly effective in preventing disease. We investigated the role of host genetics in the immune response to BCG vaccination. We found that variants of innate immunity genes (TLR1 and TLR6) were associated with BCG-induced immune responses after vaccination. These findings may guide new strategies for vaccine development as well as diagnosis of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Kaur Randhawa
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Muki S. Shey
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alana Keyser
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Blas Peixoto
- Public Health Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Wells
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marwou de Kock
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lesedi Lerumo
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jane Hughes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gregory Hussey
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony Hawkridge
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- Public Health Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Willem A. Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas R. Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Miljkovic I, Kuipers AL, Kammerer CM, Wang X, Bunker CH, Patrick AL, Wheeler VW, Kuller LH, Evans RW, Zmuda JM. Markers of inflammation are heritable and associated with subcutaneous and ectopic skeletal muscle adiposity in African ancestry families. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2011; 9:319-26. [PMID: 21501070 DOI: 10.1089/met.2010.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abstract Background: Skeletal muscle adipose tissue (AT) infiltration, or myosteatosis, appears to be greater in African compared with European ancestry individuals and may play a role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a disease that disproportionally affects African ancestry populations. Inflammation is one mechanism that may link myosteatosis with increased T2DM risk, but studies examining the relationship between inflammation and myosteatosis are lacking. METHODS To examine these associations, we measured skeletal muscle subcutaneous AT, intermuscular AT, and skeletal muscle density using quantitative computed tomography and serum markers of inflammation in 471 individuals from 8 Afro-Caribbean multigenerational families [mean family size 67; mean age 43 years; mean body mass index (BMI) 28 kg/m(2)]. RESULTS After removing the variation attributable to significant covariates, heritabilities of inflammation markers [C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] ranged from 33% (TNFα) to 40% (CRP); all P<0.01. Higher CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α were associated with lower subcutaneous AT around skeletal muscle (r=-0.13 to -0.19, P<0.05). Higher CRP was additionally associated with lower skeletal muscle density, indicative of greater intramuscular AT (r=-0.10, P<0.05), hyperinsulinemia (r=0.12, P<0.05), and increased homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r=0.17, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that heredity may play a significant role in the determination of several markers of inflammation in African ancestry individuals. Higher concentrations of CRP appear to be associated with greater skeletal muscle AT infiltration, lower subcutaneous AT, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. Longitudinal studies are needed to further evaluate the relationship between inflammation with changes in skeletal muscle AT distribution with aging and the incidence of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Miljkovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Stein CM, Lu Q, Elston RC, Freebairn LA, Hansen AJ, Shriberg LD, Taylor HG, Lewis BA, Iyengar SK. Heritability estimation for speech-sound traits with developmental trajectories. Behav Genet 2011; 41:184-91. [PMID: 20623172 PMCID: PMC3066568 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-010-9378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have examined genetic influences on developmental problems such as speech sound disorders (SSD), language impairment (LI), and reading disability. Disorders such as SSD are often analyzed using their component endophenotypes. Most studies, however, have involved comparisons of twin pairs or siblings of similar age, or have adjusted for age ignoring effects that are peculiar to age-related trajectories for phenotypic change. Such developmental changes in these skills have limited the usefulness of data from parents or siblings who differ substantially in age from the probands. Employing parent-offspring correlation in heritability estimation permits a more precise estimate of the additive component of genetic variance, but different generations have to be measured for the same trait. We report on a smoothing procedure which fits a series of lines that approximate a curve matching the developmental trajectory. This procedure adjusts for changes in measures with age, so that the adjusted values are on a similar scale for children, adolescents, and adults. We apply this method to four measures of phonological memory and articulation in order to estimate their heritability. Repetition of multisyllabic real words (MSW) showed the best heritability estimate of 45% in this sample. We conclude that differences in measurement scales across the age span can be reconciled through non-linear modeling of the developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert C. Elston
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lisa A. Freebairn
- Department of Communication Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amy J. Hansen
- Department of Communication Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - H. Gerry Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Barbara A Lewis
- Department of Communication Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Oki NO, Motsinger-Reif AA, Antas PRZ, Levy S, Holland SM, Sterling TR. Novel human genetic variants associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a pilot genome wide association study. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:28. [PMID: 21281516 PMCID: PMC3041678 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 5-10% of persons infected with M. tuberculosis develop tuberculosis, but the factors associated with disease progression are incompletely understood. Both linkage and association studies have identified human genetic variants associated with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis, but few genetic studies have evaluated extrapulmonary disease. Because extrapulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis likely have different underlying pathophysiology, identification of genetic mutations associated with extrapulmonary disease is important. FINDINGS We performed a pilot genome-wide association study among 24 persons with previous extrapulmonary tuberculosis and well-characterized immune defects; 24 pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 57 patients with M. tuberculosis infection served as controls. The Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping Xba Array was used for genotyping; after careful quality control, genotypes at 44,175 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were available for analysis. Eigenstrat quantified population stratification within our sample; logistic regression, using results of the Eigenstrat analysis as a covariate, identified significant associations between groups. Permutation testing controlled the family-wise error rate for each comparison between groups. Four SNPs were significantly associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis compared to controls with M. tuberculosis infection; one (rs4893980) in the gene PDE11A, one (rs10488286) in KCND2, and one (rs2026414) in PCDH15; one was in chromosome 7 but not associated with a known gene. Two additional variants were significantly associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis compared with pulmonary tuberculosis; one (rs340708) in the gene FAM135B and one in chromosome 13 but not associated with a known gene. The function of all four genes affects cell signaling and activity, including in the brain. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, we identified 6 novel variants not previously known to be associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis, including two SNPs more common in persons with extrapulmonary than pulmonary tuberculosis. This provides some support for the hypothesis that the pathogenesis and genetic predisposition to extrapulmonary tuberculosis differs from pulmonary tuberculosis. Further study of these novel SNPs, and more well-powered genome-wide studies of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noffisat O Oki
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Alison A Motsinger-Reif
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Paulo RZ Antas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shawn Levy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy R Sterling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Stein CM, Baker AR. Tuberculosis as a complex trait: impact of genetic epidemiological study design. Mamm Genome 2010; 22:91-9. [PMID: 21104256 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested a role for human genetic risk factors in the susceptibility to developing tuberculosis (TB). However, results of these studies have been inconsistent, and one potential reason for these inconsistencies is variation in aspects of study design. Specifically, phenotype definitions and population genetic factors have varied dramatically. Since TB is a complex trait, there are many challenges in designing studies to assess appropriately human genetic risk factors for the development of TB as opposed to the acquisition of latent M. tuberculosis infection. In this review we summarize these important study design differences, with illustrations from the TB genetics literature. We cite specific examples of studies of the NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) gene and present Fisher's combined p values for different stratifications of these studies to further illustrate the impact of study design differences. Finally, we provide suggestions for the design of future genetic epidemiological studies of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Stein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, Room 1316, 2103 Cornell Rd., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA,
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Möller M, Hoal EG. Current findings, challenges and novel approaches in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 90:71-83. [PMID: 20206579 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The evidence for a human genetic component in susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) is incontrovertible. Quite apart from studies of rare disease events illustrating the importance of key genes in humans and animals, TB at the population level is also influenced by the genetics of the host. Heritability of disease concordance and immune responses to mycobacterial antigens has been clearly shown, and ranges up to 71%. Linkage studies, designed to identify major susceptibility genes in a disease, have produced a number of candidate loci but few, except for regions on chromosome 5p15, 20p and 20q, have been replicated. The region on 5p15 regulates the intensity of the response to the tuberculin skin test, and another locus on 11p14 appears to control resistance to the bacterium. In addition, numerous genes and pathways have been implicated in candidate gene association studies, with validation of polymorphisms in IFNG, NRAMP1, and NOS2A and equivocal results for IL10, CCL2, DC-SIGN, P2RX7, VDR, TLR2, TLR9 and SP110. Other more recently researched candidate genes such as TNFRSF1B remain to be validated, preferably in meta-analyses. New approaches have provided early evidence for the importance of gene-gene interactions in regulating resistance to disease, and also the prospect that applying host genetics in the field of vaccinomics could lead to a more targeted approach in designing interventions to aid the human immune system in combating mycobacteria. Genome-wide association studies and admixture mapping are approaches that remain to be applied to TB, and it is not clear, as is the case with other complex diseases, how much of the heritability of the TB susceptibility phenotype will be determined by multiple genes of small effect versus rare variants with disproportionately large effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlo Möller
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 19063, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
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Stein CM, Zalwango S, Malone LL, Won S, Mayanja-Kizza H, Mugerwa RD, Leontiev DV, Thompson CL, Cartier KC, Elston RC, Iyengar SK, Boom WH, Whalen CC. Genome scan of M. tuberculosis infection and disease in Ugandans. PLoS One 2008; 3:e4094. [PMID: 19116662 PMCID: PMC2605555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an enduring public health problem globally, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Several studies have suggested a role for host genetic susceptibility in increased risk for TB but results across studies have been equivocal. As part of a household contact study of Mtb infection and disease in Kampala, Uganda, we have taken a unique approach to the study of genetic susceptibility to TB, by studying three phenotypes. First, we analyzed culture confirmed TB disease compared to latent Mtb infection (LTBI) or lack of Mtb infection. Second, we analyzed resistance to Mtb infection in the face of continuous exposure, defined by a persistently negative tuberculin skin test (PTST-); this outcome was contrasted to LTBI. Third, we analyzed an intermediate phenotype, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) expression in response to soluble Mtb ligands enriched with molecules secreted from Mtb (culture filtrate). We conducted a full microsatellite genome scan, using genotypes generated by the Center for Medical Genetics at Marshfield. Multipoint model-free linkage analysis was conducted using an extension of the Haseman-Elston regression model that includes half sibling pairs, and HIV status was included as a covariate in the model. The analysis included 803 individuals from 193 pedigrees, comprising 258 full sibling pairs and 175 half sibling pairs. Suggestive linkage (p<10−3) was observed on chromosomes 2q21-2q24 and 5p13-5q22 for PTST-, and on chromosome 7p22-7p21 for TB; these findings for PTST- are novel and the chromosome 7 region contains the IL6 gene. In addition, we replicated recent linkage findings on chromosome 20q13 for TB (p = 0.002). We also observed linkage at the nominal α = 0.05 threshold to a number of promising candidate genes, SLC11A1 (PTST- p = 0.02), IL-1 complex (TB p = 0.01), IL12BR2 (TNFα p = 0.006), IL12A (TB p = 0.02) and IFNGR2 (TNFα p = 0.002). These results confirm not only that genetic factors influence the interaction between humans and Mtb but more importantly that they differ according to the outcome of that interaction: exposure but no infection, infection without progression to disease, or progression of infection to disease. Many of the genetic factors for each of these stages are part of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Uganda – CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- * E-mail:
| | | | - LaShaunda L. Malone
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sungho Won
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Uganda – CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University School of Medicine and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Roy D. Mugerwa
- Uganda – CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University School of Medicine and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dmitry V. Leontiev
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cheryl L. Thompson
- Department of Family Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kevin C. Cartier
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Elston
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - W. Henry Boom
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Uganda – CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christopher C. Whalen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Uganda – CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
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Berrington WR, Hawn TR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, macrophages, and the innate immune response: does common variation matter? Immunol Rev 2007; 219:167-86. [PMID: 17850489 PMCID: PMC2859969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the discovery of the tuberculosis (TB) bacillus over 100 years ago and the availability of effective drugs for over 50 years, there remain a number of formidable challenges for controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb). Understanding the genetic and immunologic factors that influence human susceptibility could lead to novel insights for vaccine development as well as diagnostic advances to target treatment to those who are at risk for developing active disease. Although a series of studies over the past 50 years suggests that host genetics influences resistance to TB, a comprehensive understanding of which genes and variants are associated with susceptibility is only partially understood. In this article, we review recent advances in our understanding of human variation of the immune system and its effects on macrophage function and influence on MTb susceptibility. We emphasize recent discoveries in human genetic studies and correlate these findings with efforts to understand how these variants alter the molecular and cellular functions that regulate the macrophage response to MTb.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Berrington
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-0001, USA
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Stein CM, Zalwango S, Chiunda AB, Millard C, Leontiev DV, Horvath AL, Cartier KC, Chervenak K, Boom WH, Elston RC, Mugerwa RD, Whalen CC, Iyengar SK. Linkage and association analysis of candidate genes for TB and TNFalpha cytokine expression: evidence for association with IFNGR1, IL-10, and TNF receptor 1 genes. Hum Genet 2007; 121:663-73. [PMID: 17431682 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a growing public health threat globally and several studies suggest a role of host genetic susceptibility in increased TB risk. As part of a household contact study in Kampala, Uganda, we have taken a unique approach to the study of genetic susceptibility to TB by developing an intermediate phenotype model for TB susceptibility, analyzing levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) in response to culture filtrate as the phenotype. In the present study, we analyzed candidate genes related to TNFalpha regulation and found that interleukin (IL)-10, interferon-gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1), and TNFalpha receptor 1 (TNFR1) genes were linked and associated to both TB and TNFalpha. We also show that these associations are with progression to active disease and not susceptibility to latent infection. This is the first report of an association between TB and TNFR1 in a human population and our findings for IL-10 and IFNGR1 replicate previous findings. By observing pleiotropic effects on both phenotypes, we show construct validity of our intermediate phenotype model, which enables the characterization of the role of these genetic polymorphisms on TB pathogenesis. This study further illustrates the utility of such a model for disentangling complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Stein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building Room 1303, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Vistoropsky Y, Trofimov S, Pantsulaia I, Livshits G. Genetic and environmental determinants of variation of soluble adhesion molecules. Ann Hum Genet 2006; 70:749-58. [PMID: 17044849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In our research we examined the contribution of putative genetic sources on interindividual variation and cross-sectional correlations of several adhesion molecules, including intracellular (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1) and E-selectin, in a population-based sample of ethnically homogeneous families of European origin. The plasma levels of these molecules were measured in 947 apparently healthy individuals from 217 nuclear families. Quantitative statistical-genetic analysis implementing the model fitting technique revealed significant parent/offspring and sibling correlations (p < 0.01) for all three molecules. The putative genetic effects explained 55.2 +/- 7.2% (VCAM-1), 63.3 +/- 7.5% (ICAM) and 63.8 +/- 8.1% (E-selectin) of the variation. Common family environmental factors also significantly influenced the variation of E-selectin (13%) and VCAM-1 (28.6%). The main results of our bivariate analysis showed that the observed phenotypic correlations between ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and between ICAM-1 and E-selectin, were mostly attributable to shared environmental factors (r(E)= 0.896 and 0.737, respectively; p < 0.01). However, the correlation between VCAM-1 and E-selectin was likely caused by common genetic effects (r(G)= 0.334, p < 0.05). Our results show that familial clustering of adhesion molecules is likely due to strong genetic effects, supplemented with shared environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Vistoropsky
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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Höhler T, Reuss E, Adams P, Bartsch B, Weigmann B, Wörns M, Galle PR, Victor A, Neurath MF. A genetic basis for IFN-gamma production and T-bet expression in humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5457-62. [PMID: 16210653 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Th1 and Th2 cytokines secreted by polarized effector T cells play a pivotal role in the development of autoimmune and allergic diseases. However, the genetic basis of cytokine production by T lymphocytes in humans is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the genetic contribution to cytokine production and regulation of T cell-specific transcription factors in a prospective twin study. We found a substantial genetic contribution to the production of Th1 cytokines such as IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha with heritabilities of 0.85 (95% confidence intervals, 0.74-0.95) and 0.72 (0.50-0.93), respectively, whereas no genetic influence on production of the Th2 signature cytokine IL-4 was observed. Furthermore, the intrapair variability in IFN-gamma production by isolated T cells was lower in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins. In contrast to GATA-3, NFAT, and NF-kappaB, intrapair variability of T-bet, the master transcription factor of Th1 cells, was very low among monozygotic and high among dizygotic twins, indicative of a strong genetic influence on T-bet (heritability 0.93, 95% confidence interval, 0.84-1.0). Our data provide novel insights into the genetic regulation of human Th cell polarization. These data suggest that signature cytokines and cytokine signaling events of Th1 rather than Th2 cells are genetically determined and implicate that Th2-associated diseases in humans might be due to genetic variations in Th1 cytokine regulation via T-bet. This concept is highlighted by the recent finding that inactivation of the T-bet gene in mice results in development of clinical hallmark features of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Höhler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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Stein CM, Nshuti L, Chiunda AB, Boom WH, Elston RC, Mugerwa RD, Iyengar SK, Whalen CC. Evidence for a Major Gene Influence on Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Expression in Tuberculosis: Path and Segregation Analysis. Hum Hered 2005; 60:109-18. [PMID: 16224188 DOI: 10.1159/000088913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tuberculosis (TB) is a growing global public health problem. Several studies suggest a role for host genetics in disease susceptibility, but studies to date have been inconsistent and a comprehensive genetic model has not emerged. A limitation of previous genetic studies is that they only analyzed the binary trait TB, which does not reflect disease heterogeneity. Furthermore, these studies have not accounted for the influence of shared environment within households on TB risk, which may spuriously inflate estimates of heritability. METHODS We conducted a household contact study in a TB-endemic community in Uganda. Antigen-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) expression, a key component of the underlying immune response to TB, was used as an endophenotype for TB. RESULTS Path analysis, conducted to assess the effect of shared environment, suggested that TNFalpha is heritable (narrow sense heritability = 34-66%); the effect of shared environment is minimal (1-14%), but gene-environment interaction may be involved. Segregation analysis of TNFalpha suggested a major gene model that explained one-third of the phenotypic variance, and provided putative evidence of natural selection acting on this phenotype. CONCLUSION Our data further support TNFalpha as an endophenotype for TB, as it may increase power to detect disease-predisposing loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Stein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Rojas RE, Chervenak KA, Thomas J, Morrow J, Nshuti L, Zalwango S, Mugerwa RD, Thiel BA, Whalen CC, Boom WH. Vdelta2+ gammadelta T cell function in Mycobacterium tuberculosis- and HIV-1-positive patients in the United States and Uganda: application of a whole-blood assay. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:1806-14. [PMID: 16235181 PMCID: PMC2869092 DOI: 10.1086/497146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vgamma9(+)Vdelta2(+) gammadelta T cells (Vdelta 2(+) T cells) are activated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and secrete interferon (IFN)-gamma. Vdelta 2(+) T cells recognize phosphoantigens, such as bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP), and link innate and adaptive immunity. METHODS A whole-blood assay was developed that used IFN-gamma secretion in response to BrHPP as a measurement of Vdelta2(+) T cell function. RESULTS Peak IFN-gamma levels were detected after stimulating whole blood with BrHPP for 7-9 days. IFN- gamma production in whole blood in response to BrHPP paralleled IFN-gamma production and Vdelta2(+) T cell expansion of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. The assay was used to evaluate Vdelta2(+) T cell function in subjects in the United States (n = 24) and Uganda (n = 178) who were or were not infected with M. tuberculosis and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1. When 50 micromol/L BrHPP was used, 100% of healthy subjects produced IFN-gamma. The Vdelta2(+) T cell response was independent of the tuberculin skin test response. In Uganda, Vdelta2(+) T cell responses were decreased in patients with tuberculosis (n = 73) compared with responses in household contacts (n = 105). HIV-1-positive household contacts had lower responses than did HIV-1-negative household contacts. HIV-1-positive patients with tuberculosis had the lowest V delta 2(+) T cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Tuberculosis and HIV-1 infection are associated with decreased Velta2(+) T cell function. Decreased Vdelta2(+) T cell function may contribute to increased risk for tuberculosis in HIV-1-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana E Rojas
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Pantsulaia I, Trofimov S, Kobyliansky E, Livshits G. Heritability of circulating growth factors involved in the angiogenesis in healthy human population. Cytokine 2005; 27:152-8. [PMID: 15304244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the extent of genetic and environmental influences on the populational variation of circulating growth factors (VEGF, EGF) involved in angiogenesis in healthy and ethnically homogeneous Caucasian families. The plasma levels of each of the studied biochemical indices were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay in 478 healthy individuals aged 18-75 years. Quantitative genetic analysis showed that the VEGF and EGF variation was appreciably attributable to genetic effects, with heritability estimates of 79.9% and 48.4%, respectively. Yet, common environmental factors, shared by members of the same household, also played a significant role (P < 0.01) and explained between 20.1% and 32.6% of the variation. The present study additionally examined the covariations between these molecules and either transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) or tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), likewise relevant for angiogenesis. Bivariate analysis revealed significant phenotypic correlations (P < 0.002) between all pairs of variables, thus indicating the possible existence of common genetic and environmental factors. The analysis suggested that the pleiotropic genetic effects were consistently the primary (or even the sole) source of correlation between all pairs of studied molecules. The results of our study affirm the existence of specific and common genetic pathways that commonly determine the greater part of the circulating variation of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pantsulaia
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Nabeshima S, Murata M, Yamaji K, Chong Y, Nomoto M, Hayashi J. Kinetic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific cytokine production by PBMC in adults after BCG vaccination. J Infect Chemother 2005; 11:18-23. [PMID: 15729483 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-004-0357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been used worldwide as the only vaccine for tuberculosis, its protective efficacy in human adults is controversial. To investigate human immunological responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis after BCG vaccination, we analyzed IFN-gamma and IL-10 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from health-care workers five times throughout the year after BCG vaccination. Of 449 health-care workers, 36 (8.0%) were negative by the tuberculin skin test, and of these, 20 were vaccinated with BCG. Because all the subjects had received BCG vaccination as infants, the present vaccination was considered to be a revaccination. The cytokine responses of the vaccinated and control tuberculin skin-test-positive subjects (n = 6) were followed at 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks and at 12 months. The mean IFN-gamma production by PBMC when cultured with purified protein derivative (PPD) gradually increased, reached a peak at week 8, and then declined until 12 months, with four exceptions who showed no IFN-gamma elevation. The IFN-gamma level of the vaccinated group at week 0 was significantly lower than that of the controls. The mean IL-10 production in response to PPD reached a peak at week 2, and then declined to its lowest point at week 8. These results indicate that the BCG vaccine can induce a type I cytokine response to M. tuberculosis in most tuberculin skin-test-negative adults at week 8, suggesting the immunological efficacy of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Nabeshima
- Department of General Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Newport MJ, Goetghebuer T, Weiss HA, Whittle H, Siegrist CA, Marchant A. Genetic regulation of immune responses to vaccines in early life. Genes Immun 2004; 5:122-9. [PMID: 14737096 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infant immunization is the most cost-effective strategy to prevent infectious diseases in childhood, but is limited by immaturity of the immune system. To define strategies to improve vaccine immunogenicity in early life, the role of genetic and environmental factors in the control of vaccine responses in infant twins was studied. Immune responses to BCG, polio, hepatitis B, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccines were measured at 5 months of age in 207 Gambian twin pairs recruited at birth. Intrapair correlations for monozygous and dizygous pairs were compared to estimate the environmental and genetic components of variation in responses. High heritability was observed for antibody (Ab) responses to hepatitis B (77%), oral polio (60%), tetanus (44%) and diphtheria (49%) vaccines. Significant heritability was also observed for interferon-gamma and interleukin-13 responses to tetanus, pertussis and some BCG vaccine antigens (39-65%). Non-HLA genes played a dominant role in responses to Ab-inducing vaccines, whereas responses to BCG were predominantly controlled by genes within the HLA class II locus. Genetic factors, particularly non-HLA genes, significantly modulate immune responses to infant vaccination. The identification of the specific genes involved will provide new targets for the development of vaccines and adjuvants for young infants that work independently of HLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Newport
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK.
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de Maat MPM, Bladbjerg EM, Hjelmborg JVB, Bathum L, Jespersen J, Christensen K. Genetic influence on inflammation variables in the elderly. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:2168-73. [PMID: 15345506 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000143856.01669.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation variables (C-reactive protein [CRP], fibrinogen, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1]) have been identified as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. It is still not known how much the regulation of inflammatory risk factors is determined by genetic factors, and the aim of this study was to determine the heritability of these inflammation variables and of the acute phase regulating cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) at older ages. METHODS AND RESULTS The heritability of CRP, fibrinogen, sICAM-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha was determined in a twin study consisting of 129 monozygotic twin pairs and 153 dizygotic same-sex twins aged 73 to 94 years who participated in the Longitudinal Study of Aging of Danish Twins. Furthermore, we determined the influence of selected genetic polymorphisms on the plasma level variations. Genetic factors accounted for 20% to 55% of the variation in plasma levels of the inflammation variables. The highest heritability was found for sICAM-1. The genetic polymorphisms we studied explained only a small, insignificant part of the heritability. CONCLUSIONS This study in elderly twins provides evidence for a substantial genetic component of inflammatory cardiovascular risk factors among the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek P M de Maat
- Department for Thrombosis Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark.
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