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Zhang L, Cai M, Su B, Ma Y, Zhang Y. Mitochondrial Metabolism in Alveolar Macrophages of Patients Infected with HIV, Tuberculosis, and HIV/Tuberculosis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2024; 40:148-157. [PMID: 37885217 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2023.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common opportunistic infections and is a leading cause of mortality in patients with HIV and AIDS. HIV infection causes serious defects in the host immune system and increases the risk of active TB. TB infection promotes HIV replication and aggravates host damage in patients with HIV/AIDS. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are essential immune cells during TB and HIV infections. AMs undergo a shift in mitochondrial metabolism during TB or HIV infection, that is, metabolic reprogramming, allowing them to act in the form of classical activated macrophages (M1) and alternative activated macrophages (M2) at different stages of infection. We reviewed the alterations in the mitochondrial energy metabolism of AMs in patients with HIV, TB, and HIV/TB to provide ideas for further research on the role of metabolic reprogramming by AMs in the pathogeneses of HIV, TB, and HIV/TB coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaotian Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingmin Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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Hoerter A, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS, Pienaar E. Systems biology approaches to investigate the role of granulomas in TB-HIV coinfection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1014515. [PMID: 36405707 PMCID: PMC9670175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1014515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of active tuberculosis disease is 15-21 times higher in those coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) compared to tuberculosis alone, and tuberculosis is the leading cause of death in HIV+ individuals. Mechanisms driving synergy between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and HIV during coinfection include: disruption of cytokine balances, impairment of innate and adaptive immune cell functionality, and Mtb-induced increase in HIV viral loads. Tuberculosis granulomas are the interface of host-pathogen interactions. Thus, granuloma-based research elucidating the role and relative impact of coinfection mechanisms within Mtb granulomas could inform cohesive treatments that target both pathogens simultaneously. We review known interactions between Mtb and HIV, and discuss how the structure, function and development of the granuloma microenvironment create a positive feedback loop favoring pathogen expansion and interaction. We also identify key outstanding questions and highlight how coupling computational modeling with in vitro and in vivo efforts could accelerate Mtb-HIV coinfection discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Hoerter
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Souriant S, Balboa L, Dupont M, Pingris K, Kviatcovsky D, Cougoule C, Lastrucci C, Bah A, Gasser R, Poincloux R, Raynaud-Messina B, Al Saati T, Inwentarz S, Poggi S, Moraña EJ, González-Montaner P, Corti M, Lagane B, Vergne I, Allers C, Kaushal D, Kuroda MJ, Sasiain MDC, Neyrolles O, Maridonneau-Parini I, Lugo-Villarino G, Vérollet C. Tuberculosis Exacerbates HIV-1 Infection through IL-10/STAT3-Dependent Tunneling Nanotube Formation in Macrophages. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3586-3599.e7. [PMID: 30917314 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and HIV-1 act synergistically; however, the mechanisms by which Mtb exacerbates HIV-1 pathogenesis are not well known. Using in vitro and ex vivo cell culture systems, we show that human M(IL-10) anti-inflammatory macrophages, present in TB-associated microenvironment, produce high levels of HIV-1. In vivo, M(IL-10) macrophages are expanded in lungs of co-infected non-human primates, which correlates with disease severity. Furthermore, HIV-1/Mtb co-infected patients display an accumulation of M(IL-10) macrophage markers (soluble CD163 and MerTK). These M(IL-10) macrophages form direct cell-to-cell bridges, which we identified as tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) involved in viral transfer. TNT formation requires the IL-10/STAT3 signaling pathway, and targeted inhibition of TNTs substantially reduces the enhancement of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer and overproduction in M(IL-10) macrophages. Our study reveals that TNTs facilitate viral transfer and amplification, thereby promoting TNT formation as a mechanism to be explored in TB/AIDS potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Souriant
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Balboa
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maeva Dupont
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karine Pingris
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Denise Kviatcovsky
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claire Lastrucci
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aicha Bah
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Brigitte Raynaud-Messina
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Talal Al Saati
- INSERM/UPS/ENVT-US006/CREFRE, Service d'Histopathologie, CHU Purpan, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Sandra Inwentarz
- Instituto de Tisioneumonologia "Raúl F. Vaccarezza," Universitad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Poggi
- Instituto de Tisioneumonologia "Raúl F. Vaccarezza," Universitad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Jose Moraña
- Instituto de Tisioneumonologia "Raúl F. Vaccarezza," Universitad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Marcelo Corti
- Division de SIDA, Hospital de Infecciosas Dr. F.J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Vergne
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carolina Allers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Maria Del Carmen Sasiain
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reactivates HIV-1 via Exosome-Mediated Resetting of Cellular Redox Potential and Bioenergetics. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03293-19. [PMID: 32127457 PMCID: PMC7064780 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03293-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) interferes with therapy and facilitates the pathogenesis of both human pathogens. Fundamental mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis exacerbates HIV-1 infection are not clear. Here, we show that exosomes secreted by macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis, including drug-resistant clinical strains, reactivated HIV-1 by inducing oxidative stress. Mechanistically, M. tuberculosis-specific exosomes realigned mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and modulated the expression of host genes mediating oxidative stress response, inflammation, and HIV-1 transactivation. Proteomics analyses revealed the enrichment of several host factors (e.g., HIF-1α, galectins, and Hsp90) known to promote HIV-1 reactivation in M. tuberculosis-specific exosomes. Treatment with a known antioxidant-N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)-or with inhibitors of host factors-galectins and Hsp90-attenuated HIV-1 reactivation by M. tuberculosis -specific exosomes. Our findings uncover new paradigms for understanding the redox and bioenergetics bases of HIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection, which will enable the design of effective therapeutic strategies.IMPORTANCE Globally, individuals coinfected with the AIDS virus (HIV-1) and with M. tuberculosis (causative agent of tuberculosis [TB]) pose major obstacles in the clinical management of both diseases. At the heart of this issue is the apparent synergy between the two human pathogens. On the one hand, mechanisms induced by HIV-1 for reactivation of TB in AIDS patients are well characterized. On the other hand, while clinical findings clearly identified TB as a risk factor for HIV-1 reactivation and associated mortality, basic mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis exacerbates HIV-1 replication and infection remain poorly characterized. The significance of our research is in identifying the role of fundamental mechanisms such as redox and energy metabolism in catalyzing HIV-M. tuberculosis synergy. The quantification of redox and respiratory parameters affected by M. tuberculosis in stimulating HIV-1 will greatly enhance our understanding of HIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection, leading to a wider impact on the biomedical research community and creating new translational opportunities.
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Russom M, Debesai M, Zeregabr M, Berhane A, Tekeste T, Teklesenbet T. Serious hepatotoxicity following use of isoniazid preventive therapy in HIV patients in Eritrea. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6:e00423. [PMID: 30073087 PMCID: PMC6066797 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
WHO information note indicates that isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is generally safe with little risk of hepatotoxicity. However, when the policy of IPT for HIV patients was introduced in Eritrea, frequent IPT-associated hepatotoxicity and fatality have been reported to the Pharmacovigilance Centre. The aim of the study is to assess the causal association of IPT and hepatotoxicity and identify possible risk factors in patients on Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART). This is a case series assessment of spontaneously reported cases to the Eritrean Pharmacovigilance Centre. Data extracted from VigiFlow (reported between 2014 and 2016) were exported to excel spread sheet for descriptive and qualitative analysis. Naranjo probability scale and Austin Bradford-Hill criteria were used to assess causality. The P-Method was used to assess preventability. A total of 31 of cases of hepatotoxicity related to IPT were retrieved. Majority (80.6%) of the cases were marked as "serious" due to life-threatening situation (n = 15), hospitalization (n = 6), and death (n = 4). Baseline liver function test was normal in 61.3% and hepatitis B and C infections were ruled out in 77.4%. IPT was discontinued in 26 cases and reaction abated in 22 of them. Causality assessment using Austin Bradford-Hill criteria found that the association was strong, consistent and specific with a plausible temporal relationship and biological mechanism. IPT-associated hepatotoxicity that led to treatment interruption and death was observed in patients on HAART in Eritrea. Hence, close laboratory monitoring of patients is recommended to minimize the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Theodros Tekeste
- Disgsa Community HospitalSegeneityEritrea
- Present address:
WHOEritrea
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6
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Sun J, Schaaf K, Duverger A, Wolschendorf F, Speer A, Wagner F, Niederweis M, Kutsch O. Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A controls the innate antiviral and antibacterial response of macrophages during HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15394-409. [PMID: 27004401 PMCID: PMC4941249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infection with HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a major public health issue. While some research has described how each pathogen accelerates the course of infection of the other pathogen by compromising the immune system, very little is known about the molecular biology of HIV-1/Mtb co-infection at the host cell level. This is somewhat surprising, as both pathogens are known to replicate and persist in macrophages. We here identify Protein Phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A (PPM1A) as a molecular link between Mtb infection and increased HIV-1 susceptibility of macrophages. We demonstrate that both Mtb and HIV-1 infection induce the expression of PPM1A in primary human monocyte/macrophages and THP-1 cells. Genetic manipulation studies revealed that increased PPMA1 expression rendered THP-1 cells highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection, while depletion of PPM1A rendered them relatively resistant to HIV-1 infection. At the same time, increased PPM1A expression abrogated the ability of THP-1 cells to respond to relevant bacterial stimuli with a proper cytokine/chemokine secretion response, blocked their chemotactic response and impaired their ability to phagocytose bacteria. These data suggest that PPM1A, which had previously been shown to play a role in the antiviral response to Herpes Simplex virus infection, also governs the antibacterial response of macrophages to bacteria, or at least to Mtb infection. PPM1A thus seems to play a central role in the innate immune response of macrophages, implying that host directed therapies targeting PPM1A could be highly beneficial, in particular for HIV/Mtb co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Sun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Schaaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexandra Duverger
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frank Wolschendorf
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexander Speer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frederic Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Larson EC, Novis CL, Martins LJ, Macedo AB, Kimball KE, Bosque A, Planelles V, Barrows LR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis reactivates latent HIV-1 in T cells in vitro. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185162. [PMID: 28949981 PMCID: PMC5614573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following proviral integration into the host cell genome and establishment of a latent state, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can reenter a productive life cycle in response to various stimuli. HIV-1 reactivation occurs when transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and activator protein -1 (AP-1), bind cognate sites within the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of the HIV-1 provirus to promote transcription. Interestingly, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) can reactivate latent HIV-1 through activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Some PRRs are expressed on central memory CD4+ T cells (TCM), which in HIV-1 patients constitute the main reservoir of latent HIV-1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), interacts with PRRs through membrane components. However, the ability of Mtb to reactivate latent HIV-1 has not been extensively studied. Here we show that phosphatidylinositol mannoside 6 (PIM6), a component of the Mtb membrane, in addition to whole bacteria in co-culture, can reactivate HIV-1 in a primary TCM cell model of latency. Using a JLAT model of HIV-1 latency, we found this interaction to be mediated through Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2). Thus, we describe a mechanism by which Mtb can exacerbate HIV-1 infection. We hypothesize that chronic Mtb infection can drive HIV-1 reactivation. The phenomenon described here could explain, in part, the poor prognosis that characterizes HIV-1/Mtb co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C. Larson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kadyn E. Kimball
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Louis R. Barrows
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mollicutes/HIV Coinfection and the Development of AIDS: Still Far from a Definitive Response. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 2016:8192323. [PMID: 27413383 PMCID: PMC4927952 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8192323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background. Mycoplasmas are known to cause various infections in humans, mainly in the respiratory and urogenital tracts. The different species are usually host-specific and cause diseases in well-defined sites. New species have been isolated, including those from HIV-infected persons. Summary. Its in vitro properties, combined with clinical findings, have led to the hypothesis that these microorganisms may act as cofactors of HIV in AIDS development. Even today this point of view is quite polemic among infectious disease specialists and many aspects remain to be clarified, in contrast to what happens, for instance, with HIV/Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection. Dozens of papers have been published covering aspects of Mollicutes/HIV coinfection, but they add little to no information about the putative contribution of Mollicutes to the evolution of AIDS. Very few researchers have devoted their efforts to trying to answer this question, which remains open. In this review, we discuss the evidences that may support this statement in the light of current knowledge in the field of mycoplasmology.
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Isoniazid Prophylactic Therapy for the Prevention of Tuberculosis in HIV Infected Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142290. [PMID: 26551023 PMCID: PMC4638336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an important risk factor for Tuberculosis (TB). Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) has improved the prognosis of HIV and reduced the risk of TB infected patients. Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) aims to reduce the development of active TB in patients with latent TB. Objective Systematically review and synthesize effect estimates of IPT for TB prevention in adult HIV patients. Secondary objectives were to assess the effect of IPT on HIV disease progression, all-cause mortality and adverse drug reaction (ADR). Search Strategy Electronic databases were searched to identify relevant articles in English available by September 11th 2015. Selection Criteria Research articles comparing IPT to placebo or no treatment in HIV infected adults using randomized clinical trials. Data Analysis A qualitative review included study-level information on randomization and treatment allocation. Effect estimates were pooled using random-effects models to account for between-study heterogeneity. Main Results This review assessed ten randomized clinical trials that assigned 7619 HIV patients to IPT or placebo. An overall 35% of TB risk reduction (RR = 0.65, 95% CI (0.51, 0.84)) was found in all participants, however, larger benefit of IPT was observed in Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) positive participants, with pooled relative risk reduction of 52% [RR = 0.48; 95% CI (0.29, 0.82)] and with a prediction interval ranging from 0.13 to 1.81. There was no statistically significant effect of IPT on TB occurrence in TST negative or unknown participants. IPT also reduced the risk of HIV disease progression in all participants (RR = 0.69; 95% CI (0.48, 0.99)) despite no benefits observed in TST strata. All-cause mortality was not affected by IPT although participants who had 12 months of IPT tend to have a reduced risk (RR = 0.65; 95% CI(0.47, 0.90)). IPT had an elevated, yet statistically non-significant, risk of adverse drug reaction [RR = 1.20; 95% CI (1.20, 1.71)]. Only a single study assessed the effect of IPT in combination with ART in preventing TB and occurrence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Conclusions IPT use substantially contributes in preventing TB in persons with HIV in general and in TST positive individuals in particular. More evidence is needed to explain discrepancies in the protective effect of IPT in these individuals.
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Tomlinson GS, Bell LCK, Walker NF, Tsang J, Brown JS, Breen R, Lipman M, Katz DR, Miller RF, Chain BM, Elkington PTG, Noursadeghi M. HIV-1 infection of macrophages dysregulates innate immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inhibition of interleukin-10. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1055-65. [PMID: 24265436 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) both target macrophages, which are key cells in inflammatory responses and their resolution. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that HIV-1 may modulate macrophage responses to coinfection with M. tuberculosis. HIV-1 caused exaggerated proinflammatory responses to M. tuberculosis that supported enhanced virus replication, and were associated with deficient stimulus-specific induction of anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10 and attenuation of mitogen-activated kinase signaling downstream of Toll-like receptor 2 and dectin-1 stimulation. Our in vitro data were mirrored by lower IL-10 and higher proinflammatory IL-1β in airway samples from HIV-1-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis compared with those with non-tuberculous respiratory tract infections. Single-round infection of macrophages with HIV-1 was sufficient to attenuate IL-10 responses, and antiretroviral treatment of replicative virus did not affect this phenotype. We propose that deficient homeostatic IL-10 responses may contribute to the immunopathogenesis of active tuberculosis and propagation of virus infection in HIV-1/M. tuberculosis coinfection.
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11
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Rodriguez Rodrigues C, Remes Lenicov F, Jancic C, Sabatté J, Cabrini M, Ceballos A, Merlotti A, Gonzalez H, Ostrowski M, Geffner J. Candida albicans delays HIV-1 replication in macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72814. [PMID: 24009706 PMCID: PMC3751824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the most important HIV-1 target cells. Unlike CD4(+) T cells, macrophages are resistant to the cytophatic effect of HIV-1. They are able to produce and harbor the virus for long periods acting as a viral reservoir. Candida albicans (CA) is a commensal fungus that colonizes the portals of HIV-1 entry, such as the vagina and the rectum, and becomes an aggressive pathogen in AIDS patients. In this study, we analyzed the ability of CA to modulate the course of HIV-1 infection in human monocyte-derived macrophages. We found that CA abrogated HIV-1 replication in macrophages when it was evaluated 7 days after virus inoculation. A similar inhibitory effect was observed in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. The analysis of the mechanisms responsible for the inhibition of HIV-1 production in macrophages revealed that CA efficiently sequesters HIV-1 particles avoiding its infectivity. Moreover, by acting on macrophages themselves, CA diminishes their permissibility to HIV-1 infection by reducing the expression of CD4, enhancing the production of the CCR5-interacting chemokines CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β, and CCL5/RANTES, and stimulating the production of interferon-α and the restriction factors APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, and tetherin. Interestingly, abrogation of HIV-1 replication was overcome when the infection of macrophages was evaluated 2-3 weeks after virus inoculation. However, this reactivation of HIV-1 infection could be silenced by CA when added periodically to HIV-1-challenged macrophages. The induction of a silent HIV-1 infection in macrophages at the periphery, where cells are continuously confronted with CA, might help HIV-1 to evade the immune response and to promote resistance to antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rodriguez Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Remes Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Jancic
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Sabatté
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Cabrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Ceballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonela Merlotti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Heidi Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Ostrowski
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Chandrasekar B, Deobagkar-Lele M, Victor ES, Nandi D. Regulation of Chemokines, CCL3 and CCL4, by Interferon γ and Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 in Mouse Macrophages and During Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1556-68. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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13
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Wang X, Chao W, Saini M, Potash MJ. A common path to innate immunity to HIV-1 induced by Toll-like receptor ligands in primary human macrophages. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24193. [PMID: 21904615 PMCID: PMC3164183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) represent the best characterized receptor family transducing innate immune responses, the first line of defense against microbial invaders. This study was designed to investigate whether responses through TLR inhibit HIV-1 replication in its primary target cells. Primary human macrophages and lymphocytes from several different donors and HIV-1 infection in tissue culture were used exclusively in this work. We report that ligands of three different TLR: LPS, R848, and double stranded RNA, induce a common antiviral response in macrophages as assayed by measurement of HIV-1 p24 protein, gag DNA, and entry into cells. HIV-1 infection is arrested after efficient entry but prior to reverse transcription. TLR-ligand activated cells secrete antiviral factors that induce a similar restriction. HIV-1 infection of lymphocytes is not affected by exposure to TLR ligands or to antiviral factors secreted by activated macrophages. TBK1, but neither NF-κB nor JAK-STAT activity, is required in macrophages to mount this antiviral response; the combination of p38 MAPK and JNK are partially required for induction of antiviral activity. Based on transcriptional induction and inhibition, the TLR-linked antiviral activity is different from APOBEC3 A or G, interferon-β, NAMPT, or p21Cip1. The cell-type specificity, site of action, and requirement for signaling intermediates suggest that the TLR-linked antiviral activity is novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wei Chao
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Manisha Saini
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mary Jane Potash
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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HIV-1/mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection immunology: how does HIV-1 exacerbate tuberculosis? Infect Immun 2011; 79:1407-17. [PMID: 21245275 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01126-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis have become intertwined over the past few decades in a "syndemic" that exacerbates the morbidity and mortality associated with each pathogen alone. The severity of the coinfection has been extensively examined in clinical studies. The extrapolation of peripheral evidence from clinical studies has increased our basic understanding of how HIV increases susceptibility to TB. These studies have resulted in multiple hypotheses of how HIV exacerbates TB pathology through the manipulation of granulomas. Granulomas can be located in many tissues, most prominently the lungs and associated lymph nodes, and are made up of multiple immune cells that can actively contain M. tuberculosis. Granuloma-based research involving both animal models and clinical studies is needed to confirm these hypotheses, which will further our understanding of this coinfection and may lead to better treatment options. This review examines the data that support each hypothesis of how HIV manipulates TB pathology while emphasizing a need for more tissue-based experiments.
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Karp CL, Mahanty S. Approach to the Patient with HIV and Coinfecting Tropical Infectious Diseases. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PRINCIPLES, PATHOGENS AND PRACTICE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7150329 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Diedrich CR, Mattila JT, Klein E, Janssen C, Phuah J, Sturgeon TJ, Montelaro RC, Lin PL, Flynn JL. Reactivation of latent tuberculosis in cynomolgus macaques infected with SIV is associated with early peripheral T cell depletion and not virus load. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9611. [PMID: 20224771 PMCID: PMC2835744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection are at significantly greater risk of reactivation tuberculosis (TB) than HIV-negative individuals with latent TB, even while CD4 T cell numbers are well preserved. Factors underlying high rates of reactivation are poorly understood and investigative tools are limited. We used cynomolgus macaques with latent TB co-infected with SIVmac251 to develop the first animal model of reactivated TB in HIV-infected humans to better explore these factors. All latent animals developed reactivated TB following SIV infection, with a variable time to reactivation (up to 11 months post-SIV). Reactivation was independent of virus load but correlated with depletion of peripheral T cells during acute SIV infection. Animals experiencing reactivation early after SIV infection (<17 weeks) had fewer CD4 T cells in the periphery and airways than animals reactivating in later phases of SIV infection. Co-infected animals had fewer T cells in involved lungs than SIV-negative animals with active TB despite similar T cell numbers in draining lymph nodes. Granulomas from these animals demonstrated histopathologic characteristics consistent with a chronically active disease process. These results suggest initial T cell depletion may strongly influence outcomes of HIV-Mtb co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin R. Diedrich
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joshua T. Mattila
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edwin Klein
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chris Janssen
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiayao Phuah
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Sturgeon
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ronald C. Montelaro
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Mahan CS, Walusimbi M, Johnson DF, Lancioni C, Charlebois E, Baseke J, Chervenak KA, Mugerwa RD, Havlir DV, Mayanja-Kizza H, Whalen CC, Boom WH. Tuberculosis treatment in HIV infected Ugandans with CD4 counts>350 cells/mm reduces immune activation with no effect on HIV load or CD4 count. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9138. [PMID: 20179751 PMCID: PMC2825253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both HIV and TB cause a state of heightened immune activation. Immune activation in HIV is associated with progression to AIDS. Prior studies, focusing on persons with advanced HIV, have shown no decline in markers of cellular activation in response to TB therapy alone. Methodology This prospective cohort study, composed of participants within a larger phase 3 open-label randomized controlled clinical trial, measured the impact of TB treatment on immune activation in persons with non-advanced HIV infection (CD4>350 cells/mm3) and pulmonary TB. HIV load, CD4 count, and markers of immune activation (CD38 and HLA-DR on CD4 and CD8 T cells) were measured prior to starting, during, and for 6 months after completion of standard 6 month anti-tuberculosis (TB) therapy in 38 HIV infected Ugandans with smear and culture confirmed pulmonary TB. Results Expression of CD38, and co-expression of CD38 and HLA-DR, on CD8 cells declined significantly within 3 months of starting standard TB therapy in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy, and remained suppressed for 6 months after completion of therapy. In contrast, HIV load and CD4 count remained unchanged throughout the study period. Conclusion TB therapy leads to measurable decreases in immune activation in persons with HIV/TB co-infection and CD4 counts >350 cells/mm3.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scott Mahan
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, and University Hospitals-Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
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Andreani G, Celentano AM, Solana ME, Cazorla SI, Malchiodi EL, Martínez Peralta LA, Dolcini GL. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication in human monocyte-derived macrophages by parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8246. [PMID: 20011521 PMCID: PMC2788415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage are one of the major targets of HIV-1 infection and serve as reservoirs for viral persistence in vivo. These cells are also the target of the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, being one of the most important endemic protozoonoses in Latin America. It has been demonstrated in vitro that co-infection with other pathogens can modulate HIV replication. However, no studies at cellular level have suggested an interaction between T. cruzi and HIV-1 to date. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By using a fully replicative wild-type virus, our study showed that T. cruzi inhibits HIV-1 antigen production by nearly 100% (p<0.001) in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). In different infection schemes with luciferase-reporter VSV-G or BaL pseudotyped HIV-1 and trypomastigotes, T. cruzi induced a significant reduction of luciferase level for both pseudotypes in all the infection schemes (p<0.001), T. cruzi-HIV (>99%) being stronger than HIV-T. cruzi (approximately 90% for BaL and approximately 85% for VSV-G) infection. In MDM with established HIV-1 infection, T. cruzi significantly inhibited luciferate activity (p<0.01). By quantifying R-U5 and U5-gag transcripts by real time PCR, our study showed the expression of both transcripts significantly diminished in the presence of trypomastigotes (p<0.05). Thus, T. cruzi inhibits viral post-integration steps, early post-entry steps and entry into MDM. Trypomastigotes also caused a approximately 60-70% decrease of surface CCR5 expression on MDM. Multiplication of T. cruzi inside the MDM does not seem to be required for inhibiting HIV-1 replication since soluble factors secreted by trypomastigotes have shown similar effects. Moreover, the major parasite antigen cruzipain, which is secreted by the trypomastigote form, was able to inhibit viral production in MDM over 90% (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study showed that T. cruzi inhibits HIV-1 replication at several replication stages in macrophages, a major cell target for both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Andreani
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M. Celentano
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E. Solana
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia I. Cazorla
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IDEHU–Institute of Studies on Humoral Immunity, CONICET-UBA, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio L. Malchiodi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IDEHU–Institute of Studies on Humoral Immunity, CONICET-UBA, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana A. Martínez Peralta
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermina L. Dolcini
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kaner RJ, Santiago F, Rahaghi F, Michaels E, Moore JP, Crystal RG. Adenovirus vectors block human immunodeficiency virus-1 replication in human alveolar macrophages by inhibition of the long terminal repeat. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 43:234-42. [PMID: 19805482 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0063oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous viruses may transactivate or suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 replication. An adenovirus type 5 gene transfer vector (Ad5) HIV-1 vaccine was recently evaluated in a clinical trial, without efficacy. In this context, it is relevant to ask what effect Ad vectors have on HIV-1 replication, particularly in cells that are part of the innate immune system. Infection of HIV-1-infected human alveolar macrophages (AMs) obtained from HIV-1(+) individuals with an Ad vector containing no transgene (AdNull) resulted in dose-responsive inhibition of endogenous HIV-1 replication. HIV-1 replication in normal AMs infected with HIV-1 in vitro was inhibited by AdNull with a similar dose response. Ad reduced AM HIV-1 replication up to 14 days after HIV-1 infection. Fully HIV-1-infected AMs were treated with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, after which Ad infection still inhibited HIV-1 replication, suggesting a postentry step was affected. Substantial HIV-1 DNA was still produced after Ad infection, as quantified by TaqMan real-time PCR, suggesting that the replication block occurred after reverse transcription. AdNull blocked HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) transcription, as assessed by an vesicular stomatitis virus G protein pseudotyped HIV-1 LTR luciferase construct. The formation of HIV-1 DNA integrated into the host chromosome was not inhibited by Ad, as quantified by a two-step TaqMan real-time PCR assay, implying a postintegration block to HIV-1 replication. These data indicate that Ad vectors are inhibitory to HIV-1 replication in human AMs based, in part, on their ability to inhibit LTR-driven transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Kaner
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Srikantiah P, Wong JK, Liegler T, Walusimbi M, Mayanja-Kizza H, Kayanja HK, Mugerwa RD, Charlebois ED, Boom WH, Whalen CC, Havlir DV. Unexpected low-level viremia among HIV-infected Ugandan adults with untreated active tuberculosis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 49:458-60. [PMID: 19011423 PMCID: PMC4752197 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31817e9fb4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Garg R, Lodge R, Descoteaux A, Tremblay M. Leishmania infantumPromastigotes Reduce Entry of HIV‐1 into Macrophages through a Lipophosphoglycan‐Mediated Disruption of Lipid Rafts. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:1701-8. [DOI: 10.1086/588146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Nordone SK, Ignacio GA, Su L, Sempowski GD, Golenbock DT, Li L, Dean GA. Failure of TLR4-driven NF-kappa B activation to stimulate virus replication in models of HIV type 1 activation. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:1387-95. [PMID: 18184082 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of HIV-1 with Toll-like receptors (TLR) on host target cells is incompletely understood. Data from several in vivo and in vitro model systems suggest that TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 remain functional and if stimulated, cause an upregulation of viral replication. In the present studies employing two different chronically HIV-1-infected cell lines and highly purified TLR agonists, we found ligation of TLR2 and TLR9, but not TLR4, resulted in significant upregulation of HIV-1 production. This result was not due to a lack of TLR4 expression or impaired NF-kappa B activation. Using HEK293 cells transfected with individual TLRs and an HIV-1 LTR reporter confirmed that TLR4 signaling does not directly activate the HIV-1 LTR. Finally, ultrapurified LPS did not enhance production of IL-1 beta or IL-6 in chronically infected U1 cells, whereas significant cytokine production was observed in uninfected U937 cells. These results confirm the biological activity of ultrapurified LPS and raise the possibility that TLR4 signaling pathways may be altered during chronic HIV-1 infection. Collectively, these studies suggest that although several TLR can upregulate NF-kappaB in HIV-1-infected cells, upregulation of NF-kappaB alone is insufficient to activate the viral LTR. Further dissection of the TLR signaling pathways is necessary to determine how TLR stimulation leads to LTR activation and whether HIV-1 infection can alter signaling through TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila K Nordone
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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Reljic R, Ivanyi J. A case for passive immunoprophylaxis against tuberculosis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2006; 6:813-8. [PMID: 17123901 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(06)70658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated tuberculosis is escalating ominously in Africa and southeast Asia despite existing control measures. Therefore, new approaches to tuberculosis control need to be explored. We discuss the potential use of passive immunoprophylaxis with antibodies in tuberculosis control. Although the predominant type of active host resistance is T-cell mediated, recent results in mouse experimental models suggest that monoclonal antibodies to certain antigens (eg, Acr or lipoarabinomannan) can impart substantial passive protection against tuberculous infection. These results are corroborated by data from other laboratories on passive vaccination against a number of intracellular microbial pathogens. Further work is needed to develop human (or humanised) antibody reagents, to increase their protective efficacy, and to expand our understanding of the mechanisms of antibody action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajko Reljic
- Clinical and Diagnostic Research Group, Guy's Campus, Kings College London, London, UK
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Báfica A, Scanga CA, Schito M, Chaussabel D, Sher A. Influence of Coinfecting Pathogens on HIV Expression: Evidence for a Role of Toll-Like Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7229-34. [PMID: 15187096 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune activation of HIV gene expression as a consequence of the host response to coinfecting pathogens has been implicated as an important factor in AIDS progression. Immune responsiveness to many of the infectious agents associated with HIV has been demonstrated to depend on a family of innate recognition molecules, known as Toll-like receptors (TLR). Therefore, TLR-pathogen interactions could play an indirect role in regulating HIV-associated disease. In this review, we summarize emerging evidence for the influence of TLR recognition on HIV gene activation and AIDS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Báfica
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Rm. 6146, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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