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Cao Z, Cui L, Liu Q, Liu F, Zhao Y, Guo K, Hu T, Zhang F, Sheng X, Wang X, Peng Z, Dai M. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacter hormaechei Carrying qnrS Gene Isolated from Chicken Feed in China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0251821. [PMID: 35467399 PMCID: PMC9241693 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02518-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in Enterobacteriaceae including resistance to quinolones is rising worldwide. The plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene qnrS is prevalent in Enterobacteriaceae. However, the qnrS gene is rarely found in Enterobacter hormaechei (E. hormaechei). Here, we reported one multidrug resistant E. hormaechei strain M1 carrying the qnrS1 and blaTEM-1 genes. This study was to analyze the characteristics of MDR E. hormaechei strain M1. The E. hormaechei strain M1 was identified as Enterobacter cloacae complex by biochemical assay and 16S rRNA sequencing. The whole genome was sequenced by the Oxford Nanopore method. Taxonomy of the E. hormaechei was based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The qnrS with the other antibiotic resistance genes were coexisted on IncF plasmid (pM1). Besides, the virulence factors associated with pathogenicity were also located on pM1. The qnrS1 gene was located between insertion element IS2A (upstream) and transposition element ISKra4 (downstream). The comparison result of IncF plasmids revealed that they had a common plasmid backbone. Susceptibility experiment revealed that the E. hormaechei M1 showed extensive resistance to the clinical antimicrobials. The conjugation transfer was performed by filter membrane incubation method. The competition and plasmid stability assays suggested the host bacteria carrying qnrS had an energy burden. As far as we know, this is the first report that E. hormaechei carrying qnrS was isolated from chicken feed. The chicken feed and poultry products could serve as a vehicle for these MDR bacteria, which could transfer between animals and humans through the food chain. We need to pay close attention to the epidemiology of E. hormaechei and prevent their further dissemination. IMPORTANCE Enterobacter hormaechei is an opportunistic pathogen. It can cause infections in humans and animals. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene qnrS can be transferred intergenus, which is leading to increase the quinolone resistance levels in Enterobacteriaceae. Chicken feed could serve as a vehicle for the MDR E. hormaechei. Therefore, antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) might be transferred to the intestinal flora after entering the gastrointestinal tract with the feed. Furthermore, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) were also excreted into environment with feces, posing a huge threat to public health. This requires us to monitor the ARB and antibiotic-resistant plasmids in the feed. Here, we demonstrated the characteristics of one MDR E. hormaechei isolate from chicken feed. The plasmid carrying the qnrS gene is a conjugative plasmid with transferability. The presence of plasmid carrying antibiotic-resistance genes requires the maintenance of antibiotic pressure. In addition, the E. hormaechei M1 belonged to new sequence type (ST). These data show the MDR E. hormaechei M1 is a novel strain that requires our further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Cao
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luqing Cui
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan Liu
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangjia Liu
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaixuan Guo
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyu Hu
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xijing Sheng
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Peng
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Alphonse N, Wanford JJ, Voak AA, Gay J, Venkhaya S, Burroughs O, Mathew S, Lee T, Evans SL, Zhao W, Frowde K, Alrehaili A, Dickenson RE, Munk M, Panina S, Mahmood IF, Llorian M, Stanifer ML, Boulant S, Berchtold MW, Bergeron JRC, Wack A, Lesser CF, Odendall C. A family of conserved bacterial virulence factors dampens interferon responses by blocking calcium signaling. Cell 2022; 185:2354-2369.e17. [PMID: 35568036 PMCID: PMC9596379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) induce an antimicrobial state, protecting tissues from infection. Many viruses inhibit IFN signaling, but whether bacterial pathogens evade IFN responses remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the Shigella OspC family of type-III-secreted effectors blocks IFN signaling independently of its cell death inhibitory activity. Rather, IFN inhibition was mediated by the binding of OspC1 and OspC3 to the Ca2+ sensor calmodulin (CaM), blocking CaM kinase II and downstream JAK/STAT signaling. The growth of Shigella lacking OspC1 and OspC3 was attenuated in epithelial cells and in a murine model of infection. This phenotype was rescued in both models by the depletion of IFN receptors. OspC homologs conserved in additional pathogens not only bound CaM but also inhibited IFN, suggesting a widespread virulence strategy. These findings reveal a conserved but previously undescribed molecular mechanism of IFN inhibition and demonstrate the critical role of Ca2+ and IFN targeting in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Alphonse
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Joseph J Wanford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew A Voak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jack Gay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shayla Venkhaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Owen Burroughs
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sanjana Mathew
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Truelian Lee
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sasha L Evans
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Weiting Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kyle Frowde
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abrar Alrehaili
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth E Dickenson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mads Munk
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svetlana Panina
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ishraque F Mahmood
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Miriam Llorian
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Julien R C Bergeron
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Wack
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte Odendall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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3
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Isolation of AmpC- and extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales from fresh vegetables in the United States. Food Control 2022; 132:108559. [PMID: 34629764 PMCID: PMC8494183 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables may serve as a reservoir for antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes. AmpC β-lactamases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) inactivate commonly used β-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins. In this study, we determined the prevalence of AmpC and ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in retail vegetables in the United States. A total of 88 vegetable samples were collected for the screening of AmpC and ESBL-producing Enterobacterales using CHROMagar ESBL agar. These vegetables included washed ready-to-eat salad (23), microgreens/sprouts (13), lettuce (11), herbs (11), spinach (5), mushrooms (5), brussels sprouts (4), kale (3), and other vegetable samples (13). AmpC and ESBL activity in these isolates were determined using double disk combination tests. Two vegetable samples (2.27%), organic basil and brussels sprouts, were positive for AmpC-producing Enterobacterales and eight samples (9.09%), including bean sprouts, organic parsley, organic baby spinach, and several mixed salads, were positive for ESBL-producing Enterobacterales. Whole genome sequencing was used to identify the bacterial species and resistance genes in these isolates. Genes encoding AmpC β-lactamases were found in Enterobacter hormaechei strains S43-1 and 74-2, which were consistent with AmpC production phenotypes. Multidrug-resistant E. hormaechei strains S11-1, S17-1, and S45-4 possess an ESBL gene, blaSHV66 , whereas five Serratia fonticola isolates contain genes encoding a minor ESBL, FONA-5. In addition, we used shotgun metagenomic sequencing approach to examine the microbiome and resistome profiles of three spinach samples. We found that Pseudomonas was the most prevalent bacteria genus in the spinach samples. Within the Enterobacteriaceae family, Enterobacter was the most abundant genus in the spinach samples. Moreover, antibiotic resistance genes encoding 12 major classes of antibiotics, including β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycoside, macrolide, fluoroquinolone, and others, were found in these spinach samples. Therefore, vegetables can serve as an important vehicle for transmitting antibiotic resistance. The study highlights the need for antibiotic resistance surveillance in vegetable products.
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4
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Recent Advances in Metal-Based Antimicrobial Coatings for High-Touch Surfaces. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031162. [PMID: 35163084 PMCID: PMC8835042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
International interest in metal-based antimicrobial coatings to control the spread of bacteria, fungi, and viruses via high contact human touch surfaces are growing at an exponential rate. This interest recently reached an all-time high with the outbreak of the deadly COVID-19 disease, which has already claimed the lives of more than 5 million people worldwide. This global pandemic has highlighted the major role that antimicrobial coatings can play in controlling the spread of deadly viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and scientists and engineers are now working harder than ever to develop the next generation of antimicrobial materials. This article begins with a review of three discrete microorganism-killing phenomena of contact-killing surfaces, nanoprotrusions, and superhydrophobic surfaces. The antimicrobial properties of metals such as copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn) are reviewed along with the effects of combining them with titanium dioxide (TiO2) to create a binary or ternary contact-killing surface coatings. The self-cleaning and bacterial resistance of purely structural superhydrophobic surfaces and the potential of physical surface nanoprotrusions to damage microbial cells are then considered. The article then gives a detailed discussion on recent advances in attempting to combine these individual phenomena to create super-antimicrobial metal-based coatings with binary or ternary killing potential against a broad range of microorganisms, including SARS-CoV-2, for high-touch surface applications such as hand rails, door plates, and water fittings on public transport and in healthcare, care home and leisure settings as well as personal protective equipment commonly used in hospitals and in the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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5
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Chen CW, Yuan L, Zhang YS, Mgomi FC, Wang Y, Yang ZQ, Jiao XA. Comparision of biological and genomic characteristics of five virulent bacteriophages against Enterobacter hormaechei. Microb Pathog 2022; 162:105375. [PMID: 34974119 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacter hormaechei is a zoonotic bacteria that may cause respiratory diseases in animals and neonatal sepsis in humans. Bacteriophages are increasingly considered as potential biocontrol agents to control pathogens in the food industry. In this study, five E. hormaechei virulent phages, named as Ehp-YZU08, Ehp-YZU10, Ehp-YZU9-1, Ehp-YZU9-2 and Ehp-YZU9-3, were isolated from sewage in China and analyzed for their biological and whole-genome characteristics, and a comparative genomic analysis was performed to study the functional genes and phylogenetic evolution of phages. The results showed that four of the phage strains belong to the Podoviridae family and one belongs to the Myoviridae family. The burst sizes were 70-283 PFU/cell after a latent period of 5-40 min. Phages were able to survive in a pH range of 5-10 and resist temperatures up to 60 °C for 60 min. The sequencing results showed that the full length of the genomes of the five phages ranged from 39,502 to 173,418 bp. Each phage contained multiple genes related to phage replication, and genes related to bacterial virulence or drug resistance were not found. The five phages belonged to three different groups by a construction of a phylogenetic tree, and the significant genetic evolutionary distance from each E. hormaechei phage was observed. The inhibition assay showed that all five phages could completely inhibit the growth of E. hormaechei at 37 °C within 8 h, suggesting that the phages in this study have great potential for the development of biocontrol agents against E. hormaechei in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao-Wei Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Lei Yuan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Yuan-Song Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Fedrick C Mgomi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Zhen-Quan Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.
| | - Xin-An Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
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6
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Rahimzadeh Torabi L, Doudi M, Naghavi NS, Monajemi R. Bacteriophages PɸEn-CL and PɸEn-HO can eliminate MDR Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter hormaechei isolated from burn wound infections without toxicity for human skin cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6438434. [PMID: 34849758 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains has caused serious problems in the treatment of burn infections. MDR Enterobactercloacae and Enterobacterhormaechei have been defined as the causative agents of nosocomial infections in burn patients. In this situation, examination of phages side effects on human cell lines before any investigation on human or animal that can provide beneficial information about the safety of isolated phages. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the specific bacteriophages on MDR E. cloacae and E. hormaechei isolated from burn wounds and to analyze the efficacy, cell viability and cell cytotoxicity of phages on A-375 and HFSF-PI cell lines by MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Phages were isolated from urban sewage Isfahan, Iran. Enterobactercloacae strain Iau-EC100 (GenBank accession number: MZ314381) and E. hormaechei strain Iau-EHO100 (GenBank accession number: MZ348826) were sensitive to the isolated phages. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results revealed that PɸEn-CL and PɸEn-HO that were described had the morphologies of Myovirus and Inovirus, respectively. Overall, MTT and LDH assays showed moderate to excellent correlation in the evaluation of cytotoxicity of isolated phages. The results of MTT and LDH assays showed that, phages PɸEn-CL and PɸEn-HO had no significant toxicity effect on A375 and HFSF-PI 3 cells. Phage PɸEn-HO had a better efficacy on the two tested cell lines than other phage. Our results indicated that, there were significant differences between the two cytotoxicity assays in phage treatment compared to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Rahimzadeh Torabi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, University Boulevard, Falavarjan 84515/155, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Monir Doudi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, University Boulevard, Falavarjan 84515/155, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Sadat Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, University Boulevard, Falavarjan 84515/155, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ramesh Monajemi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, University Boulevard, Falavarjan 84515/155, Isfahan, Iran
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Abstract
Although many aspects of infection prevention and control (IPC) mirror institutional efforts, optimization of IPC practices in the neonatal intensive care unit requires careful consideration of its unique population and environment, addressed here for key IPC domains. In addition, innovative mitigation efforts to address challenges specific to limited resource settings are discussed.
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Jiménez-Castillo RA, Aguilar-Rivera LR, Carrizales-Sepúlveda EF, Gómez-Quiroz RA, Llantada-López AR, González-Aguirre JE, Náñez-Terreros H, Rendón-Ramírez EJ. A case of round pneumonia due to Enterobacter hormaechei: the need for a standardized diagnosis and treatment approach in adults. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021; 63:e3. [PMID: 33503151 PMCID: PMC7816868 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202163003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Round pneumonia is an unusual radiological manifestation of a bacterial lung infection. We present the case of an elderly male patient who arrived at the emergency room with a productive cough and exertional dyspnea. His chest x-ray and CT showed a round opacity and air bronchograms in the right upper lobe. Taken together, the patient's symptoms and images strongly suggest a pulmonary infection. Empirical antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone and clarithromycin was started. The sputum culture was positive for Enterobacter hormaechei and the bacterium was sensitive to levofloxacin; therefore, the antibiotic therapy was changed. Despite the treatment, the patient progressed to respiratory failure and septic shock, dying six days after admission. Although round pneumonia is uncommon, it is a potentially curable disease and clinicians should always consider it in their differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Alberto Jiménez-Castillo
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Monterrey, México
| | - Leonardo René Aguilar-Rivera
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Monterrey, México
| | - Edgar Francisco Carrizales-Sepúlveda
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Departamento de Cardiología, Monterrey, México
| | - Ricardo Andrés Gómez-Quiroz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Monterrey, México
| | - Anabella Rosalía Llantada-López
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Monterrey, México
| | - Julio Edgardo González-Aguirre
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Monterrey, México
| | - Homero Náñez-Terreros
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Monterrey, México
| | - Erick Joel Rendón-Ramírez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Monterrey, México
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9
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Qian W, Yang M, Wang T, Sun Z, Liu M, Zhang J, Zeng Q, Cai C, Li Y. Antibacterial Mechanism of Vanillic Acid on Physiological, Morphological, and Biofilm Properties of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacter hormaechei. J Food Prot 2020; 83:576-583. [PMID: 31855457 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-19-469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many studies have evaluated the antimicrobial activity of natural products against various microorganisms, but to our knowledge there have been no studies of the possible use of natural products for their antimicrobial activity against Enterobacter hormaechei. In this study, we investigated vanillic acid (VA) for its antimicrobial activities and its modes of action against carbapenem-resistant E. hormaechei (CREH). The MIC of VA against CREH was determined by the agar diffusion method. The antibacterial action of VA against CREH was elucidated by measuring variations in intracellular ATP concentration, intracellular pH, membrane potential, and cell morphology. Moreover, the efficacy of VA against biofilm formation and VA damage to CREH cells embedded in biofilms were further explored. Our results show that VA was effective against CREH with a MIC of 0.8 mg/mL. VA could rupture the cell membrane integrity of CREH, as measured by a decrease of intracellular ATP, pH, and membrane potential, along with distinctive alternations in cell morphology. In addition, VA exerted a remarkable inhibitory effect on the biofilm formation of CREH and also killed CREH cells within biofilms. These findings show that VA has a potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against CREH and, hence, has the potential to be used clinically as a novel candidate agent to treat CREH infections and in the food industry as a food preservative and surface disinfectant. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qian
- Food Science and Bioengineering School, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4612-4351 [W.Q.])
| | - Min Yang
- Food Science and Bioengineering School, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Food Science and Bioengineering School, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohuan Sun
- Food Science and Bioengineering School, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Liu
- Food Science and Bioengineering School, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- Food Science and Bioengineering School, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Zeng
- Food Science and Bioengineering School, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Changlong Cai
- Research Center of Ion Beam Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongdong Li
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, People's Republic of China
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10
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Shang Q, Gao Y, Qin T, Wang S, Shi Y, Chen T. Interaction of Oral and Toothbrush Microbiota Affects Oral Cavity Health. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:17. [PMID: 32117797 PMCID: PMC7011102 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth brushing is necessary to maintain oral health. Little research has been carried out to explore microbial diversity in toothbrushes and to study the potential impact of these bacteria on human health. In the present study, 20 participants were enrolled, and the microbial diversity in their oral cavity and toothbrushes was investigated using high-throughput sequencing. Our results indicate that 1,136 and 976 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from groups CB (samples from toothbrushes of participants using traditional Chinese medicinal toothpaste) and AB (samples from toothbrushes of those using antibacterial toothpaste), respectively. The pathogens Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans were identified on toothbrushes. The presence of these pathogens increases the chance for the host to get infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Moreover, our in vitro results indicate that traditional Chinese medicinal toothpaste and antibacterial toothpaste can not only inhibit the growth of pathogens but also markedly inhibit the growth of probiotics Lactobacillus salivarius and Streptococcus salivarius. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of toothpaste on probiotics, together with the existence of pathogens in toothbrushes, indicates a potential risk of tooth brushing for people in a sub-healthy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyao Shang
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,National Engineering Research Centre for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,National Engineering Research Centre for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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11
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Parlapani F, Michailidou S, Anagnostopoulos D, Koromilas S, Kios K, Pasentsis K, Psomopoulos F, Argiriou A, Haroutounian S, Boziaris I. Bacterial communities and potential spoilage markers of whole blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) stored under commercial simulated conditions. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:325-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Enterobacter spp.: Update on Taxonomy, Clinical Aspects, and Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:32/4/e00002-19. [PMID: 31315895 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00002-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Enterobacter is a member of the ESKAPE group, which contains the major resistant bacterial pathogens. First described in 1960, this group member has proven to be more complex as a result of the exponential evolution of phenotypic and genotypic methods. Today, 22 species belong to the Enterobacter genus. These species are described in the environment and have been reported as opportunistic pathogens in plants, animals, and humans. The pathogenicity/virulence of this bacterium remains rather unclear due to the limited amount of work performed to date in this field. In contrast, its resistance against antibacterial agents has been extensively studied. In the face of antibiotic treatment, it is able to manage different mechanisms of resistance via various local and global regulator genes and the modulation of the expression of different proteins, including enzymes (β-lactamases, etc.) or membrane transporters, such as porins and efflux pumps. During various hospital outbreaks, the Enterobacter aerogenes and E. cloacae complex exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype, which has stimulated questions about the role of cascade regulation in the emergence of these well-adapted clones.
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13
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Parra-Flores J, Aguirre J, Juneja V, Jackson EE, Cruz-Córdova A, Silva-Sanchez J, Forsythe S. Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Cronobacter sakazakii and Enterobacter spp. Involved in the Diarrheic Hemorrhagic Outbreak in Mexico. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2206. [PMID: 30319560 PMCID: PMC6171480 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are bacterial pathogens that cause neonatal meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants with a lethality rate of 40–80%. Powdered infant formulas (PIF) have been implicated as the main vehicles of transmission. This pathogen can also cause infection through contaminated expressed breast milk, and it has been recovered from neonatal feeding tubes of neonates not fed reconstituted PIF and milk kitchen areas. This study analyzed antibiotic resistance profiles and the tissue virulence tests of Cronobacter sakazakii and Enterobacter spp. recovered from PIF, infant fecal matter‘s, and milk kitchen environment involved in a diarrheic hemorrhagic outbreak in 2011 in Mexico. The strains isolated from the outbreak had similar antibiotic resistance profiles and pathogenicity irrespective of isolation site, however, C. sakazakii strains isolated from PIF showed significantly higher invasive profiles than Enterobacter spp. (p = 0.001) and 83% were resistant to more than one antibiotic. The findings of this study can be used to complement existing information to better control Cronobacter and Enterobacter spp. contamination in PIF production, prevent its transmission, and improve infant food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parra-Flores
- Departamento de Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud y de los Alimentos, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Juan Aguirre
- Departamento Agroindustria y Enología, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vijay Juneja
- Residue Chemistry and Predictive Microbiology Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Emily E Jackson
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesus Silva-Sanchez
- Grupo de Resistencia Bacteriana, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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14
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El‐Zamkan MA, Mohamed HM. Molecular detection ofEnterobacterspp. and other related species in powdered milk infant formula and milk powder. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona A. El‐Zamkan
- Department of Food Hygiene and ControlFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
| | - Hams M.A. Mohamed
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
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15
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Parra-Flores J, Cerda-Leal F, Contreras A, Valenzuela-Riffo N, Rodríguez A, Aguirre J. Cronobacter sakazakii and Microbiological Parameters in Dairy Formulas Associated With a Food Alert in Chile. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1708. [PMID: 30108565 PMCID: PMC6079297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of Cronobacter sakazakii and microbiological parameters in dairy products associated with a food alert. Ninety dairy product samples were analyzed, including seven commercial brands and two product types (liquid and powdered) from four countries. Aerobic plate count (APC) and Enterobacteriaceae count were performed according to Chilean standards. Cronobacter spp. and C. sakazakii were identified by polymerase chain reaction real time amplification of rpoB and cgcA genes and the genotype by multilocus sequence typing. Eighty-eight percent of dairy products showed APC higher than the detection limit. Fifty percent of liquid commercial brand samples contained APC: 2.6, 2.3, 1.1, and 2.9 CFU/mL in brands A, C, E, and G, respectively. Results for powdered commercial brands were 3.0, 3.6, and 5.7 CFU/g in brands B, D, and F, respectively. Maximum count (5.7 CFU/g) occurred in brand F dairy product manufactured in Chile. Enterobacteriaceae were found in 55% of the samples, 64% in liquid and 51% in powdered commercial brands. In 50% of brands B, D, and E, samples contained 2.9, 2.8, and 2.7 log CFU/g, respectively. Only liquid commercial brands from the United States had Enterobacteriaceae values between 0.1 and 4.5 CFU/mL. Seventeen suspicious strains were isolated and nine were identified as Enterobacter spp. Only eight suspicious strains from four powdered commercial brands (Chile and Singapore) were confirmed as C. sakazakii by rpoB and cgcA gene amplification and fusA sequencing. C. sakazakii prevalence in the analyzed samples was 8.8%. There were 11% of powdered milk brands that contained APC between 4.0 and 4.7 log CFU/g and 55% of the samples contained Enterobacteriaceae. C. sakazakii was found in dairy products manufactured in Chile and Singapore. On the basis of this information, the Chilean Ministry of Health (RSA) decreed a national and international food alert and recalled all the product batches that resulted positive in the present study from supermarkets and pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parra-Flores
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Fabiola Cerda-Leal
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Alejandra Contreras
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Nicole Valenzuela-Riffo
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Alejandra Rodríguez
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Juan Aguirre
- Department of Agricultural Industry and Enology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Sutton GG, Brinkac LM, Clarke TH, Fouts DE. Enterobacterhormaechei subsp. hoffmannii subsp. nov., Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis comb. nov., Enterobacter roggenkampii sp. nov., and Enterobacter muelleri is a later heterotypic synonym of Enterobacter asburiae based on computational analysis of sequenced Enterobacter genomes. F1000Res 2018; 7:521. [PMID: 30430006 PMCID: PMC6097438 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14566.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The predominant species in clinical Enterobacter isolates is E. hormaechei. Many articles, clinicians, and GenBank submissions misname these strains as E. cloacae. The lack of sequenced type strains or named species/subspecies for some clades in the E. cloacae complex complicate the issue. Methods: The genomes of the type strains for Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. oharae, E. hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii, and E. xiangfangensis, and two strains from Hoffmann clusters III and IV of the E. cloacae complex were sequenced. These genomes, the E. hormaechei subsp. hormaechei type strain, and other available Enterobacter type strains were analysed in conjunction with all extant Enterobacter genomes in NCBI's RefSeq using Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI). Results: There were five recognizable subspecies of E. hormaechei: E. hormaechei subsp. hoffmannii subsp. nov., E. hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis comb. nov., and the three previously known subspecies. One of the strains sequenced from the E. cloacae complex was not a novel E. hormaechei subspecies but rather a member of a clade of a novel species: E. roggenkampii sp. nov.. E. muelleri was determined to be a later heterotypic synonym of E. asburiae which should take precedence. Conclusion: The phylogeny of the Enterobacter genus, particularly the cloacae complex, was re-evaluated based on the type strain genome sequences and all other available Enterobacter genomes in RefSeq.
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17
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Sutton GG, Brinkac LM, Clarke TH, Fouts DE. Enterobacterhormaechei subsp. hoffmannii subsp. nov., Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis comb. nov., Enterobacter roggenkampii sp. nov., and Enterobacter muelleri is a later heterotypic synonym of Enterobacter asburiae based on computational analysis of sequenced Enterobacter genomes. F1000Res 2018; 7:521. [PMID: 30430006 PMCID: PMC6097438 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14566.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The predominant species in clinical Enterobacter isolates is E. hormaechei. Many articles, clinicians, and GenBank submissions misname these strains as E. cloacae. The lack of sequenced type strains or named species/subspecies for some clades in the E. cloacae complex complicate the issue. Methods: The genomes of the type strains for Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. oharae, E. hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii, and E. xiangfangensis, and two strains from Hoffmann clusters III and IV of the E. cloacae complex were sequenced. These genomes, the E. hormaechei subsp. hormaechei type strain, and other available Enterobacter type strains were analysed in conjunction with all extant Enterobacter genomes in NCBI's RefSeq using Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI). Results: There were five recognizable subspecies of E. hormaechei: E. hormaechei subsp. hoffmannii subsp. nov., E. hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis comb. nov., and the three previously known subspecies. One of the strains sequenced from the E. cloacae complex was not a novel E. hormaechei subspecies but rather a member of a clade of a novel species: E. roggenkampii sp. nov.. E. muelleri was determined to be a later heterotypic synonym of E. asburiae which should take precedence. Conclusion: The phylogeny of the Enterobacter genus, particularly the cloacae complex, was re-evaluated based on the type strain genome sequences and all other available Enterobacter genomes in RefSeq.
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18
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Rumjuankiat K, Keawsompong S, Nitisinprasert S. Bacterial contaminants from frozen puff pastry production process and their growth inhibition by antimicrobial substances from lactic acid bacteria. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 5:454-465. [PMID: 28572930 PMCID: PMC5448371 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy-five bacterial contaminants which still persisted to cleaning system from three puff pastry production lines (dough forming, layer and filling forming, and shock freezing) were identified using 16S rDNA as seven genera of Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Dermacoccus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus with detection frequencies of 24.00, 2.66, 1.33, 37.33, 1.33, 2.66, and 30.66, respectively. Seventeen species were discovered while only 11 species Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, Corynebacterium striatum, Dermacoccus barathri, Enterobacter asburiae, Staphylococcus kloosii, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. warneri, and S. aureus were detected at the end of production. Based on their abundance, the highest abundance of E. asburiae could be used as a biomarker for product quality. While a low abundance of the mesophile pathogen C. striatum, which causes respiratory and nervous infection and appeared only at the shock freezing step was firstly reported for its detection in bakery product. Six antimicrobial substances (AMSs) from lactic acid bacteria, FF1-4, FF1-7, PFUR-242, PFUR-255, PP-174, and nisin A were tested for their inhibition activities against the contaminants. The three most effective were FF1-7, PP-174, and nisin A exhibiting wide inhibition spectra of 88.00%, 85.33%, and 86.66%, respectively. The potential of a disinfectant solution containing 800 AU/ml of PP-174 and nisin A against the most resistant strains of Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Klebsiella was determined on artificially contaminated conveyor belt coupons at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 hr. The survival levels of the test strains were below 1 log CFU/coupon at 0 hr. The results suggested that a combined solution of PP-174 and nisin A may be beneficial as a sanitizer to inhibit bacterial contaminants in the frozen puff pastry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittaporn Rumjuankiat
- Specialized Research Unit: Prebiotics and Probiotics for HealthFaculty of Agro‐IndustryDepartment of BiotechnologyKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Suttipun Keawsompong
- Specialized Research Unit: Prebiotics and Probiotics for HealthFaculty of Agro‐IndustryDepartment of BiotechnologyKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and FoodKasetsart University Institute for Advanced StudiesKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Sunee Nitisinprasert
- Specialized Research Unit: Prebiotics and Probiotics for HealthFaculty of Agro‐IndustryDepartment of BiotechnologyKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and FoodKasetsart University Institute for Advanced StudiesKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
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Maravić A, Cvjetan S, Konta M, Ladouce R, Martín FA. Proteomic response of β-lactamases-producing Enterobacter cloacae complex strain to cefotaxime-induced stress. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw045. [PMID: 27162211 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the Enterobacter cloacae complex are among the ten most common pathogens causing nosocomial infections in the USA. Consequently, increased resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, particularly expanded-spectrum cephalosporins like cefotaxime (CTX), poses a serious threat. Differential In-Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE), followed by LC-MS/MS analysis and bioinformatics tools, was employed to investigate the survival mechanisms of a multidrug-resistant E. hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii 51 carrying several β-lactamase-encoding genes, including the 'pandemic' blaCTX-M-15 After exposing the strain with sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CTX, a total of 1072 spots from the whole-cell proteome were detected, out of which 35 were differentially expressed (P ≤ 0.05, fold change ≥1.5). Almost 50% of these proteins were involved in cell metabolism and energy production, and then cell wall organization/virulence, stress response and transport. This is the first study investigating the whole-cell proteomic response related to the survival of β-lactamases-producing strain, belonging to the E. cloacae complex when exposed to β-lactam antibiotic. Our data support the theory of a multifactorial synergistic effect of diverse proteomic changes occurring in bacterial cells during antibiotic exposure, depicting the complexity of β-lactam resistance and giving us an insight in the key pathways mediating the antibiotic resistance in this emerging opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maravić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Svjetlana Cvjetan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Meštovićevo šetalište 45, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marina Konta
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Meštovićevo šetalište 45, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Romain Ladouce
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Meštovićevo šetalište 45, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Fernando A Martín
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Meštovićevo šetalište 45, 21000 Split, Croatia
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20
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Buie T. Potential Etiologic Factors of Microbiome Disruption in Autism. Clin Ther 2016; 37:976-83. [PMID: 26046240 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary purpose of this article was to consider the candidate disruptors of the development of a healthy microbiome in patients with autism. The reported abnormalities in the microbiome of individuals with autism are discussed. METHODS This selected review used data from published articles related to the assessment of microbiota in autism. Evidence-based support of factors known to affect the intestinal microbiome in individuals with autism are presented. Proposed interventions are evaluated and discussed. FINDINGS Studies that have investigated the intestinal microbiome in patients with autism have reported significant differences versus unaffected controls. Increased clostridial species in autism have been reported in several studies. These differences may have resulted from a number of environmental factors. Microbiome alterations that might contribute to the development of autism include altered immune function and bacterial metabolites. IMPLICATIONS Efforts to modify microbial imbalances through a variety of interventions are addressed. Focusing on mechanisms that drive imbalances in the microbiome may affect the development of disease. Altered intestinal health may contribute to the development of autistic behaviors or autism itself. Interventions aimed at improving intestinal health may favorably affect the microbiome and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Buie
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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21
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Hiding in Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: Opportunistic Pathogens May Cross Geographical Barriers. Int J Microbiol 2016; 2016:4292417. [PMID: 26989419 PMCID: PMC4772400 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4292417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Different microbial groups of the microbiome of fresh produce can have diverse effects on human health. This study was aimed at identifying some microbial communities of fresh produce by analyzing 105 samples of imported fresh fruits and vegetables originated from different countries in the world including local samples (Oman) for aerobic plate count and the counts of Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The isolated bacteria were identified by molecular (PCR) and biochemical methods (VITEK 2). Enterobacteriaceae occurred in 60% of fruits and 91% of vegetables. Enterococcus was isolated from 20% of fruits and 42% of vegetables. E. coli and S. aureus were isolated from 22% and 7% of vegetables, respectively. Ninety-seven bacteria comprising 21 species were similarly identified by VITEK 2 and PCR to species level. E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus casseliflavus, and Enterobacter cloacae were the most abundant species; many are known as opportunistic pathogens which may raise concern to improve the microbial quality of fresh produce. Phylogenetic trees showed no relationship between clustering of the isolates based on the 16S rRNA gene and the original countries of fresh produce. Intercountry passage of opportunistic pathogens in fresh produce cannot be ruled out, which requires better management.
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22
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Jackson EE, Flores JP, Fernández-Escartín E, Forsythe SJ. Reevaluation of a Suspected Cronobacter sakazakii Outbreak in Mexico. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1191-6. [PMID: 26038912 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, two infants became ill at a hospital in Mexico. Subsequently, a range of clinical, environmental, and powdered and rehydrated infant formula isolates were identified by using a combination of phenotyping and PCR probes. The strains were clustered according to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The causative agent was reported as Cronobacter sakazakii, with powdered infant formula (PIF) identified as the likely source of the infections. This new study further characterized the isolates from this outbreak by using multilocus sequence typing and whole genome sequencing of selected strains. Though four PIF isolates and one hospital environmental isolate were identified as C. sakazakii sequence type 297 by multilocus sequence typing, they were isolated 6 months prior to the outbreak. Genotypic analyses of patient isolates identified them as Enterobacter hormaechei and Enterobacter spp. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile of the Enterobacter spp. isolates matched those of isolates from previously unopened tins of PIF. E. hormaechei was only isolated from the two infants and not PIF. The reevaluation of this outbreak highlights the need for accurate detection and identification assays, particularly during outbreak investigations in which incorrect identifications may mislead the investigation and attribution of the source. Though the species responsible for the symptoms could not be determined, this outbreak demonstrated the possible transmission of Enterobacter spp. from PIF to infants. These are possibly the first reported cases of Enterobacter spp. infection of infants from bacterial-contaminated PIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Jackson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Julio Parra Flores
- Departamento de Nutrición y Salud Pública, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Ñuble, 3780000, Chillán, Chile
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Escartín
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, 76010, México
| | - Stephen J Forsythe
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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Mezzatesta ML, Gona F, Stefani S. Enterobacter cloacae complex: clinical impact and emerging antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiol 2014; 7:887-902. [PMID: 22827309 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the Enterobacter cloacae complex are widely encountered in nature, but they can act as pathogens. The biochemical and molecular studies on E. cloacae have shown genomic heterogeneity, comprising six species: Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter hormaechei, Enterobacter kobei, Enterobacter ludwigii and Enterobacter nimipressuralis, E. cloacae and E. hormaechei are the most frequently isolated in human clinical specimens. Phenotypic identification of all species belonging to this taxon is usually difficult and not always reliable; therefore, molecular methods are often used. Although the E. cloacae complex strains are among the most common Enterobacter spp. causing nosocomial bloodstream infections in the last decade, little is known about their virulence-associated properties. By contrast, much has been published on the antibiotic-resistance features of these microorganisms. In fact, they are capable of overproducing AmpC β-lactamases by derepression of a chromosomal gene or by the acquisition of a transferable ampC gene on plasmids conferring the antibiotic resistance. Many other resistance determinants that are able to render ineffective almost all antibiotic families have been recently acquired. Most studies on antimicrobial susceptibility are focused on E. cloacae, E. hormaechei and E. asburiae; these studies reported small variations between the species, and the only significant differences had no discriminating features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lina Mezzatesta
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy.
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Subtractive hybridization yields a silver resistance determinant unique to nosocomial pathogens in the Enterobacter cloacae complex. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:3249-57. [PMID: 22837330 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00885-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity and the increasing clinical importance of the Enterobacter cloacae complex have often been discussed. However, little is known about molecular factors causing pathogenicity within this nomenspecies. Here, we analyzed the genetic differences between an avirulent plant isolate and a pathogenic strain causing an outbreak with septicemia in three patients. We identified an IncHI-2 plasmid as a major difference between these two strains. Besides resistance to several antibiotics, this plasmid encoded a silver resistance determinant. We further showed that this sil determinant was present not only in the analyzed outbreak strain but also in the vast majority of clinical isolates of the E. cloacae complex, predominantly in (sub)species that frequently cause nosocomial infections. The identified sil determinant was highly conserved within the E. cloacae complex and mediated resistance to up to 600 μM silver nitrate. As silver is often used as a disinfectant and treatment for burn wounds, we present here an important fitness factor within the clinically most prevalent subspecies of the E. cloacae complex. This provides a possible explanation for their unequal involvement in nosocomial and especially burn wound infections.
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Kremer A, Hoffmann H. Prevalences of the Enterobacter cloacae complex and its phylogenetic derivatives in the nosocomial environment. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:2951-5. [PMID: 22648160 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the Enterobacter cloacae complex as a nosocomial pathogen, little is known about the relative contribution of its single species and genotypes to its pathogenicity. We studied here the relationship between phylogenetically related strains and clinical infection sites. A total of 196 prospectively collected isolates of the E. cloacae complex were included in the study, comprising 67 blood culture isolates. Isolates were analyzed for clonality by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and genetically assigned to their genotypes by partial hsp60 sequencing. Most isolates belonged in phylogenetic clade 1, with E. hormaechei being the most prevalent species. Notably, some genotypes and species, indeed, showed predilections to certain clinical specimens, whereas clinical outbreaks with members of the E. cloacae complex were rare. Our study stresses the need to identify alleged E. cloacae isolates on the subspecies level in clinical routine in order to obtain more insight into their distinct infectious potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kremer
- Department of Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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BUCHANAN ROBERTL, ONI RUTH. Use of Microbiological Indicators for Assessing Hygiene Controls for the Manufacture of Powdered Infant Formula. J Food Prot 2012; 75:989-97. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbiological testing for various indicator microorganisms is used extensively as a means of verifying the effectiveness of efforts to ensure the microbiological quality and safety of a wide variety of foods. However, for each use of an indicator organism the underlying scientific assumptions related to the behavior of the target microorganism, the characteristics of the food matrix, the details of the food manufacturing processes, environment, and distribution system, and the methodological basis for the assay must be evaluated to determine the validity, utility, and efficacy of potential microbiological indicator tests. The recent adoption by the Codex Alimentarius Commission of microbiological criteria for powdered infant formulae and related products provides an excellent example of an evidence-based approach for the establishment of consensus microbiological criteria. The present article reviews these criteria and those of various national governments in relation to emerging principles for the evidence-based establishment of effective indicator organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- ROBERT L. BUCHANAN
- 1Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - RUTH ONI
- 2Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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27
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Bacterial DNA from orthopedic implants after routine removal. Int J Artif Organs 2012; 34:856-62. [PMID: 22094566 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial 16S rDNA was monitored and identified from orthopedic metallic implants after routine or septic removal from patients in a German hospital. From March to June 2009, 28 metallic implants, 10 human biopsies, and 6 foam dressings from 28 patients were investigated. After analysis of this first collective, the methods were optimized to enhance sensitivity and to reduce interference with human DNA. Then a second collective consisting of 21 metallic implants from 21 patients was investigated from June 2009 to January 2010. In the first collective, 71% of the metallic implants were negative for eubacterial DNA. Pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and opportunists such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus were identified in 11% of the samples, whereas the residual 18% positive results were classified as from skin sources or could not be confirmed. Tissue, secretion, and bone samples as well as foam dressings from the same collective also contained pathogens and opportunists. After the optimization of the methods, a considerable increase of positive samples was seen: in the second collective 19 of the 21 metallic implants proved to be positive for eubacterial 16S rDNA. Bacterial DNA from environmental sources was detected in 13 samples, and in 20 specimens, predominantly mostly the skin. Opportunistic pathogens were detected in 19 samples. Interestingly, septic complications did not occur despite the presence of bacterial DNA. The results obtained up to now encourage us not only to continue a directed monitoring of bacterial DNA on orthopedic implants in practice but also to look intensely for possible sources of bacterial contamination during and after insertion or during removal of such implants.
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28
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Elangovan T, George RP, Kuppusami P, Mangalaraj D, Bera S, Mohandas E, Kim DE. Development of a CrN/Cu nanocomposite coating on titanium-modified stainless steel for antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:779-787. [PMID: 22827159 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.710605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A relatively simple method was developed to fabricate CrN/Cu nanocomposite coatings using pulsed DC magnetron sputtering for application in antibacterial activity. These nanocomposite coatings were applied on titanium (Ti)-modified stainless steel substrata (D-9 alloy) and the antibacterial activity of these coating with respect to the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. Scanning electron microscopy, epifluorescence microscope analyses, and total viable counts confirmed that inclusion of copper in the CrN/Cu nanocomposite coatings provided antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. The quantitative examination of the bacterial activity of P. aeruginosa was estimated by the survival ratio as calculated from the number of viable cells which formed colonies on nutrient agar plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Elangovan
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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29
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Ibrahim M, Wang F, Lou MM, Xie GL, Li B, Bo Z, Zhang GQ, Liu H, Wareth A. Copper as an antibacterial agent for human pathogenic multidrug resistant Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:570-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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Giammanco GM, Aleo A, Guida I, Mammina C. Molecular Epidemiological Survey ofCitrobacter freundiiMisidentified asCronobacterspp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) andEnterobacter hormaecheiIsolated from Powdered Infant Milk Formula. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:517-25. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni M. Giammanco
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute “G. D'Alessandro,” Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aurora Aleo
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute “G. D'Alessandro,” Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ivana Guida
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute “G. D'Alessandro,” Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammina
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute “G. D'Alessandro,” Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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31
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Townsend SM, Hurrell E, Caubilla-Barron J, Loc-Carrillo C, Forsythe SJ. Characterization of an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Enterobacter hormaechei nosocomial outbreak, and other Enterobacter hormaechei misidentified as Cronobacter (Enterobacter) sakazakii. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 154:3659-3667. [PMID: 19047733 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/021980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacter hormaechei is a Gram-negative bacterium within the Enterobacter cloacae complex, and has been shown to be of clinical significance by causing nosocomial infections, including sepsis. Ent. hormaechei is spread via horizontal transfer and is often associated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production, which increases the challenges associated with treatment by limiting therapeutic options. This report considers 10 strains of Ent. hormaechei (identified by 16S rDNA sequencing) that had originally been identified by phenotyping as Cronobacter (Enterobacter) sakazakii. Seven strains were from different neonates during a nosocomial outbreak in a California hospital. PFGE analysis revealed a clonal relationship among six of the seven isolates and therefore a previously unrecognized Ent. hormaechei outbreak had occurred over a three-month period. Antibiotic-resistance profiles were determined and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase activity was detected. The association of the organism with powdered infant formula, neonatal hosts and Cr. sakazakii suggested that the virulence of these organisms may be similar. Virulence traits were tested and all strains were shown to invade both gut epithelial (Caco-2) and blood-brain barrier endothelial cells (rBCEC4), and to persist in macrophages (U937). Due to misidentification we suggest that Ent. hormaechei may be an under-reported cause of bacterial infection, especially in neonates. Also, its isolation from various sources, including powdered infant milk formula, makes it a cause for concern and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Townsend
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Edward Hurrell
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Juncal Caubilla-Barron
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Catherine Loc-Carrillo
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Stephen J Forsythe
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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32
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Contribution of copper ion resistance to survival of Escherichia coli on metallic copper surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 74:977-86. [PMID: 18156321 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01938-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial contamination of touch surfaces poses a serious threat for public health. The use of bactericidal surface materials, such as copper and its alloys, might constitute a way to aid the use of antibiotics and disinfectants, thus minimizing the risk of emergence and spread of multiresistant germs. The survival of Escherichia coli on metallic copper surfaces has been studied previously; however, the mechanisms underlying bacterial inactivation on copper surfaces have not been elucidated. Data presented in this study suggest that bacteria are killed rapidly on dry copper surfaces. Several factors, such as copper ion toxicity, copper chelators, cold, osmotic stress, and reactive oxygen species, but not anaerobiosis, influenced killing rates. Strains deleted in copper detoxification systems were slightly more sensitive than was the wild type. Preadaptation to copper enhanced survival rates upon copper surface exposure. This study constitutes a first step toward understanding the reasons for metallic copper surface-mediated killing of bacteria.
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33
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Campos LC, Lobianco LF, Seki LM, Santos RMR, Asensi MD. Outbreak of Enterobacter hormaechei septicaemia in newborns caused by contaminated parenteral nutrition in Brazil. J Hosp Infect 2007; 66:95-7. [PMID: 17428576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Stumpf AN, Roggenkamp A, Hoffmann H. Specificity of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus and repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction for the detection of clonality within the Enterobacter cloacae complex. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 53:9-16. [PMID: 16182074 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of clonal outbreaks caused by members of the E. cloacae complex is being reported. For the detection of clonality, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is considered the golden standard, but PCR-based methods are cheaper, easier to perform, and provide faster results. One hundred ninety-five isolates of the E. cloacae complex isolated at the university hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany, were assigned to their respective genetic cluster by partial hsp60 sequencing. All study isolates belonging to genetic clusters III and VI were selected to evaluate the specificity of the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of clonal isolates belonging to the E. cloacae complex. For these 56 isolates, PFGE was performed, yielding 3 pairs of isolates with indistinguishable patterns. ERIC PCR resulted in 7 groups with identical patterns, together encompassing 49 study isolates. Comparing the ERIC PCR with the PFGE, a specificity of 14% considering the detection of "clonal" isolates was calculated. In this respect, REP PCR performed much better, yielding a specificity of 90%. An unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages tree based on ERIC PCR patterns allowed an accurate classification of the isolates to the respective genovars, suggesting that the ERIC PCR differentiates between genovars rather than between strains. In contrast, REP PCR differentiates better on the strain level. A proposed diagnostic system for the detection of subsumed outbreak strains of the E. cloacae complex is presented. It is based on an initial REP PCR, which should be confirmed by PFGE in cases of identical patterns, whereas ERIC PCR does not seem to be useful for the detection of outbreak strains when dealing with isolates of the E. cloacae complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita N Stumpf
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Klinikum Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
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35
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Gurtler JB, Kornacki JL, Beuchat LR. Enterobacter sakazakii: a coliform of increased concern to infant health. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 104:1-34. [PMID: 16039742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The first cases of neonatal meningitis believed to have been caused by Enterobacter sakazakii were reported in 1961. Prompted by several subsequent outbreaks of E. sakazakii infections in neonates and an increasing number of neonates in intensive care units being fed rehydrated powdered infant formula, considered to be a source of the pathogen, public health authorities and researchers are exploring ways to eliminate the bacterium or control its growth in dry infant formula, processing environments and formula preparation areas in hospitals. Reviewed here are advances in taxonomy and classification of E. sakazakii, methods of detecting, isolating and typing the bacterium, antibiotic resistance, clinical etiology and pathogenicity. Outbreaks of E. sakazakii infections in neonates and adults are summarized. Reports on the presence of E. sakazakii in clinical settings, the environment and foods and food processing facilities are reviewed. Tolerance of the pathogen to environmental stresses, its behavior in powdered and rehydrated infant formulae and hazard analysis and risk management are discussed. Research needs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Gurtler
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA
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36
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Ribeiro ML, Godoy APO, Benvengo YHB, Ecclissato CC, Mendonça S, Pedrazzoli J. The influence of endoscopic procedures upon the contamination of Helicobacter pylori cultures. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2004; 41:100-3. [PMID: 15543382 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032004000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the various diagnostic methods for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection, histological examination and microbiological processing of gastric biopsy samples are assumed to be the gold standard techniques. AIMS Since H. pylori culture can be affected by the presence of non-H. pylori bacteria, we evaluated the efficacy of endoscope disinfection and the influence of endoscopic procedures on culture contamination. PATIENTS AND METHODS The procedures used during the first two routine endoscopies were evaluated during 28 consecutive days. Endoscopy room, forceps and endoscopic channel were analyzed before and after the beginning of normal procedures. After disinfection, a biopsy simulation was performed to verify the gastric bacteria. RESULTS Endoscope disinfection removed all organisms from forceps and endoscopic channel with 100% efficacy. The most frequent non-H. pylori bacteria detected were Streptococcus bovis, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Staphylococcus aureus. The sensibility of the H. pylori culture was affected by the presence of non-H. pylori bacteria. CONCLUSION The risk of transmission of microorganisms was not detectable when sterilized biopsy forceps and stringent disinfection standards were employed. Whilst S. bovis and E. hormaechei may be common in gastric microbial flora, the presence of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus indicated that the manipulation of biopsies could be responsible for culture contamination with these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Ribeiro
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, Sao Francisco University Medical School, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
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37
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Rottman M, Benzerara Y, Hanau-Berçot B, Bizet C, Philippon A, Arlet G. Chromosomal ampC genes in Enterobacter species other than Enterobacter cloacae, and ancestral association of the ACT-1 plasmid-encoded cephalosporinase to Enterobacter asburiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 210:87-92. [PMID: 12023082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The amplification and sequence of ampC genes in Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter cancerogenus, Enterobacter dissolvens, Enterobacter hormaechei and Enterobacter intermedius bring the number of known cephalosporinase sequences from the genus Enterobacter to seven. Expression in Escherichia coli of the ampC genes from E. asburiae, E. hormaechei and E. intermedius established the functional nature of these genes. ampC from E. asburiae shows 96.5% identity to bla(ACT-1) encoding a plasmid-borne cephalosporinase previously believed to derive from Enterobacter cloacae. The reassignment of ACT-1 ancestry to E. asburiae is confirmed by the 95.5% identity between ampR upstream of bla(ACT-1) and ampR from E. asburiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rottman
- Service de Bactériologie, Hôpital Tenon, UFR Saint Antoine, Paris, France.
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38
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da Silva CLP, Miranda LEV, Moreira BM, Rebello D, Carson LA, Kellum ME, de Almeida MCL, Sampaio JLM, O'Hara CM. Enterobacter hormaechei bloodstream infection at three neonatal intensive care units in Brazil. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21:175-7. [PMID: 11840092 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200202000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacter hormaechei was defined as a unique species in 1989. We describe six case patients of E. hormaechei bloodstream infection in three neonatal intensive care units in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. hormaechei identification was performed on the Vitek system and confirmed by conventional testing. Strain relatedness was evaluated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. All children recovered completely. Chart review for previous procedures revealed parenteral nutrition as the only common procedure.
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Hervas JA, Ballesteros F, Alomar A, Gil J, Benedi VJ, Alberti S. Increase of Enterobacter in neonatal sepsis: a twenty-two-year study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:134-40. [PMID: 11224829 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200102000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the incidence of Enterobacter infections in neonates over prolonged periods of time are scant. We determined the epidemiology of Enterobacter sepsis and/or meningitis and the trends of infection in a neonatal unit. METHODS Retrospective review of sepsis and/or meningitis in inborn neonates admitted to Son Dureta University Hospital during a 22-year period. Molecular study by ribotyping of the Enterobacter strains isolated from 1995 to 1997. RESULTS There were 513 cases of culture-proved sepsis and/or meningitis in neonates. In late onset infections Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most frequent isolates in the period 1977 through 1991. Enterobacter was the most common isolate in the period 1992 through 1998. During this latter period Candida infections also increased, and the resistance rate of Enterobacter to cefotaxime was higher (59.2%). Decrease in early onset infections and increase in late onsets (4.6/1,000 live births) were observed in the second period. From 1977 to 1998, 45 episodes of sepsis and/or meningitis by Enterobacter species were identified in 44 patients (8.7% of all neonatal bacteremias). Three patients with Enterobacter bacteremia died (6.6%, 0.03/1,000 live births). During 1995 through 1997 5 different clones causing sepsis were identified and 3 were predominant. In 1997 there was an outbreak of Enterobacter disease. After cleaning, cohort nursing and hygiene reinforcement, Enterobacter was not isolated in the next 2 years. No change in the antibiotic policy was made. CONCLUSIONS We observed a resurgence of Enterobacter infections in our neonatal intensive care unit. The sudden disappearance of this microorganism after reinforcement of hygienic measures, without withdrawing cefotaxime, confirms the importance of patient-to-patient transmission of this nosocomial infection. Further studies are needed to establish the role of antibiotics in the emergence of microorganisms in neonatal intensive care units.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hervas
- Department of Neonatology, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Son Dureta, Spain.
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40
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Elsayed S, Peters G, Harmer B, Hussain Z. Enterobacter hormaechei: Four cases of infection in an adult intensive care unit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0196-4399(00)90004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dorsey G, Borneo HT, Sun SJ, Wells J, Steele L, Howland K, Perdreau-Remington F, Bangsberg DR. A heterogeneous outbreak of Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens infections in a surgical intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21:465-9. [PMID: 10926397 DOI: 10.1086/501789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate an outbreak of invasive disease due to Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens in a surgical intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of restriction fragments was used to characterize the outbreak isolate genotypes. A retrospective cohort study of surgical ICU patients was conducted to identify risk factors associated with invasive disease. Unit staffing data were analyzed to compare staffing levels during the outbreak to those prior to and following the outbreak. SETTING An urban hospital in San Francisco, California. PATIENTS During the outbreak period, December 1997 through January 1998, there were 52 patients with a minimum ICU stay of > or = 72 hours. Of these, 10 patients fit our case definition of recovery of E. cloacae or S. marcescens from a sterile site. RESULTS PFGE analysis revealed a highly heterogeneous population of isolates. Bivariate analysis of patient-related risk factors revealed duration of central lines, respiratory colonization, being a burn patient, and the use of gentamicin or nafcillin to be significantly associated with invasive disease. Both respiratory colonization and duration of central lines remained statistically significant in a multivariate analysis. Staffing data suggested a temporal correlation between understaffing and the outbreak period. CONCLUSIONS Molecular epidemiological techniques provided a rapid means of ruling out a point source or significant cross-contamination as modes of transmission. In this setting, patient-related risk factors, such as respiratory colonization and duration of central lines, may provide a focus for heightened surveillance, infection control measures, and empirical therapy during outbreaks caused by common nosocomial pathogens. In addition, understaffing of nurses may have played a role in this outbreak, highlighting the importance of monitoring staffing levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dorsey
- Epidemiology and Prevention Interventions Center at San Francisco General Hospital, University of California-San Francisco, 94110, USA
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