1
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Nawaz A, Merces L, Ferro LMM, Sonar P, Bufon CCB. Impact of Planar and Vertical Organic Field-Effect Transistors on Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204804. [PMID: 36124375 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of flexible and conformable devices, whose performance can be maintained while being continuously deformed, provides a significant step toward the realization of next-generation wearable and e-textile applications. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are particularly interesting for flexible and lightweight products, because of their low-temperature solution processability, and the mechanical flexibility of organic materials that endows OFETs the natural compatibility with plastic and biodegradable substrates. Here, an in-depth review of two competing flexible OFET technologies, planar and vertical OFETs (POFETs and VOFETs, respectively) is provided. The electrical, mechanical, and physical properties of POFETs and VOFETs are critically discussed, with a focus on four pivotal applications (integrated logic circuits, light-emitting devices, memories, and sensors). It is pointed out that the flexible function of the relatively newer VOFET technology, along with its perspective on advancing the applicability of flexible POFETs, has not been reviewed so far, and the direct comparison regarding the performance of POFET- and VOFET-based flexible applications is most likely absent. With discussions spanning printed and wearable electronics, materials science, biotechnology, and environmental monitoring, this contribution is a clear stimulus to researchers working in these fields to engage toward the plentiful possibilities that POFETs and VOFETs offer to flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nawaz
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Leandro Merces
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Letícia M M Ferro
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Carlos C B Bufon
- MackGraphe - Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
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2
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Campajola M, Di Meo P, Di Capua F, Branchini P, Aloisio A. Dynamic Photoresponse of a DNTT Organic Phototransistor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2386. [PMID: 36904591 PMCID: PMC10007176 DOI: 10.3390/s23052386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The photosensitivity, responsivity, and signal-to-noise ratio of organic phototransistors depend on the timing characteristics of light pulses. However, in the literature, such figures of merit (FoM) are typically extracted in stationary conditions, very often from IV curves taken under constant light exposure. In this work, we studied the most relevant FoM of a DNTT-based organic phototransistor as a function of the timing parameters of light pulses, to assess the device suitability for real-time applications. The dynamic response to light pulse bursts at ~470 nm (close to the DNTT absorption peak) was characterized at different irradiances under various working conditions, such as pulse width and duty cycle. Several bias voltages were explored to allow for a trade-off to be made between operating points. Amplitude distortion in response to light pulse bursts was also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Campajola
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Napoli, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Meo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Napoli, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Capua
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Napoli, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Branchini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di RomaTre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Aloisio
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Napoli, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Task Force di Bioelettronica, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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3
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Rasoga O, Breazu C, Socol M, Solonaru AM, Vacareanu L, Petre G, Preda N, Stanculescu F, Socol G, Girtan M, Stanculescu A. Effect of Aluminum Nanostructured Electrode on the Properties of Bulk Heterojunction Based Heterostructures for Electronics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4230. [PMID: 36500855 PMCID: PMC9737908 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The properties of organic heterostructures with mixed layers made of arylenevinylene-based polymer donor and non-fullerene perylene diimide acceptor, deposited using Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation on flat Al and nano-patterned Al electrodes, were investigated. The Al layer electrode deposited on the 2D array of cylindrical nanostructures with a periodicity of 1.1 µm, developed in a polymeric layer using UV-Nanoimprint Lithography, is characterized by an inflorescence-like morphology. The effect of the nanostructuring on the optical and electrical properties was studied by comparison with those of the heterostructures based on a mixed layer with fullerene derivative acceptor. The low roughness of the mixed layer deposited on flat Al was associated with high reflectance. The nano-patterning, which was preserved in the mixed layer, determining the light trapping by multiple scattering, correlated with the high roughness and led to lower reflectance. A decrease was also revealed in photoluminescence emission both at UV and Vis excitation of the mixed layer, with the non-fullerene acceptor deposited on nano-patterned Al. An injector contact behavior was highlighted for all Al/mixed layer/ITO heterostructures by I-V characteristics in dark. The current increased, independently of acceptor (fullerene or non-fullerene), in the heterostructures with nano-patterned Al electrodes for shorter conjugation length polymer donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Rasoga
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Carmen Breazu
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Marcela Socol
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Solonaru
- Electroactive Polymers and Plasmochemistry, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Loredana Vacareanu
- Electroactive Polymers and Plasmochemistry, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Petre
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-11, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Preda
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Florin Stanculescu
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-11, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Gabriel Socol
- Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-36, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Mihaela Girtan
- Laboratoire LPHIA, Université d’Angers, LUNAM, 2 Bd. Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Anca Stanculescu
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-7, 077125 Magurele, Romania
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4
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Wu F, Chou CH, Tseng TY. CMOS-Compatible Memristor for Optoelectronic Neuromorphic Computing. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 17:105. [PMID: 36342556 PMCID: PMC9640510 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronic memristor is a promising candidate for future light-controllable high-density storage and neuromorphic computing. In this work, light-tunable resistive switching (RS) characteristics are demonstrated in the CMOS process-compatible ITO/HfO2/TiO2/ITO optoelectronic memristor. The device shows an average of 79.24% transmittance under visible light. After electroforming, stable bipolar analog switching, data retention beyond 104 s, and endurance of 106 cycles are realized. An obvious current increase is observed under 405 nm wavelength light irradiation both in high and in low resistance states. The long-term potentiation of synaptic property can be achieved by both electrical and optical stimulation. Moreover, based on the optical potentiation and electrical depression of conductances, the simulated Hopfield neural network (HNN) is trained for learning the 10 × 10 pixels size image. The HNN can be successfully trained to recognize the input image with a training accuracy of 100% in 13 iterations. These results suggest that this optoelectronic memristor has a high potential for neuromorphic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facai Wu
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chou
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Tseung-Yuen Tseng
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan.
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5
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Fedele C, Ruoko TP, Kuntze K, Virkki M, Priimagi A. New tricks and emerging applications from contemporary azobenzene research. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:1719-1734. [PMID: 35896915 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzenes have many faces. They are well-known as dyes, but most of all, azobenzenes are versatile photoswitchable molecules with powerful photochemical properties. Azobenzene photochemistry has been extensively studied for decades, but only relatively recently research has taken a steer towards applications, ranging from photonics and robotics to photobiology. In this perspective, after an overview of the recent trends in the molecular design of azobenzenes, we highlight three research areas where the azobenzene photoswitches may bring about promising technological innovations: chemical sensing, organic transistors, and cell signaling. Ingenious molecular designs have enabled versatile control of azobenzene photochemical properties, which has in turn facilitated the development of chemical sensors and photoswitchable organic transistors. Finally, the power of azobenzenes in biology is exemplified by vision restoration and photactivation of neural signaling. Although the selected examples reveal only some of the faces of azobenzenes, we expect the fields presented to develop rapidly in the near future, and that azobenzenes will play a central role in this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fedele
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tero-Petri Ruoko
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kim Kuntze
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Virkki
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland.
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6
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A Review on Solution-Processed Organic Phototransistors and Their Recent Developments. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Today, more disciplines are intercepting each other, giving rise to “cross-disciplinary” research. Technological advancements in material science and device structure and production have paved the way towards development of new classes of multi-purpose sensory devices. Organic phototransistors (OPTs) are photo-activated sensors based on organic field-effect transistors that convert incident light signals into electrical signals. The organic semiconductor (OSC) layer and three-electrode structure of an OPT offer great advantages for light detection compared to conventional photodetectors and photodiodes, due to their signal amplification and noise reduction characteristics. Solution processing of the active layer enables mass production of OPT devices at significantly reduced cost. The chemical structure of OSCs can be modified accordingly to fulfil detection at various wavelengths for different purposes. Organic phototransistors have attracted substantial interest in a variety of fields, namely biomedical, medical diagnostics, healthcare, energy, security, and environmental monitoring. Lightweight and mechanically flexible and wearable OPTs are suitable alternatives not only at clinical levels but also for point-of-care and home-assisted usage. In this review, we aim to explain different types, working mechanism and figures of merit of organic phototransistors and highlight the recent advances from the literature on development and implementation of OPTs for a broad range of research and real-life applications.
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7
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Feringa R, Siebe HS, Klement WJN, Steen JD, Browne WR. Single wavelength colour tuning of spiropyran and dithienylethene based photochromic coatings. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 3:282-289. [PMID: 35128415 PMCID: PMC8724907 DOI: 10.1039/d1ma00839k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the transmission of thin films with external stimuli is an important goal in functional optical materials and devices. Tuning is especially challenging where both broad band (neutral density filtering) and spectrally varied (colour) transmission are required. The external control provided by photochemically driven switching, between transmission levels and colours, is functionally simple from a device perspective. The limits due to the spectral ranges of individual photochromic compounds can be overcome by combining several photochromes within one material or device. Here we show that a combination of photochromic molecular switches immobilised in a PMMA polymer matrix enables tuning of colour and transparency. We show that only a single excitation wavelength is required through the use of the primary inner filter effect and the layered construction of the films in which the photochromes nitrospiropyran (NSP), and nitrothiospiropyran (TSP) or 1,2-bis-terthienyl-hexafluorocyclopentene (DTE) are separated spatially. The approach taken circumvents the need to match photochemical quantum yields and thermal reactivity of the component photochromes. The photochemical switching of the films was characterised by UV/vis absorption spectroscopy and shows that switching rates and photostationary states are limited by inner filter effects rather than the intrinsic properties of photochromes, such as photochemical quantum yields and thermal stability. The photochemical behaviour and stability of the photochromes in solution and in the PMMA films were compared and the concentration range over which self-inhibition of photochemical switching occurs was established. The rate of photochemical switching and the difference in transmission between the spiropyran and merocyanine forms in solution enable prediction of the performance in the films and enable rational design of colour tuning ranges and responsivity in thin film filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Feringa
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Harmke S Siebe
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - W J Niels Klement
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jorn D Steen
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
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8
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Yoo H, Lee IS, Jung S, Rho SM, Kang BH, Kim HJ. A Review of Phototransistors Using Metal Oxide Semiconductors: Research Progress and Future Directions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006091. [PMID: 34048086 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide thin-film transistors have been continuously researched and mass-produced in the display industry. However, their phototransistors are still in their infancy. In particular, utilizing metal oxide semiconductors as phototransistors is difficult because of the limited light absorption wavelength range and persistent photocurrent (PPC) phenomenon. Numerous studies have attempted to improve the detectable light wavelength range and the PPC phenomenon. Here, recent studies on metal oxide phototransistors are reviewed, which have improved the range of light wavelengths and the PPC phenomenon by introducing an absorption layer of oxide or non-oxide hybrid structure. The materials of the absorption layer applied to absorb long-wavelength light are classified into oxides, chalcogenides, organic materials, perovskites, and nanodots. Finally, next-generation convergence studies combined with other research fields are introduced and future research directions are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyukjoon Yoo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - I Sak Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Jung
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Rho
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ha Kang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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9
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Abstract
Multifunctionality is a desirable aspect in materials science. Indeed, the development of multifunctional compounds is crucial for sustainable chemistry by saving resources and time. In this sense, 2H-benzo[d]1,2,3-triazole (BTz) is an excellent candidate with promising characteristics, including its ability to self-assemble; its acceptor character, which enables the synthesis of donor-acceptor structures; and its facile modulation using standard chemical methods. Thus, due to its interesting properties, it is possible to produce different derivatives with applications in different fields, as summarized in this article, with the correct substitution at the BTz cores. Optoelectronic or biomedical applications, amongst others, are highlighted.
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10
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Soldano C. Engineering Dielectric Materials for High-Performance Organic Light Emitting Transistors (OLETs). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3756. [PMID: 34279327 PMCID: PMC8269812 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organic light emitting transistors (OLETs) represent a relatively new technology platform in the field of optoelectronics. An OLET is a device with a two-fold functionality since it behaves as a thin-film transistor and at the same time can generate light under appropriate bias conditions. This Review focuses mainly on one of the building blocks of such device, namely the gate dielectrics, and how it is possible to engineer it to improve device properties and performances. While many findings on gate dielectrics can be easily applied to organic light emitting transistors, we here concentrate on how this layer can be exploited and engineered as an active tool for light manipulation in this novel class of optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Soldano
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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11
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Liu M, Wei Y, Ou Q, Yu P, Wang G, Duan Y, Geng H, Peng Q, Shuai Z, Liao Y. Molecular Design Strategy for Simultaneously Strong Luminescence and High Mobility: Multichannel CH-π Interaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:938-946. [PMID: 33439658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is a big challenge to achieve high-performance organic semiconductor materials integrating both high luminescence efficiency and carrier mobility, because they are commonly regarded as a pair of contradiction. Here, combining a tight-binding model and density functional theory/time-dependent density functional theory, we propose a theoretical protocol to characterize the luminescence efficiency via an excitonic effective mass and charge transport ability via charge effective mass at the same level. Applying this protocol to a series of organic semiconductor materials, we find that the multichannel CH-π interaction can induce a heavy excitonic effective mass and light charge effective mass, which effectively balance the light-emitting efficiency and carrier mobility. Thus, a practical molecular design strategy is figured out to exploit novel organic semiconductor materials with strong luminescence and fast carrier transport simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuling Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qi Ou
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peiyi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuai Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hua Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qian Peng
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhigang Shuai
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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12
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Chow PCY, Someya T. Organic Photodetectors for Next-Generation Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902045. [PMID: 31373081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation wearable electronics will need to be mechanically flexible and stretchable such that they can be conformally attached onto the human body. Photodetectors that are available in today's market are based on rigid inorganic crystalline materials and they have limited mechanical flexibility. In contrast, photodetectors based on organic polymers and molecules have emerged as promising alternatives due to their inherent mechanical softness, ease of processing, tunable optoelectronic properties, good light sensing performance, and biocompatibility. Here, the recent advances of organic photodetectors in terms of both optoelectronic and mechanical properties are outlined and discussed, and their application in wearable electronics including health monitoring sensors, artificial vision, and self-powering integrated devices are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Road, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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13
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Enhanced Optical Switching Characteristics of Organic Phototransistor by Adopting Photo-Responsive Polymer in Hybrid Gate-Insulator Configuration. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030527. [PMID: 32121576 PMCID: PMC7182856 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed polymer gate insulator-based organic phototransistors (p-OPTs) with improved optical switching properties by using a hybrid gate insulator configuration. The hybrid gate insulator of our p-OPT has a photoresponsive layer made of poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP), which enhances the photoresponse, and an interfacial layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) for reliable optical switching of the device. Our hybrid gate insulator-equipped p-OPT exhibits well-defined optical switching characteristics because no specific type of charge is significantly trapped at an interfacial layer/organic semiconductor (OSC) interface. Moreover, our device is more photoresponsive than the conventional p-OPT (here, an OPT with a single-polymer poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) gate insulator), because the characteristic ultraviolet (UV) absorption of the PVP polymer allows the photoresponsive layer and OSC to contribute to the generation of charge carriers when exposed to UV light.
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14
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Yuvaraja S, Nawaz A, Liu Q, Dubal D, Surya SG, Salama KN, Sonar P. Organic field-effect transistor-based flexible sensors. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:3423-3460. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00811j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flexible transistors are the next generation sensing technology, due to multiparametric analysis, reduced complexity, biocompatibility, lightweight with tunable optoelectronic properties. We summarize multitude of applications realized with OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Yuvaraja
- Sensors Lab
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Departamento de Física
- Universidade Federal do Paraná
- Caixa Postal 19044
- Curitiba
- Brazil
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Deepak Dubal
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - Sandeep G. Surya
- Sensors Lab
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled N. Salama
- Sensors Lab
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
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15
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Huang X, Ji D, Fuchs H, Hu W, Li T. Recent Progress in Organic Phototransistors: Semiconductor Materials, Device Structures and Optoelectronic Applications. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering andKey Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Deyang Ji
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation ScienceTianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Wenping Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering andKey Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
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16
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Zhu H, Liu A, Luque HL, Sun H, Ji D, Noh YY. Perovskite and Conjugated Polymer Wrapped Semiconducting Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Films for High-Performance Transistors and Phototransistors. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3971-3981. [PMID: 30844243 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although organic-inorganic halide perovskites continue to generate considerable interest due to great potentials for various optoelectronic devices, there are some critical obstacles to practical applications, including lead toxicity, relatively low field-effect mobility, and strong hysteresis during operation. This paper proposes a universal approach to significantly improve mobility and operational stability with reduced dual-sweep hysteresis for perovskite-based thin film transistors (TFTs) by coupling low-dimensional lead-free perovskite material (C6H5C2H4NH3)2SnI4 (hereafter abbreviated as (PEA)2SnI4) with embedded conjugated polymer wrapped semiconducting carbon nanotubes (semi-CNTs). In (PEA)2SnI4/semi-CNT hybrid TFTs, semi-CNTs can provide highway-like transport paths, enabling smoother carrier transport with less trapping and scattering. We also demonstrate the performance of (PEA)2SnI4/semi-CNT hybrid phototransistors with ultrahigh photoresponsivity ( R) of 6.3 × 104 A/W and detectivity ( D*) of 1.12 × 1017 Jones, which is about 2 or 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the best devices available to date. The results indicate promising potentials for solution-processed perovskite/semi-CNT hybrid platforms, and the developed strategy can be applied for high-performance perovskite nanomaterial optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering , Dongguk University , 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu , Seoul 04620 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ao Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering , Dongguk University , 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu , Seoul 04620 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hector Lopez Luque
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering , Dongguk University , 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu , Seoul 04620 , Republic of Korea
| | - Huabin Sun
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering , Dongguk University , 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu , Seoul 04620 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseob Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering , Dongguk University , 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu , Seoul 04620 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
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17
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Jang HJ, Bittle EG, Zhang Q, Biacchi AJ, Richter CA, Gundlach DJ. Electrical Detection of Singlet Fission in Single Crystal Tetracene Transistors. ACS NANO 2019; 13:616-623. [PMID: 30608649 PMCID: PMC6541755 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present the electrical detection of singlet fission in tetracene by using a field-effect transistor (FET). Singlet fission is a photoinduced spin-dependent process, yielding two triplet excitons from the absorption of a single photon. In this study, we engineered a more deterministic platform composed of an organic single crystal FET rather than amorphous or polycrystalline FETs to elucidate spin-dependent processes under magnetic fields. Despite the unipolar operation and relatively high mobility of single crystal tetracene FETs, we were able to manipulate spin dependent processes to detect magnetoconductance (MC) at room temperature by illuminating the FETs and tuning the bias voltage to adjust majority charge carrier density and trap occupancy. In considering the crystalline direction and magnetic field interactions in tetracene, we show the MC response observed in tetracene FETs to be the result of the singlet fission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Jae Jang
- Theiss Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Western Digital Corporation, 5601 Great Oaks Parkway, San Jose, CA 95119, USA
| | - Emily G. Bittle
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Qin Zhang
- Theiss Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Adam J. Biacchi
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Curt A. Richter
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - David J. Gundlach
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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18
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Cheng SW, Han T, Huang TY, Chang Chien YH, Liu CL, Tang BZ, Liou GS. Novel Organic Phototransistor-Based Nonvolatile Memory Integrated with UV-Sensing/Green-Emissive Aggregation Enhanced Emission (AEE)-Active Aromatic Polyamide Electret Layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:18281-18288. [PMID: 29733198 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel aggregation enhanced emission (AEE)-active polyamide TPA-CN-TPE with a high photoluminesence characteristic was successfully synthesized by the direct polymerization of 4-cyanotriphenyl diamine (TPA-CN) and tetraphenylethene (TPE)-containing dicarboxylic acid. The obtained luminescent polyamide plays a significant role as the polymer electret layer in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs)-type memory. The strong green emission of TPA-CN-TPE under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can be directly absorbed by the pentacene channel, displaying a light-induced programming and voltage-driven erasing organic phototransistor-based nonvolatile memory. Memory window can be effectively manipulated between the programming and erasing states by applying UV light illumination and electrical field, respectively. The photoinduced memory behavior can be maintained for over 104 s between these two states with an on/off ratio of 104, and the memory switching can be steadily operated for many cycles. With high photoresponsivity ( R) and photosensitivity ( S), this organic phototransistor integrated with AEE-active polyamide electret layer could serve as an excellent candidate for UV photodetectors in optical applications. For comparison, an AEE-inactive aromatic polyimide TPA-PIS electret with much weaker solid-state emission was also applied in the same OFETs device architecture, but this device did not show any UV-sensitive and UV-induced memory characteristics, which further confirmed the significance of the light-emitting capability of the electret layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Wen Cheng
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong, China
| | - Teng-Yung Huang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chang Chien
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , National Central University , Taoyuan 32001 , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , National Central University , Taoyuan 32001 , Taiwan
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong, China
| | - Guey-Sheng Liou
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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19
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π-Conjugated polymer nanowires: advances and perspectives toward effective commercial implementation. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Photoresponsive n-channel organic field-effect transistors based on a tri-component active layer. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Orita R, Franckevičius M, Vyšniauskas A, Gulbinas V, Sugiyama H, Uekusa H, Kanosue K, Ishige R, Ando S. Enhanced fluorescence of phthalimide compounds induced by the incorporation of electron-donating alicyclic amino groups. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:16033-16044. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01999a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A significant difference in fluorescence properties between 3- and 4-substituted phthalimides demonstrates the formation of excited TICT and planar ICT states, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Orita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | | | | | | | - Haruki Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Kenta Kanosue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Ryohei Ishige
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Shinji Ando
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
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22
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Caranzi L, Pace G, Sassi M, Beverina L, Caironi M. Transparent and Highly Responsive Phototransistors Based on a Solution-Processed, Nanometers-Thick Active Layer, Embedding a High-Mobility Electron-Transporting Polymer and a Hole-Trapping Molecule. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:28785-28794. [PMID: 28753023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials are suitable for light sensing devices showing unique features such as low cost, large area, and flexibility. Moreover, transparent photodetectors are interesting for smart interfaces, windows, and display-integrated electronics. The ease of depositing ultrathin organic films with simple techniques enables low light absorbing active layers, resulting in the realization of transparent devices. Here, we demonstrate a strategy to obtain high efficiency organic photodetectors and phototransistors based on transparent active layers with a visible transmittance higher than 90%. The photoactive layer is composed of two phases, each a few nanometers thick. First, an acceptor polymer, which is a good electron-transporting material, on top of which a small molecule donor material is deposited, forming noncontinuous domains. The small molecule phase acts as a trap for holes, thus inducing a high photoconductive gain, resulting in a high photoresponsivity. The organic transparent detectors proposed here can reach very high external quantum efficiency and responsivity values, which in the case of the phototransistors can be as high as ∼74000% and 340 A W-1 at 570 nm respectively, despite an absorber total thickness below 10 nm. Moreover, frequency dependent 2D photocurrent mapping allows discrimination between the contribution of a fast but inefficient and highly spatially localized photoinduced injection mechanism at the electrodes, and the onset of a slower and spatially extended photoconductive process, leading to high responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caranzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pace
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca , Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca , Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
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23
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Rowe JM, Hay JM, Maza WA, Chapleski RC, Soderstrom E, Troya D, Morris AJ. Systematic investigation of the excited-state properties of anthracene-dicarboxylic acids. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Han H, Lee C, Kim H, Seo J, Song M, Nam S, Kim Y. Strong Composition Effects in All-Polymer Phototransistors with Bulk Heterojunction Layers of p-type and n-type Conjugated Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:628-635. [PMID: 28029765 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the composition effect of polymeric sensing channel layers on the performance of all-polymer phototransistors featuring bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structure of electron-donating (p-type) and electron-accepting (n-type) polymers. As an n-type component, poly(3-hexylthiopehe-co-benzothiadiazole) end-capped with 4-hexylthiophene (THBT-4ht) was synthesized via two-step reactions. A well-studied conjugated polymer, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), was employed as a p-type polymer. The composition of BHJ (P3HT:THBT-4ht) films was studied in detail by varying the THBT-4ht contents (0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100 wt %). The best charge separation in the P3HT:THBT-4ht films was measured at 30 wt % by the photoluminescence (PL) study, while the charge transport characteristics of devices were improved at the low THBT-4ht contents (<10 wt %). The photosensing experiments revealed that the photosensivity of all-polymer phototransistors was higher than that of the phototransistors with the pristine P3HT layers and strongly dependent on the BHJ composition. The highest (corrected) responsivity (RC) was achieved at 20 wt %, which can be attributable to the balance between the best charge separation and transport states, as investigated for crystal nanostructures and surface morphology by employing synchrotron-radiation grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, high-resolution/scanning transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemi Han
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulyeon Lee
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajeong Kim
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Priority Research Center, Research Institute of Advanced Energy Technology, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeok Seo
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeonghun Song
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Nam
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Division of Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PD, United Kingdom
| | - Youngkyoo Kim
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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25
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Dissanayake DS, McCandless GT, Stefan MC, Biewer MC. Systematic variation of thiophene substituents in photochromic spiropyrans. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:1057-1062. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00057j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic method was developed to incorporate spiropyran into thiophene based materials via a conjugated pathway. As the number of thiophene units increased, the thermal decay rate of the reverse reaction decreased in methanol, thus increasing the half-life of merocyanine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mihaela C. Stefan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Michael C. Biewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
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26
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Schedel C, Thalwitzer R, Khoshkhoo MS, Scheele M. Towards Photo-Switchable Transport in Quantum Dot Solids. Z PHYS CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2016-0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We use the photochromic organic semiconductor 1,2-Bis(5′-carboxy-2′-methylthien-3′-yl)-cyclopentene (DTCP) to cross-link PbS quantum dots assembled into thin films. The ligand exchange is monitored by means of vibrational spectroscopy (FT-IR) and core-level X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). Transport measurements in a field-effect transistor (FET) set-up reveal ambipolar behavior with hole and electron mobilities on the order of 10−4 cm2/Vs and 10−5 cm2/Vs, respectively. Exposure to UV light from a 4 W UV lamp does not significantly change the transport properties, indicating that switching of DTCP is hindered in the hybrid film. We find a pronounced photo-conductance with rapid and reversible photo-response on the order of few seconds, which we attribute to (de-)filling of QD trap states. Our results indicate that hybrid, nanostructured networks of PbS QDs cross-linked with DTCP can be obtained by the presented procedure but that switching of the QD-bound DTCP appears to be hindered compared to the pure, unbound molecular species. We discuss future means to address this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schedel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Thalwitzer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mahdi Samadi Khoshkhoo
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Scheele
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics LISA+, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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27
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Fu LN, Leng B, Li YS, Gao XK. Photoresponsive organic field-effect transistors involving photochromic molecules. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Mori T, Imanishi M, Nishikawa T. Estimation of Electron Current in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using an Operating Point Model. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2016. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.29.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Mori
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology
| | - Masato Imanishi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Nagoya University
| | - Takao Nishikawa
- Center for Regional Collaboration in Research and Education, Iwate University
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29
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Photo-reactive charge trapping memory based on lanthanide complex. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14998. [PMID: 26449199 PMCID: PMC4598868 DOI: 10.1038/srep14998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional utilization of photo-induced excitons is popularly but restricted in the fields of photovoltaic devices as well as photodetectors, and efforts on broadening its function have always been attempted. However, rare reports are available on organic field effect transistor (OFET) memory employing photo-induced charges. Here, we demonstrate an OFET memory containing a novel organic lanthanide complex Eu(tta)3ppta (Eu(tta)3 = Europium(III) thenoyltrifluoroacetonate, ppta = 2-phenyl-4,6-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine), in which the photo-induced charges can be successfully trapped and detrapped. The luminescent complex emits intense red emission upon ultraviolet (UV) light excitation and serves as a trapping element of holes injected from the pentacene semiconductor layer. Memory window can be significantly enlarged by light-assisted programming and erasing procedures, during which the photo-induced excitons in the semiconductor layer are separated by voltage bias. The enhancement of memory window is attributed to the increasing number of photo-induced excitons by the UV light. The charges are stored in this luminescent complex for at least 104 s after withdrawing voltage bias. The present study on photo-assisted novel memory may motivate the research on a new type of light tunable charge trapping photo-reactive memory devices.
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30
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Smithson CS, Wu Y, Wigglesworth T, Zhu S. A more than six orders of magnitude UV-responsive organic field-effect transistor utilizing a benzothiophene semiconductor and Disperse Red 1 for enhanced charge separation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:228-233. [PMID: 25367245 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A more than six orders of magnitude UV-responsive organic field-effect transistor is developed using a benzothiophene (BTBT) semiconductor and strong donor-acceptor Disperse Red 1 as the traps to enhance charge separation. The device can be returned to its low drain current state by applying a short gate bias, and is completely reversible with excellent stability under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Smithson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, LS8 4L8, Canada
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31
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Experimental Conditions to Obtain Photopolymerization Induced Phase Separation Process in Liquid Crystal-Photopolymer Composite Materials under Laser Exposure. INT J POLYM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/386736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the experimental conditions necessary to obtain a photopolymerization induced phase separation process inside liquid crystal-photopolymer composite materials. Composites stored for 24 hours perform poorly in hologram recording but a good result is obtained if they are used recently prepared. We use a procedure combining heat and sonication to disarrange the liquid crystal structures formed during storage of the composite. We also propose incoherent light treatment after recording the hologram in order to evaluate if the phase separation evolved correctly during hologram recording.
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