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Abar T, Mestdagh H, Heninger M, Lemaire J. Analysis of VOCs in Liquids through Vaporization in a Tubular Oven Monitored by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1048. [PMID: 38400206 PMCID: PMC10891908 DOI: 10.3390/s24041048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of chemical compounds present at trace levels in liquids is important not only for environmental measurements but also, for example, in the health sector. The reference technique for the analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in liquids is GC, which is difficult to use with an aqueous matrix. In this work, we present an alternative technique to GC to analyze VOCs in water. A tubular oven is used to completely vaporize the liquid sample deposited on a gauze. The oven is heated in the presence of a dinitrogen flow, and the gas is analyzed at the exit of the oven by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer developed in our laboratory. It is a low magnetic field Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) optimized for real-time analysis. The Proton Transfer Reaction (PTR) used during the Chemical Ionization event results in the selective ionization of the VOCs present in the gas phase. The optimization of the desorption conditions is described for the main operating parameters: temperature ramp, liquid quantity, and nitrogen flow. Their influence is studied using a 100 ppmv aqueous toluene solution. The analytical method is then tested on a mixture of seven VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michel Heninger
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (T.A.); (H.M.); (J.L.)
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Schanzmann H, Ruzsanyi V, Ahmad-Nejad P, Telgheder U, Sielemann S. A novel coupling technique based on thermal desorption gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry for breath analysis. J Breath Res 2023; 18:016009. [PMID: 38100823 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis is evolving into an increasingly important non-invasive diagnostic tool. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath contain information about health status and are promising biomarkers for several diseases, including respiratory infections caused by bacteria. To monitor the composition of VOCs in breath or the emission of VOCs from bacteria, sensitive analytical techniques are required. Next to mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is considered a promising analytical tool for detecting gaseous analytes in the parts per billion by volume to parts per trillion by volume range. This work presents a new, dual coupling of thermal desorption gas chromatography to a quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) and an IMS by operating a simple splitter. Nearly identical retention times can be reached in the range of up to 30 min with slight deviations of 0.06 min-0.24 min. This enables the identification of unknown compounds in the IMS chromatogram using unambiguous mass spectral identification, as there are still no commercially available databases for IMS. It is also possible to discriminate one of the detectors using the splitter to improve detection limits. Using a test liquid mixture of seven ketones, namely 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, 2-hexanone, 2-heptanone, 2-octanone, 2-nonanone, and 2-decanone with a concentration of 0.01 g l-1reproducibilities ranging from 3.0% to 7.6% for MS and 2.2%-5.3%, for IMS were obtained, respectively. In order to test the system optimized here for the field of breath analysis, characteristic VOCs such as ethanol, isoprene, acetone, 2-propanol, and 1-propanol were successfully identified in exhaled air using the dual detector system due to the match of the corresponding IMS, and MS spectra. The presented results may be considered to be a starting point for the greater use of IMS in combination with MS within the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schanzmann
- Laboratory of Applied Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Veronika Ruzsanyi
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Parviz Ahmad-Nejad
- Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ursula Telgheder
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sielemann
- Laboratory of Applied Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany
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3
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Schaefer C, Lippmann M, Beukers M, Beijer N, van de Kamp B, Knotter J, Zimmermann S. Detection of Triacetone Triperoxide by High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17099-17107. [PMID: 37946366 PMCID: PMC10666079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HiKE-IMS) is a versatile technique for the detection of gaseous target molecules that is particularly useful in complex chemical environments, while the instrumental effort is low. Operating HiKE-IMS at reduced pressures from 10 to 60 mbar results in fewer ion-neutral collisions than at ambient pressure, reducing chemical cross-sensitivities and eliminating the need for a preceding separation dimension, e.g., by gas chromatography. In addition, HiKE-IMS allows operation over a wide range of reduced electric field strengths E/N up to 120 Td, allowing separation of ions by low-field ion mobility and exploiting the field dependence of ion mobility, potentially allowing separation of ion species at high E/N despite similar low-field ion mobilities. Given these advantages, HiKE-IMS can be a useful tool for trace gas analysis such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP) detection. In this study, we employed HiKE-IMS to detect TATP. We explore the ionization of TATP and the field-dependent ion mobilities, providing a database of the ion mobilities depending on E/N. Confirming the literature results, ionization of TATP by proton transfer with H3O+ in HiKE-IMS generates fragments, but using NH4+ as the primary reactant ion leads to the TATP·NH4+ adduct. This adduct fragments at high E/N, which could provide additional information for reliable detection of TATP. Thus, operating HiKE-IMS at variable E/N in the drift region generates a unique fingerprint of TATP made of all ion species related to TATP and their ion mobilities depending on E/N, potentially reducing the rate of false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schaefer
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of
Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz
University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Martin Lippmann
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of
Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz
University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Michiel Beukers
- Research
Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H Tromplaan 28, Enschede 7513AB, The Netherlands
- Knowledge
Centre of Digitalization, Intelligence, and Technology, Police Academy of The Netherlands, Arnhemseweg 348, Apeldoorn 7334AC, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Beijer
- Research
Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H Tromplaan 28, Enschede 7513AB, The Netherlands
- Knowledge
Centre of Digitalization, Intelligence, and Technology, Police Academy of The Netherlands, Arnhemseweg 348, Apeldoorn 7334AC, The Netherlands
| | - Ben van de Kamp
- Research
Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H Tromplaan 28, Enschede 7513AB, The Netherlands
- Knowledge
Centre of Digitalization, Intelligence, and Technology, Police Academy of The Netherlands, Arnhemseweg 348, Apeldoorn 7334AC, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Knotter
- Research
Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H Tromplaan 28, Enschede 7513AB, The Netherlands
- Knowledge
Centre of Digitalization, Intelligence, and Technology, Police Academy of The Netherlands, Arnhemseweg 348, Apeldoorn 7334AC, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of
Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz
University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
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Li Y, Wei X, Zhou Y, Wang J, You R. Research progress of electronic nose technology in exhaled breath disease analysis. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:129. [PMID: 37829158 PMCID: PMC10564766 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis has attracted considerable attention as a noninvasive and portable health diagnosis method due to numerous advantages, such as convenience, safety, simplicity, and avoidance of discomfort. Based on many studies, exhaled breath analysis is a promising medical detection technology capable of diagnosing different diseases by analyzing the concentration, type and other characteristics of specific gases. In the existing gas analysis technology, the electronic nose (eNose) analysis method has great advantages of high sensitivity, rapid response, real-time monitoring, ease of use and portability. Herein, this review is intended to provide an overview of the application of human exhaled breath components in disease diagnosis, existing breath testing technologies and the development and research status of electronic nose technology. In the electronic nose technology section, the three aspects of sensors, algorithms and existing systems are summarized in detail. Moreover, the related challenges and limitations involved in the abovementioned technologies are also discussed. Finally, the conclusion and perspective of eNose technology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Xiangyang Wei
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Yumeng Zhou
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Rui You
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
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5
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Montero L, Meckelmann SW, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Review on atmospheric pressure ionization sources for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Part II: Current applications. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Identification of volatile organic compounds in muscle tissues of different species based on Headspace-Gas-Chromatography Ion-Mobility Spectrometry. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2022; 59:102132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Xie D, Wang R, Fu J, Zhao Z, Li M. AuNPs@MIL-101 (Cr) as a SERS-Active Substrate for Sensitive Detection of VOCs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:921693. [PMID: 35800331 PMCID: PMC9256292 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.921693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an important and powerful analytical technique in chemical and biochemical analyses. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can effectively capture volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with high adsorption capacity and fast kinetics, and the local surface plasmon resonance characteristics of gold nanoparticles can quickly and effectively distinguish different VOCs by SERS. Combining both, we designed a novel SERS substrate based on embedding gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) within MIL-101(Cr) for the recognition of various VOCs in the gaseous phase. Occupying of AuNPs inside MIL-101(Cr) increased the micropore-specific surface area of AuNPs@MIL-101(Cr), which enabled AuNPs@MIL-101(Cr) to absorb more toluene molecules and consequently realized its high detection sensitivity. The detection limits for toluene, 4-ethylbenzaldehyde, and formaldehyde were down to 6, 5, and 75, ppm respectively. Moreover, this substrate could be used for detecting different VOCs simultaneously. Finally, we discussed the enhancement of AuNPs outside and inside MIL-101(Cr) on the Raman signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimeng Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinghao Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongxing Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongxing Zhao, ; Min Li,
| | - Min Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongxing Zhao, ; Min Li,
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8
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Bi J, Li Y, Yang Z, Lin Z, Chen F, Liu S, Li C. Effect of different cooking times on the fat flavor compounds of pork belly. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14184. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jicai Bi
- Food Science and Engineering Post‐doctoral Research Station Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou China
- School of Food Science and Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
- School of Food Science and Technology Henan Institute of Science and Technology Xinxiang China
- Post‐doctoral Research Base & School of Food Science Henan Institute of Science and Technology Xinxiang China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Food Science and Technology Henan Institute of Science and Technology Xinxiang China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology Henan Institute of Science and Technology Xinxiang China
| | - Zeyuan Lin
- School of Food Science and Technology Henan Institute of Science and Technology Xinxiang China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Food Science and Engineering Post‐doctoral Research Station Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou China
| | - Sixin Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
| | - Congfa Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering Hainan University Haikou China
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9
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Yang C, Ye Z, Mao L, Zhang L, Zhang J, Ding W, Han J, Mao K. Analysis of volatile organic compounds and metabolites of three cultivars of asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L.) using E-nose, GC-IMS, and LC-MS/MS. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8866-8880. [PMID: 35341470 PMCID: PMC9161954 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2056318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagus (A. officinalis L.) is a perennial herb of the genus Asparagus that is rich in nutrients. This study aimed to distinguish three cultivars of asparagus (Paladin, Grace, and Jinggang red) based on their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metabolic profiles. VOCs in the three cultivars were separated and identified using electronic nose (E-nose) and gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC–IMS). Differences in metabolites among the three cultivars were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). E-nose and GC-IMS showed that the VOCs in asparagus differed significantly among the three groups. E-nose result showed that purple asparagus (Jinggang red) was connected to a stronger earthy odor; green asparagus (Paladin and Grace) were shown characteristic dill flavor. Moreover, 50 VOCs were detected by using GC–IMS. Ketones and alcohols were most abundant in Paladin; methyl benzoate and dimethyl sulfide were most abundance in Grace; aldehydes and acids were most abundance in Jinggang red. Moreover, 130 and 71 different metabolites were detected in the positive and negative modes among three cultivars, such as quercetin and rutin. Functional analysis revealed that these metabolites were involved in beta-alanine metabolism and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. In summary, E-nose combined with GC-IMS and LC-MS/MS methods has good application prospects in evaluating and identifying VOCs and metabolites of different cultivars of asparagus. The identified VOCs and metabolites can provide guidelines for the development of functional asparagus products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Fruit and vegetable Processing Laboratory, Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zheng Ye
- Fruit and vegetable Processing Laboratory, Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Liping Mao
- Cultivation Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Fruit and vegetable Processing Laboratory, Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiangning Zhang
- Fruit and vegetable Processing Laboratory, Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Weiying Ding
- Fruit and vegetable Processing Laboratory, Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiming Han
- Fruit and vegetable Processing Laboratory, Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Kai Mao
- Fruit and vegetable Processing Laboratory, Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Allers M, Schaefer C, Ahrens A, Schlottmann F, Hitzemann M, Kobelt T, Zimmermann S, Hetzer R. Detection of Volatile Toxic Industrial Chemicals with Classical Ion Mobility Spectrometry and High-Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 94:1211-1220. [PMID: 34963287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to their high sensitivity and compact design, ion mobility spectrometers are widely used to detect toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) in air. However, when analyzing complex gas mixtures, classical ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) suffers from false-positive rates due to limited resolving power or false-negative rates caused by competitive ion-molecule reactions and the resulting suppression of certain analyte ions. To overcome these limitations, high-kinetic energy IMS (HiKE-IMS) was introduced some years ago. In contrast to classical IMS, HiKE-IMS is operated at decreased pressures of 20···60 mbar and high reduced electric field strengths E/N of up to 120 Td. Under these conditions, the influence of competitive ion-molecule reactions on the prevailing ion population should be less pronounced, thus reducing false negatives. Additionally, effects such as fragmentation and field-dependent ion mobility may help to reduce false positives. In this work, the capabilities and limitations of HiKE-IMS in the field of on-site detection of the volatile TICs NH3, HCN, H2S, HCl, NO2, Cl2, and SO2 are evaluated for the first time. Based on the limits of detection and the extent of spectral and chemical cross-sensitivities in gas mixtures, the results obtained for HiKE-IMS are compared with those obtained for classical IMS. It is shown that HiKE-IMS is less sensitive in comparison to classical IMS. However, when used for TIC detection, the reduced sensitivity of HiKE-IMS is not a major drawback. With values around 1 ppmv, the achievable limits of detection for almost all TICs are below the AEGL-2 (4h) levels. Furthermore, in comparison to classical IMS, it is still striking that HiKE-IMS shows significantly less spectral and chemical cross-sensitivities and thus exhibits considerably lower false-positive and false-negative rates. Overall, it thus turns out that HiKE-IMS is a promising alternative to classical IMS in the field of on-site detection of TICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Allers
- Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstraße 100, 29633 Munster, Germany
| | - Christoph Schaefer
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - André Ahrens
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Schlottmann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Hitzemann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Kobelt
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Hetzer
- Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstraße 100, 29633 Munster, Germany
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Nontargeted Screening Using Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Recent Trends and Emerging Potential. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226911. [PMID: 34834002 PMCID: PMC8624013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC–HRMS) is a powerful nontargeted screening technique that promises to accelerate the identification of environmental pollutants. Currently, most GC–HRMS instruments are equipped with electron ionization (EI), but atmospheric pressure ionization (API) ion sources have attracted renewed interest because: (i) collisional cooling at atmospheric pressure minimizes fragmentation, resulting in an increased yield of molecular ions for elemental composition determination and improved detection limits; (ii) a wide range of sophisticated tandem (ion mobility) mass spectrometers can be easily adapted for operation with GC–API; and (iii) the conditions of an atmospheric pressure ion source can promote structure diagnostic ion–molecule reactions that are otherwise difficult to perform using conventional GC–MS instrumentation. This literature review addresses the merits of GC–API for nontargeted screening while summarizing recent applications using various GC–API techniques. One perceived drawback of GC–API is the paucity of spectral libraries that can be used to guide structure elucidation. Herein, novel data acquisition, deconvolution and spectral prediction tools will be reviewed. With continued development, it is anticipated that API may eventually supplant EI as the de facto GC–MS ion source used to identify unknowns.
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12
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Tyagi H, Daulton E, Bannaga AS, Arasaradnam RP, Covington JA. Urinary Volatiles and Chemical Characterisation for the Non-Invasive Detection of Prostate and Bladder Cancers. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11110437. [PMID: 34821653 PMCID: PMC8615657 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) are some of the most common cancers in the world. In both BCa and PCa, the diagnosis is often confirmed with an invasive technique that carries a risk to the patient. Consequently, a non-invasive diagnostic approach would be medically desirable and beneficial to the patient. The use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for disease diagnosis, including cancer, is a promising research area that could support the diagnosis process. In this study, we investigated the urinary VOC profiles in BCa, PCa patients and non-cancerous controls by using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) to analyse patient samples. GC-IMS separated BCa from PCa (area under the curve: AUC: 0.97 (0.93-1.00)), BCa vs. non-cancerous (AUC: 0.95 (0.90-0.99)) and PCa vs. non-cancerous (AUC: 0.89 (0.83-0.94)) whereas GC-TOF-MS differentiated BCa from PCa (AUC: 0.84 (0.73-0.93)), BCa vs. non-cancerous (AUC: 0.81 (0.70-0.90)) and PCa vs. non-cancerous (AUC: 0.94 (0.90-0.97)). According to our study, a total of 34 biomarkers were found using GC-TOF-MS data, of which 13 VOCs were associated with BCa, seven were associated with PCa, and 14 VOCs were found in the comparison of BCa and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Tyagi
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (H.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Emma Daulton
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (H.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Ayman S. Bannaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (A.S.B.); (R.P.A.)
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7HL, UK
| | - Ramesh P. Arasaradnam
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (A.S.B.); (R.P.A.)
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7HL, UK
- School of Health Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - James A. Covington
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (H.T.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Thoben C, Raddatz CR, Lippmann M, Salehimoghaddam Z, Zimmermann S. Electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometer with new tristate ion gating for improved sensitivity for compounds with lower ion mobility. Talanta 2021; 233:122579. [PMID: 34215071 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An electrospray is a dispersed nebula of charged droplets produced under the influence of a strong electric field. The charged droplets subsequently result in ions in the gas phase. Therefore, electrospray is a commonly used method for transferring liquids to the gas phase while ionizing its constituents at the same time. In this work, we investigate the performance of an electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometer by varying the electric field strength in the desolvation region. In particular, we investigate a new tristate ion shutter with increased sensitivity for ions with higher molecular mass and lower ion mobility that are usually suppressed by classical Bradbury-Nielsen or Tyndall-Powell ion shutters when using short gating times as required for high resolving power. The electric field in the tristate ion shutter affects the optimal ratio of the electric field strengths in the drift and desolvation region. Furthermore, the solvent flow rate needs to be considered when setting the field strengths in the desolvation region. However, a higher electric field strength in the desolvation region affects the field at the emitter tip. For this reason, a smaller ratio of the drift field strength and the desolvation field strength is beneficial, especially since higher solvent flow rates require higher fields to initiate an electrospray. In this work, we use tetraoctylammonium bromide as an instrument standard and the fungicide metalaxyl, the herbicide isoproturon and the antibiotic cefuroxime as model compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thoben
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - C-R Raddatz
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Lippmann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Z Salehimoghaddam
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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Yin J, Wu M, Lin R, Li X, Ding H, Han L, Yang W, Song X, Li W, Qu H, Yu H, Li Z. Application and development trends of gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry for traditional Chinese medicine, clinical, food and environmental analysis. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Ibrahim W, Natarajan S, Wilde M, Cordell R, Monks PS, Greening N, Brightling CE, Evans R, Siddiqui S. A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of volatile organic compounds in airway diseases and their relation to markers of type-2 inflammation. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00030-2021. [PMID: 34476250 PMCID: PMC8405872 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00030-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma and COPD continue to cause considerable diagnostic and treatment stratification challenges. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been proposed as feasible diagnostic and monitoring biomarkers in airway diseases. AIMS To 1) conduct a systematic review evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of VOCs in diagnosing airway diseases; 2) understand the relationship between reported VOCs and biomarkers of type-2 inflammation; 3) assess the standardisation of reporting according to STARD and TRIPOD criteria; 4) review current methods of breath sampling and analysis. METHODS A PRISMA-oriented systematic search was conducted (January 1997 to December 2020). Search terms included: "asthma", "volatile organic compound(s)", "VOC" and "COPD". Two independent reviewers examined the extracted titles against review objectives. RESULTS 44 full-text papers were included; 40/44 studies were cross-sectional and four studies were interventional in design; 17/44 studies used sensor-array technologies (e.g. eNose). Cross-study comparison was not possible across identified studies due to the heterogeneity in design. The commonest airway diseases differentiating VOCs belonged to carbonyl-containing classes (i.e. aldehydes, esters and ketones) and hydrocarbons (i.e. alkanes and alkenes). Although individual markers that are associated with clinical biomarkers of type-2 inflammation were recognised (i.e. ethane and 3,7-dimethylnonane for asthma and α-methylstyrene and decane for COPD), these were not consistently identified across studies. Only 3/44 reported following STARD or TRIPOD criteria for diagnostic accuracy and multivariate reporting, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Breath VOCs show promise as diagnostic biomarkers of airway diseases and for type-2 inflammation profiling. However, future studies should focus on transparent reporting of diagnostic accuracy and multivariate models and continue to focus on chemical identification of volatile metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadah Ibrahim
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory Theme), Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
- Dept of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sushiladevi Natarajan
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory Theme), Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
- Dept of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Michael Wilde
- Dept of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Paul S. Monks
- Dept of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Neil Greening
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory Theme), Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
- Dept of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christopher E. Brightling
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory Theme), Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
- Dept of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rachael Evans
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory Theme), Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
- Dept of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Salman Siddiqui
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory Theme), Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
- Dept of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- See Acknowledgements for contributors
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Ibrahim W, Carr L, Cordell R, Wilde MJ, Salman D, Monks PS, Thomas P, Brightling CE, Siddiqui S, Greening NJ. Breathomics for the clinician: the use of volatile organic compounds in respiratory diseases. Thorax 2021; 76:514-521. [PMID: 33414240 PMCID: PMC7611078 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis has the potential to provide valuable insight on the status of various metabolic pathways taking place in the lungs locally and other vital organs, via systemic circulation. For years, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been proposed as feasible alternative diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for different respiratory pathologies.We reviewed the currently published literature on the discovery of exhaled breath VOCs and their utilisation in various respiratory diseasesKey barriers in the development of clinical breath tests include the lack of unified consensus for breath collection and analysis and the complexity of understanding the relationship between the exhaled VOCs and the underlying metabolic pathways. We present a comprehensive overview, in light of published literature and our experience from coordinating a national breathomics centre, of the progress made to date and some of the key challenges in the field and ways to overcome them. We particularly focus on the relevance of breathomics to clinicians and the valuable insights it adds to diagnostics and disease monitoring.Breathomics holds great promise and our findings merit further large-scale multicentre diagnostic studies using standardised protocols to help position this novel technology at the centre of respiratory disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadah Ibrahim
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Liesl Carr
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Dahlia Salman
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul S Monks
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Paul Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Chris E Brightling
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Salman Siddiqui
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Neil J Greening
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
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Drabińska N, Flynn C, Ratcliffe N, Belluomo I, Myridakis A, Gould O, Fois M, Smart A, Devine T, Costello BDL. A literature survey of all volatiles from healthy human breath and bodily fluids: the human volatilome. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33761469 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf1d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper comprises an updated version of the 2014 review which reported 1846 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified from healthy humans. In total over 900 additional VOCs have been reported since the 2014 review and the VOCs from semen have been added. The numbers of VOCs found in breath and the other bodily fluids are: blood 379, breath 1488, faeces 443, milk 290, saliva 549, semen 196, skin 623 and urine 444. Compounds were assigned CAS registry numbers and named according to a common convention where possible. The compounds have been included in a single table with the source reference(s) for each VOC, an update on our 2014 paper. VOCs have also been grouped into tables according to their chemical class or functionality to permit easy comparison. Careful use of the database is needed, as a number of the identified VOCs only have level 2-putative assignment, and only a small fraction of the reported VOCs have been validated by standards. Some clear differences are observed, for instance, a lack of esters in urine with a high number in faeces and breath. However, the lack of compounds from matrices such a semen and milk compared to breath for example could be due to the techniques used or reflect the intensity of effort e.g. there are few publications on VOCs from milk and semen compared to a large number for breath. The large number of volatiles reported from skin is partly due to the methodologies used, e.g. by collecting skin sebum (with dissolved VOCs and semi VOCs) onto glass beads or cotton pads and then heating to a high temperature to desorb VOCs. All compounds have been included as reported (unless there was a clear discrepancy between name and chemical structure), but there may be some mistaken assignations arising from the original publications, particularly for isomers. It is the authors' intention that this work will not only be a useful database of VOCs listed in the literature but will stimulate further study of VOCs from healthy individuals; for example more work is required to confirm the identification of these VOCs adhering to the principles outlined in the metabolomics standards initiative. Establishing a list of volatiles emanating from healthy individuals and increased understanding of VOC metabolic pathways is an important step for differentiating between diseases using VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Drabińska
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Cheryl Flynn
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Gould
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Fois
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Smart
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Devine
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ben De Lacy Costello
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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Course CW, Watkins J, Muller C, Odd D, Kotecha S, Chakraborty M. Volatile organic compounds as disease predictors in newborn infants: a systematic review. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33530065 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abe283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) detected in human breath, urine, stool, sweat, saliva, and blood result from metabolic processes in the body during health or disease. Using sophisticated measurement systems, small amounts of these compounds can be detected in the above bodily fluids. Multiple studies in adults and children have shown the potential of these compounds to differentiate between healthy individuals and patients by detecting profiles of compounds in non-invasively collected samples. However, the detection of biomarkers in VOCs from neonates is particularly attractive due to the non-invasive nature of its approach, and its ability to track disease progress by longitudinal sampling. In this work we have reviewed the literature on the use of VOCs in neonates and identified areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher William Course
- University Hospital of Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - John Watkins
- Cardiff University, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Carsten Muller
- Cardiff University, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - David Odd
- Cardiff University, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Sailesh Kotecha
- Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Mallinath Chakraborty
- Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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Mule NM, Patil DD, Kaur M. A comprehensive survey on investigation techniques of exhaled breath (EB) for diagnosis of diseases in human body. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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20
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Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Breath as Fingerprints of Lung Cancer, Asthma and COPD. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010032. [PMID: 33374433 PMCID: PMC7796324 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are inflammatory diseases that have risen worldwide, posing a major public health issue, encompassing not only physical and psychological morbidity and mortality, but also incurring significant societal costs. The leading cause of death worldwide by cancer is that of the lung, which, in large part, is a result of the disease often not being detected until a late stage. Although COPD and asthma are conditions with considerably lower mortality, they are extremely distressful to people and involve high healthcare overheads. Moreover, for these diseases, diagnostic methods are not only costly but are also invasive, thereby adding to people’s stress. It has been appreciated for many decades that the analysis of trace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath could potentially provide cheaper, rapid, and non-invasive screening procedures to diagnose and monitor the above diseases of the lung. However, after decades of research associated with breath biomarker discovery, no breath VOC tests are clinically available. Reasons for this include the little consensus as to which breath volatiles (or pattern of volatiles) can be used to discriminate people with lung diseases, and our limited understanding of the biological origin of the identified VOCs. Lung disease diagnosis using breath VOCs is challenging. Nevertheless, the numerous studies of breath volatiles and lung disease provide guidance as to what volatiles need further investigation for use in differential diagnosis, highlight the urgent need for non-invasive clinical breath tests, illustrate the way forward for future studies, and provide significant guidance to achieve the goal of developing non-invasive diagnostic tests for lung disease. This review provides an overview of these issues from evaluating key studies that have been undertaken in the years 2010–2019, in order to present objective and comprehensive updated information that presents the progress that has been made in this field. The potential of this approach is highlighted, while strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are discussed. This review will be of interest to chemists, biologists, medical doctors and researchers involved in the development of analytical instruments for breath diagnosis.
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21
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da Costa BRB, De Martinis BS. Analysis of urinary VOCs using mass spectrometric methods to diagnose cancer: A review. CLINICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY (DEL MAR, CALIF.) 2020; 18:27-37. [PMID: 34820523 PMCID: PMC8600992 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of non-invasive screening techniques for early cancer detection is one of the greatest scientific challenges of the 21st century. One promising emerging method is the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs are low molecular weight substances generated as final products of cellular metabolism and emitted through a variety of biological matrices, such as breath, blood, saliva and urine. Urine stands out for its non-invasive nature, availability in large volumes, and the high concentration of VOCs in the kidneys. This review provides an overview of the available data on urinary VOCs that have been investigated in cancer-focused clinical studies using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. A literature search was conducted in ScienceDirect, Pubmed and Web of Science, using the keywords "Urinary VOCs", "VOCs biomarkers" and "Volatile cancer biomarkers" in combination with the term "Mass spectrometry". Only studies in English published between January 2011 and May 2020 were selected. The three most evaluated types of cancers in the reviewed studies were lung, breast and prostate, and the most frequently identified urinary VOC biomarkers were hexanal, dimethyl disulfide and phenol; with the latter seeming to be closely related to breast cancer. Additionally, the challenges of analyzing urinary VOCs using MS-based techniques and translation to clinical utility are discussed. The outcome of this review may provide valuable information to future studies regarding cancer urinary VOCs.
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Key Words
- Biomarkers
- CAS, chemical abstracts service
- CYP450, cytochrome P450
- Cancer
- FAIMS, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry
- GC, gas chromatography
- HS, headspace
- IMS, ion mobility spectrometry
- LC, liquid chromatography
- MS, mass spectrometry or mass spectrometric
- Mass Spectrometry
- Metabolomics
- NT, needle trap
- PSA, prostate-specific antigen
- PTR, proton transfer reaction
- PTV, programed temperature vaporizer
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SBSE, stir bar sorptive extraction
- SIFT, selected ion flow tube
- SPME, solid phase microextraction
- Urine
- VOCs
- VOCs, volatile organic compounds
- eNose, electronic nose
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruiz Brandão da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto – Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Spinosa De Martinis
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo. Av., Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
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Ahrens A, Möhle J, Hitzemann M, Zimmermann S. Novel ion drift tube for high-performance ion mobility spectrometers based on a composite material. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-020-00265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIon mobility spectrometers (IMS) are able to detect pptV-level concentrations of substances in gasses and in liquids within seconds. Due to the continuous increase in analytical performance and reduction of the instrument size, IMS are established nowadays in a variety of analytical field applications. In order to reduce the manufacturing effort and further enhance their widespread use, we have developed a simple manufacturing process for drift tubes based on a composite material. This composite material consists of alternating layers of metal sheets and insulator material, which are connected to each other in a mechanically stable and gastight manner. Furthermore, this approach allows the production of ion drift tubes in just a few steps from a single piece of material, thus reducing the manufacturing costs and efforts. Here, a drift tube ion mobility spectrometer based on such a composite material is presented. Although its outer dimensions are just 15 mm × 15 mm in cross section and 57 mm in length, it has high resolving power of Rp = 62 and detection limits in the pptV-range, demonstrated for ethanol and 1,2,3-trichloropropane.
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23
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Recent progress in food flavor analysis using gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC–IMS). Food Chem 2020; 315:126158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kononov A, Korotetsky B, Jahatspanian I, Gubal A, Vasiliev A, Arsenjev A, Nefedov A, Barchuk A, Gorbunov I, Kozyrev K, Rassadina A, Iakovleva E, Sillanpää M, Safaei Z, Ivanenko N, Stolyarova N, Chuchina V, Ganeev A. Online breath analysis using metal oxide semiconductor sensors (electronic nose) for diagnosis of lung cancer. J Breath Res 2019; 14:016004. [PMID: 31505480 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab433d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of exhaled breath is drawing a high degree of interest in the diagnostics of various diseases, including lung cancer. Electronic nose (E-nose) technology is one of the perspective approaches in the field due to its relative simplicity and cost efficiency. The use of an E-nose together with pattern recognition algorithms allow 'breath-prints' to be discriminated. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient online E-nose-based lung cancer diagnostic method via exhaled breath analysis with the use of some statistical classification methods. A developed multisensory system consisting of six metal oxide chemoresistance gas sensors was employed in three temperature regimes. This study involved 118 individuals: 65 in the lung cancer group (cytologically verified) and 53 in the healthy control group. The exhaled breath samples of the volunteers were analysed using the developed E-nose system. The dataset obtained, consisting of the sensor responses, was pre-processed and split into training (70%) and test (30%) subsets. The training data was used to fit the classification models; the test data was used for the estimation of prediction possibility. Logistic regression was found to be an adequate data-processing approach. The performance of the developed method was promising for the screening purposes (sensitivity-95.0%, specificity-100.0%, accuracy-97.2%). This shows the applicability of the gas-sensitive sensor array for the exhaled breath diagnostics. Metal oxide sensors are highly sensitive, low-cost and stable, and their poor sensitivity can be enhanced by integrating them with machine learning algorithms, as can be seen in this study. All experiments were carried out with the permission of the N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology ethics committee no. 15/83 dated March 15, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Kononov
- St Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab.7/9, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
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Elia D, Caminati A, Zompatori M, Cassandro R, Lonati C, Luisi F, Pelosi G, Provencher S, Harari S. Pulmonary hypertension and chronic lung disease: where are we headed? Eur Respir Rev 2019; 28:28/153/190065. [DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0065-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension related to chronic lung disease, mainly represented by COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, is associated with a worse outcome when compared with patients only affected by parenchymal lung disease. At present, no therapies are available to reverse or slow down the pathological process of this condition and most of the clinical trials conducted to date have had no clinically significant impact. Nevertheless, the importance of chronic lung diseases is always more widely recognised and, along with its increasing incidence, associated pulmonary hypertension is also expected to be growing in frequency and as a health burden worldwide. Therefore, it is desirable to develop useful and reliable tools to obtain an early diagnosis and to monitor and follow-up this condition, while new insights in the therapeutic approach are explored.
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Chen S, Zhang Z, Chen L, Zhang J. miRNA‑101‑3p.1 as an independent diagnostic biomarker aggravates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease via activation of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4293-4302. [PMID: 31545413 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring independent biomarkers and delineating pathogenic mechanisms could improve the early diagnosis and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In the present study, a study was conducted to determine the diagnostic potential of miRNA‑101‑3p.1 in identifying stable COPD (SCOPD) and acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) patients and to reveal the molecular mechanism by which miRNA‑101‑3p.1 regulates COPD progression. miRNA‑101‑3p.1 profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of COPD patients were evaluated. Subsequently, receiver operating characteristic curves were created to demonstrate the diagnostic accuracy of miRNA‑101‑3p.1 in discriminating SCOPD and AECOPD. Finally, the molecular mechanism by which miRNA‑101‑3p.1 regulates COPD progression was explored. The present study revealed that patients with COPD, and especially patients with AECOPD, had significantly increased levels of miRNA‑101‑3p.1 and the level of miRNA‑101‑3p.1 was closely correlated with CAT score and FEV1% predicted. Notably, miRNA‑101‑3p.1 accurately discriminated SCOPD and AECOPD. Furthermore, increasing miRNA‑101‑3p.1 promoted cell proliferation and induced the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistic investigations revealed that miRNA‑101‑3p.1 inhibited the expression of von Hippel‑Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL) and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 D1 (UBE2D1). pVHL and UBE2D1 co‑upregulated HIF‑1α, and HIF‑1α mediated activation of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The present results collectively demonstrated that miRNA‑101‑3p.1 could act as an independent biomarker for the diagnosis of SCOPD and AECOPD, and that miRNA‑101‑3p.1 facilitates COPD progression by activating the EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuifang Chen
- Respiratory Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zeying Zhang
- Respiratory Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Lina Chen
- Respiratory Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jianli Zhang
- Respiratory Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Rodríguez-Aguilar M, Ramírez-García S, Ilizaliturri-Hernández C, Gómez-Gómez A, Van-Brussel E, Díaz-Barriga F, Medellín-Garibay S, Flores-Ramírez R. Ultrafast gas chromatography coupled to electronic nose to identify volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: A pilot study. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4684. [PMID: 31423612 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the exhaled breath from patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using a ultrafast gas chromatography system equipped with an electronic nose detector (FGC eNose) has been developed. A prospective study was performed in 23 COPD patients and 33 healthy volunteers; exhalation breathing tests were performed with Tedlar bags. Each sample was analyzed by FCG eNose and the identification of VOCs was based on the Kovats index. Raw data were reduced by principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis [canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP)]. The FCG eNose technology was able to identify 17 VOCs that distinguish COPD patients from healthy volunteers. At all stages of PCA and CAP the discrimination between groups was obvious. Chemical prints were correctly classified up to 82.2%, and were matched with 78.9% of the VOCs detected in the exhaled breath samples. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated the sensitivity and specificity to be 96% and 91%, respectively. This pilot study demonstrates that FGC eNose is a useful tool to identify VOCs as biomarkers in exhaled breath from COPD patients. Further studies should be performed to enhance the clinical relevance of this quick and ease methodology for COPD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Rodríguez-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Sofía Ramírez-García
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Cesar Ilizaliturri-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Alejandro Gómez-Gómez
- Pulmonology Service, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto" San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Evelyn Van-Brussel
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Susanna Medellín-Garibay
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico.,Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
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29
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Mozdiak E, Wicaksono AN, Covington JA, Arasaradnam RP. Colorectal cancer and adenoma screening using urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) detection: early results from a single-centre bowel screening population (UK BCSP). Tech Coloproctol 2019; 23:343-351. [PMID: 30989415 PMCID: PMC6536474 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-019-01963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The United Kingdom (UK) bowel cancer screening programme has reduced mortality from colorectal cancer (CRC), but poor uptake with stool-based tests and lack of specificity of faecal occult blood testing (FOBT), has prompted investigation for a more suitable screening test. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a urinary volatile organic compounds (VOC)-based screening tool for CRC. Methods The urine from FOBT-positive patients was analysed using field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) and gas chromatography coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (GC–IMS). Data were analysed using a machine learning algorithm to calculate the test accuracy for correct classification of CRC against adenomas and other gastrointestinal pathology. Results One hundred and sixty-three patients were enrolled in the study. Test accuracy was high for differentiating CRC from control: area under the curve (AUC) 0.98 (95% CI 0.93–1) and 0.82 (95% CI 0.67–0.97) using FAIMS and GC–IMS respectively. Correct classification of CRC from adenoma was high with AUC range 0.83–0.92 (95% CI 0.43–1.0). Classification of adenoma from control was poor with AUC range 0.54–0.61 (95% CI 0.47–0.75) using both analytical modalities. Conclusions CRC was correctly distinguished from adenomas or no bowel pathology using urinary VOC markers, within the bowel screening population. This pilot study demonstrates the potential of this method for CRC detection, with higher test uptake and superior sensitivity than FOBT. In addition, this is the first application of GC–IMS in CRC detection which has shown high test accuracy and usability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10151-019-01963-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mozdiak
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.
| | - A N Wicaksono
- School of Engineering, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - J A Covington
- School of Engineering, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - R P Arasaradnam
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
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30
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Ahrens A, Hitzemann M, Zimmermann S. Miniaturized high-performance drift tube ion mobility spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-019-00248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Exogenous factors of influence on exhaled breath analysis by ion-mobility spectrometry (MCC/IMS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-019-00247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Romero KI, Fernandez-Maestre R. Ion mobility spectrometry: the diagnostic tool of third millennium medicine. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2019; 64:861-868. [PMID: 30673009 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.64.09.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a fast, low cost, portable, and sensitive technique that separates ions in a drift tube under the influence of an electric field according to their size and shape. IMS represents a non-invasive and reliable instrumental alternative for the diagnosis of different diseases through the analysis of volatile metabolites in biological samples. IMS has applications in medicine in the study of volatile compounds for the non-invasive diagnose of bronchial carcinoma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other diseases analysing breath, urine, blood, faeces, and other biological samples. This technique has been used to study complex mixtures such as proteomes, metabolomes, complete organisms like bacteria and viruses, monitor anaesthetic agents, determine drugs, pharmaceuticals, and volatile compounds in human body fluids, and others. Pharmaceutical applications include analysis of over-the-counter-drugs, quality assessment, and cleaning verification. Medical practice needs non-invasive, robust, secure, fast, real-time, and low-cost methods with high sensitivity and compact size instruments to diagnose different diseases and IMS is the diagnostic tool that meets all these requirements of the Medicine of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska I Romero
- . Medical Subdirector, Organización Clínica Bonnadona Prevenir, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
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33
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Finamore P, Scarlata S, Incalzi RA. Breath analysis in respiratory diseases: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018; 19:47-61. [PMID: 30575423 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1559052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vast majority of respiratory diseases are associated with the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the analysis of which might improve our knowledge about these disorders and their clinical management. The aim of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive summary of current evidence supporting the application of breath analysis in the field of respiratory diseases, as well as suggesting potential applications available in the near future. Areas covered: A computerized literature search was performed to identify relevant articles reporting original data on the clinical use of breath analysis in respiratory diseases. Papers focusing on diseases other than respiratory, technical issues of VOC sampling and analysis, in vitro experiments or exogenous compounds were excluded. Expert commentary: Currently available evidence on the application of breath analysis in respiratory diseases is encouraging; however, it is mostly based on single-center studies without external validation. The standardization of the technique, together with multicenter clinical trials with external validation, will ensure it is ready for clinical use. Current and new applications in respiratory diseases may represent a major breakthrough in the field, so much so as to deserve further efforts in outlining the most effective way to apply VOC analysis for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Scarlata
- a Unit of Geriatrics , Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
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34
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Wallace MAG, Pleil JD. Evolution of clinical and environmental health applications of exhaled breath research: Review of methods and instrumentation for gas-phase, condensate, and aerosols. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1024:18-38. [PMID: 29776545 PMCID: PMC6082128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human breath, along with urine and blood, has long been one of the three major biological media for assessing human health and environmental exposure. In fact, the detection of odor on human breath, as described by Hippocrates in 400 BC, is considered the first analytical health assessment tool. Although less common in comparison to contemporary bio-fluids analyses, breath has become an attractive diagnostic medium as sampling is non-invasive, unlimited in timing and volume, and does not require clinical personnel. Exhaled breath, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) are different types of breath matrices used to assess human health and disease state. Over the past 20 years, breath research has made many advances in assessing health state, overcoming many of its initial challenges related to sampling and analysis. The wide variety of sampling techniques and collection devices that have been developed for these media are discussed herein. The different types of sensors and mass spectrometry instruments currently available for breath analysis are evaluated as well as emerging breath research topics, such as cytokines, security and airport surveillance, cellular respiration, and canine olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ariel Geer Wallace
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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35
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36
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Pizzini A, Filipiak W, Wille J, Ager C, Wiesenhofer H, Kubinec R, Blaško J, Tschurtschenthaler C, Mayhew CA, Weiss G, Bellmann-Weiler R. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in the breath of patients with stable or acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Breath Res 2018; 12:036002. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aaa4c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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37
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Doran SLF, Romano A, Hanna GB. Optimisation of sampling parameters for standardised exhaled breath sampling. J Breath Res 2017; 12:016007. [PMID: 29211685 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa8a46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The lack of standardisation of breath sampling is a major contributing factor to the poor repeatability of results and hence represents a barrier to the adoption of breath tests in clinical practice. On-line and bag breath sampling have advantages but do not suit multicentre clinical studies whereas storage and robust transport are essential for the conduct of wide-scale studies. Several devices have been developed to control sampling parameters and to concentrate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) onto thermal desorption (TD) tubes and subsequently transport those tubes for laboratory analysis. We conducted three experiments to investigate (i) the fraction of breath sampled (whole versus lower expiratory exhaled breath); (ii) breath sample volume (125, 250, 500 and 1000 ml); and (iii) breath sample flow rate (400, 200, 100 and 50 ml min-1). The target VOCs were acetone and potential volatile biomarkers for oesophago-gastric cancer belonging to the aldehyde, fatty acids and phenol chemical classes. We also examined the collection execution time and the impact of environmental contamination. The experiments showed that the use of exhaled breath-sampling devices requires the selection of optimum sampling parameters. The increase in sample volume has improved the levels of VOCs detected. However, the influence of the fraction of exhaled breath and the flow rate depends on the target VOCs measured. The concentration of potential volatile biomarkers for oesophago-gastric cancer was not significantly different between the whole and lower airway exhaled breath. While the recovery of phenols and acetone from TD tubes was lower when breath sampling was performed at a higher flow rate, other VOCs were not affected. A dedicated 'clean air supply' reduces the contamination from ambient air, but the breath collection device itself can be a source of contaminants. In clinical studies using VOCs to elicit potential biomarkers of gastro-oesophageal cancer, the optimum parameters are 500 mls sample volume of whole breath with a flow rate of 200 ml min-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L F Doran
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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38
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Nakhleh MK, Quatredeniers M, Haick H. Detection of halitosis in breath: Between the past, present, and future. Oral Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- MK Nakhleh
- Univ Paris-Sud; Faculté de Médecine; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre France
- AP-HP; DHU TORINO; Service de Pneumologie; Hôpital Bicêtre; Le Kremlin Bicêtre France
- Inserm UMR_S 999; LabExLERMIT; Hôpital Marie Lannelongue; Le Plessis Robinson France
| | - M Quatredeniers
- Univ Paris-Sud; Faculté de Médecine; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre France
- AP-HP; DHU TORINO; Service de Pneumologie; Hôpital Bicêtre; Le Kremlin Bicêtre France
- Inserm UMR_S 999; LabExLERMIT; Hôpital Marie Lannelongue; Le Plessis Robinson France
| | - H Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel
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39
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Nakhleh MK, Haick H, Humbert M, Cohen-Kaminsky S. Volatolomics of breath as an emerging frontier in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/2/1601897. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01897-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence in support of the significant improvement in survival rates and clinical outcomes when pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is diagnosed at early stages. Nevertheless, it remains a major clinical challenge and the outcomes are dependent on invasive right heart catheterisation.Resulting from pathophysiological processes and detectable in exhaled breath, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been proposed as noninvasive biomarkers for PAH. Studies have confirmed significant alterations of the exhaled VOCs among PAH patients when compared to controls and/or patients with other respiratory diseases. This suggests exhaled breath analysis as a potential noninvasive medical application in the field of PAH.In this article, we review and discuss the progress made so far in the field of exhaled volatolomics (the omics of VOCs) as a potential noninvasive diagnostics of PAH. In addition, we propose a model including possible biochemical pathways on the level of the remodelled artery, in which specific VOCs could be detectable in exhaled breath during the early phases of PAH. We debate the different analytical approaches used and recommend a diagram including a “bottom–top” strategy, from basic to translational studies, required for promoting the field.
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40
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Nakhleh M, Amal H, Jeries R, Broza YY, Aboud M, Gharra A, Ivgi H, Khatib S, Badarneh S, Har-Shai L, Glass-Marmor L, Lejbkowicz I, Miller A, Badarny S, Winer R, Finberg J, Cohen-Kaminsky S, Perros F, Montani D, Girerd B, Garcia G, Simonneau G, Nakhoul F, Baram S, Salim R, Hakim M, Gruber M, Ronen O, Marshak T, Doweck I, Nativ O, Bahouth Z, Shi DY, Zhang W, Hua QL, Pan YY, Tao L, Liu H, Karban A, Koifman E, Rainis T, Skapars R, Sivins A, Ancans G, Liepniece-Karele I, Kikuste I, Lasina I, Tolmanis I, Johnson D, Millstone SZ, Fulton J, Wells JW, Wilf LH, Humbert M, Leja M, Peled N, Haick H. Diagnosis and Classification of 17 Diseases from 1404 Subjects via Pattern Analysis of Exhaled Molecules. ACS NANO 2017; 11:112-125. [PMID: 28000444 PMCID: PMC5269643 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We report on an artificially intelligent nanoarray based on molecularly modified gold nanoparticles and a random network of single-walled carbon nanotubes for noninvasive diagnosis and classification of a number of diseases from exhaled breath. The performance of this artificially intelligent nanoarray was clinically assessed on breath samples collected from 1404 subjects having one of 17 different disease conditions included in the study or having no evidence of any disease (healthy controls). Blind experiments showed that 86% accuracy could be achieved with the artificially intelligent nanoarray, allowing both detection and discrimination between the different disease conditions examined. Analysis of the artificially intelligent nanoarray also showed that each disease has its own unique breathprint, and that the presence of one disease would not screen out others. Cluster analysis showed a reasonable classification power of diseases from the same categories. The effect of confounding clinical and environmental factors on the performance of the nanoarray did not significantly alter the obtained results. The diagnosis and classification power of the nanoarray was also validated by an independent analytical technique, i.e., gas chromatography linked with mass spectrometry. This analysis found that 13 exhaled chemical species, called volatile organic compounds, are associated with certain diseases, and the composition of this assembly of volatile organic compounds differs from one disease to another. Overall, these findings could contribute to one of the most important criteria for successful health intervention in the modern era, viz. easy-to-use, inexpensive (affordable), and miniaturized tools that could also be used for personalized screening, diagnosis, and follow-up of a number of diseases, which can clearly be extended by further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morad
K. Nakhleh
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Haitham Amal
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Raneen Jeries
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yoav Y. Broza
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Manal Aboud
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Alaa Gharra
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hodaya Ivgi
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Salam Khatib
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shifaa Badarneh
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Lior Har-Shai
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple
Sclerosis Center, Carmel Medical Center and Rappaport Family Faculty
of Medicine, Technion−Israel Institute
of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Lea Glass-Marmor
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple
Sclerosis Center, Carmel Medical Center and Rappaport Family Faculty
of Medicine, Technion−Israel Institute
of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Izabella Lejbkowicz
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple
Sclerosis Center, Carmel Medical Center and Rappaport Family Faculty
of Medicine, Technion−Israel Institute
of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ariel Miller
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple
Sclerosis Center, Carmel Medical Center and Rappaport Family Faculty
of Medicine, Technion−Israel Institute
of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Samih Badarny
- Movement
Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Carmel Medical Center,
and Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Raz Winer
- Movement
Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Carmel Medical Center,
and Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - John Finberg
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rappaport
Family Faculty of Medicine, Technion−Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Sylvia Cohen-Kaminsky
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté
de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Centre National de Référence
de l′Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département
Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation, Service de Pneumologie,
Hôpital de Bicêtre, UMRS _999, INSERM and Univ. Paris−Sud,
Laboratoire d’Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament
et l′Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical
Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté
de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Centre National de Référence
de l′Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département
Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation, Service de Pneumologie,
Hôpital de Bicêtre, UMRS _999, INSERM and Univ. Paris−Sud,
Laboratoire d’Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament
et l′Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical
Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - David Montani
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté
de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Centre National de Référence
de l′Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département
Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation, Service de Pneumologie,
Hôpital de Bicêtre, UMRS _999, INSERM and Univ. Paris−Sud,
Laboratoire d’Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament
et l′Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical
Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Barbara Girerd
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté
de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Centre National de Référence
de l′Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département
Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation, Service de Pneumologie,
Hôpital de Bicêtre, UMRS _999, INSERM and Univ. Paris−Sud,
Laboratoire d’Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament
et l′Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical
Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Gilles Garcia
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté
de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Centre National de Référence
de l′Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département
Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation, Service de Pneumologie,
Hôpital de Bicêtre, UMRS _999, INSERM and Univ. Paris−Sud,
Laboratoire d’Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament
et l′Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical
Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Gérald Simonneau
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté
de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Centre National de Référence
de l′Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département
Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation, Service de Pneumologie,
Hôpital de Bicêtre, UMRS _999, INSERM and Univ. Paris−Sud,
Laboratoire d’Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament
et l′Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical
Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Farid Nakhoul
- Department of
Nephrology and Hypertension Baruch Padeh
Medical Center, Poriya 15208, Israel
| | - Shira Baram
- Department of Obstetrics
and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula 18101, and Rappaport Family
Faculty of Medicine, Technion−Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Raed Salim
- Department of Obstetrics
and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula 18101, and Rappaport Family
Faculty of Medicine, Technion−Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Marwan Hakim
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nazareth Hospital EMMS, Nazareth, and
Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar
Ilan University, Ramat
Gan, Israel
| | - Maayan Gruber
- The Department of Otolaryngology Head and
Neck Surgery, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
| | - Ohad Ronen
- The Department of Otolaryngology Head and
Neck Surgery, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
| | - Tal Marshak
- The Department of Otolaryngology Head and
Neck Surgery, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
| | - Ilana Doweck
- The Department of Otolaryngology Head and
Neck Surgery, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel
| | - Ofer Nativ
- Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel
| | - Zaher Bahouth
- Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel
| | - Da-you Shi
- Department
of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department
of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qing-ling Hua
- Department
of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yue-yin Pan
- Department
of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Li Tao
- Department
of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department
of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Amir Karban
- Internal Medicine C and Gastroenterology Departments,
Rambam Medical Center, Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525408, Israel
| | - Eduard Koifman
- Internal Medicine C and Gastroenterology Departments,
Rambam Medical Center, Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525408, Israel
| | - Tova Rainis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bnai Zion
Hospital and Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Roberts Skapars
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Digestive Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, 19 Rainisboulv, LV1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Armands Sivins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Digestive Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, 19 Rainisboulv, LV1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Guntis Ancans
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Digestive Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, 19 Rainisboulv, LV1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inta Liepniece-Karele
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Digestive Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, 19 Rainisboulv, LV1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilze Kikuste
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Digestive Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, 19 Rainisboulv, LV1586 Riga, Latvia
- Digestive Diseases
Centre, GASTRO, 6 Linezeraiela, LV1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ieva Lasina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Digestive Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, 19 Rainisboulv, LV1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ivars Tolmanis
- Digestive Diseases
Centre, GASTRO, 6 Linezeraiela, LV1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Douglas Johnson
- Department of Radiation
Oncology, Baptist Cancer Institute (BCI), 1235 San Marco Boulevard, Suite100, Jacksonville, Florida 32207, United States
| | - Stuart Z. Millstone
- Pulmonary
and Critical Care Associates, Orange Park, Florida 32073, United States
| | - Jennifer Fulton
- Pulmonary Diseases, Baptist Medical Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32217, United States
| | - John W. Wells
- Pulmonary
and Critical Care Associates, Orange Park, Florida 32073, United States
| | - Larry H. Wilf
- Oncologic Imaging Division, Florida Radiation Oncology Group, Jacksonville, Florida 32217, United States
| | - Marc Humbert
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté
de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Centre National de Référence
de l′Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département
Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation, Service de Pneumologie,
Hôpital de Bicêtre, UMRS _999, INSERM and Univ. Paris−Sud,
Laboratoire d’Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament
et l′Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical
Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson 92350, France
| | - Marcis Leja
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Digestive Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, 19 Rainisboulv, LV1586 Riga, Latvia
- Digestive Diseases
Centre, GASTRO, 6 Linezeraiela, LV1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Nir Peled
- Thoracic
Cancer Unit, Davidoff Cancer Center, RMC, Kaplan Street, Petach Tiqwa 49100, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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41
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Zetola NM, Modongo C, Matsiri O, Tamuhla T, Mbongwe B, Matlhagela K, Sepako E, Catini A, Sirugo G, Martinelli E, Paolesse R, Di Natale C. Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and assessment of treatment response through analyses of volatile compound patterns in exhaled breath samples. J Infect 2016; 74:367-376. [PMID: 28017825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We determined the performance of a sensor array (an electronic nose) made of 8 metalloporphyrins coated quartz microbalances sensors for the diagnosis and prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) using exhaled breath samples. METHODS TB cases and healthy controls were prospectively enrolled. Signals from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath samples were measured at days 0, 2, 7, 14, and 30 of TB therapy and correlated with clinical and microbiological measurements. RESULTS Fifty one pulmonary TB cases and 20 healthy HIV-uninfected controls were enrolled in the study. 31 (61%) of the 51 pulmonary TB cases were coinfected with HIV. At day 0 (before TB treatment initiation) the sensitivity of our device was estimated at 94.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 83.8-98.8%) and specificity was 90.0% (95% CI, 68.3-98.8%) for distinguishing TB cases from controls. Time-dependent changes in the breath signals were identified as time on TB treatment progressed. Time-dependent signal changes were more pronounced among HIV-uninfected patients. CONCLUSION The identification of VOCs' signals in breath samples using a sensor array achieved high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of TB and allowed following signal changes during TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Zetola
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; School of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Botswana-UPenn Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Chawangwa Modongo
- Botswana-UPenn Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Ogopotse Matsiri
- Botswana-UPenn Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Tsaone Tamuhla
- Botswana-UPenn Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Bontle Mbongwe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | | | - Enoch Sepako
- School of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Sirugo
- Centro di Ricerca, Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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