1
|
Wu Z, Huang Y, Yuan W, Wu X, Shi H, Lu M, Xu A. Expression, tumor immune infiltration, and prognostic impact of HMGs in gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1056917. [PMID: 36568211 PMCID: PMC9780705 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1056917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decade, considerable research efforts on gastric cancer (GC) have been expended, however, little advancement has been made owing to the lack of effective biomarkers and treatment options. Herein, we aimed to examine the levels of expression, mutations, and clinical relevance of HMGs in GC to provide sufficient scientific evidence for clinical decision-making and risk management. Methods GC samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) XENA, Human Protein Atlas (HPA), Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), Kaplan-Meier Plotter, cBioPortal, GeneMANIA, STRING, LinkedOmics, and DAVID databases were employed. The "ggplot2" package in the R software (×64 3.6.3) was used to thoroughly analyze the effects of HMGs. qRT-PCR was performed to assess HMG levels in GC cell lines. Results A total of 375 GC tissues and 32 paraneoplastic tissues were analyzed. The levels of HMGA1, HMGA2, HMGB1, HMGB2, HMGB3, HMGN1, HMGN2, and HMGN4 expression were increased in GC tissues relative to normal gastric tissues. HMGA1, HMGA2, HMGB1, HMGB2, and HMGB3 were highly expressed in GC cell lines. The OS was significantly different in the group showing low expressions of HMGA1, HMGA2, HMGB1, HMGB2, HMGB3, HMGN2, HMGN3, and HMGN5. There was a significant difference in RFS between the groups with low HMGA2, HMGB3, and high HMGN2 expression. The levels of HMGA2, HMGB3, and HMGN1 had a higher accuracy for prediction to distinguish GC from normal tissues (AUC value > 0.9). HMGs were tightly associated with immune infiltration and tumor immune escape and antitumor immunity most likely participates in HMG-mediated oncogenesis in GC. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that HMGs played a vital role in the cell cycle pathway. Conclusions Our results strongly suggest a vital role of HMGs in GC. HMGA2 and HMGB3 could be potential markers for prognostic prediction and treatment targets for GC by interrupting the cell cycle pathway. Our findings might provide renewed perspectives for the selection of prognostic biomarkers among HMGs in GC and may contribute to the determination of the optimal strategy for the treatment of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China,Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China,Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiwei Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China,Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiong Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, PR China, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Aman Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China,Department of General Surgery, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Farley SJ, Grishok A, Zeldich E. Shaking up the silence: consequences of HMGN1 antagonizing PRC2 in the Down syndrome brain. Epigenetics Chromatin 2022; 15:39. [PMID: 36463299 PMCID: PMC9719135 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-022-00471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability is a well-known hallmark of Down Syndrome (DS) that results from the triplication of the critical region of human chromosome 21 (HSA21). Major studies were conducted in recent years to gain an understanding about the contribution of individual triplicated genes to DS-related brain pathology. Global transcriptomic alterations and widespread changes in the establishment of neural lineages, as well as their differentiation and functional maturity, suggest genome-wide chromatin organization alterations in trisomy. High Mobility Group Nucleosome Binding Domain 1 (HMGN1), expressed from HSA21, is a chromatin remodeling protein that facilitates chromatin decompaction and is associated with acetylated lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27ac), a mark correlated with active transcription. Recent studies causatively linked overexpression of HMGN1 in trisomy and the development of DS-associated B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). HMGN1 has been shown to antagonize the activity of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) and prevent the deposition of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation mark (H3K27me3), which is associated with transcriptional repression and gene silencing. However, the possible ramifications of the increased levels of HMGN1 through the derepression of PRC2 target genes on brain cell pathology have not gained attention. In this review, we discuss the functional significance of HMGN1 in brain development and summarize accumulating reports about the essential role of PRC2 in the development of the neural system. Mechanistic understanding of how overexpression of HMGN1 may contribute to aberrant brain cell phenotypes in DS, such as altered proliferation of neural progenitors, abnormal cortical architecture, diminished myelination, neurodegeneration, and Alzheimer's disease-related pathology in trisomy 21, will facilitate the development of DS therapeutic approaches targeting chromatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Farley
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Alla Grishok
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA ,grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Boston University Genome Science Institute, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ella Zeldich
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
HMGN4 plays a key role in STAT3-mediate oncogenesis of triple-negative breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:874-884. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
High-mobility group nucleosome-binding domain 4 (HMGN4) exerts biological functions by regulating gene transcription through binding with nucleosome. As a new epigenetic regulator discovered in 2001, its biological functions have not been clarified. HMGN4 belongs to HMGNs family, in which HMGN1, 2, and 5 have been reported to play roles in oncogenesis of various cancers. However, it is reported that HMGN4 was associated with thyroid and liver cancer. In this study, we discovered for the first time that HMGN4 was highly expressed in human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), based on the analysis of the TCGA database. Moreover, we found that HMGN4 controlled the proliferation of human TNBC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the positive correlation occurred between HMGN4 and STAT3 downstream genes while HMGN4 played an indispensable role in constitutively active STAT3 (STAT3C) induced colony formation. Interestingly, we reported that STAT3 regulated HMGN4 transcription as its transcriptional factor by ChIP and HMGN4 promoter-luc assays. That is to say, there is a feed-forward signaling circuit between HMGN4 and STAT3, which might control TNBC cell growth. Finally, we proved that the interference of HMGN4 by nanovehicle-packaged siRNA may be a potentially effective approach in TNBC treatment. In summary, our findings not only identified a novel regulator in TNBC cell proliferation but also revealed the mechanism by which HMGN4 acted as a downstream gene of STAT3 to participate in the STAT3 pathway, which indicated that HMGN4 was likely to be a potential novel target for anti-TNBC therapy.
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang G, He Z. High Mobility Group Proteins in Sepsis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911152. [PMID: 35720285 PMCID: PMC9202578 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response disease, is the most severe complication of infection and a deadly disease. High mobility group proteins (HMGs) are non-histone nuclear proteins binding nucleosomes and regulate chromosome architecture and gene transcription, which act as a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the delayed endotoxin lethality and systemic inflammatory response. HMGs increase in serum and tissues during infection, especially in sepsis. A growing number of studies have demonstrated HMGs are not only cytokines which can mediate inflammation, but also potential therapeutic targets in sepsis. To reduce sepsis-related mortality, a better understanding of HMGs is essential. In this review, we described the structure and function of HMGs, summarized the definition, epidemiology and pathophysiology of sepsis, and discussed the HMGs-related mechanisms in sepsis from the perspectives of non-coding RNAs (microRNA, long non-coding RNA, circular RNA), programmed cell death (apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis), drugs and other pathophysiological aspects to provide new targets and ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Liang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihui He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anuntakarun S, Larbcharoensub N, Payungporn S, Reamtong O. Identification of genes associated with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease using RNA and exome sequencing. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 57:101728. [PMID: 33819568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) is an extremely rare disease, and although it is reported to have a worldwide distribution, young Asian women are most likely to be affected. Although this disease is generally benign and self-limiting, distinguishing it from other diseases that cause lymphadenopathy (e.g., leukemia, lymphoma, and infectious diseases) is challenging. A lymph node biopsy is a definitive diagnostic technique for KFD and only requires skillful pathologists. There are no specific symptoms or laboratory tests for KFD, and more than 50% of KFD patients have suffered from being misdiagnosed with lymphoma, which leads to improper treatment. In this study, lymph node tissue samples from KFD patients were used to reveal their exomes and transcriptomes using a high-throughput nucleotide sequencer. Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified as candidate KFD markers and were compared with a healthy lymph node exome dataset. The mutation of these genes caused disruptive impact in the proteins. Several SNPs associated with KFD involve genes related to human cancers, olfaction, and osteoblast differentiation. According to the transcriptome data, there were 238 up-regulated and 1,519 down-regulated genes. RANBP2-like and ribosomal protein L13 were the most up-regulated and down-regulated genes in KFD patients, respectively. The altered gene expression involved in the human immune system, chromatin remodeling, and gene transcription. A comparison of KFD and healthy datasets of exomes and transcriptomes may allow further insights into the KFD phenotype. The results may also facilitate future KFD diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songtham Anuntakarun
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Noppadol Larbcharoensub
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hao Y, Reyes LT, Morris R, Xu Y, Wang Y, Cheng F. Changes of protein levels in human urine reflect the dysregulation of signaling pathways of chronic kidney disease and its complications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20743. [PMID: 33247215 PMCID: PMC7699629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) seriously is threatening human health and overall quality of life. The discovery of biomarkers of pathogenesis of CKD and the associated complications are very important for CDK diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, urine protein biomarkers were investigated because urine sample collection is convenient and non-invasive. We analyzed the protein concentrations in the urine of CKD patients and extracted abnormal protein signals comparing with the healthy control groups. The enriched signaling pathways that may characterize CKD pathology were identified from these proteins. We applied surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization time of flight mass spectrometry technology to detect different protein peaks in urine samples from patients with CKD and healthy controls. We searched the proteins corresponding to protein peaks through the UniProt database and identified the signaling pathways of CKD and its complications by using the NIH DAVID database. 42 low abundance proteins and 46 high abundance proteins in the urine samples from CKD patients were found by comparing with healthy controls. Seven KEGG pathways related to CKD and its complications were identified from the regulated proteins. These pathways included chemokine signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, oxidative phosphorylation, cardiac muscle contraction, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and salivary secretion. In CKD stages 2, 3, 4, and 5, five proteins showed significantly differential abundances. The differential protein signals and regulated signaling pathways will provide new insight for the pathogenesis of CKD and its complications. These altered proteins may also be used as novel biomarkers for the noninvasive and convenient diagnosis methods of CKD and its complications through urine testing in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Hao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment/Laboratory of TCM Four Diagnostic Information, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Luis Tanon Reyes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Robert Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Yifeng Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment/Laboratory of TCM Four Diagnostic Information, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment/Laboratory of TCM Four Diagnostic Information, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
γδT cells function in the regulation of T-cell activation in cancer and have been identified as a novel target for cancer immunotherapy. Activated γδT cells release a series of cytotoxic molecules-including granulysin, perforin, Fas/Fas ligand (Fas-L), and granzymes A and B-to kill target cells. Our previous research has shown that high mobility group nucleosomal-binding domain 2 (HMGN2), which is expressed at a high level in activated CD8T cells, is an antitumor effector molecule of CD8T cells. In the present study, we examined the expression and antitumor effects of HMGN2 in γδT cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from healthy donors with a PBMC separation column. PMBCs were stimulated with isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 10 days for activation and expansion. Activated γδT cells were isolated from IPP-pretreated PBMCs with a Moflo XDP flow cytometry sorter. The expression of HMGN2 in γδT cells was detected by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cytotoxic effects of γδT cells and HMGN2 were analyzed by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester labeling. IPP combined with IL-2 induced significant activation and expansion of γδT cells in vitro. HMGN2 was constitutively expressed in γδT cells. IPP-activated γδT cells expressed a high level of HMGN2 that could be detected intracellularly and in the supernatant. Moreover, supernatants of purified γδT cells were sufficient to kill tumor cells and could be blocked with anti-human HMGN2 antibody. This study suggests that HMGN2 is an antitumor effector molecule of γδT cells.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kugler J, Postnikov YV, Furusawa T, Kimura S, Bustin M. Elevated HMGN4 expression potentiates thyroid tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:391-401. [PMID: 28186538 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer originates from genetic and epigenetic changes that alter gene expression and cellular signaling pathways. Here, we report that altered expression of the nucleosome-binding protein HMGN4 potentiates thyroid tumorigenesis. Bioinformatics analyses reveal increased HMGN4 expression in thyroid cancer. We find that upregulation of HMGN4 expression in mouse and human cells, and in the thyroid of transgenic mice, alters the cellular transcription profile, downregulates the expression of the tumor suppressors Atm, Atrx and Brca2, and elevates the levels of the DNA damage marker γH2AX. Mouse and human cells overexpressing HMGN4 show increased tumorigenicity as measured by colony formation, by tumor generation in nude mice, and by the formation of preneoplastic lesions in the thyroid of transgenic mice. Our study identifies a novel epigenetic factor that potentiates thyroid oncogenesis and raises the possibility that HMGN4 may serve as an additional diagnostic marker, or therapeutic target in certain thyroid cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Kugler
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuri V Postnikov
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Takashi Furusawa
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kang R, Chen R, Zhang Q, Hou W, Wu S, Cao L, Huang J, Yu Y, Fan XG, Yan Z, Sun X, Wang H, Wang Q, Tsung A, Billiar TR, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D. HMGB1 in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 40:1-116. [PMID: 25010388 PMCID: PMC4254084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 678] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed differentiation, and altered metabolism are central to the pathogenesis of human diseases and disorders. Understanding the molecular bases for these processes is important for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers, and for identifying new therapeutic targets. In 1973, a group of non-histone nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility was discovered and termed high-mobility group (HMG) proteins. The HMG proteins include three superfamilies termed HMGB, HMGN, and HMGA. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant and well-studied HMG protein, senses and coordinates the cellular stress response and plays a critical role not only inside of the cell as a DNA chaperone, chromosome guardian, autophagy sustainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death, but also outside the cell as the prototypic damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP). This DAMP, in conjunction with other factors, thus has cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor activity, orchestrating the inflammatory and immune response. All of these characteristics make HMGB1 a critical molecular target in multiple human diseases including infectious diseases, ischemia, immune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Indeed, a number of emergent strategies have been used to inhibit HMGB1 expression, release, and activity in vitro and in vivo. These include antibodies, peptide inhibitors, RNAi, anti-coagulants, endogenous hormones, various chemical compounds, HMGB1-receptor and signaling pathway inhibition, artificial DNAs, physical strategies including vagus nerve stimulation and other surgical approaches. Future work further investigating the details of HMGB1 localization, structure, post-translational modification, and identification of additional partners will undoubtedly uncover additional secrets regarding HMGB1's multiple functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhengwen Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ke X, Cortina-Borja M, Silva BC, Lowe R, Rakyan V, Balding D. Integrated analysis of genome-wide genetic and epigenetic association data for identification of disease mechanisms. Epigenetics 2014; 8:1236-44. [DOI: 10.4161/epi.26407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
11
|
González-Romero R, Eirín-López JM, Ausió J. Evolution of high mobility group nucleosome-binding proteins and its implications for vertebrate chromatin specialization. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:121-31. [PMID: 25281808 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group (HMG)-N proteins are a family of small nonhistone proteins that bind to nucleosomes (N). Despite the amount of information available on their structure and function, there is an almost complete lack of information on the molecular evolutionary mechanisms leading to their exclusive differentiation. In the present work, we provide evidence suggesting that HMGN lineages constitute independent monophyletic groups derived from a common ancestor prior to the diversification of vertebrates. Based on observations of the functional diversification across vertebrate HMGN proteins and on the extensive silent nucleotide divergence, our results suggest that the long-term evolution of HMGNs occurs under strong purifying selection, resulting from the lineage-specific functional constraints of their different protein domains. Selection analyses on independent lineages suggest that their functional specialization was mediated by bursts of adaptive selection at specific evolutionary times, in a small subset of codons with functional relevance-most notably in HMGN1, and in the rapidly evolving HMGN5. This work provides useful information to our understanding of the specialization imparted on chromatin metabolism by HMGNs, especially on the evolutionary mechanisms underlying their functional differentiation in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - José M Eirín-López
- Chromatin Structure and Evolution (CHROMEVOL) Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University
| | - Juan Ausió
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
HMGN2, a new anti-tumor effector molecule of CD8⁺ T cells. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:178. [PMID: 25060707 PMCID: PMC4126642 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells have been implicated as important cells in antitumor responses. Our previous research has shown that high mobility group nucleosomal-binding domain 2 (HMGN2) could be released by IL-2 and PHA stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and also induced tumor cells apoptosis at low doses. In this study, we isolated and cultured PBMCs and CD8+ T cells to analyze the expression and antitumor effects of HMGN2. Methods PBMCs from healthy donors were isolated using Human Lymphocyte Separation tube. CD8+ T cells were separated from the PBMCs using MoFlo XDP high-speed flow cytometry sorter. Activation of PBMCs and CD8+ T cells were achieved by stimulating with Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or tumor antigen. In addition, the methods of ELISA, intracellular staining, and fluorescence-labeling assays were used. Results PHA induced PBMCs to release high levels of HMGN2, and CD8+ T cells was the major cell population in PBMCs that release HMGN2 after PHA activation. Tumor antigen-activated CD8+ T cells also released high levels of HMGN2. Supernatants of tumor antigen-activated CD8+ T cells were able to kill tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner. This antitumor effect could be significantly blocked by using an anti-HMGN2 antibody. Fluorescence-labeling assays showed that the supernatant proteins of activated CD8+ T cells could be transported into tumor cells, and the transport visibly decreased after HMGN2 was depleted by anti-HMGN2 antibody. Conclusions These results suggest that HMGN2 is an anti-tumor effector molecule of CD8+ T cells.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu A, Dong X, Liu X, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Su N, Chen Q, Feng Y. Nucleosome-binding protein HMGN2 exhibits antitumor activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2013; 7:115-120. [PMID: 24348831 PMCID: PMC3861564 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) serve as effectors in the antitumor response. High mobility group nucleosomal binding domain 2 (HMGN2) is a candidate effector molecule involved in CTL and NK cell function. In the current study, recombinant human HMGN2 was isolated and purified from transformed Escherichia coli. Tca8113 cells, an oral squamous cell carcinoma line, were treated with a variety of HMGN2 protein concentrations and cell growth was analyzed. HMGN2 significantly inhibited the growth of Tca8113 cells and was predicted to arrest cells in the S phase. Moreover, HMGN2 treatment increased the apoptosis rate of Tca8113 cells. Western blotting indicated the upregulation of p53 and Bax proteins, whereas Bcl-2 was significantly downregulated. In addition, caspase-3 was found to be activated. Furthermore, the HMGN2 protein may suppress the growth of Tca8113 cells in vivo. The results of the current study indicated that the HMGN2 protein may inhibit the growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma and HMGN2 may represent an antitumor effector molecule of CTL or NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ning Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wahafu W, He ZS, Zhang XY, Zhang CJ, Yao K, Hao H, Song G, He Q, Li XS, Zhou LQ. The nucleosome binding protein NSBP1 is highly expressed in human bladder cancer and promotes the proliferation and invasion of bladder cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2011; 32:931-9. [PMID: 21695596 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
NSBP1 is a recently identified member of the HMGN protein family which binds to nucleosomes and regulates gene transcription through chromatin remodeling. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential role of NSBP1 in human bladder cancer. We examined NSBP1 expression in 114 surgically removed bladder cancer specimens as well as 11 human bladder cell lines by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, and found that NSBP1 level was correlated with the increased tumor grade and pathologic stage, and lymph node metastasis. RNAi-mediated knockdown of NSBP1 in EJ cells, a bladder cancer cell line that overexpressed NSBP1, resulted in moderate decrease of cell viability, moderate blockage of cell cycle at G2/M phase, and decreased cyclin B1 expression, but had no effects on apoptosis. Moreover, NSBP1 knockdown led to reduced activity of MMP-9 but not MMP-2. Taken together, these results suggest that NSBP1 promotes the viability of bladder cancer cells through increased cell proliferation but not decreased apoptosis, and increases the invasion ability of metastatic bladder cancer cells through the upregulation of MMP-9 activity. Our findings not only provide a molecular understanding of the role of NSBP1 in bladder cancer, but also suggest NSBP1 RNAi as a novel therapeutic approach for bladder cancer.
Collapse
|
15
|
Furusawa T, Cherukuri S. Developmental function of HMGN proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2010; 1799:69-73. [PMID: 20123069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group N (HMGN) proteins are the only nuclear proteins known to specifically recognize the generic structure of the 147-bp nucleosome core particle. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that HMGN proteins are involved in epigenetic regulation by modulating chromatin structure and levels of posttranslational modifications of nucleosomal histones. Expression of HMGN proteins is developmentally regulated, and the loss or overexpression of these proteins can lead to developmental abnormalities. This review will focus on the role and on the possible molecular mechanism whereby HMGN proteins affect cellular differentiation and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Furusawa
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 3122, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gerlitz G. HMGNs, DNA repair and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2009; 1799:80-5. [PMID: 20004154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA lesions threaten the integrity of the genome and are a major factor in cancer formation and progression. Eukaryotic DNA is organized in nucleosome-based higher order structures, which form the chromatin fiber. In recent years, considerable knowledge has been gained on the importance of chromatin dynamics for the cellular response to DNA damage and for the ability to repair DNA lesions. High Mobility Group N1 (HMGN1) protein is an emerging factor that is important for chromatin alterations in response to DNA damage originated from both ultra violet light (UV) and ionizing irradiation (IR). HMGN1 is a member in the HMGN family of chromatin architectural proteins. HMGNs bind directly to nucleosomes and modulate the structure of the chromatin fiber in a highly dynamic manner. This review focuses mainly on the roles of HMGN1 in the cellular response pathways to different types of DNA lesions and in transcriptional regulation of cancer-related genes. In addition, emerging roles for HMGN5 in cancer progression and for HMGN2 as a potential tool in cancer therapy will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Gerlitz
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37/ Room 3122, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang Q, Wang Y. High mobility group proteins and their post-translational modifications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1159-66. [PMID: 18513496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The high mobility group (HMG) proteins, including HMGA, HMGB and HMGN, are abundant and ubiquitous nuclear proteins that bind to DNA, nucleosome and other multi-protein complexes in a dynamic and reversible fashion to regulate DNA processing in the context of chromatin. All HMG proteins, like histone proteins, are subjected to extensive post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as lysine acetylation, arginine/lysine methylation and serine/threonine phosphorylation, to modulate their interactions with DNA and other proteins. There is a growing appreciation for the complex relationship between the PTMs of HMG proteins and their diverse biological activities. Here, we reviewed the identified covalent modifications of HMG proteins, and highlighted how these PTMs affect the functions of HMG proteins in a variety of cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lucey MM, Wang Y, Bustin M, Duncan MK. Differential expression of the HMGN family of chromatin proteins during ocular development. Gene Expr Patterns 2008; 8:433-437. [PMID: 18502697 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The HMGN proteins are a group of non-histone nuclear proteins that associate with the core nucleosome and alter the structure of the chromatin fiber. We investigated the distribution of the three best characterized HMGN family members, HMGN1, HMGN2 and HMGN3 during mouse eye development. HMGN1 protein is evenly distributed in all ocular structures of 10.5 days post-coitum (dpc) mouse embryos however, by 13.5dpc, relatively less HMGN1 is detected in the newly formed lens fiber cells compared to other cell types. In the adult, HMGN1 is detected throughout the retina and lens, although in the cornea, HMGN1 protein is predominately located in the epithelium. HMGN2 is also abundant in all ocular structures of mouse embryos, however, unlike HMGN1, intense immunolabeling is maintained in the lens fiber cells at 13.5dpc. In the adult eye, HMGN2 protein is still found in all lens nuclei while in the cornea, HMGN2 protein is mostly restricted to the epithelium. In contrast, the first detection of HMGN3 in the eye is in the presumptive corneal epithelium and lens fiber cells at 13.5dpc. In the lens, HMGN3 remained lens fiber cell preferred into adulthood. In the cornea, HMGN3 is transiently upregulated in the stroma and endothelium at birth while its expression is restricted to the corneal epithelium in adulthood. In the retina, HMGN3 upregulates around 2 weeks of age and is found at relatively high levels in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers of the adult retina. RT-PCR analysis determined that the predominant HMGN3 splice form found in ocular tissues is HMGN3b which lacks the chromatin unfolding domain although HMGN3a mRNA is also detected. These results demonstrate that the HMGN class of chromatin proteins has a dynamic expression pattern in the developing eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 327 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
HMG chromosomal proteins in development and disease. Trends Cell Biol 2006; 17:72-9. [PMID: 17169561 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The high mobility group (HMG) proteins are a superfamily of abundant and ubiquitous nuclear proteins that bind to DNA and nucleosomes and induce structural changes in the chromatin fiber. They are important in chromatin dynamics and influence DNA processing in the context of chromatin. Results emerging from studies of human disease, genetically modified mice and cells with altered HMG expression indicate that the expression of the HMG proteins is developmentally regulated and that changes in HMG protein levels alter the cellular phenotype and can lead to developmental abnormalities and disease. Here, we focus on the biological function of HMG proteins and highlight their possible roles in cellular differentiation and in the etiology of various diseases.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zougman A, Wiśniewski JR. Beyond Linker Histones and High Mobility Group Proteins: Global Profiling of Perchloric Acid Soluble Proteins. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:925-34. [PMID: 16602700 DOI: 10.1021/pr050415p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extraction with HClO(4) provides an easy method for efficient enrichment of both histone H1 and HMG proteins from a variety of tissues. Usually, the histone and the HMG proteins are the most abundant components of the extracts, however, other proteins have frequently been observed but only seldom studied in more detail. Here we describe a study aimed at global characterization of HClO(4) extractable proteins from breast cancer cell lines. We report identification of 150 unique proteins by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry including almost all major histone H1 variants and canonical members of the HMG protein families. In the extracts, diverse proteins with HMG-like amino acid composition were identified and their post-translational modifications were mapped. Importantly, those include multiple proteins known or supposed to be related to cell proliferation and cancer. Since purification of these proteins as well as low abundant variants of histone and HMG proteins is difficult due to their metabolic instability, characterization of these proteins from crude extracts can facilitate studies aimed at better understanding of their function.
Collapse
|
21
|
Vinckenbosch N, Dupanloup I, Kaessmann H. Evolutionary fate of retroposed gene copies in the human genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3220-5. [PMID: 16492757 PMCID: PMC1413932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511307103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that retroposed copies of genes are presumed to lack the regulatory elements required for their expression, retroposition has long been considered a mechanism without functional relevance. However, through an in silico assay for transcriptional activity, we identify here >1,000 transcribed retrocopies in the human genome, of which at least approximately 120 have evolved into bona fide genes. Among these, approximately 50 retrogenes have evolved functions in testes, more than half of which were recruited as functional autosomal counterparts of X-linked genes during spermatogenesis. Generally, retrogenes emerge "out of the testis," because they are often initially transcribed in testis and later evolve stronger and sometimes more diverse spatial expression patterns. We find a significant excess of transcribed retrocopies close to other genes or within introns, suggesting that retrocopies can exploit the regulatory elements and/or open chromatin of neighboring genes to become transcribed. In direct support of this hypothesis, we identify 36 retrocopy-host gene fusions, including primate-specific chimeric genes. Strikingly, 27 intergenic retrogenes have acquired untranslated exons de novo during evolution to achieve high expression levels. Notably, our screen for highly transcribed retrocopies also uncovered a retrogene linked to a human recessive disorder, gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy, a form of blindness. These functional implications for retroposition notwithstanding, we find that the insertion of retrocopies into genes is generally deleterious, because it may interfere with the transcription of host genes. Our results demonstrate that natural selection has been fundamental in shaping the retrocopy repertoire of the human genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vinckenbosch
- *Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Isabelle Dupanloup
- *Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Laboratory, Zoological Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Kaessmann
- *Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hill DA, Peterson CL, Imbalzano AN. Effects of HMGN1 on chromatin structure and SWI/SNF-mediated chromatin remodeling. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:41777-83. [PMID: 16253989 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509637200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic modulation of chromatin structure is determined by many factors, including enzymes that modify the core histone proteins, enzymes that remodel the structure of chromatin, and factors that bind to genomic DNA to affect its structure. Previous work indicates that the nucleosome binding family of high mobility group proteins (HMGN) facilitates the formation of a chromatin structure that is more conducive for transcription. SWI/SNF complexes are ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes that alter nucleosome structure to facilitate the binding of various regulatory proteins to chromatin. Here we examine the structural consequences of reconstituting chromatin with HMGN1 and the resulting effects on hSWI/SNF function. We demonstrate that HMGN1 decreases the sedimentation velocity of nucleosomal arrays in low ionic strength buffers but has little effect on the structure of more highly folded arrays. We further demonstrate that HMGN1 does not affect SWI/SNF-dependent chromatin remodeling on either mononucleosomes or nucleosomal arrays, indicating that SWI/SNF functions independently of HMGN1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Hill
- Department of Cell Biology at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Roy S, Khanna S, Yeh PE, Rink C, Malarkey WB, Kiecolt-Glaser J, Laskowski B, Glaser R, Sen CK. Wound site neutrophil transcriptome in response to psychological stress in young men. Gene Expr 2005; 12:273-87. [PMID: 16358416 PMCID: PMC6009119 DOI: 10.3727/000000005783992025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Communication between the central nervous and the immune system occurs through chemical messengers secreted by nerve cells, endocrine organs, or immune cells. Psychological stressors can disrupt these networks. We have previously observed that disruption of the neuroendocrine immune system adversely influences a broad range of physiological processes including wound healing. Migration of neutrophils to the wound site is an early event that induces a transcriptional activation program, which regulates cellular fate and function, and promotes wound healing. In this study, we have sought to identify stress-sensitive transcripts in wound site neutrophils. A skin blister model was used to collect wound fluid and wound site neutrophils from four young men, experiencing or not examination stress. Self-reported stress was recorded using the Beck Depression Inventory. Stress decreased growth hormone levels at the wound site and was related to impaired wound healing in all subjects. High density microarray analyses were performed using RNA from wound site neutrophils. Results show that psychological stress had an overall suppressive effect on the neutrophil transcriptome. Of the 22,283 transcripts screened, 0.5% were downregulated whereas only under 0.3% were induced by stress in all four out of four subjects. Functionally, stress tilted the genomic balance towards genes encoding proteins responsible for cell cycle arrest, death, and inflammation. Further effort to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the functional significance of such behavior-genome interaction is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- *Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute and Ohio State Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Savita Khanna
- *Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute and Ohio State Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pier-En Yeh
- †Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cameron Rink
- *Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute and Ohio State Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - William B. Malarkey
- †Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- ‡Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- §Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- ¶Ohio State Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- #Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Janice Kiecolt-Glaser
- §Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bryon Laskowski
- †Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ronald Glaser
- †Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- ¶Ohio State Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- #Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- *Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute and Ohio State Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
West KL. HMGN proteins play roles in DNA repair and gene expression in mammalian cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2004; 32:918-9. [PMID: 15506924 DOI: 10.1042/bst0320918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HMGN (high-mobility-group N) family members are vertebrate proteins that unfold chromatin and promote transcription and replication of chromatin templates in vitro. However, their precise roles in vivo have been elusive until recently. This paper summarizes recent advances from studies of Hmgn1 knockout mice and genetically engineered cell lines that are beginning to reveal the diverse roles that HMGN proteins play in DNA repair and transcription within mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L West
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, Western Infirmary (Pathology), University of Glasgow, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
West KL, Castellini MA, Duncan MK, Bustin M. Chromosomal proteins HMGN3a and HMGN3b regulate the expression of glycine transporter 1. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:3747-56. [PMID: 15082770 PMCID: PMC387732 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.9.3747-3756.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HMGN proteins promote chromatin unfolding, enhance access to nucleosomes, and modulate transcription from chromatin templates. It is not known whether they act indiscriminately as general modulators of transcription or whether they regulate specific gene expression. Here, we investigated the role of HMGN3, a recently discovered HMGN family member, in transcription in vivo. We created cell lines overexpressing HMGN3a or its splice variant, HMGN3b, and analyzed their gene expression profiles using microarrays and reverse transcriptase PCR. We found that ectopic expression of HMGN3a alters the expression of approximately 0.8% of genes. Both HMGN3a and HMGN3b upregulate the expression of the glycine transporter 1 gene (Glyt1). Glyt1 encodes a membrane transporter that regulates the glycine concentration in synaptic junctions. Both GLYT1 and HMGN3 are highly expressed in glia cells and the eye, and we show that both proteins are coexpressed in the retina. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that HMGN3 protein is recruited to a region of the Glyt1 gene encompassing the Glyt1a transcriptional start site. These results suggest that HMGN3 regulates Glyt1 expression and demonstrate that members of the HMGN family can regulate the transcription of specific genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L West
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
The role of HMGN proteins in chromatin function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(03)39006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
27
|
Catez F, Lim JH, Hock R, Postnikov YV, Bustin M. HMGN dynamics and chromatin function. Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 81:113-22. [PMID: 12897844 DOI: 10.1139/o03-040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that most nuclear proteins, including histone H1 and HMG are highly mobile and their interaction with chromatin is transient. These findings suggest that the structure of chromatin is dynamic and the protein composition at any particular chromatin site is not fixed. Here we discuss how the dynamic behavior of the nucleosome binding HMGN proteins affects the structure and function of chromatin. The high intranuclear mobility of HMGN insures adequate supply of protein throughout the nucleus and serves to target these proteins to their binding sites. Transient interactions of the proteins with nucleosomes destabilize the higher order chromatin, enhance the access to nucleosomal DNA, and impart flexibility to the chromatin fiber. While roaming the nucleus, the HMGN proteins encounter binding partners and form metastable multiprotein complexes, which modulate their chromatin interactions. Studies with HMGN proteins underscore the important role of protein dynamics in chromatin function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Catez
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Strichman-Almashanu LZ, Bustin M, Landsman D. Retroposed copies of the HMG genes: a window to genome dynamics. Genome Res 2003; 13:800-12. [PMID: 12727900 PMCID: PMC430908 DOI: 10.1101/gr.893803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Retroposed copies (RPCs) of genes are functional (intronless paralogs) or nonfunctional (processed pseudogenes) copies derived from mRNA through a process of retrotransposition. Previous studies found that gene families involved in mRNA translation or nuclear function were more likely to have large numbers of RPCs. Here we characterize RPCs of the few families coding for the abundant high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins in humans. Using an algorithm we developed, we identified and studied 219 HMG RPCs. For slightly more than 10% of these RPCs, we found evidence indicating expression. Furthermore, eight of these are potentially new members of the HMG families of proteins. For three RPCs, the evidence indicated expression as part of other transcripts; in all of these, we found the presence of alternative splicing or multiple polyadenylation signals. RPC distribution among the HMGs was not even, with 33-65 each for HMGB1, HMGB3, HMGN1, and HMGN2, and 0-6 each for HMGA1, HMGA2, HMGB2, and HMGN3. Analysis of the sequences flanking the RPCs revealed that the junction between the target site duplications and the 5'-flanking sequences exhibited the same TT/AAAA consensus found for the L1 endonuclease, supporting an L1-mediated retrotransposition mechanism. Finally, because our algorithm included aligning RPC flanking sequences with the corresponding HMG genomic sequence, we were able to identify transcribed regions of HMG genes that were not part of the published mRNA sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liora Z Strichman-Almashanu
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Baumbusch LO, Thorstensen T, Krauss V, Fischer A, Naumann K, Assalkhou R, Schulz I, Reuter G, Aalen RB. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains at least 29 active genes encoding SET domain proteins that can be assigned to four evolutionarily conserved classes. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:4319-33. [PMID: 11691919 PMCID: PMC60187 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.21.4319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SET domains are conserved amino acid motifs present in chromosomal proteins that function in epigenetic control of gene expression. These proteins can be divided into four classes as typified by their Drosophila members E(Z), TRX, ASH1 and SU(VAR)3-9. Homologs of all four classes have been identified in yeast and mammals, but not in plants. A BLASTP screening of the Arabidopsis genome identified 37 genes: three E(z) homologs, five trx homologs, four ash1 homologs and 15 genes similar to Su(var)3-9. Seven genes were assigned as trx-related and three as ash1-related. Only four genes have been described previously. Our classification is based on the characteristics of the SET domains, cysteine-rich regions and additional conserved domains, including a novel YGD domain. RT-PCR analysis, cDNA cloning and matching ESTs show that at least 29 of the genes are active in diverse tissues. The high number of SET domain genes, possibly involved in epigenetic control of gene activity during plant development, can partly be explained by extensive genome duplication in Arabidopsis. Additionally, the lack of introns in the coding region of eight SU(VAR)3-9 class genes indicates evolution of new genes by retrotransposition. The identification of putative nuclear localization signals and AT-hooks in many of the proteins supports an anticipated nuclear localization, which was demonstrated for selected proteins.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/chemistry
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry
- Arabidopsis Proteins/classification
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Conserved Sequence
- Cysteine/metabolism
- Databases, Protein
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Duplication
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Duplicate/genetics
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genome, Plant
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/chemistry
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/classification
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics
- Introns/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Localization Signals
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Retroelements/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L O Baumbusch
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1031 Blindern, N-0315 Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|