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Amin V, Otero K, Ippolito J, Shaffer L, Rink C, Luu K, Beebe K, Hwang J. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Orthopedic Surgery Residency Training. Orthopedics 2023; 46:315-319. [PMID: 36853934 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20230224-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on orthopedic surgery residency training across the United States. A 26-question online survey was created and sent to all orthopedic surgery residency programs across the United States. Areas of emphasis in the survey included the pandemic's effect on work hours, operative experience, didactics, and medical student recruitment. There were 142 respondents to the survey. One hundred seventeen (82.4%) respondents stated that their residency changed to an alternative/surge schedule during the pandemic. Regarding the degree to which the pandemic affected their training, 77 (54.2%) respondents gave a rating of 8 to 10 on a scale of 0 to 10. Similarly, 94 (66.2%) residents indicated that their operative experience had decreased significantly. Twenty-two (15.5%) residents expected that their next year clinical abilities would not be affected. One hundred thirty-seven (96.5%) residents stated their program transitioned to online didactics. Responses regarding the effectiveness of online didactics were mixed. One hundred twenty-six (88.7%) respondents stated the pandemic would negatively affect the 2021 National Residency Matching Program match. This study demonstrated that the COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected orthopedic surgery residency training in the United States. Resident operative experience decreased significantly, and most respondents indicated a switch to online didactics. Effects were also felt to extend to fourth-year scheduling and the 2021 National Residency Matching Program match. [Orthopedics. 2023;46(5):315-319.].
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Bakouny Z, Labaki C, Grover P, Awosika J, Gulati S, Hsu CY, Alimohamed SI, Bashir B, Berg S, Bilen MA, Bowles D, Castellano C, Desai A, Elkrief A, Eton OE, Fecher LA, Flora D, Galsky MD, Gatti-Mays ME, Gesenhues A, Glover MJ, Gopalakrishnan D, Gupta S, Halfdanarson TR, Hayes-Lattin B, Hendawi M, Hsu E, Hwang C, Jandarov R, Jani C, Johnson DB, Joshi M, Khan H, Khan SA, Knox N, Koshkin VS, Kulkarni AA, Kwon DH, Matar S, McKay RR, Mishra S, Moria FA, Nizam A, Nock NL, Nonato TK, Panasci J, Pomerantz L, Portuguese AJ, Provenzano D, Puc M, Rao YJ, Rhodes TD, Riely GJ, Ripp JJ, Rivera AV, Ruiz-Garcia E, Schmidt AL, Schoenfeld AJ, Schwartz GK, Shah SA, Shaya J, Subbiah S, Tachiki LM, Tucker MD, Valdez-Reyes M, Weissmann LB, Wotman MT, Wulff-Burchfield EM, Xie Z, Yang YJ, Thompson MA, Shah DP, Warner JL, Shyr Y, Choueiri TK, Wise-Draper TM, Gandhi R, Gartrell BA, Goel S, Halmos B, Makower DF, O' Sullivan D, Ohri N, Portes M, Shapiro LC, Shastri A, Sica RA, Verma AK, Butt O, Campian JL, Fiala MA, Henderson JP, Monahan RS, Stockerl-Goldstein KE, Zhou AY, Bitran JD, Hallmeyer S, Mundt D, Pandravada S, Papaioannou PV, Patel M, Streckfuss M, Tadesse E, Gatson NTN, Kundranda MN, Lammers PE, Loree JM, Yu IS, Bindal P, Lam B, Peters MLB, Piper-Vallillo AJ, Egan PC, Farmakiotis D, Arvanitis P, Klein EJ, Olszewski AJ, Vieira K, Angevine AH, Bar MH, Del Prete SA, Fiebach MZ, Gulati AP, Hatton E, Houston K, Rose SJ, Steve Lo KM, Stratton J, Weinstein PL, Garcia JA, Routy B, Hoyo-Ulloa I, Dawsey SJ, Lemmon CA, Pennell NA, Sharifi N, Painter CA, Granada C, Hoppenot C, Li A, Bitterman DS, Connors JM, Demetri GD, Florez (Duma) N, Freeman DA, Giordano A, Morgans AK, Nohria A, Saliby RM, Tolaney SM, Van Allen EM, Xu WV, Zon RL, Halabi S, Zhang T, Dzimitrowicz H, Leighton JC, Graber JJ, Grivas P, Hawley JE, Loggers ET, Lyman GH, Lynch RC, Nakasone ES, Schweizer MT, Vinayak S, Wagner MJ, Yeh A, Dansoa Y, Makary M, Manikowski JJ, Vadakara J, Yossef K, Beckerman J, Goyal S, Messing I, Rosenstein LJ, Steffes DR, Alsamarai S, Clement JM, Cosin JA, Daher A, Dailey ME, Elias R, Fein JA, Hosmer W, Jayaraj A, Mather J, Menendez AG, Nadkarni R, Serrano OK, Yu PP, Balanchivadze N, Gadgeel SM, Accordino MK, Bhutani D, Bodin BE, Hershman DL, Masson C, Alexander M, Mushtaq S, Reuben DY, Bernicker EH, Deeken JF, Jeffords KJ, Shafer D, Cárdenas AI, Cuervo Campos R, De-la-Rosa-Martinez D, Ramirez A, Vilar-Compte D, Gill DM, Lewis MA, Low CA, Jones MM, Mansoor AH, Mashru SH, Werner MA, Cohen AM, McWeeney S, Nemecek ER, Williamson SP, Peters S, Smith SJ, Lewis GC, Zaren HA, Akhtari M, Castillo DR, Cortez K, Lau E, Nagaraj G, Park K, Reeves ME, O'Connor TE, Altman J, Gurley M, Mulcahy MF, Wehbe FH, Durbin EB, Nelson HH, Ramesh V, Sachs Z, Wilson G, Bardia A, Boland G, Gainor JF, Peppercorn J, Reynolds KL, Rosovsky RP, Zubiri L, Bekaii-Saab TS, Joyner MJ, Riaz IB, Senefeld JW, Shah S, Ayre SK, Bonnen M, Mahadevan D, McKeown C, Mesa RA, Ramirez AG, Salazar M, Shah PK, Wang CP, Bouganim N, Papenburg J, Sabbah A, Tagalakis V, Vinh DC, Nanchal R, Singh H, Bahadur N, Bao T, Belenkaya R, Nambiar PH, O’Cearbhaill RE, Papadopoulos EB, Philip J, Robson M, Rosenberg JE, Wilkins CR, Tamimi R, Cerrone K, Dill J, Faller BA, Alomar ME, Chandrasekhar SA, Hume EC, Islam JY, Ajmera A, Brouha SS, Cabal A, Choi S, Hsiao A, Jiang JY, Kligerman S, Park J, Razavi P, Reid EG, Bhatt PS, Mariano MG, Thomson CC, Glace M(G, Knoble JL, Rink C, Zacks R, Blau SH, Brown C, Cantrell AS, Namburi S, Polimera HV, Rovito MA, Edwin N, Herz K, Kennecke HF, Monfared A, Sautter RR, Cronin T, Elshoury A, Fleissner B, Griffiths EA, Hernandez-Ilizaliturri F, Jain P, Kariapper A, Levine E, Moffitt M, O'Connor TL, Smith LJ, Wicher CP, Zsiros E, Jabbour SK, Misdary CF, Shah MR, Batist G, Cook E, Ferrario C, Lau S, Miller WH, Rudski L, Santos Dutra M, Wilchesky M, Mahmood SZ, McNair C, Mico V, Dixon B, Kloecker G, Logan BB, Mandapakala C, Cabebe EC, Jha A, Khaki AR, Nagpal S, Schapira L, Wu JTY, Whaley D, Lopes GDL, de Cardenas K, Russell K, Stith B, Taylor S, Klamerus JF, Revankar SG, Addison D, Chen JL, Haynam M, Jhawar SR, Karivedu V, Palmer JD, Pillainayagam C, Stover DG, Wall S, Williams NO, Abbasi SH, Annis S, Balmaceda NB, Greenland S, Kasi A, Rock CD, Luders M, Smits M, Weiss M, Chism DD, Owenby S, Ang C, Doroshow DB, Metzger M, Berenberg J, Uyehara C, Fazio A, Huber KE, Lashley LN, Sueyoshi MH, Patel KG, Riess J, Borno HT, Small EJ, Zhang S, Andermann TM, Jensen CE, Rubinstein SM, Wood WA, Ahmad SA, Brownfield L, Heilman H, Kharofa J, Latif T, Marcum M, Shaikh HG, Sohal DPS, Abidi M, Geiger CL, Markham MJ, Russ AD, Saker H, Acoba JD, Choi H, Rho YS, Feldman LE, Gantt G, Hoskins KF, Khan M, Liu LC, Nguyen RH, Pasquinelli MM, Schwartz C, Venepalli NK, Vikas P, Zakharia Y, Friese CR, Boldt A, Gonzalez CJ, Su C, Su CT, Yoon JJ, Bijjula R, Mavromatis BH, Seletyn ME, Wood BR, Zaman QU, Kaklamani V, Beeghly A, Brown AJ, Charles LJ, Cheng A, Crispens MA, Croessmann S, Davis EJ, Ding T, Duda SN, Enriquez KT, French B, Gillaspie EA, Hausrath DJ, Hennessy C, Lewis JT, Li X(L, Prescott LS, Reid SA, Saif S, Slosky DA, Solorzano CC, Sun T, Vega-Luna K, Wang LL, Aboulafia DM, Carducci TM, Goldsmith KJ, Van Loon S, Topaloglu U, Moore J, Rice RL, Cabalona WD, Cyr S, Barrow McCollough B, Peddi P, Rosen LR, Ravindranathan D, Hafez N, Herbst RS, LoRusso P, Lustberg MB, Masters T, Stratton C. Interplay of Immunosuppression and Immunotherapy Among Patients With Cancer and COVID-19. JAMA Oncol 2023; 9:128-134. [PMID: 36326731 PMCID: PMC9634600 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.5357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Importance Cytokine storm due to COVID-19 can cause high morbidity and mortality and may be more common in patients with cancer treated with immunotherapy (IO) due to immune system activation. Objective To determine the association of baseline immunosuppression and/or IO-based therapies with COVID-19 severity and cytokine storm in patients with cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants This registry-based retrospective cohort study included 12 046 patients reported to the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) registry from March 2020 to May 2022. The CCC19 registry is a centralized international multi-institutional registry of patients with COVID-19 with a current or past diagnosis of cancer. Records analyzed included patients with active or previous cancer who had a laboratory-confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction and/or serologic findings. Exposures Immunosuppression due to therapy; systemic anticancer therapy (IO or non-IO). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was a 5-level ordinal scale of COVID-19 severity: no complications; hospitalized without requiring oxygen; hospitalized and required oxygen; intensive care unit admission and/or mechanical ventilation; death. The secondary outcome was the occurrence of cytokine storm. Results The median age of the entire cohort was 65 years (interquartile range [IQR], 54-74) years and 6359 patients were female (52.8%) and 6598 (54.8%) were non-Hispanic White. A total of 599 (5.0%) patients received IO, whereas 4327 (35.9%) received non-IO systemic anticancer therapies, and 7120 (59.1%) did not receive any antineoplastic regimen within 3 months prior to COVID-19 diagnosis. Although no difference in COVID-19 severity and cytokine storm was found in the IO group compared with the untreated group in the total cohort (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.80; 95% CI, 0.56-1.13, and aOR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.41-1.93, respectively), patients with baseline immunosuppression treated with IO (vs untreated) had worse COVID-19 severity and cytokine storm (aOR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.38-8.01, and aOR, 4.41; 95% CI, 1.71-11.38, respectively). Patients with immunosuppression receiving non-IO therapies (vs untreated) also had worse COVID-19 severity (aOR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.36-2.35) and cytokine storm (aOR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.42-3.79). Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found that in patients with cancer and COVID-19, administration of systemic anticancer therapies, especially IO, in the context of baseline immunosuppression was associated with severe clinical outcomes and the development of cytokine storm. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04354701.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Bakouny
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chris Labaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Punita Grover
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joy Awosika
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Shuchi Gulati
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Chih-Yuan Hsu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Saif I Alimohamed
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Babar Bashir
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Mehmet A Bilen
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Aakash Desai
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Arielle Elkrief
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Omar E Eton
- Hartford Healthcare Cancer Institute, Hartford, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohamed Hendawi
- Aurora Cancer Center, Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Emily Hsu
- Hartford Healthcare Cancer Institute, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Clara Hwang
- Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Roman Jandarov
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | | | - Monika Joshi
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Hina Khan
- Brown University and Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Shaheer A Khan
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Natalie Knox
- Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Vadim S Koshkin
- UCSF, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco
| | | | - Daniel H Kwon
- UCSF, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco
| | - Sara Matar
- Hollings Cancer Center, MUSC, Charleston
| | - Rana R McKay
- Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, San Diego, California
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Feras A Moria
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Nora L Nock
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Justin Panasci
- Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuan J Rao
- George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | | | | | - Jacob J Ripp
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Andrea V Rivera
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Andrew L Schmidt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Gary K Schwartz
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Justin Shaya
- Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, San Diego, California
| | - Suki Subbiah
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lisa M Tachiki
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhuoer Xie
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Michael A Thompson
- Aurora Cancer Center, Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Tempus Labs, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dimpy P Shah
- Mays Cancer Center, UT Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Yu Shyr
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Trisha M Wise-Draper
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Omar Butt
- for the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ang Li
- for the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Lau
- for the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium
| | | | - Kyu Park
- for the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ting Bao
- for the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ji Park
- for the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erin Cook
- for the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium
| | | | - Susie Lau
- for the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anup Kasi
- for the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li C Liu
- for the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chris Su
- for the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tan Ding
- for the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara Saif
- for the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium
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Hartman R, Salvator A, Rink C, Wilber S. 286 Trends in Trauma Admissions and Severity at a Level II Trauma Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Ann Emerg Med 2022. [PMCID: PMC9519231 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.08.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Balch MHH, Harris H, Chugh D, Gnyawali S, Rink C, Nimjee SM, Arnold WD. Ischemic stroke-induced polyaxonal innervation at the neuromuscular junction is attenuated by robot-assisted mechanical therapy. Exp Neurol 2021; 343:113767. [PMID: 34044000 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability world-wide. Mounting evidence supports neuromuscular pathology following stroke, yet mechanisms of dysfunction and therapeutic action remain undefined. The objectives of our study were to investigate neuromuscular pathophysiology following ischemic stroke and to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Robot-Assisted Mechanical massage Therapy (RAMT) on neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphology. Using an ischemic stroke model in male rats, we demonstrated longitudinal losses of muscle contractility and electrophysiological estimates of motor unit number in paretic hindlimb muscles within 21 days of stroke. Histological characterization demonstrated striking pre- and postsynaptic alterations at the NMJ. Stroke prompted enlargement of motor axon terminals, acetylcholine receptor (AChR) area, and motor endplate size. Paretic muscle AChRs were also more homogenously distributed across motor endplates, exhibiting fewer clusters and less fragmentation. Most interestingly, NMJs in paretic muscle exhibited increased frequency of polyaxonal innervation. This finding of increased polyaxonal innervation in stroke-affected skeletal muscle suggests that reduction of motor unit number following stroke may be a spurious artifact due to overlapping of motor units rather than losses. Furthermore, we tested the effects of RAMT - which we recently showed to improve motor function and protect against subacute myokine disturbance - and found significant attenuation of stroke-induced NMJ alterations. RAMT not only normalized the post-stroke presentation of polyaxonal innervation but also mitigated postsynaptic expansion. These findings confirm complex neuromuscular pathophysiology after stroke, provide mechanistic direction for ongoing research, and inform development of future therapeutic strategies. SIGNIFICANCE: Ischemic stroke is a leading contributor to chronic disability, and there is growing evidence that neuromuscular pathology may contribute to the impact of stroke on physical function. Following ischemic stroke in a rat model, there are progressive declines of motor unit number estimates and muscle contractility. These changes are paralleled by striking pre- and postsynaptic maladaptive changes at the neuromuscular junction, including polyaxonal innervation. When administered to paretic hindlimb muscle, Robot-Assisted Mechanical massage Therapy - previously shown to improve motor function and protect against subacute myokine disturbance - prevents stroke-induced neuromuscular junction alterations. These novel observations provide insight into the neuromuscular response to cerebral ischemia, identify peripheral mechanisms of functional disability, and present a therapeutic rehabilitation strategy with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H H Balch
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hallie Harris
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Deepti Chugh
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Surya Gnyawali
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cameron Rink
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shahid M Nimjee
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W David Arnold
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Lemmerman LR, Balch MHH, Moore JT, Alzate-Correa D, Rincon-Benavides MA, Salazar-Puerta A, Gnyawali S, Harris HN, Lawrence W, Ortega-Pineda L, Wilch L, Risser IB, Maxwell AJ, Duarte-Sanmiguel S, Dodd D, Guio-Vega GP, McTigue DM, Arnold WD, Nimjee SM, Sen CK, Khanna S, Rink C, Higuita-Castro N, Gallego-Perez D. Nanotransfection-based vasculogenic cell reprogramming drives functional recovery in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabd4735. [PMID: 33741587 PMCID: PMC7978431 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke causes vascular and neuronal tissue deficiencies that could lead to substantial functional impairment and/or death. Although progenitor-based vasculogenic cell therapies have shown promise as a potential rescue strategy following ischemic stroke, current approaches face major hurdles. Here, we used fibroblasts nanotransfected with Etv2, Foxc2, and Fli1 (EFF) to drive reprogramming-based vasculogenesis, intracranially, as a potential therapy for ischemic stroke. Perfusion analyses suggest that intracranial delivery of EFF-nanotransfected fibroblasts led to a dose-dependent increase in perfusion 14 days after injection. MRI and behavioral tests revealed ~70% infarct resolution and up to ~90% motor recovery for mice treated with EFF-nanotransfected fibroblasts. Immunohistological analysis confirmed increases in vascularity and neuronal cellularity, as well as reduced glial scar formation in response to treatment with EFF-nanotransfected fibroblasts. Together, our results suggest that vasculogenic cell therapies based on nanotransfection-driven (i.e., nonviral) cellular reprogramming represent a promising strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Lemmerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maria H H Balch
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jordan T Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Diego Alzate-Correa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Ana Salazar-Puerta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Surya Gnyawali
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hallie N Harris
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - William Lawrence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lilibeth Ortega-Pineda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lauren Wilch
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ian B Risser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Aidan J Maxwell
- Department of Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Silvia Duarte-Sanmiguel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- OSU Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel Dodd
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gina P Guio-Vega
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Medicine, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - W David Arnold
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shahid M Nimjee
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cameron Rink
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Natalia Higuita-Castro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H H Balch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shahid M Nimjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cameron Rink
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yousef Hannawi
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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7
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Slivka A, Rink C, Paoletto D, Sen CK. Platelet function in stroke/transient ischemic attack patients treated with tocotrienol. FASEB J 2020; 34:11838-11843. [PMID: 32686874 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902216rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of tocotrienol form of vitamin E (TCT) on platelet function in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). A double blind, randomized, single center phase II clinical trial was conducted comparing placebo (PBO) and 400 and 800 mg TCT daily for a year in 150 patients with a sentinel ischemic stroke or TIA event in the prior 6 months. Platelet function was measured at baseline and then, at 3 month intervals for a year, using light transmission aggregometry. The incidence of aspirin resistance in aspirin-treated patients or platelet inhibition in patients on clopidogrel alone was compared between the three treatment groups. Results showed that in patients taking aspirin and clopidogrel, the incidence of aspirin resistance was significantly decreased from 40% in PBO-treated patients to 9% in the 400 mg TCT group and 25% in the TCT 800 mg group (P = .03). In conclusion, patients on aspirin and clopidogrel had a higher incidence of aspirin resistance than all patients treated with aspirin alone and TCT decreased the frequency of aspirin resistance in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Slivka
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cameron Rink
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David Paoletto
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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8
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Balch MH, Nimjee SM, Rink C, Hannawi Y. Beyond the Brain: The Systemic Pathophysiological Response to Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke 2020; 22:159-172. [PMID: 32635682 PMCID: PMC7341014 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2019.02978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke research has traditionally focused on the cerebral processes following ischemic brain injury, where oxygen and glucose deprivation incite prolonged activation of excitatory neurotransmitter receptors, intracellular calcium accumulation, inflammation, reactive oxygen species proliferation, and ultimately neuronal death. A recent growing body of evidence, however, points to far-reaching pathophysiological consequences of acute ischemic stroke. Shortly after stroke onset, peripheral immunodepression in conjunction with hyperstimulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine pathways and motor pathway impairment result in dysfunction of the respiratory, urinary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and endocrine systems. These end organ abnormalities play a major role in the morbidity and mortality of acute ischemic stroke. Using a pathophysiology-based approach, this current review discusses the pathophysiological mechanisms following ischemic brain insult that result in end organ dysfunction. By characterizing stroke as a systemic disease, future research must consider bidirectional interactions between the brain and peripheral organs to inform treatment paradigms and develop effective, comprehensive therapeutics for acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H.H. Balch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shahid M. Nimjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cameron Rink
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yousef Hannawi
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Correspondence: Yousef Hannawi Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Graves Hall, Suite 3172C, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Tel: +1-614-685-7234 Fax: +1-614-366-7004 E-mail:
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9
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Caceres E, Rink C, Zweier JL, Hannawi Y. Abstract 40: Time Course of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Lesions and Sensory Motor Changes in Spontaneously Hypertensive Stroke Prone Rats. Stroke 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Animal models of human cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) are important for the study of the disease underlying mechanisms and testing therapeutic interventions. Spontaneusly Hypertensive Rats - Stroke Prone (SHRSP) are used as an animal model of human CSVD. However, there is a lack of data regarding the time course of cognitive and motor impairment.
Methods:
Male age-matched SHRSP and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were studied. Sensorimotor testing (open field test) and tail-cuff systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements (Visitech Systems, Inc.) were performed weekly starting from 6 until 24 weeks of age. Brain MRI at 7 and 24 weeks was acquired using a 9.4T MRI system. Brain histology was completed at the same time points. Statistical analysis was performed using a linear mixed model with repeated measurements. P< 0.05 was considered significant.
Results:
20 SHRSP and 20 WKY male rats were studied. 10 per group were euthanized following brain MRI at 7 weeks and the rest were followed until 24 weeks. SHRSP weighed on average 30 grams less than WKY throughout the study (P=0.0003). At 7 weeks SBP was not different (WKY 106.6±5.4 vs SHRSP 120.8±5.4, P=0.06). SHRSP started to develop hypertension at 9-12 weeks and maintained hypertension until 24 weeks (average group difference across time P<0.0001; SBP at 21 weeks WKY 134.8±5.4 vs SHRSP 168.9±5.4, P<0.0001). Sensorimotor testing showed higher total distance travelled (TDT) at 7 weeks in SHRSP that trended down with ageing. Both groups became similar at 21 weeks (TDT: at 7 weeks WKY 3.78±1.3 vs SHRSP 7.8±1.3, P =0.037; at 21 weeks: WKY 4±1.3 vs SHRSP 4.4±1.3, P=0.83; average group difference across time P=0.014). Brain MRI was normal at 7 weeks, but small white matter hyperintensities were seen at 24 weeks. Brain Histology showed normal histology on hematoxylin & eosin staining at 7 weeks in both groups, while at 24 weeks SHRSP showed CSVD histopathological changes including microbleed formation, homeostasis and vascular hyalinosis.
Conclusions:
SHRSP develops hypertension, sensorimotor deficits and CSVD pathology as they age suggesting their utility as human CSVD model. Intervention time points should be selected carefully in future therapeutic drug interventions.
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10
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Hannawi Y, Gnyawali S, Ewees MG, Balch MH, Harris H, Rink C, Nimjee S, Zweier JL. Abstract WP323: Genetic Knockout of CD38 in Mice Protects Against Ischemic Stroke With Smaller Infarct Volumes and Decreased Motor Impairment. Stroke 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.wp323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Endothelial dysfunction is an important mediator of post ischemic injury of the heart and brain following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). We have reported that CD38 activation in heart I/R models leads to NADPH depletion with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) impairment, loss of endothelial-mediated coronary dilatation and increased myocardial infarction. While CD38 knockout or inhibition prevents this dysfunction and decreases myocardial infarction, the role of CD38 in ischemic stroke remains uncertain.
Hypothesis:
We hypothesize that loss of CD38 expression and activity through gene knockout is protective with smaller infarct volume.
Methods:
15 week-old male CD38 knock out (KO) n=12 and wild type (WT) mice n=12 underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 60 minutes. Stroke volume was calculated using T2 MRI sequences on a 9.4 T MRI system acquired 48 hours post stroke with images analyzed using Osirix software. The ratios of the stroke volume to the affected hemisphere volume and the compensated swelling infarction volume percentage of normal hemisphere were calculated using established methods. Open field test to measure motor impairment was performed at baseline and 48 hours post stroke (KO, n=12, WT n=6). Statistical analysis was completed in STATA using Man-Whitney U test and T-test to compare infarct volumes and cognitive parameters. Values are shown as mean ± SD. P value < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results:
At 48 hours, brain MRI showed a smaller percentage of cerebral hemisphere affected by stroke in CD38 KO compared to WT (25.9±3.7 vs 41.1±9.4, respectively P=0.0001) and a smaller percentage of compensated swelling infarction volume of normal hemisphere in KO mice compared to WT (19.6±3 vs 33.5±9, respectively P=0.0001). Open field test showed significant post stroke motor impairment in WT compared to CD38KO mice (distance travelled 1.8±1 m vs 4.7±3 m, P=0.04, respectively and average speed 0.006±0.003 m/s vs 0.016±0.01m/s, P=0.04, respectively).
Conclusions:
Infarct volumes are smaller and motor impairment is decreased in CD38 KO mice compared to WT demonstrating that gene knockout of CD38 confers neuroprotection against acute ischemic brain injury.
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11
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Wilson J, Wheeler D, Huttinger A, Anderson C, Talentino S, Balch M, Rink C, Nimjee S. Abstract 522: VWF Inhibition by an RNA Aptamer Improves Functional Outcome Compared to rTPA in Ferric Chloride-induced Carotid Artery Thrombosis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.38.suppl_1.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
To compare the functional effects of von Willebrand Factor (VWF) inhibition by RNA aptamer (T79) vs rTPA utilizing
in vivo
arterial thrombosis in mice.
Approach and Results:
We previously demonstrated that inhibition of VWF by a targeted RNA aptamer (T79) both prevents thrombosis and thrombolyses stabilized clots in a murine model of ferric chloride (FeCl
3
)-induced vascular injury suggesting a pivotal role for VWF in the pro-thrombotic and anti-thrombotic milieu. We hypothesized that T79 treatment, which demonstrated no hemorrhagic complications and greater re-perfusion compared to rTPA, would result in improved behavioral outcome with 7 day survival after vascular injury. Baseline locomotor testing in an open field was performed on both male and female, 8-16 week old, wild-type C57BL/6J mice. Occlusive arterial thrombus formation was induced by a 3 minute exposure to 10% FeCl
3
on the right common carotid monitored by Doppler flow and time to occlusion (blood flow of 0 ml/min) was measured. Twenty minutes after thrombus stabilization either T79 (0.1 mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg bolus), rTPA (10 mg/kg 45 min infusion) or saline vehicle (45 min infusion) was introduced via a saphenous catheter. Animals were recovered and locomotor testing was repeated 48 hours and 7 days after injury with baseline set as 100%. All groups including vehicle control resulted in a statistically significant decrease in distance traveled (meters) and speed (meters/sec) at 48 hours after injury. At 7 days, 0.1 mg/kg T79 increased 29.89% from 48 hours, 0.5 mg/kg T79 increased 22.50% from 48 hours but rTPA treatment showed no significant improvement (2.79% increase) (n=4, p<0.001). In addition, 0.1 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg T79 resulted in a 28.46% and 22.44% increase in speed, respectively, at 7 days compared to 48 hours whereas rTPA did not (2.94% increase) (n=4, p<0.001). Interestingly, males scored lower on most behavioral parameters at 48 hours, but recovered to the same level as females by 7 days. No significant differences in time to occlusion or baseline locomotor testing were observed in any group.
Conclusion:
Inhibition of VWF by T79 aptamer markedly improves behavioral outcomes compared to rTPA after survival carotid artery occlusion following ferric chloride-induced injury in mice.
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12
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Rink C, Wernke MM, Powell HM, Gynawali S, Schroeder RM, Kim JY, Denune JA, Gordillo GM, Colvin JM, Sen CK. Elevated vacuum suspension preserves residual-limb skin health in people with lower-limb amputation: Randomized clinical trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 53:1121-1132. [PMID: 28355039 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2015.07.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of clinical trials and case reports support qualitative claims that use of an elevated vacuum suspension (EVS) prosthesis improves residual-limb health on the basis of self-reported questionnaires, clinical outcomes scales, and wound closure studies. Here, we report first efforts to quantitatively assess residual-limb circulation in response to EVS. Residual-limb skin health and perfusion of people with lower-limb amputation (N = 10) were assessed during a randomized crossover study comparing EVS with nonelevated vacuum suspension (control) over a 32 wk period using noninvasive probes (transepidermal water loss, laser speckle imaging, transcutaneous oxygen measurement) and functional hyperspectral imaging approaches. Regardless of the suspension system, prosthesis donning decreased perfusion in the residual limb under resting conditions. After 16 wk of use, EVS improved residual-limb oxygenation during treadmill walking. Likewise, prosthesis-induced reactive hyperemia was attenuated with EVS following 16 wk of use. Skin barrier function was preserved with EVS but disrupted after control socket use. Taken together, outcomes suggest chronic EVS use improves perfusion and preserves skin barrier function in people with lower-limb amputation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov; "Evaluation of limb health associated with a prosthetic vacuum socket system": NCT01839123; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01839123?term=NCT01839123&rank=1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Wound Center, and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Heather M Powell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Surya Gynawali
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Wound Center, and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Jayne Y Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Gayle M Gordillo
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Wound Center, and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Wound Center, and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
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13
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Dornbos DL, Wheeler DG, Harris H, Gnyawali S, Huttinger A, Talentino S, Venetos N, Musgrave N, Jones C, Wilson J, Bratton C, Carlisle K, Zweier JL, Sen CK, Rink C, Nimjee SM. Abstract WP70: Aptamer Inhibition of Von Willebrand Factor Ameliorates Ischemic Stroke Burden in a Murine Model of Thromboembolic Stroke. Stroke 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/str.49.suppl_1.wp70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
While recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) is the mainstay of ischemic stroke treatment, recanalization is only achieved in 25-50% of patients. With a significant risk of intracranial hemorrhage, its use has been limited to within 4.5 hours of symptom onset. Previous work has demonstrated that aptamer inhibition of Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) effectively restores reperfusion following murine carotid artery occlusion.
Hypothesis:
We tested the hypothesis that VWF aptamer would promote recanalization following thrombotic middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, ameliorating stroke burden with greater efficacy than rTPA.
Methods:
Adult wild-type (C57BL/6J) mice were anesthetized, and the right carotid artery was exposed. A 32-gauge intracranial catheter was advanced within the carotid artery. Murine autologous blood was then mixed with 10 μL 0.9% normal saline and 1 μL murine thrombin and was allowed to stabilize at 37 °C for 15 minutes, after which it was injected through the catheter into the MCA. Laser-doppler flowmetry monitoring measured decreased flow following injection of the embolus. Treatment (vehicle, platelet binding buffer, n=5; VWF aptamer, n=6; rTPA, n=7) was initiated 20 minutes after thrombus injection. An MRI was obtained at 24 hours to assess ischemic stroke volumes.
Results:
None of the mice receiving rTPA survived to 24 hours, while all mice treated with VWF aptamer and vehicle survived to 24 hours and received an MRI. Ischemic stroke volume was significantly decreased in mice treated with VWF aptamer (5.49 ± 5.01 mm
3
) compared to vehicle (35.34 ± 9.57 mm
3
, p<0.05)(Figure 1). No evidence of intracranial hemorrhage was identified in either cohort.
Conclusions:
Treatment with VWF aptamer decreases stroke volume on MRI in a murine model of embolic stroke without the risk of hemorrhagic conversion seen in patients treated rTPA. VWF inhibition represents a promising therapy in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jenna Wilson
- NEUROLOGICAL SURGERY, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
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14
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Gallego-Perez D, Pal D, Ghatak S, Malkoc V, Higuita-Castro N, Gnyawali S, Chang L, Liao WC, Shi J, Sinha M, Singh K, Steen E, Sunyecz A, Stewart R, Moore J, Ziebro T, Northcutt RG, Homsy M, Bertani P, Lu W, Roy S, Khanna S, Rink C, Sundaresan VB, Otero JJ, Lee LJ, Sen CK. Topical tissue nano-transfection mediates non-viral stroma reprogramming and rescue. Nat Nanotechnol 2017; 12:974-979. [PMID: 28785092 PMCID: PMC5814120 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although cellular therapies represent a promising strategy for a number of conditions, current approaches face major translational hurdles, including limited cell sources and the need for cumbersome pre-processing steps (for example, isolation, induced pluripotency). In vivo cell reprogramming has the potential to enable more-effective cell-based therapies by using readily available cell sources (for example, fibroblasts) and circumventing the need for ex vivo pre-processing. Existing reprogramming methodologies, however, are fraught with caveats, including a heavy reliance on viral transfection. Moreover, capsid size constraints and/or the stochastic nature of status quo approaches (viral and non-viral) pose additional limitations, thus highlighting the need for safer and more deterministic in vivo reprogramming methods. Here, we report a novel yet simple-to-implement non-viral approach to topically reprogram tissues through a nanochannelled device validated with well-established and newly developed reprogramming models of induced neurons and endothelium, respectively. We demonstrate the simplicity and utility of this approach by rescuing necrotizing tissues and whole limbs using two murine models of injury-induced ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Durba Pal
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Veysi Malkoc
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Natalia Higuita-Castro
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Surya Gnyawali
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Lingqian Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Wei-Ching Liao
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Mithun Sinha
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kanhaiya Singh
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Erin Steen
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Alec Sunyecz
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Richard Stewart
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jordan Moore
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Thomas Ziebro
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Robert G. Northcutt
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Michael Homsy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Paul Bertani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Wu Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Vishnu Baba Sundaresan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jose J. Otero
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - L. James Lee
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- ;
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- ;
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15
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Khanna S, Stewart R, Gnyawali S, Harris H, Balch M, Spieldenner J, Sen CK, Rink C. Phytoestrogen isoflavone intervention to engage the neuroprotective effect of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase against stroke. FASEB J 2017; 31:4533-4544. [PMID: 28655710 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the pathophysiologic setting of cerebral ischemia, excitotoxic levels of glutamate contribute to neuronal cell death. Our previous work demonstrated the ability of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) to metabolize neurotoxic glutamate in the stroke-affected brain. Here, we seek to identify small-molecule inducers of GOT expression to mitigate ischemic stroke injury. From a panel of phytoestrogen isoflavones, biochanin A (BCA) was identified as the most potent inducer of GOT gene expression in neural cells. BCA significantly increased GOT mRNA and protein expression at 24 h and protected against glutamate-induced cell death. Of note, this protection was lost when GOT was knocked down. To validate outcomes in vivo, C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with BCA (5 and 10 mg/kg) for 4 wk and subjected to ischemic stroke. BCA levels were significantly increased in plasma and brain of mice. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased GOT protein expression in the brain. BCA attenuated stroke lesion volume as measured by 9.4T MRI and improved sensorimotor function-this protection was lost with GOT knockdown. BCA increased luciferase activity in cells that were transfected with the pERRE3tk-LUC plasmid, which demonstrated transactivation of GOT. This increase was lost when estrogen-related receptor response element sites were mutated. Taken together, BCA represents a natural phytoestrogen that mitigates stroke-induced injury by inducing GOT expression.-Khanna, S., Stewart, R., Gnyawali, S., Harris, H., Balch, M., Spieldenner, J., Sen, C. K., Rink, C. Phytoestrogen isoflavone intervention to engage the neuroprotective effect of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Surya Gnyawali
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hallie Harris
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria Balch
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - James Spieldenner
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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16
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Dornbos DL, Harris H, Gnyawali S, Wheeler DG, Huttinger A, Venetos N, Talentino S, Vaccaro H, Musgrave N, Jones C, Amaya P, Rink C, Zweier JL, Sen CK, Nimjee SM. Abstract 187: Reversible Aptamer Inhibition of Von Willebrand Factor is a Potent Thrombolytic and Ameliorates Stroke Burden Following Vascular Injury Compared to Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator. Stroke 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
While recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) is the mainstay of ischemic stroke treatment, few patients are eligible for treatment, and recanalization is only seen in 25-50%. Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) inhibition may play a role in thrombolysis.
Hypothesis:
VWF inhibition with an RNA aptamer lyses arterial thrombus and decreases ischemic injury. Furthermore, aptamer reversal with an antidote oligonucleotide ameliorates intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).
Methods:
Adult wild-type (C57BL/6J) mice were anesthetized, and the right carotid artery was exposed. Baseline carotid flow was obtained using a Doppler flow probe, and thrombotic occlusion was induced with a ferric chloride patch. After clot stabilization, mice were administered vehicle (platelet binding buffer, n=11), no infusion (n=8), rTPA (n=5) or VWF aptamer (n=5). Carotid flow was monitored for an additional 100 minutes. In a second cohort of mice, a 6-0 nylon suture was advanced within the carotid artery to generate vascular injury and ICH. Mice were given vehicle (n=16), rTPA (n=11), VWF aptamer (n=9) or aptamer/antidote (n=8). An MRI was obtained after 90 minutes to assess stroke and ICH volumes.
Results:
VWF aptamer successfully restored carotid blood flow 45 minutes following carotid occlusion (Figure 1) compared to controls (p<0.01*) and rTPA (p<0.05
+
). Stroke volume was significantly decreased in mice treated with VWF aptamer (23.03 ± 6.81 mm
3
) and aptamer/antidote (12.48 ± 5.68 mm
3
) compared to vehicle (45.25 ± 4.14 mm
3
, p<0.01). ICH volumes in mice treated with rTPA (2.64 ± 0.84 mm
3
) were trending higher than vehicle (1.51 ± 0.17 mm
3
), VWF aptamer (1.92 ± 0.22 mm
3
) or aptamer/antidote (1.31 ± 0.35 mm
3
).
Conclusions:
Aptamer inhibition of VWF is a potent thrombolytic agent with greater efficacy compared to rTPA. VWF inhibition appears safe with a trend toward lower ICH volumes in animals treated with aptamer and aptamer/antidote compared to rTPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Dornbos
- Dept of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | - Debra G Wheeler
- Dept of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | | | - Hope Vaccaro
- Dept of Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Cheyenne Jones
- Dept of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | - Pedro Amaya
- Dept of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | - Cameron Rink
- Dept of Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Dept of Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Shahid M Nimjee
- Dept of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
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17
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Dornbos DL, Harris H, Gnyawali S, Wheeler DG, Huttinger A, Venetos N, Talentino S, Vaccaro H, Musgrave N, Jones C, Amaya P, Rink C, Zweier JL, Sen CK, Nimjee SM. Abstract WP69: Reversible Aptamer Inhibition of Von Willebrand Factor is a Potent Thrombolytic and Ameliorates Stroke Burden Following Vascular Injury Compared to Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator. Stroke 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.wp69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
While recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) is the mainstay of ischemic stroke treatment, few patients are eligible for treatment, and recanalization is only seen in 25-50%. Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) inhibition may play a role in thrombolysis.
Hypothesis:
VWF inhibition with an RNA aptamer lyses arterial thrombus and decreases ischemic injury. Furthermore, aptamer reversal with an antidote oligonucleotide ameliorates intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).
Methods:
Adult wild-type (C57BL/6J) mice were anesthetized, and the right carotid artery was exposed. Baseline carotid flow was obtained using a Doppler flow probe, and thrombotic occlusion was induced with a ferric chloride patch. After clot stabilization, mice were administered vehicle (platelet binding buffer, n=11), no infusion (n=8), rTPA (n=5) or VWF aptamer (n=5). Carotid flow was monitored for an additional 100 minutes. In a second cohort of mice, a 6-0 nylon suture was advanced within the carotid artery to generate vascular injury and ICH. Mice were given vehicle (n=16), rTPA (n=11), VWF aptamer (n=9) or aptamer/antidote (n=8). An MRI was obtained after 90 minutes to assess stroke and ICH volumes.
Results:
VWF aptamer successfully restored carotid blood flow 45 minutes following carotid occlusion (Figure 1) compared to controls (p<0.01*) and rTPA (p<0.05
+
). Stroke volume was significantly decreased in mice treated with VWF aptamer (23.03 ± 6.81 mm
3
) and aptamer/antidote (12.48 ± 5.68 mm
3
) compared to vehicle (45.25 ± 4.14 mm
3
, p<0.01). ICH volumes in mice treated with rTPA (2.64 ± 0.84 mm
3
) were trending higher than vehicle (1.51 ± 0.17 mm
3
), VWF aptamer (1.92 ± 0.22 mm
3
) or aptamer/antidote (1.31 ± 0.35 mm
3
).
Conclusions:
Aptamer inhibition of VWF is a potent thrombolytic agent with greater efficacy compared to rTPA. VWF inhibition appears safe with a trend toward lower ICH volumes in animals treated with aptamer and aptamer/antidote compared to rTPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Dornbos
- Dept of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | - Debra G Wheeler
- Dept of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | | | - Hope Vaccaro
- Dept of Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Cheyenne Jones
- Dept of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | - Pedro Amaya
- Dept of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | - Cameron Rink
- Dept of Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Dept of Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Shahid M Nimjee
- Dept of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH
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18
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Rink C, Gnyawali S, Stewart R, Teplitsky S, Harris H, Roy S, Sen CK, Khanna S. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase enables anaplerotic refilling of TCA cycle intermediates in stroke-affected brain. FASEB J 2017; 31:1709-1718. [PMID: 28096234 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601033r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke results in excessive release of glutamate, which contributes to neuronal cell death. Here, we test the hypothesis that otherwise neurotoxic glutamate can be productively metabolized by glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) to maintain cellular energetics and protect the brain from ischemic stroke injury. The GOT-dependent metabolism of glutamate was studied in primary neural cells and in stroke-affected C57-BL6 mice using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and GC-MS. Extracellular Glu sustained cell viability under hypoglycemic conditions and increased GOT-mediated metabolism in vitro Correction of stroke-induced hypoxia using supplemental oxygen in vivo lowered Glu levels as measured by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. GOT knockdown abrogated this effect and caused ATP loss in the stroke-affected brain. GOT overexpression increased anaplerotic refilling of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in mouse brain during ischemic stroke. Furthermore, GOT overexpression not only reduced ischemic stroke lesion volume but also attenuated neurodegeneration and improved poststroke sensorimotor function. Taken together, our results support a new paradigm that GOT enables metabolism of otherwise neurotoxic extracellular Glu through a truncated tricarboxylic acid cycle under hypoglycemic conditions.-Rink, C., Gnyawali, S., Stewart, R., Teplitsky, S., Harris, H., Roy, S., Sen, C. K., Khanna, S. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase enables anaplerotic refilling of TCA cycle intermediates in stroke-affected brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Surya Gnyawali
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Seth Teplitsky
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hallie Harris
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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19
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Sen CK, Khanna S, Harris H, Stewart R, Balch M, Heigel M, Teplitsky S, Gnyawali S, Rink C. Robot-assisted mechanical therapy attenuates stroke-induced limb skeletal muscle injury. FASEB J 2016; 31:927-936. [PMID: 27895105 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600437r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy and optimization of poststroke physical therapy paradigms is challenged in part by a lack of objective tools available to researchers for systematic preclinical testing. This work represents a maiden effort to develop a robot-assisted mechanical therapy (RAMT) device to objectively address the significance of mechanical physiotherapy on poststroke outcomes. Wistar rats were subjected to right hemisphere middle-cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. After 24 h, rats were split into control (RAMT-) or RAMT+ groups (30 min daily RAMT over the stroke-affected gastrocnemius) and were followed up to poststroke d 14. RAMT+ increased perfusion 1.5-fold in stroke-affected gastrocnemius as compared to RAMT- controls. Furthermore, RAMT+ rats demonstrated improved poststroke track width (11% wider), stride length (21% longer), and travel distance (61% greater), as objectively measured using software-automated testing platforms. Stroke injury acutely increased myostatin (3-fold) and lowered brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression (0.6-fold) in the stroke-affected gastrocnemius, as compared to the contralateral one. RAMT attenuated the stroke-induced increase in myostatin and increased BDNF expression in skeletal muscle. Additional RAMT-sensitive myokine targets in skeletal muscle (IL-1ra and IP-10/CXCL10) were identified from a cytokine array. Taken together, outcomes suggest stroke acutely influences signal transduction in hindlimb skeletal muscle. Regimens based on mechanical therapy have the clear potential to protect hindlimb function from such adverse influence.-Sen, C. K., Khanna, S., Harris, H., Stewart, R., Balch, M., Heigel, M., Teplitsky, S., Gnyawali, S., Rink, C. Robot-assisted mechanical therapy attenuates stroke-induced limb skeletal muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hallie Harris
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria Balch
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mallory Heigel
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Seth Teplitsky
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Surya Gnyawali
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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20
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Powers CJ, Dickerson R, Zhang SW, Rink C, Roy S, Sen CK. Human cerebrospinal fluid microRNA: temporal changes following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:361-6. [PMID: 26945012 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00052.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating form of hemorrhagic stroke with 30-day mortality between 33 and 45%. Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is the chief cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who survive the initial aSAH. DCI accounts for almost 50% of deaths in patients surviving to treatment of the ruptured aneurysm. The mechanisms for brain injury after aSAH and the brain's response to this injury are not fully understood in humans. MicroRNAs (miRs) are 22- to 25-nucleotide single-stranded RNA molecules that inhibit the expression of specific messenger RNA targets. In this work, miR profiling of human cerebrospinal fluid from eight patients after aSAH was performed daily for 10 days with the goal of identifying changes in miR abundance. Using the nanoString nCounter Expression Assay, we identified two specific clusters of miR that were differentially regulated over time. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on select miRs from each cluster. The first cluster contained miRs known to be present in blood and decreased in abundance over time. miRs in this group include miR-92a and let-7b. The second cluster contained several poorly characterized miRs that increased in abundance over time. miRs in this group included miR-491. This second cluster of miRs may be released into the CSF by the brain itself as a result of the initial SAH. Temporal changes in the abundance of specific miRs in human CSF after aSAH may provide novel insight into the role of miRs in brain injury and the brain's response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán J Powers
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Ryan Dickerson
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stacey W Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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21
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Gallego-Perez D, Otero JJ, Czeisler C, Ma J, Ortiz C, Gygli P, Catacutan FP, Gokozan HN, Cowgill A, Sherwood T, Ghatak S, Malkoc V, Zhao X, Liao WC, Gnyawali S, Wang X, Adler AF, Leong K, Wulff B, Wilgus TA, Askwith C, Khanna S, Rink C, Sen CK, Lee LJ. Deterministic transfection drives efficient nonviral reprogramming and uncovers reprogramming barriers. Nanomedicine 2015; 12:399-409. [PMID: 26711960 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Safety concerns and/or the stochastic nature of current transduction approaches have hampered nuclear reprogramming's clinical translation. We report a novel non-viral nanotechnology-based platform permitting deterministic large-scale transfection with single-cell resolution. The superior capabilities of our technology are demonstrated by modification of the well-established direct neuronal reprogramming paradigm using overexpression of the transcription factors Brn2, Ascl1, and Myt1l (BAM). Reprogramming efficiencies were comparable to viral methodologies (up to ~9-12%) without the constraints of capsid size and with the ability to control plasmid dosage, in addition to showing superior performance relative to existing non-viral methods. Furthermore, increased neuronal complexity could be tailored by varying BAM ratio and by including additional proneural genes to the BAM cocktail. Furthermore, high-throughput NEP allowed easy interrogation of the reprogramming process. We discovered that BAM-mediated reprogramming is regulated by AsclI dosage, the S-phase cyclin CCNA2, and that some induced neurons passed through a nestin-positive cell stage. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In the field of regenerative medicine, the ability to direct cell fate by nuclear reprogramming is an important facet in terms of clinical application. In this article, the authors described their novel technique of cell reprogramming through overexpression of the transcription factors Brn2, Ascl1, and Myt1l (BAM) by in situ electroporation through nanochannels. This new technique could provide a platform for further future designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jose J Otero
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
| | - Catherine Czeisler
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Junyu Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Cristina Ortiz
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Patrick Gygli
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Fay Patsy Catacutan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Hamza Numan Gokozan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Aaron Cowgill
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Thomas Sherwood
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Veysi Malkoc
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Wei-Ching Liao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Surya Gnyawali
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Xinmei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Andrew F Adler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Kam Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Brian Wulff
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Traci A Wilgus
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Candice Askwith
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
| | - L James Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies (CRMCBT), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
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22
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Khanna S, Das A, Spieldenner J, Rink C, Roy S. Supplementation of a standardized extract from Phyllanthus emblica improves cardiovascular risk factors and platelet aggregation in overweight/class-1 obese adults. J Med Food 2015; 18:415-20. [PMID: 25756303 PMCID: PMC4390209 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01858376) was to determine the effect of oral supplementation of a standardized extract of Phyllanthus emblica (CAPROS®) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in overweight adult human subjects from the US population. Overweight/Class-1 obese (body–mass index: 25–35) adult subjects received 500 mg of CAPROS supplement b.i.d for 12 weeks. The study design included two baseline visits followed by 12 weeks of supplementation and then 2 weeks of washout. At all visits, peripheral venous blood was collected in sodium citrate tubes. Lipid profile measurements demonstrated a significant decrease in calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein following 12 weeks of CAPROS supplementation when compared to averaged baseline visits. Circulatory high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were significantly decreased after 12 weeks of supplementation. In addition, both ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation was significantly downregulated following 12 weeks of supplementation. Overall, the study suggests that oral CAPROS supplementation may provide beneficial effects in overweight/Class-1 obese adults by lowering multiple global CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
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23
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutamate serves multi-faceted (patho)physiological functions in the central nervous system as the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter and under pathological conditions as a potent neurotoxin. Regarding the latter, elevated extracellular glutamate is known to play a central role in ischemic stroke brain injury. RECENT ADVANCES Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) has emerged as a new therapeutic target in protecting against ischemic stroke injury. Oxygen-sensitive induction of GOT expression and activity during ischemic stroke lowers glutamate levels at the stroke site while sustaining adenosine triphosphate levels in brain. The energy demands of the brain are among the highest of all organs underscoring the need to quickly mobilize alternative carbon skeletons for metabolism in the absence of glucose during ischemic stroke. Recent work builds on the important observation of Hans Krebs that GOT-mediated metabolism of glutamate generates tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates in brain tissue. Taken together, outcomes suggest GOT may enable the transformative switch of otherwise excitotoxic glutamate into life-sustaining TCA cycle intermediates during ischemic stroke. CRITICAL ISSUES Neuroprotective strategies that focus solely on blocking mechanisms of glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity have historically failed in clinical trials. That GOT can enable glutamate to assume the role of a survival factor represents a paradigm shift necessary to develop the overall significance of glutamate in stroke biology. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Ongoing efforts are focused to develop the therapeutic significance of GOT in stroke-affected brain. Small molecules that target induction of GOT expression and activity in the ischemic penumbra are the focus of ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, Ohio
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24
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Khanna S, Heigel M, Weist J, Gnyawali S, Teplitsky S, Roy S, Sen CK, Rink C. Excessive α-tocopherol exacerbates microglial activation and brain injury caused by acute ischemic stroke. FASEB J 2014; 29:828-36. [PMID: 25411436 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-263723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin E family includes both tocopherols and tocotrienols, where α-tocopherol (αTOC) is the most bioavailable form. Clinical trials testing the therapeutic efficacy of high-dose αTOC against stroke have largely failed or reported negative outcomes when a "more is better" approach to supplementation (>400 IU/d) was used. This work addresses mechanisms by which supraphysiologic αTOC may contribute to stroke-induced brain injury. Ischemic stroke injury and the neuroinflammatory response were studied in tocopherol transfer protein-deficient mice maintained on a diet containing αTOC vitamin E at the equivalent human dose of 1680 IU/d. Ischemic stroke-induced brain injury was exacerbated in the presence of supraphysiologic brain αTOC levels. At 48 h after stroke, S100B and RAGE expression was increased in stroke-affected cortex of mice with elevated brain αTOC levels. Such increases were concomitant with aggravated microglial activation and neuroinflammatory signaling. A poststroke increase in markers of oxidative injury and neurodegeneration in the presence of elevated brain αTOC establish that at supraphysiologic levels, αTOC potentiates neuroinflammatory responses to acute ischemic stroke. Exacerbation of microglial activation by excessive αTOC likely depends on its unique cell signaling regulatory properties independent of antioxidant function. Against the background of clinical failure for high-dose αTOC, outcomes of this work identify risk for exacerbating stroke-induced brain injury as a result of supplementing diet with excessive levels of αTOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mallory Heigel
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica Weist
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Surya Gnyawali
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Seth Teplitsky
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Rink C, Gnyawali S, Heigel M, Roy S, Sen CK, Khanna S. Abstract W P216: Inducible Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase: A New Target for Stroke Therapy. Stroke 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/str.45.suppl_1.wp216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Elevated extracellular glutamate plays a central role in mediating ischemic brain damage. The current work stems from our key observation demonstrating that induction of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), a glutamate metabolizing enzyme in the brain, can attenuate stroke-induced injury. At the stroke site, inducible GOT (iGOT) catalyzes the metabolism of extracellular glutamate via a truncated TCA cycle to generate energy and limit concentrations.
Hypotheses:
Phytoestrogen Biochanin induces GOT. iGOT inducer Biochanin protects against stroke in vivo.
Methods:
In vitro.
Primary cortical neuronal cells were isolated from the cerebral cortex of C57/BL6 mice feti and seeded in 12-well plates maintained for 24h under standard media and culture conditions prior to experimental treatment. After 24h, cells were incubated with vehicle control (DMSO) or one of several screened phytoestrogen isoflavones for 72h. After 72h sample were collected for mRNA and protein expression analyses of GOT.
In vivo.
Mice (C57/BL6) received daily IP injection of vehicle control (75% DMSO in water, n=4) or Biochanin A (10mg/kg body weight, n=6) for 3 weeks prior to 90min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Following 48h, mice were subjected to 11.7T MRI for determination of stroke induced lesion volume and brain tissue were collected for downstream mRNA and protein expression analyses of GOT.
Results:
The following phytoestrogen isoflavones were screened for their ability to induce GOT: biochanin A, flavaprenin, diadzein, formononetin, glycitin, and genistein. Biochanin A was identified as a potent (3-fold) inducer of GOT. Biochanin A significantly induced GOT mRNA expression in neural cells. In an
in vivo
setting of acute ischemic stroke, Biochanin A treated mice had significantly (n=6; p<0.05) smaller stroke-induced lesions as compared to vehicle controls.
Conclusion:
In this work we have identified a natural small molecule inducer of GOT - Biochanin A. Biochanin A is a safe, naturally occurring phytoestrogen isoflavone that represents a therapeutic target that lends itself to be translated to clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Rink
- Surgery, The Ohio State Univ Wexner Med Cntr, Columbus, OH
| | - Surya Gnyawali
- Surgery, The Ohio State Univ Wexner Med Cntr, Columbus, OH
| | - Mallory Heigel
- Surgery, The Ohio State Univ Wexner Med Cntr, Columbus, OH
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Surgery, The Ohio State Univ Wexner Med Cntr, Columbus, OH
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Surgery, The Ohio State Univ Wexner Med Cntr, Columbus, OH
| | - Savita Khanna
- Surgery, The Ohio State Univ Wexner Med Cntr, Columbus, OH
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Khanna S, Heigel M, Gnyawali S, Sen CK, Rink C. Abstract T MP109: Tocotrienol Induces TIMP1 Expression and Pro-arteriogenic Remodeling of Cerebrovascular Collaterals. Stroke 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/str.45.suppl_1.tmp109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Tocotrienols (TCT), lesser-known vitamin E family members, improve perfusion to brain tissue and attenuate stroke injury. Mechanisms underlying TCT improvement of collateral perfusion during ischemic stroke, however, remain unclear. Arteriogenesis is defined by the growth of functional collaterals in brain tissue where tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1) is believed to play a key role in extracellular matrix remodeling.
Objective/Hypothesis:
We tested the effect of prophylactic TCT on arteriogenesis by measuring collateral diameter and quantity in stroke-affected brain. Gene and protein expression of TIMP1 was queried in isolated collaterals as a key regulator of arteriogenesis. We hypothesize that TCT increases collateral size and number, and induces TIMP1 expression in collaterals of stroke-affected brain.
Methods:
C57/BL6 mice (male, 5 wks) were orally gavaged daily with 50mg/kg body weight of TCT or volume matched placebo (n=12) for 10 wks prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). During MCAO, cerebral perfusion was monitored using laser speckle flowmetry. While ischemia persisted, mice were perfused with FITC-conjugated lectin to identify patent collaterals in the MCA territory of the stroke-affected hemisphere. Collaterals size (diameter) and number were quantified as CD31+/FITC-lectin+ arterioles in stroke-affected S1 cortex and collected by laser capture microdissection. TIMP1 gene and protein expression in laser-captured collaterals was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot.
Results:
Compared to placebo, TCT treatment significantly increased perfusion (38.7%, p<0.05), collateral size (21.2%, p<0.05), and collateral number (5.7-fold, p<0.05) during MCAO. Prophylactic TCT supplementation significantly induced TIMP1 expression 9.6-fold (p<0.05) in laser-captured collaterals as compared to placebo controls.
Conclusions:
TCT induced expression of TIMP1 in brain collaterals and enabled arteriogenic remodeling for functional collateral growth and protection against ischemic stroke. As TCT is a safe, natural nutrient, proposal outcomes may quickly translate toward clinical applications for high-risk stroke patients, such as those who suffer a transient ischemic attack (TIA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Khanna
- Surgery, The Ohio State Univ Wexner Med Cntr, Columbus, OH
| | - Mallory Heigel
- Surgery, The Ohio State Univ Wexner Med Cntr, Columbus, OH
| | - Surya Gnyawali
- Surgery, The Ohio State Univ Wexner Med Cntr, Columbus, OH
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Surgery, The Ohio State Univ Wexner Med Cntr, Columbus, OH
| | - Cameron Rink
- Surgery, The Ohio State Univ Wexner Med Cntr, Columbus, OH
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27
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Patel V, Rink C, Gordillo GM, Khanna S, Gnyawali U, Roy S, Shneker B, Ganesh K, Phillips G, More JL, Sarkar A, Kirkpatrick R, Elkhammas EA, Klatte E, Miller M, Firstenberg MS, Chiocca EA, Nesaretnam K, Sen CK. Oral tocotrienols are transported to human tissues and delay the progression of the model for end-stage liver disease score in patients. J Nutr 2012; 142:513-9. [PMID: 22298568 PMCID: PMC3278267 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.151902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural vitamin E family is composed of 8 members equally divided into 2 classes: tocopherols (TCP) and tocotrienols (TE). A growing body of evidence suggests TE possess potent biological activity not shared by TCP. The primary objective of this work was to determine the concentrations of TE (200 mg mixed TE, b.i.d.) and TCP [200 mg α-TCP, b.i.d.)] in vital tissues and organs of adults receiving oral supplementation. Eighty participants were studied. Skin and blood vitamin E concentrations were determined from healthy participants following 12 wk of oral supplementation of TE or TCP. Vital organ vitamin E levels were determined by HPLC in adipose, brain, cardiac muscle, and liver of surgical patients following oral TE or TCP supplementation (mean duration, 20 wk; range, 1-96 wk). Oral supplementation of TE significantly increased the TE tissue concentrations in blood, skin, adipose, brain, cardiac muscle, and liver over time. α-TE was delivered to human brain at a concentration reported to be neuroprotective in experimental models of stroke. In prospective liver transplantation patients, oral TE lowered the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score in 50% of patients supplemented, whereas only 20% of TCP-supplemented patients demonstrated a reduction in MELD score. This work provides, to our knowledge, the first evidence demonstrating that orally supplemented TE are transported to vital organs of adult humans. The findings of this study, in the context of the current literature, lay the foundation for Phase II clinical trials testing the efficacy of TE against stroke and end-stage liver disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bassel Shneker
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Gary Phillips
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - J. Layne More
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | | | - Emily Klatte
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | | | - Kalanithi Nesaretnam
- Food Technology and Nutrition Unit, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- Department of Surgery,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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28
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Christoforidis G, Rink C, Garg N, Khan S, Sen C. Abstract 3773: The Impact Of Reperfusion On Vasogenic Edema Following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion In Experimental Ischemia. Stroke 2012. [DOI: 10.1161/str.43.suppl_1.a3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
In order to assess the impact of reperfusion on the degree of subsequent cerebral edema following cerebral ischemia, this work sought to compare 24 hour infarct volume progression between permanent and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in a canine model.
Methods:
Using a previously published endovascular transient MCAO method, 5 mongrel canines underwent 1-hour transient MCAO and 5 underwent permanent MCAO. Model parameters were altered to result in varying infarct volumes. Magnetic resonanace imaging (MRI) (3T Achieva, Philips) was performed one hour and 24 hours following reperfusion as well as 60 minutes following permanent occlusion. Infarct volumes were calculated using a previously published threshold technique by two observers using 1 hour mean diffusivity (MD) maps and 24hour FLAIR MRI. Reproducibility was assessed using Bland-Altman statistic. Average infarct volumes between the observers were calculated. Bivariate linear fit analysis were used to assess the correlation between immediate and 24 hours infarct volume determinations.
Results:
R square (r2) for linear fit was 0.964 (p=0.0005) for permanent occlusion and 0.971 (p= 0.0022) for transient occlusion (
figure 1
). The infarct volumes measured at 1 hour increased by a factor of 1.42 relative to 24 hour infarct volumes for permanent occlusion and 2.05 for transient occlusion. Bland-Altman statistic indicates that reproducibility using the MD maps (15.9%) and FLAIR images (13.3%) is not substantially different. None of the animals demonstrated hemorrhagic conversion by 24 hours.
Conclusion:
MD maps generated one hour post reperfusion following transient and permanent MCAO in a canine model can serve as a reliable assessment for infarct volume determination. Increase in infarct volume at 24 hours, presumably due to vasogenic edema, was greater in reperfused infarctions than with permanent occlusion.
Figure 1:
Bivariate linear fit analysis comparing immediate and 24-hour infarct volume calculations for permanent and transient occlusions.
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29
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Theyel B, Benayoun M, Rink C, Sen C, Christoforidis G. Abstract 3842: Angiographic Assessment Of Leptomeningeal Collateral Perfusion Parameters Following Experimental Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Stroke 2012. [DOI: 10.1161/str.43.suppl_1.a3842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
This work aims to develop and validate an angiographically based quantitative assessment of leptomeningeal collateral perfusion (QLCP) in experimental reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).
Methods:
Pial collaterals were assessed during MCAO using an angiographically based transient MCAO model in eight mongrel dogs (20-30 kg). Angiographic images were analyzed using a custom-made MATLAB program which measured contrast density over time. Using bivariate linear fit analysis relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), relative transit time (rTT) and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) derived from regions of interest (ROI) from the normal and abnormal hemispheres were extracted and compared to one hour post reperfusion MRI based infarct volume calculations and leptomeningeal collateral scoring using previously published methods.
Results:
QLCP was reproducibly assessed but variably predictive of infarct volume on one hour post reperfusion mean diffusivity maps using rCBV (p<0.0001; r2=0.937), rTT (p = 0.05, r2 = 0.494), and rCBF (p=0.0024, r2=0.807). Leptomeningeal collateral scoring variably correlated with rCBV (p<0.0001, r2 = 0.948), rTT (p=0.0285, r2= 0.578) and rCBF (p0.0021, r2= 0.817).
Conclusion:
QLCP was validated in an experimental MCAO model based on correlation with a leptomeningeal collateral scoring system. QLCP assessment of rCBV is a better predictor for infarct volume than rTT or rCBF in a transient MCAO model. It is noteworthy that an angiographically based assessment of rCBV, rTT and rCBF differs from CT and MRI based assessments. In particular , the time frame used and the relative density of the vasculature on the derived color maps differ (
figure
1).
figure
1: QLCP derived cerebral blood volume map. The boxes indicate regions of interest for analysis.
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30
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Rink C, Christoforidis G, Khanna S, Peterson L, Patel Y, Khanna S, Abduljalil A, Irfanoglu O, Machiraju R, Bergdall VK, Sen CK. Tocotrienol vitamin E protects against preclinical canine ischemic stroke by inducing arteriogenesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:2218-30. [PMID: 21673716 PMCID: PMC3210346 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E consists of tocopherols and tocotrienols, in which α-tocotrienol is the most potent neuroprotective form that is also effective in protecting against stroke in rodents. As neuroprotective agents alone are insufficient to protect against stroke, we sought to test the effects of tocotrienol on the cerebrovascular circulation during ischemic stroke using a preclinical model that enables fluoroscopy-guided angiography. Mongrel canines (mean weight=26.3±3.2 kg) were supplemented with tocotrienol-enriched (TE) supplement (200 mg b.i.d, n=11) or vehicle placebo (n=9) for 10 weeks before inducing transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed 1 hour and 24 hours post reperfusion to assess stroke-induced lesion volume. Tocotrienol-enriched supplementation significantly attenuated ischemic stroke-induced lesion volume (P<0.005). Furthermore, TE prevented loss of white matter fiber tract connectivity after stroke as evident by probabilistic tractography. Post hoc analysis of cerebral angiograms during MCA occlusion revealed that TE-supplemented canines had improved cerebrovascular collateral circulation to the ischemic MCA territory (P<0.05). Tocotrienol-enriched supplementation induced arteriogenic tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 1 and subsequently attenuated the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Outcomes of the current preclinical trial set the stage for a clinical trial testing the effects of TE in patients who have suffered from transient ischemic attack and are therefore at a high risk for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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31
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Patel V, Rink C, Khanna S, Sen CK. Tocotrienols: the lesser known form of natural vitamin E. Indian J Exp Biol 2011; 49:732-738. [PMID: 22013739 PMCID: PMC4357313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A recent and growing body of research has shown that members of this vitamin E family posses unique biologic functions. Tocotrienols have garnered much of this recent attention, and in particular alpha-tocotrienol has been shown to be the most potent neuroprotective form of vitamin E. Protection exclusively mediated through tocotrienols has been arbitrated to many mechanisms including inhibition of 12-LOX, c-Src, PLA2 and through up-regulation of MRP1. Further, tocotrienols have recently been shown to induce arteriogenesis through induction of TIMP1 and decreased activation of MMP2. However, the unique therapeutic potential of tocotrienols is not limited to neuroprotection. Tocotrienols have been shown to have molecular targets including: apoptotic regulators, cytokines, adhesion molecules, enzymes, kinases, receptors, transcription factors, and growth factors. In spite of this large and unique therapeutic potential, scientific literature on tocotrienols only accounts for approximately 1% of vitamin E research. Given the potential of tocotrienols and relatively scant literature, further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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32
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Rink C, Gnyawali S, Peterson L, Khanna S. Oxygen-inducible glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase as protective switch transforming neurotoxic glutamate to metabolic fuel during acute ischemic stroke. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1777-85. [PMID: 21361730 PMCID: PMC3078502 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This work rests on our previous report (J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 30: 1275-1287, 2010) recognizing that glutamate (Glu) oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) is induced when brain tissue hypoxia is corrected during acute ischemic stroke (AIS). GOT can metabolize Glu into tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and may therefore be useful to harness excess neurotoxic extracellular Glu during AIS as a metabolic substrate. We report that in cultured neural cells challenged with hypoglycemia, extracellular Glu can support cell survival as long as there is sufficient oxygenation. This effect is abrogated by GOT knockdown. In a rodent model of AIS, supplemental oxygen (100% O(2) inhaled) during ischemia significantly increased GOT expression and activity in the stroke-affected brain tissue and prevented loss of ATP. Biochemical analyses and in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy during stroke demonstrated that such elevated GOT decreased Glu levels at the stroke-affected site. In vivo lentiviral gene delivery of GOT minimized lesion volume, whereas GOT knockdown worsened stroke outcomes. Thus, brain tissue GOT emerges as a novel target in managing stroke outcomes. This work demonstrates that correction of hypoxia during AIS can help clear extracellular neurotoxic Glu by enabling utilization of this amino acid as a metabolic fuel to support survival of the hypoglycemic brain tissue. Strategies to mitigate extracellular Glu-mediated neurodegeneration via blocking receptor-mediated excitotoxicity have failed in clinical trials. We introduce the concept that under hypoglycemic conditions extracellular Glu can be transformed from a neurotoxin to a survival factor by GOT, provided there is sufficient oxygen to sustain cellular respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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33
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Abstract
The significance of the hypoxia component of stroke injury is highlighted by hypermetabolic brain tissue enriched with arachidonic acid (AA), a 22:6n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. In an ischemic stroke environment in which cerebral blood flow is arrested, oxygen-starved brain tissue initiates the rapid cleavage of AA from the membrane phospholipid bilayer. Once free, AA undergoes both enzyme-independent and enzyme-mediated oxidative metabolism, resulting in the formation of number of biologically active metabolites which themselves contribute to pathological stroke outcomes. This review is intended to examine two divergent roles of molecular dioxygen in brain tissue as (1) a substrate for life-sustaining homeostatic metabolism of glucose and (2) a substrate for pathogenic metabolism of AA under conditions of stroke. Recent developments in research concerning supplemental oxygen therapy as an intervention to correct the hypoxic component of stroke injury are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Abstract
Small, noncoding, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key mediators of posttranscriptional gene silencing in both pathogenic and pathological aspects of ischemic stroke biology. In stroke etiology, miRNA have distinct expression patterns that modulate pathogenic processes including atherosclerosis (miR-21, miR-126), hyperlipidemia (miR-33, miR-125a-5p), hypertension (miR-155), and plaque rupture (miR-222, miR-210). Following focal cerebral ischemia, significant changes in the miRNA transcriptome, independent of an effect on expression of miRNA machinery, implicate miRNA in the pathological cascade of events that include blood brain barrier disruption (miR-15a) and caspase mediated cell death signaling (miR-497). Early activation of miR-200 family members improves neural cell survival via prolyl hydroxylase mRNA silencing and subsequent HIF-1α stabilization. Pro- (miR-125b) and anti-inflammatory (miR-26a, -34a, -145, and let-7b) miRNA may also be manipulated to positively influence stroke outcomes. Recent examples of successfully implemented miRNA-therapeutics direct the future of gene therapy and offer new therapeutic strategies by regulating large sets of genes in related pathways of the ischemic stroke cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Rink
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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35
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Abstract
A growing body of research supports that members of the vitamin E family are not redundant with respect to their biological function. Palm oil derived from Elaeis guineensis represents the richest source of the lesser characterized vitamin E, alpha-tocotrienol. One of 8 naturally occurring and chemically distinct vitamin E analogs, alpha-tocotrienol possesses unique biological activity that is independent of its potent antioxidant capacity. Current developments in alpha-tocotrienol research demonstrate neuroprotective properties for the lipid-soluble vitamin in brain tissue rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Arachidonic acid (AA), one of the most abundant PUFAs of the central nervous system, is highly susceptible to oxidative metabolism under pathologic conditions. Cleaved from the membrane phospholipid bilayer by cytosolic phospholipase A(2), AA is metabolized by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways. A number of neurodegenerative conditions in the human brain are associated with disturbed PUFA metabolism of AA, including acute ischemic stroke. Palm oil-derived alpha-tocotrienol at nanomolar concentrations has been shown to attenuate both enzymatic and nonenzymatic mediators of AA metabolism and neurodegeneration. On a concentration basis, this represents the most potent of all biological functions exhibited by any natural vitamin E molecule. Despite such therapeutic potential, the scientific literature on tocotrienols accounts for roughly 1% of the total literature on vitamin E, thus warranting further investment and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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36
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Khanna S, Parinandi NL, Kotha SR, Roy S, Rink C, Bibus D, Sen CK. Nanomolar vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol inhibits glutamate-induced activation of phospholipase A2 and causes neuroprotection. J Neurochem 2009; 112:1249-60. [PMID: 20028458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous works have elucidated that the 12-lipoxygenase pathway is directly implicated in glutamate-induced neural cell death, and that such that toxicity is prevented by nM concentrations of the natural vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol (TCT). In the current study we tested the hypothesis that phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity is sensitive to glutamate and mobilizes arachidonic acid (AA), a substrate for 12-lipoxygenase. Furthermore, we examined whether TCT regulates glutamate-inducible PLA(2) activity in neural cells. Glutamate challenge induced the release of [(3)H]AA from HT4 neural cells. Such response was attenuated by calcium chelators (EGTA and BAPTA), cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2))-specific inhibitor (AACOCF(3)) as well as TCT at 250 nM. Glutamate also caused the elevation of free polyunsaturated fatty acid (AA and docosahexaenoic acid) levels and disappearance of phospholipid-esterified AA in neural cells. Furthermore, glutamate induced a time-dependent translocation and enhanced serine phosphorylation of cPLA(2) in the cells. These effects of glutamate on fatty acid levels and on cPLA(2) were significantly attenuated by nM TCT. The observations that AACOCF(3), transient knock-down of cPLA(2) as well as TCT significantly protected against the glutamate-induced death of neural cells implicate cPLA(2) as a TCT-sensitive mediator of glutamate induced neural cell death. This work presents first evidence recognizing glutamate-induced changes in cPLA(2) as a novel mechanism responsible for neuroprotection observed in response to nanomolar concentrations of TCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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37
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Abstract
Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) is commonly viewed as a byproduct of GSH metabolism. The pathophysiological significance of GSSG per se remains poorly understood. Adopting a microinjection approach to isolate GSSG elevation within the cell, this work identifies that GSSG can trigger neural HT4 cell death via a 12-lipoxygenase (12-Lox)-dependent mechanism. In vivo, stereotaxic injection of GSSG into the brain caused lesion in wild-type mice but less so in 12-Lox knockout mice. Microinjection of graded amounts identified 0.5 mM as the lethal [GSSG]i in resting cells. Interestingly, this threshold was shifted to the left by 20-fold (0.025 mM) in GSH-deficient cells. This is important because tissue GSH lowering is commonly noted in the context of several diseases as well as in aging. Inhibition of GSSG reductase by BCNU is known to result in GSSG accumulation and caused cell death in a 12-Lox-sensitive manner. GSSG S-glutathionylated purified 12-Lox as well as in a model of glutamate-induced HT4 cell death in vitro where V5-tagged 12-Lox was expressed in cells. Countering glutamate-induced 12-Lox S-glutathionylation by glutaredoxin-1 overexpression protected against cell death. Strategies directed at improving or arresting cellular GSSG clearance may be effective in minimizing oxidative stress-related tissue injury or potentiating the killing of tumor cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-A Park
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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38
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Selvendiran K, Kuppusamy ML, Bratasz A, Tong L, Rivera BK, Rink C, Sen CK, Kálai T, Hideg K, Kuppusamy P. Inhibition of vascular smooth-muscle cell proliferation and arterial restenosis by HO-3867, a novel synthetic curcuminoid, through up-regulation of PTEN expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:959-66. [PMID: 19276401 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.150367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a tumor suppressor gene, has been shown to play a vital role in vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and hence is a potential therapeutic target to inhibit vascular remodeling. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and mechanism of HO-3867 [((3E,5E)-3,5-bis[(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]-1-[(1-hydroxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)methyl]piperidin-4-one)], a new synthetic curcuminoid, in the inhibition of vascular SMC proliferation and restenosis. Experiments were performed using human aortic SMCs and a rat carotid artery balloon injury model. HO-3867 (10 microM) significantly inhibited the proliferation of serum-stimulated SMCs by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G(1) phase (72% at 24 h) and apoptosis (at 48 h). HO-3867 significantly increased the phosphorylated and total levels of PTEN in SMCs. Suppression of PTEN expression by PTEN-small interfering RNA transfection reduced p53 and p21 levels and increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, resulting in decreased apoptosis. Conversely, overexpression of PTEN by cDNA transfection activated caspase-3 and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, HO-3867 significantly down-regulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB expressions in SMCs. Finally, HO-3867 inhibited arterial neointimal hyperplasia through overexpression of PTEN and down-regulation of MMPs and NF-kappaB proteins. HO-3867 is a potent drug, capable of overexpressing PTEN, which is a key target in the prevention of vascular remodeling, including restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppaiyah Selvendiran
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Roy S, Khanna S, Hussain SRA, Biswas S, Azad A, Rink C, Gnyawali S, Shilo S, Nuovo GJ, Sen CK. MicroRNA expression in response to murine myocardial infarction: miR-21 regulates fibroblast metalloprotease-2 via phosphatase and tensin homologue. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 82:21-9. [PMID: 19147652 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by either degradation or translational repression of a target mRNA. Encoded in the genome of most eukaryotes, miRNAs have been proposed to regulate specifically up to 90% of human genes through a process known as miRNA-guided RNA silencing. For the first time, we sought to test how myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) changes miR expression. METHODS AND RESULTS Following 2 and 7 h of IR or sham operation, myocardial tissue was collected and subjected to miRNA expression profiling and quantification using a Bioarray system that screens for human-, mice-, rat-, and Ambi-miR. Data mining and differential analyses resulted in 13 miRs that were up-regulated on day 2, 9 miRs that were up-regulated on day 7, and 6 miRs that were down-regulated on day 7 post-IR. Results randomly selected from expression profiling were validated using real-time PCR. Tissue elements laser-captured from the infarct site showed marked induction of miR-21. In situ hybridization studies using locked nucleic acid miR-21-specific probe identified that IR-inducible miR-21 was specifically localized in the infarct region of the IR heart. Immunohistochemistry data show that cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are the major cell type in the infarct zone. Studies with isolated CFs demonstrated that phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) is a direct target of miR-21. Modulation of miR-21 regulated expression of matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) via a PTEN pathway. Finally, we noted a marked decrease in PTEN expression in the infarct zone. This decrease was associated with increased MMP-2 expression in the infarct area. CONCLUSION This work constitutes the first report describing changes in miR expression in response to IR in the mouse heart, showing that miR-21 regulates MMP-2 expression in CFs of the infarct zone via a PTEN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Ratan RR, Siddiq A, Aminova L, Langley B, McConoughey S, Karpisheva K, Lee HH, Carmichael T, Kornblum H, Coppola G, Geschwind DH, Hoke A, Smirnova N, Rink C, Roy S, Sen C, Beattie MS, Hart RP, Grumet M, Sun D, Freeman RS, Semenza GL, Gazaryan I. Small molecule activation of adaptive gene expression: tilorone or its analogs are novel potent activators of hypoxia inducible factor-1 that provide prophylaxis against stroke and spinal cord injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1147:383-94. [PMID: 19076458 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1427.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge for neurological therapeutics is the development of small molecule drugs that can activate a panoply of downstream pathways without toxicity. Over the past decade our group has shown that a family of enzymes that regulate posttranscriptional and transcriptional adaptive responses to hypoxia are viable targets for neuronal protection and repair. The family is a group of iron, oxygen, and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, known as the HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylases (HIF PHDs). We have previously shown that pluripotent protection offered by iron chelators is mediated, in part, via the ability of these agents to inhibit the HIF PHDs. Our group and others have implicated the transcriptional activator HIF-1 in some of the salutary effects of iron chelation-induced PHD inhibition. While some iron chelators are currently employed in humans for conditions such as hemochromatosis, the diverse utilization of iron in physiological processes in the brain makes the development of HIF activators that do not bind iron a high priority. Here we report the development of a high throughput screen to develop novel HIF activators and/or PHD inhibitors for therapeutic use in the central nervous system (CNS). We show that tilorone, a low-molecular weight, antiviral, immunomodulatory agent is the most effective activator of the HIF pathway in a neuronal line. We also show that tilorone enhances HIF protein levels and increases the expression of downstream target genes independent of iron chelation and HIF PHD inhibition in vitro. We further demonstrate that tilorone can activate an HIF-regulated reporter gene in the CNS. These studies confirm that tilorone can penetrate the blood-brain barrier to activate HIF in the CNS. As expected from these findings, we show that tilorone provides effective prophylaxis against permanent ischemic stroke and traumatic spinal cord injury in male rodents. Altogether these findings identify tilorone as a novel and potent modulator of HIF-mediated gene expression in neurons with neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv R Ratan
- Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
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Roy S, Khanna S, Rink C, Biswas S, Sen CK. Characterization of the acute temporal changes in excisional murine cutaneous wound inflammation by screening of the wound-edge transcriptome. Physiol Genomics 2008; 34:162-84. [PMID: 18460641 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00045.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This work represents a maiden effort to systematically screen the transcriptome of the healing wound-edge tissue temporally using high-density GeneChips. Changes during the acute inflammatory phase of murine excisional wounds were characterized histologically. Sets of genes that significantly changed in expression during healing could be segregated into the following five sets: up-early (6-24 h; cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway), up-intermediary (12-96 h; leukocyte-endothelial interaction pathway), up-late (48-96 h; cell-cycle pathway), down-early (6-12 h; purine metabolism) and down-intermediary (12-96 h; oxidative phosphorylation pathway). Results from microarray and real-time PCR analyses were consistent. Results listing all genes that were significantly changed at any specific time point were further mined for cell-type (neutrophils, macrophages, endothelial, fibroblasts, and pluripotent stem cells) specificity. Candidate genes were also clustered on the basis of their functional annotation, linking them to inflammation, angiogenesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), or extracellular matrix (ECM) categories. Rapid induction of genes encoding NADPH oxidase subunits and downregulation of catalase in response to wounding is consistent with the fact that low levels of endogenous H2O2 is required for wound healing. Angiogenic genes, previously not connected to cutaneous wound healing, that were induced in the healing wound-edge included adiponectin, epiregulin, angiomotin, Nogo, and VEGF-B. This study provides a digested database that may serve as a valuable reference tool to develop novel hypotheses aiming to elucidate the biology of cutaneous wound healing comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Roy S, Shah H, Rink C, Khanna S, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Sen CK. Transcriptome of primary adipocytes from obese women in response to a novel hydroxycitric acid-based dietary supplement. DNA Cell Biol 2007; 26:627-39. [PMID: 17708719 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2007.0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a global public health problem. Traditional herbal medicines may have some potential in managing obesity. The dried fruit rind of Garcinia cambogia, also known as Malabar tamarind, is a unique source of (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA), which exhibits a distinct sour taste and has been safely used for centuries in Southeastern Asia to make meals more filling. Recently it has been demonstrated that when taken orally, a novel, highly soluble calcium/potassium salt of HCA (HCA-SX) is safe and bioavailable in the human plasma. Although HCA-SX seems to be conditionally effective in weight management in experimental animals and in humans, its mechanism of action remains unclear. METHODS In this study, subcutaneous preadipocytes collected from obese women with body mass index>25 kg/m2 were differentiated to adipocytes for 2 weeks in culture. The effects of low-dose HCA-SX on lipid metabolism and on the adipocyte transcriptome were tested. HCA-SX augmented isoproterenol- and 3-isobutyryl-1-methylxanthine-induced lipolysis. Using oil red O, the production of lipid storage droplets by the cultured mature human adipocytes was visualized and enumerated. RESULTS HCA-SX caused droplet dispersion facilitating lipase action on the lipids. HCA-SX markedly induced leptin expression in the adipocytes. In the microarray analyses, a total of 54,676 probe sets were screened. HCA-SX resulted in significant down-regulation of 348, and induction of 366 fat- and obesity-related genes. HCA-SX induced transactivation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), a novel approach in the management of obesity. CONCLUSION Taken together, the net effects support the antilipolytic and antiadipogenic effects of HCA-SX. Further human studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and the Microarray Core Facility, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Nazarewicz RR, Zenebe WJ, Parihar A, Parihar MS, Vaccaro M, Rink C, Sen CK, Ghafourifar P. 12(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) increases mitochondrial nitric oxide by increasing intramitochondrial calcium. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 468:114-20. [PMID: 17963719 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) is one of the metabolites of arachidonic acid involved in pathological conditions associated with mitochondria and oxidative stress. The present study tested effects of 12-HETE on mitochondrial functions. In isolated rat heart mitochondria, 12-HETE increases intramitochondrial ionized calcium concentration that stimulates mitochondrial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (mtNOS) activity. mtNOS-derived NO causes mitochondrial dysfunctions by decreasing mitochondrial respiration and transmembrane potential. mtNOS-derived NO also produces peroxynitrite that induces release of cytochrome c and stimulates aggregation of mitochondria. Similarly, in HL-1 cardiac myocytes, 12-HETE increases intramitochondrial calcium and mitochondrial NO, and induces apoptosis. The present study suggests a novel mechanism for 12-HETE toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal R Nazarewicz
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Abstract
Natural vitamin E includes eight chemically distinct molecules: alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienols. More than 95% of all studies on vitamin E are directed toward the specific study of alpha-tocopherol. The other forms of natural vitamin E remain poorly understood. The abundance of alpha-tocopherol in the human body and the comparable efficiency of all vitamin E molecules as antioxidants led biologists to neglect the non-tocopherol vitamin E molecules as topics for basic and clinical research. Recent developments warrant a serious reconsideration of this conventional wisdom. The tocotrienol subfamily of natural vitamin E possesses powerful neuroprotective, anticancer, and cholesterol-lowering properties that are often not exhibited by tocopherols. Current developments in vitamin E research clearly indicate that members of the vitamin E family are not redundant with respect to their biological functions. alpha-Tocotrienol, gamma-tocopherol, and delta-tocotrienol have emerged as vitamin E molecules with functions in health and disease that are clearly distinct from that of alpha-tocopherol. At nanomolar concentration, alpha-tocotrienol, not alpha-tocopherol, prevents neurodegeneration. On a concentration basis, this finding represents the most potent of all biological functions exhibited by any natural vitamin E molecule. Recently, it has been suggested that the safe dose of various tocotrienols for human consumption is 200-1000/day. A rapidly expanding body of evidence supports that members of the vitamin E family are functionally unique. In recognition of this fact, title claims in publications should be limited to the specific form of vitamin E studied. For example, evidence for toxicity of a specific form of tocopherol in excess may not be used to conclude that high-dosage "vitamin E" supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Such conclusion incorrectly implies that tocotrienols are toxic as well under conditions where tocotrienols were not even considered. The current state of knowledge warrants strategic investment into the lesser known forms of vitamin E. This will enable prudent selection of the appropriate vitamin E molecule for studies addressing a specific health need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan K Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Rink C, Roy S, Khanna S, Rink T, Bagchi D, Sen CK. Transcriptome of the subcutaneous adipose tissue in response to oral supplementation of type 2 Leprdb obese diabetic mice with niacin-bound chromium. Physiol Genomics 2006; 27:370-9. [PMID: 16940432 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00071.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of oral niacin-bound chromium (NBC) supplementation on the subcutaneous fat tissue of type 2 Lepr db obese diabetic mice were examined using high-density comprehensive mouse genome (45,101 probe sets) expression arrays. The influence of such supplementation on the plasma cardiovascular risk factors of these mice was also investigated. Supplementation of NBC had no significant effect on age-dependent weight gain in the Lepr db obese diabetic mice. However, NBC lowered total cholesterol (TC), TC-to-HDL ratio, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels while increasing HDL cholesterol in the blood plasma. No effect of NBC supplementation was observed on fasting blood glucose levels. Oral glucose tolerance test revealed a significantly improved clearance of blood glucose between 1 and 2 h of glucose challenge in NBC-supplemented mice. Unbiased genome-wide interrogation demonstrated that NBC resulted in the upregulation of muscle-specific gene expression in the fat tissue. Genes encoding proteins involved in glycolysis, muscle contraction, muscle metabolism, and muscle development were specifically upregulated in response to NBC supplementation. Genes in the adipose tissue that were downregulated in response to NBC supplementation included cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor (CIDEA) and uncoupling protein-1, which represent key components involved in the thermogenic role of brown adipose tissue and tocopherol transfer protein, the primary carrier of α-tocopherol to adipose tissue. The observation that CIDEA-null mice are resistant to obesity and diabetes suggests that the inhibitory role of NBC on CIDEA expression was favorable. Further studies testing the molecular basis of NBC function and long-term outcomes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Rink
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Roy S, Khanna S, Kuhn DE, Rink C, Williams WT, Zweier JL, Sen CK. Transcriptome analysis of the ischemia-reperfused remodeling myocardium: temporal changes in inflammation and extracellular matrix. Physiol Genomics 2006; 25:364-74. [PMID: 16554547 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00013.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
cDNA microarray analysis was performed to screen 15,000 genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) to identify changes in the ischemia-reperfused (I-R) rat myocardial transcriptome in the early ( day 2) and late ( day 7) inflammatory phases of acute myocardial infarction. Lists of candidate genes that were affected by I-R transiently (2 or 7 days only) or on a more sustained basis (2 and 7 days) were derived. The candidate genes represented three major functional categories: extracellular matrix, apoptosis, and inflammation. To expand on the findings from microarray studies that dealt with the two above-mentioned time points, tissues collected from days 0, 0.25, 2, 3, 5, and 7 after reperfusion were examined. Acute myocardial infarction resulted in upregulation of IL-6 and IL-18. Genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins such as types I and III collagen were upregulated in day 2, and that response progressively grew stronger until day 7 after I-R. Comparable response kinetics was exhibited by the candidate genes of the apoptosis category. Caspases-2, -3, and -8 were induced in response to acute infarction. Compared with the myocardial tissue from the sham-operated rats, tissue collected from the infarct region stained heavily positive for the presence of active caspase-3. Laser microdissection and pressure catapulting technology was applied to harvest infarct and adjacent noninfarct control tissue from a microscopically defined region in the rat myocardium. Taken together, this work presents the first evidence gained from the use of DNA microarrays to understand the molecular mechanisms implicated in the early and late inflammatory phases of the I-R heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Goertzen A, Rink C, Lommel R, Veh R. Psychosyndrom bei Patienten mit Guillain-Barré Syndrom durch Autoantikörper gegen serotonerge oder noradrenerge Neurone? Akt Neurol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-953117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Khanna S, Patel V, Rink C, Roy S, Sen CK. Delivery of orally supplemented alpha-tocotrienol to vital organs of rats and tocopherol-transport protein deficient mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:1310-9. [PMID: 16257640 PMCID: PMC1820629 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The natural vitamin E tocotrienol (TCT) possesses biological properties not shared by tocopherols (TCP). Nanomolar alpha-TCT, not alpha-TCP, is potently neuroprotective (JBC 275:13049; 278:43508). Tocopherol-transport protein (TTP) represents the primary mechanism for maintaining normal alpha-TCP concentrations in plasma and extrahepatic tissues. TTP primarily transports alpha-TCP and has low affinity for alpha-TCT. There are no studies that have investigated tissue delivery of alpha-TCT when orally gavaged on a long-term basis. A long-term study was conducted to examine the effects of alpha-TCT or alpha-TCP supplementation, either alone or in combination, on tissue levels. Rats were maintained on a vitamin E-deficient diet and gavaged with alpha-TCT or alpha-TCP alone or in combination. Five generations of rats were studied over 60 weeks. TTP-deficient mice were supplemented with TCT and bred to examine tissue delivery of oral alpha-TCT. Orally supplemented alpha-TCT was effectively delivered to most tissues over time. When co-supplemented, alpha-TCP outcompeted alpha-TCT for transport systems delivering vitamin E to tissues. To evaluate the significance of TTP in alpha-TCT delivery to tissues, tissue levels of alpha-TCT in supplemented TTP-deficient mice were studied. alpha-TCT was transported to several vital organs in TTP-deficient mice. alpha-TCT restored fertility in TTP-deficient mice. In sum, orally supplemented alpha-TCT was successfully delivered to several vital organs. The transport efficiency of alpha-TCT to tissues may be maximized by eliminating the co-presence of alpha-TCP in the oral supplement. Examination of whether alpha-TCT may benefit humans suffering from neurological disorders because of congenital TTP deficiency is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Khanna
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Goertzen A, Rink C, Veh R. Psychosyndrom bei Patienten mit Guillain-Barré Syndrom - gibt es Ziel-Proteine für GBS-Autoantikörper im ZNS? Akt Neurol 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-919625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Khanna S, Roy S, Slivka A, Craft TKS, Chaki S, Rink C, Notestine MA, DeVries AC, Parinandi NL, Sen CK. Neuroprotective properties of the natural vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol. Stroke 2005; 36:2258-64. [PMID: 16166580 PMCID: PMC1829173 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000181082.70763.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The current work is based on our previous finding that in neuronal cells, nmol/L concentrations of alpha-tocotrienol (TCT), but not alpha-tocopherol (TCP), blocked glutamate-induced death by suppressing early activation of c-Src kinase and 12-lipoxygenase. METHODS The single neuron microinjection technique was used to compare the neuroprotective effects of TCT with that of the more widely known TCP. Stroke-dependent brain tissue damage was studied in 12-Lox-deficient mice and spontaneously hypertensive rats orally supplemented with TCT. RESULTS Subattomole quantity of TCT, but not TCP, protected neurons from glutamate challenge. Pharmacological as well as genetic approaches revealed that 12-Lox is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated in the glutamate-challenged neuron and that this phosphorylation is catalyzed by c-Src. 12-Lox-deficient mice were more resistant to stroke-induced brain injury than their wild-type controls. Oral supplementation of TCT to spontaneously hypertensive rats led to increased TCT levels in the brain. TCT-supplemented rats showed more protection against stroke-induced injury compared with matched controls. Such protection was associated with lower c-Src activation and 12-Lox phosphorylation at the stroke site. CONCLUSIONS The natural vitamin E, TCT, acts on key molecular checkpoints to protect against glutamate- and stroke-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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