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Yang J, Feng S, Yi G, Wu W, Yi R, Lu X, Xu W, Qiu H. Inhibition of RelA expression via RNA interference induces immune tolerance in a rat keratoplasty model. Mol Immunol 2016; 73:88-97. [PMID: 27062711 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jize Yang
- Department of Ophtalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Songfu Feng
- Department of Ophtalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Guoguo Yi
- Department of Ophtalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Ophtalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Ruiwen Yi
- Department of Ophtalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Xiaohe Lu
- Department of Ophtalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.
| | - Wanfu Xu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Haijiang Qiu
- Department of Ophtalmology, Guangzhou first people's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, China
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2
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Garu A, Moku G, Gulla SK, Pramanik D, Majeti BK, Karmali PP, Shaik H, Sreedhar B, Chaudhuri A. Examples of Tumor Growth Inhibition Properties of Liposomal Formulations of pH-Sensitive Histidinylated Cationic Amphiphiles. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:646-655. [PMID: 33435088 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report on the unexpected cancer cell selective cytotoxicities of the liposomal formulations of aspartic and glutamic acid backbone-based four novel lipids with endosomal pH-sensitive head-groups and aliphatic n-hexadecyl & n-octadecyl hydrophobic tails. Surprisingly, although the formulations killed cancer cells efficiently, they were significantly less cytotoxic in non-cancerous healthy cells. Importantly, intratumoral administration of the liposomal formulations efficiently inhibited growth of melanoma in a syngeneic C57BL/6J mouse tumor model. Western Blotting experiments with the lysates of liposomes treated cancer cells revealed that liposomes of lipids 1-4 induce apoptosis selectively in cancer cells presumably by releasing cytochrome c from depolarized mitochondria and subsequent activation of caspases 3 & 9, upregulation of Bax and down regulation of Bcl-2. In summary, the present report describes for the first time tumor growth inhibition properties of the liposomal formulations of endosomal pH-sensitive histidinylated cationic lipids under both in vitro and systemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gopikrishna Moku
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Gulla
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Arabinda Chaudhuri
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
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3
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Khan IN, Al-Karim S, Bora RS, Chaudhary AG, Saini KS. Cancer stem cells: a challenging paradigm for designing targeted drug therapies. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1205-16. [PMID: 26143148 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite earlier controversies about their role and existence within tumors, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are now emerging as a plausible target for new drug discovery. Research and development (R&D) efforts are being directed against key gene(s) driving initiation, growth, and metastatic pathways in CSCs and the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the niche signals that enable these pluripotent CSCs to evade radio- and chemotherapy, and to travel to secondary tissues remain enigmatic. Small-molecule drugs, biologics, miRNA, RNA interference (RNAi), and vaccines, among others, are under active investigation. Here, we examine the feasibility of leveraging current knowhow of the molecular biology of CSCs and their cellular milieu to design futuristic, targeted drugs with potentially lower toxicity that can override the multiple drug-resistance issues currently observed with existing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaq N Khan
- Embryonic & Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Karim
- Embryonic & Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Embryonic Stem Cell Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roop S Bora
- Embryonic & Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib 173 101, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Adeel G Chaudhary
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kulvinder S Saini
- Embryonic & Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib 173 101, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Inhibiting tumor growth by targeting liposomally encapsulated CDC20siRNA to tumor vasculature: Therapeutic RNA interference. J Control Release 2014; 180:100-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Lentiviruses have been adapted as gene delivery vehicles. This article summarized shRNA lentiviral vector methods generally used in research laboratories. The main procedures of shRNA lentiviral vector include that (1) Target sequences screening and shRNA oligonucleotides designing, (2) insert designed oligonucleotides into lentiviral vectors, (3) using packaging cells to produce shRNA lentivirus, and (4) transducing target cells with shRNA lentivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Song
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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6
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Jiang N, Zhang X, Zheng X, Chen D, Siu K, Wang H, Ichim TE, Quan D, McAlister V, Chen G, Min WP. A novel in vivo siRNA delivery system specifically targeting liver cells for protection of ConA-induced fulminant hepatitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44138. [PMID: 22970170 PMCID: PMC3435394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fulminant hepatitis progresses to acute liver failure (ALF) when the extent of hepatocyte death exceeds the liver's regenerative capacity. Although small interfering RNA (siRNA) appears promising in animal models of hepatitis, the approach is limited by drawbacks associated with systemic administration of siRNA. The aim of this study is to develop a hepatocyte-specific delivery system of siRNA for treatment of fulminant hepatitis. Methodology/Principal Findings Galactose-conjugated liposome nano-particles (Gal-LipoNP) bearing siRNA was prepared, and the particle size and zeta potential of Gal-LipoNP/siRNA complexes were measured. The distribution, cytotoxicity and gene silence efficiency were studied in vivo in a concanavalin A (ConA)-induced hepatitis model. C57BL/6 mice were treated with Gal-LipoNP Fas siRNA by i.v. injection 72 h before ConA challenge, and hepatocyte injury was evaluated using serum alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, as well as liver histopathology and TUNEL-positive hepatocytes. The galactose-ligated liposomes were capable of encapsulating >96% siRNA and exhibited a higher stability than naked siRNA in plasma. Hepatocyte-specific targeting was confirmed by in vivo delivery experiment, in which the majority of Gal-LipoNP-siRNA evaded nuclease digestion and accumulated in the liver as soon as 6 h after administration. In vivo gene silencing was significant in the liver after treatment of Gal-Lipo-siRNA. In the ConA-induced hepatitis model, serum levels of ALT and AST were significantly reduced in mice treated with Gal-lipoNP-siRNA as compared with control mice. Additionally, tissue histopathology and apoptosis showed an overall reduction of injury in the Gal-LipoNP siRNA-treated mice. Conclusions/Significance This study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate reduction of hepatic injury by liver-specific induction of RNA interference using Gal-LipoNP Fas siRNA, highlighting a novel RNAi-based therapeutic potential in many liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Qiu T, Zhu HC, Liu XH, Dong WC, Weng XD, Hu CH, Kuang YL, Gao RH, Dan C, Tao T. Lentiviral-mediated shRNA against RelB induces the generation of tolerogenic dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:501-9. [PMID: 22266276 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lentiviral-mediated shRNA against RelB was used to produce tolerogenic dendritic cells from murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). METHOD RelB expression in the BMDCs was silenced by lentivirus carrying RelB shRNA. The apoptosis rate and surface markers of DCs were assessed by flow cytometry. IL-12,IL-10,TGF-β1 secreted by DCs and DNA binding capacity of NF-κB subunits in the nucleus were measured by ELISA, independently. MLR was used to analyze the capacity of DCs to inhibit immune response. RESULTS RelB expression was significantly inhibited in DCs following lentiviral mediated delivery of RelB specific shRNA. The RelB shRNA-DC produced lower IL-12 and higher IL-10 than mature dendritic cells (mDCs) and silencing control DCs. There was no difference in the apoptosis rate between shRNA RelB-DCs and mDCs. The expression levels of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86 and CD83) and MHC-II class molecule were lower in the RelB shRNA-DCs than in the mDCs and silencing control DCs. In addition, RelB shRNA also inhibited the RelB DNA binding capacity but had no effect on other NF-κB subunits. The shRNA RelB-DCs can significantly inhibit mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and down-regulate Th1 cytokines and prompt the production of Th2 cytokines. CONCLUSION Our results indicate RelB shRNA transfection of DCs can induce the immature status, and produce tolerogenic DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qiu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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8
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Zou GM, Yoder MC. Application of RNA interference to study stem cell function: current status and future perspectives. Biol Cell 2012; 97:211-9. [PMID: 15715526 DOI: 10.1042/bc20040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference is a mechanism displayed by most eukaryotic cells to rid themselves of foreign double-stranded RNA molecules. In the six years since the initial report, RNA interference has now been demonstrated to function in mammalian cells to alter gene expression, and has been used as a means for genetic discovery as well as a possible strategy for genetic correction. An equally popular topic over the past six years has been the proposal to utilize embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells as cell-based therapies for human diseases. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of how RNA interference suppresses gene expression and to examine some published RNA interference approaches that have resulted in changes in stem cell function and suggest the possible clinical relevance of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Ming Zou
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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9
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Jiang N, Zhang X, Zheng X, Chen D, Zhang Y, Siu LKS, Xin HB, Li R, Zhao H, Riordan N, Ichim TE, Quan D, Jevnikar AM, Chen G, Min W. Targeted gene silencing of TLR4 using liposomal nanoparticles for preventing liver ischemia reperfusion injury. Am J Transplant 2011; 11:1835-44. [PMID: 21794086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
RNAi-based therapy is a promising strategy for the prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). However, systemic administration of small interfering RNA (siRNA) may cause globally nonspecific targeting of all tissues, which impedes clinical use. Here we report a hepatocyte-specific delivery system for the treatment of liver IRI, using galactose-conjugated liposome nanoparticles (Gal-LipoNP). Heptocyte-specific targeting was validated by selective in vivo delivery as observed by increased Gal-LipoNP accumulation and gene silencing in the liver. Gal-LipoNP TLR4 siRNA treatment resulted in a significant decrease of serum alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in a hepatic IRI model. Histopathology displayed an overall reduction of the injury area in the Gal-LipoNP TLR4 siRNA treated mice. Additionally, neutrophil accumulation and lipid peroxidase-mediated tissue injury, detected by MPO, MDA and ROS respectively, were attenuated after Gal-LipoNP TLR4 siRNA treatment. Moreover, therapeutic effects of Gal-LipoNP TLR4 siRNA were associated with suppression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α. Taken together, this study is the first demonstration of liver IRI treatment using liver-specific siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jiang
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
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10
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Effect of lentivirus-induced shRNA silencing CXCR4 gene on proliferation and apoptosis in human esophageal carcinoma cell line Eca109. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11805-010-0517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
In the past few years, the discovery of RNA-mediated gene
silencing mechanisms, like RNA interference (RNAi), has
revolutionized our understanding of eukaryotic gene expression.
These mechanisms are activated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and
mediate gene silencing either by inducing the sequence-specific
degradation of complementary mRNA or by inhibiting mRNA
translation. RNAi now provides a powerful experimental tool to
elucidate gene function in vitro and in vivo, thereby opening new
exciting perspectives in the fields of molecular analysis and
eventually therapy of several diseases such as infections and
cancer. In hematology, numerous studies have described the
successful application of RNAi to better define the role of
oncogenic fusion proteins in leukemogenesis and to explore
therapeutic approaches in hematological malignancies. In this
review, we highlight recent advances and caveats relating to the
application of this powerful new methodology to hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Venturini
- Department of Hematology,
Hemostasis, and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Eder
- Department of Hematology,
Hemostasis, and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- *Matthias Eder: , *Michaela Scherr:
| | - Michaela Scherr
- Department of Hematology,
Hemostasis, and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- *Matthias Eder: , *Michaela Scherr:
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Zhang L, Hu Y, Sun CY, Li J, Guo T, Huang J, Chu ZB. Lentiviral shRNA silencing of BDNF inhibits in vivo multiple myeloma growth and angiogenesis via down-regulated stroma-derived VEGF expression in the bone marrow milieu. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1117-24. [PMID: 20331634 PMCID: PMC11158522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) neovascularization and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in multiple myeloma (MM) correlate with disease progression. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is highly expressed by malignant plasma cells isolated from the majority of MM patients. Recently, BDNF was identified as a potential proangiogenic factor for the promotion of endothelial cell survival, induction of neoangiogenesis in ischemic tissues, and increase of VEGF expression in neuroblastoma. Since tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), the receptor of BDNF, is expressed by stromal cells within the BM milieu, here we sought to evaluate the involvement of BDNF/TrkB in myeloma-marrow stroma interaction and its effects on BM angiogenesis. TrkB was abundantly expressed by bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) isolated from healthy donors. Stimulation of BMSCs with BDNF induced a time- and dose- dependent increase in VEGF secretion, which was completely abolished by K252alpha, an inhibitor of TrkB. BDNF triggered activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), whereas STAT3 was involved in mediating VEGF expression. We further delineated the biological significance of BDNF in MM by using lentiviral short-interfering RNA (shRNA). When myeloma cells were cocultured with BMSCs in a noncontact Transwell system, VEGF levels in supernatants were significantly decreased when BDNF expression was knocked down. Furthermore, silencing of BDNF expression significantly inhibited xenograft tumor growth and angiogenesis, and prolonged survival in mouse model. Our studies demonstrate that BDNF, as a potential stimulator of angiogenesis, contributes to MM tumorgenesis; it mediates stromal-MM cell interactions via selective activation of specific receptor TrkB and downstream signal transducer STAT3, regulating VEGF secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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13
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Abstract
RNAi is a mechanism displayed by most eukaryotic cells to rid themselves of foreign double-strand RNA molecules. In the 11 years since the initial report, RNAi has now been demonstrated to function in mammalian cells to alter gene expression and used as a means for genetic discovery as well as a possible strategy for genetic correction and genetic therapy in cancer and other diseases. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of how RNAi suppresses gene expression, examine some published RNAi approaches that have resulted in changes in stem cell function, and suggest the possible clinical relevance of this work in cancer therapy through targeting cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Ming Zou
- Department of Pathology and Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Tischner D, van den Brandt J, Weishaupt A, Lühder F, Herold MJ, Reichardt HM. Stable silencing of the glucocorticoid receptor in myelin-specific T effector cells by retroviral delivery of shRNA: Insight into neuroinflammatory disease. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2361-70. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Watanabe T, Umehara T, Yasui F, Nakagawa SI, Yano J, Ohgi T, Sonoke S, Satoh K, Inoue K, Yoshiba M, Kohara M. Liver target delivery of small interfering RNA to the HCV gene by lactosylated cationic liposome. J Hepatol 2007; 47:744-50. [PMID: 17822798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS RNA interference has considerable therapeutic potential, particularly for anti-viral therapy. We previously reported that hepatitis C virus (HCV)-directed small interfering RNA (siRNA; siE) efficiently inhibits HCV replication, using HCV replicon cells. To employ the siRNA as a therapeutic strategy, we attempted in vivo silencing of intrahepatic HCV gene expression by siE using a novel cationic liposome. METHODS The liposomes consisted of conjugated lactose residues, based on the speculation that lactose residues would effectively deliver siRNA to the liver via a liver specific receptor. The lactosylated cationic liposome 5 (CL-LA5) that contained the most lactose residues introduced the most siRNA into a human hepatoma cell line, which then inhibited replication of HCV replicons. RESULTS In mice, the siRNA/CL-LA5 complexes accumulated primarily in the liver and were widespread throughout the hepatic parenchymal cells. Moreover, siE/CL-LA5 specifically and dose-dependently suppressed intrahepatic HCV expression in transgenic mice without an interferon response. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that the CL-LA5 we developed is a good vehicle to lead siRNA to the liver. Hence, CL-LA5 will be helpful for siRNA therapy targeting liver diseases, especially hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunamasa Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
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16
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Xia Z, Abe K, Furusu A, Miyazaki M, Obata Y, Tabata Y, Koji T, Kohno S. Suppression of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by small interfering RNA targeting heat shock protein 47. Am J Nephrol 2007; 28:34-46. [PMID: 17890856 DOI: 10.1159/000108759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is a well-established model for tubulointerstitial fibrosis. During the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, upregulation of collagen synthesis and subsequent accumulation of collagen were observed in the tubulointerstitial area. Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) is a collagen-specific molecular chaperone and plays an essential role in regulating collagen synthesis. We designed small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences for HSP47 mRNA to examine whether HSP47 is involved in the progression of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in a mouse UUO model. METHODS The HSP47 siRNA was injected once via the ureter at the time of UUO preparation. We also applied a new gene delivery system for siRNA using cationized gelatin microspheres. The kidneys were harvested 7 and 14 days after UUO. The HSP47 and type I, III, and IV collagen expression levels were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS Seven days after UUO, the expression levels of HSP47 and type I, III, and IV collagens were markedly upregulated in obstructed kidneys or green fluorescent protein siRNA treated obstructed kidneys. HSP47 siRNA injection significantly reduced the protein expression levels and significantly diminished the accompanying interstitial fibrosis. Moreover, cationized gelatin microspheres as a delivery system enhanced and lengthened the antifibrotic effect of HSP47 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that HSP47 is a candidate target for the prevention of tubulointerstitial fibrosis and that selective blockade of the HSP47 expression by using siRNA could be a potentially useful therapeutic approach for patients with renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyin Xia
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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17
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Chen J, Yang XX, Huang M, Hu ZP, He M, Duan W, Chan E, Sheu FS, Chen X, Zhou SF. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of cytochrome P450 3A4 gene. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1650-7. [PMID: 16760227 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.009837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a specific and powerful tool used to manipulate gene expression and study gene function. The cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) can metabolize more than 50% of drugs. In the present study, we investigated whether vector-expressed small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) altered the CYP3A4 expression and function using the Chinese hamster cell line (V79) overexpressing CYP3A4 (CHL-3A4). Three different siRNA oligonucleotides (3A4I, 3A4II, and 3A4III) were designed and tested for their ability to interfere with CYP3A4 gene expression. Our study demonstrated that transient transfection of CHL-3A4 cells with the 3A4III siRNAs, but not 3A4I and II, significantly reduced CYP3A4 mRNA levels by 65% and protein expression levels by 75%. All these siRNAs did not affect the expression of CYP3A5 at both mRNA and protein levels in V79 cells overexpressing CYP3A5. Transfection of CHL-3A4 cells with 3A4III siRNAs significantly diminished the cytotoxicity of two CYP3A4 substrate drugs, cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, in CHL-3A4 cells, with the IC50 increased from 55 to 210 microM to >1000 microM. Nifedipine at 5.78, 14.44, and 28.88 microM was significantly (P < 0.01) depleted by approximately 100, 40, and 22%, respectively, in S9 fractions from CHL-3A4 cells compared with parental CHL-pIC19h cells. In addition, transfection of the CHL-3A4 cells with vectors expressing the 3A4III siRNAs almost completely inhibited CYP3A4-mediated nifedipine metabolism. This study demonstrated, for the first time, the specific suppression of CYP3A4 expression and function using vector-based RNAi technique. The use of RNAi is a promising tool for the study of cytochrome P450 family function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China
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18
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Abstract
Modern therapeutic methods for manipulation of gene expression in allergic diseases have been receiving increased attention in the emerging era of functional genomics. With the growing application of gene silencing technologies, pharmacological modulation of translation represents a great advance in molecular therapy for allergy. Several strategies for sequence-specific post-transcriptional inhibition of gene expression can be distinguished: antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ONs), ribozymes (RZs), DNA enzymes (DNAzymes), and RNA interference (RNAi) triggered by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Potential anti-mRNA drugs in asthma and other allergic disorders may be targeted to cell surface receptors (adenosine A1 receptor, high-affinity receptor Fc-epsilon RI-alpha, cytokine receptors), adhesion molecules and ligands (ICAM-1, VLA-4), ion channels (calcium-dependent chloride channel-1), cytokines and related factors (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, SCF, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1), intracellular signal transduction molecules, such as tyrosine-protein kinases (Syk, Lyn, Btk), serine/ threonine-protein kinases (p38 alpha MAPkinase, Raf-1), non-kinase signaling proteins (RasGRP4), and transcription factors involved in Th2 differentiation and allergic inflammation (STAT-6, GATA-3, NF-kappaB). The challenge to scientists is to determine which of the candidate targets warrants investment of time and resources. New-generation respirable AS-ONs, external guide sequence ribozymes, and RNA interference-based therapies have the potential to satisfy unmet needs in allergy treatment, acting at a more proximal level to a key etiopathogenetic molecular process, represented by abnormal expression of genes. Moreover, antisense and siRNA technologies imply a more rational design of new drugs for allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin-Dan Popescu
- Department of Allergology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Hospital Nicolae Malaxa, Romania.
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19
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Scherr M, Chaturvedi A, Battmer K, Dallmann I, Schultheis B, Ganser A, Eder M. Enhanced sensitivity to inhibition of SHP2, STAT5, and Gab2 expression in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Blood 2005; 107:3279-87. [PMID: 16278304 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although targeting the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase activity by imatinib mesylate has rapidly become first-line therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), drug resistance suggests that combination therapy directed to a complementing target may significantly improve treatment results. To identify such potential targets, we used lentivirus-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) as a tool for functional genomics in cell lines as well as primary normal and CML CD34+ cells. In a conditional cell culture model, we demonstrate that RNAi-mediated reduction of SHP2, STAT5, and Gab2 protein expression inhibits BCR-ABL-dependent but not cytokine-dependent proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, colony formation of purified primary CML but not of normal CD34+ colony-forming cells is specifically reduced by inhibition of SHP2, STAT5, and Gab2 expression, respectively. In addition, coexpression of both anti-BCR-ABL and anti-SHP2 shRNAs from a single lentiviral vector induces stronger inhibition of colony formation as compared to either shRNA alone. The data indicate that BCR-ABL expression may affect the function of normal signaling molecules. Targeting these molecules may harbor significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of patients with CML.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Benzamides
- Combined Modality Therapy/methods
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/genetics
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- K562 Cells
- Lentivirus
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Scherr
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Zentrum Innere Medizin, Abteilung Hämatologie, Hämostaseologie und Onkologie, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany.
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20
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Bot I, Guo J, Van Eck M, Van Santbrink PJ, Groot PHE, Hildebrand RB, Seppen J, Van Berkel TJC, Biessen EAL. Lentiviral shRNA silencing of murine bone marrow cell CCR2 leads to persistent knockdown of CCR2 function in vivo. Blood 2005; 106:1147-53. [PMID: 15886324 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major barrier in hematopoietic gene function studies is posed by the laborious and time-consuming generation of knockout mice with an appropriate genetic background. Here we present a novel lentivirus-based strategy for the in situ generation of hematopoietic knockdowns. A short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was designed targeting murine CC-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), which was able to specifically blunt CCR2 expression at the mRNA, protein, and functional levels in vitro. Reconstitution of irradiated recipient mice with autologous bone marrow that had been ex vivo transduced with shRNA lentivirus led to persistent down-regulation of CCR2 expression, which translated into a 70% reduction in CCR2-dependent recruitment of macrophages to an inflamed peritoneal cavity without noticeable side effects on related chemokine receptors or general inflammation status. These findings clearly demonstrate the potential of shRNA lentivirus-infected bone marrow transplantation as a rapid and effective method to generate hematopoietic knockdowns for leukocyte gene function studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Chemotaxis
- Down-Regulation
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Macrophages
- Methods
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Small Interfering/chemical synthesis
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/drug effects
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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21
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Scherr M, Battmer K, Schultheis B, Ganser A, Eder M. Stable RNA interference (RNAi) as an option for anti-bcr-abl therapy. Gene Ther 2005; 12:12-21. [PMID: 15602589 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 05/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has recently been used for sequence-specific gene silencing of disease-related genes including oncogenes in hematopoietic cells. To characterize its potential therapeutic value, we analyzed different modes to activate RNAi as well as some pharmacokinetic aspects of gene silencing in bcr-abl+ cells. Using lentiviral gene transfer of transcription cassettes for anti-bcr-abl shRNAs and red fluorescence protein (RFP) as a quantitative reporter, we demonstrate that stable but not transient RNAi can efficiently deplete bcr-abl+ K562 and murine TonB cells from suspension cultures. Importantly, depletion of bcr-abl+ cells depends on the dose of lentivirus used for transduction and correlates with the RFP-expression level of transduced target cells: RFP-high K562 cells are eradicated, whereas RFP-low or -intermediate cells may recover after prolonged cell culture. Interestingly, these cells still show reduced bcr-abl mRNA levels, aberrant proliferation kinetics, and enhanced sensitivity to the Bcr-Abl-kinase inhibitor STI571. Quantitative PCR from genomic DNA suggests that more than three lentiviral integrations are required for effective depletion of K562 cells. Finally, we demonstrate that lentivirus-mediated anti-bcr-abl RNAi can inhibit colony formation of primary CD34+ cells from chronic myeloid leukemia patients. These data demonstrate dose-dependent gene silencing by lentivirus-mediated RNAi in bcr-abl+ cells and suggest that stable RNAi may indeed be therapeutically useful in primary hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scherr
- Department Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Hernández-Hoyos G, Alberola-Ila J. Analysis of T-cell development by using short interfering RNA to knock down protein expression. Methods Enzymol 2005; 392:199-217. [PMID: 15644183 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(04)92012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have applied RNA interference (RNAi) technology to the analysis of genes involved in T-cell development, combining a reaggregate fetal thymic organ culture (rFTOC) system with retroviral delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) hairpins. The process involves the isolation of murine fetal liver or fetal thymocytes, infection with retroviral particles carrying the construct of interest, followed by reaggregation of the transduced precursors with fetal thymic stroma into lobes. Subsequently, individual lobes are harvested and analyzed for development at various time points. These reaggregate cultures recapitulate most features of T-cell development in vivo, including pre-TCR selection and expansion, positive selection of CD4 and CD8 T cells, and negative selection. In our hands, the combination of retroviral delivery of RNAi and rFTOCs is a quick alternative to conventional knockouts for the analysis of gene function during T-cell development. This chapter describes the methods we have developed to knock down gene expression in T-cell precursors, using retroviral delivery of siRNA hairpins.
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23
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Soutschek J, Akinc A, Bramlage B, Charisse K, Constien R, Donoghue M, Elbashir S, Geick A, Hadwiger P, Harborth J, John M, Kesavan V, Lavine G, Pandey RK, Racie T, Rajeev KG, Röhl I, Toudjarska I, Wang G, Wuschko S, Bumcrot D, Koteliansky V, Limmer S, Manoharan M, Vornlocher HP. Therapeutic silencing of an endogenous gene by systemic administration of modified siRNAs. Nature 2004; 432:173-8. [PMID: 15538359 DOI: 10.1038/nature03121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1629] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) holds considerable promise as a therapeutic approach to silence disease-causing genes, particularly those that encode so-called 'non-druggable' targets that are not amenable to conventional therapeutics such as small molecules, proteins, or monoclonal antibodies. The main obstacle to achieving in vivo gene silencing by RNAi technologies is delivery. Here we show that chemically modified short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can silence an endogenous gene encoding apolipoprotein B (apoB) after intravenous injection in mice. Administration of chemically modified siRNAs resulted in silencing of the apoB messenger RNA in liver and jejunum, decreased plasma levels of apoB protein, and reduced total cholesterol. We also show that these siRNAs can silence human apoB in a transgenic mouse model. In our in vivo study, the mechanism of action for the siRNAs was proven to occur through RNAi-mediated mRNA degradation, and we determined that cleavage of the apoB mRNA occurred specifically at the predicted site. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of siRNAs for the treatment of disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoprotein B-100
- Apolipoproteins B/blood
- Apolipoproteins B/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins B/genetics
- Cholesterol/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Injections, Intravenous
- Jejunum/drug effects
- Jejunum/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA Interference/drug effects
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional/drug effects
- RNA Stability
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Soutschek
- Alnylam Europe AG, Fritz-Hornschuch-Str. 9, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany.
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