1
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Heard SC, Winter JM. Structural, biochemical and bioinformatic analyses of nonribosomal peptide synthetase adenylation domains. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:1180-1205. [PMID: 38488017 PMCID: PMC11253843 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00064h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 1997 to July 2023The adenylation reaction has been a subject of scientific intrigue since it was first recognized as essential to many biological processes, including the homeostasis and pathogenicity of some bacteria and the activation of amino acids for protein synthesis in mammals. Several foundational studies on adenylation (A) domains have facilitated an improved understanding of their molecular structures and biochemical properties, in particular work on nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). In NRPS pathways, A domains activate their respective acyl substrates for incorporation into a growing peptidyl chain, and many nonribosomal peptides are bioactive. From a natural product drug discovery perspective, improving existing bioinformatics platforms to predict unique NRPS products more accurately from genomic data is desirable. Here, we summarize characterization efforts of A domains primarily from NRPS pathways from July 1997 up to July 2023, covering protein structure elucidation, in vitro assay development, and in silico tools for improved predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Heard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jaclyn M Winter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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2
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Bare A, Thomas J, Etoroma D, Lee SG. Functional analysis of phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase in plants and parasites: Essential S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase in choline and phospholipid metabolism. Methods Enzymol 2023; 680:101-137. [PMID: 36710008 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids play an essential role as a barrier between cell content and the extracellular environment and regulate various cell signaling processes. Phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) is one of the most abundant phospholipids in plant, animal, and some prokaryote cell membranes. In plants and some parasites, the biosynthesis of PtdCho begins with the amino acid serine, followed mainly through a phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PMT)-mediated biosynthetic pathway to phosphocholine (pCho). Because the PMT-mediated pathway, referred to as the phosphobase methylation pathway, produces a series of important primary and specialized metabolites for plant development and stress response, understanding the PMT enzyme is a key aspect of engineering plants with improved stress tolerance and fortified nutrients. Importantly, given the very limited phylogenetic distribution of PMTs, functional analysis and the identification of inhibitors targeting PMTs have potential and positive impacts in humans and in veterinary and agricultural fields. Here, we describe detailed basic knowledge and practical research methods to enable the systematic study of the biochemical and biophysical functions of PMT. The research methods described in this chapter are also applicable to the studies of other ubiquitous S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases in all kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Jaime Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Daniel Etoroma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Soon Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States.
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3
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Darwish KM, Abdelwaly A, Atta AM, Helal MA. Discovery of tetrahydro-β-carboline- and indole-based derivatives as promising phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Santillo MF. Recent applications of phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibition assays for detecting adulterated sexual enhancement products. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:757-761. [PMID: 34894090 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Consumer products marketed for sexual enhancement are frequently adulterated with erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs and analogs; consuming these undisclosed adulterants can pose significant health hazards. Although ED drugs/analogs have unpredictable and diverse structures that pose challenges for detecting them, they all share the ability to inhibit phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) activity, a pharmacological mechanism responsible for their effects. Consequently, several PDE5 inhibition assays have been recently applied as screening methods to detect ED drug/analogs in products. Here, the successes and challenges are highlighted for screening sexual enhancement products by PDE5 inhibition assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Santillo
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Laurel, Maryland, USA
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5
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Verrier ER, Langevin C. Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Adenosine Monophosphate Synthase (cGAS), a Multifaceted Platform of Intracellular DNA Sensing. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637399. [PMID: 33708225 PMCID: PMC7940176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune pathways are the first line of cellular defense against pathogen infections ranging from bacteria to Metazoa. These pathways are activated following the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by membrane and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors. In addition, some of these cellular sensors can also recognize endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) arising from damaged or dying cells and triggering innate immune responses. Among the cytosolic nucleic acid sensors, the cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) plays an essential role in the activation of the type I interferon (IFNs) response and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Indeed, upon nucleic acid binding, cGAS synthesizes cGAMP, a second messenger mediating the activation of the STING signaling pathway. The functional conservation of the cGAS-STING pathway during evolution highlights its importance in host cellular surveillance against pathogen infections. Apart from their functions in immunity, cGAS and STING also play major roles in nuclear functions and tumor development. Therefore, cGAS-STING is now considered as an attractive target to identify novel biomarkers and design therapeutics for auto-inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as infectious diseases and cancer. Here, we review the current knowledge about the structure of cGAS and the evolution from bacteria to Metazoa and present its main functions in defense against pathogens and cancer, in connection with STING. The advantages and limitations of in vivo models relevant for studying the cGAS-STING pathway will be discussed for the notion of species specificity and in the context of their integration into therapeutic screening assays targeting cGAG and/or STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi R Verrier
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, Strasbourg, France
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6
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Kopra K, Sharina I, Martin E, Härmä H. Homogeneous single-label cGMP detection platform for the functional study of nitric oxide-sensitive (soluble) guanylyl cyclases and cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17469. [PMID: 33060787 PMCID: PMC7562898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the number one death worldwide. Nitric oxide (NO)-NO-sensitive (soluble) guanylyl cyclase (sGC)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway regulates diverse set of important physiological functions, including maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. Resting and activated sGC enzyme converts guanosine triphosphate to an important second messenger cGMP. In addition to traditional NO generators, a number of sGC activators and stimulators are currently in clinical trials aiming to support or increase sGC activity in various pathological conditions. cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which degrade cGMP to guanosine monophosphate, play key role in controlling the cGMP level and the strength or length of the cGMP-dependent cellular signaling. Thus, PDE inhibitors also have clear clinical applications. Here, we introduce a homogeneous quenching resonance energy transfer (QRET) for cGMP to monitor both sGC and PDE activities using high throughput screening adoptable method. We demonstrate that using cGMP-specific antibody, sGC or PDE activity and the effect of small molecules modulating their function can be studied with sub-picomole cGMP sensitivity. The results further indicate that the method is suitable for monitoring enzyme reactions also in complex biological cellular homogenates and mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Kopra
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Drug Development, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland.
| | - Iraida Sharina
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School At Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Emil Martin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School At Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Harri Härmä
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Drug Development, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland
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7
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Jeffrey JL, Lawson KV, Powers JP. Targeting Metabolism of Extracellular Nucleotides via Inhibition of Ectonucleotidases CD73 and CD39. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13444-13465. [PMID: 32786396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, unusually high concentrations of extracellular adenosine promote tumor proliferation through various immunosuppressive mechanisms. Blocking adenosine production by inhibiting nucleotide-metabolizing enzymes, such as ectonucleotidases CD73 and CD39, represents a promising therapeutic strategy that may synergize with other immuno-oncology mechanisms and chemotherapies. Emerging small-molecule ectonucleotidase inhibitors have recently entered clinical trials. This Perspective will outline challenges, strategies, and recent advancements in targeting this class with small-molecule inhibitors, including AB680, the first small-molecule CD73 inhibitor to enter clinical development. Specific case studies, including structure-based drug design and lead optimization, will be outlined. Preclinical data on these molecules and their ability to enhance antitumor immunity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Jeffrey
- Arcus Biosciences, 3928 Point Eden Way, Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Kenneth V Lawson
- Arcus Biosciences, 3928 Point Eden Way, Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | - Jay P Powers
- Arcus Biosciences, 3928 Point Eden Way, Hayward, California 94545, United States
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8
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Akimoto M, Yu T, Moleschi K, Van K, Anand GS, Melacini G. An NMR based phosphodiesterase assay. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8091-8094. [PMID: 32555789 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01673j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We propose a phosphodiesterase assay based on 1D 1H NMR to monitor the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides directly, without requiring tags or the addition of exogenous reagents. The method is suitable to measure phosphodiesterase KM and kcat parameters and to identify phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Akimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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9
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Development of a Rapid Mass Spectrometric Determination of AMP and Cyclic AMP for PDE3 Activity Study: Application and Computational Analysis for Evaluating the Effect of a Novel 2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile Derivative as PDE-3 Inhibitor. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081817. [PMID: 32326556 PMCID: PMC7221589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, quick, easy and cheap tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method for the determination of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has been newly developed. This novel MS/MS method was applied for the evaluation of the inhibitory effect of a novel 2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile derivative, also named DF492, on PDE3 enzyme activity in comparison to its parent drug milrinone. Molecule DF492, with an IC50 of 409.5 nM, showed an inhibition of PDE3 greater than milrinone (IC50 = 703.1 nM). To explain the inhibitory potential of DF492, molecular docking studies toward the human PDE3A were carried out with the aim of predicting the binding mode of DF492. The presence of different bulkier decorating fragments in DF492 was pursued to shift affinity of this novel molecule toward PDE3A compared to milrinone in accordance with both the theoretical and experimental results. The described mass spectrometric approach could have a wider potential use in kinetic and biomedical studies and could be applied for the determination of other phosphodiesterase inhibitor molecules.
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10
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Kumar M, Lowery R, Kumar V. High-Throughput Screening Assays for Cancer Immunotherapy Targets: Ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 25:320-326. [PMID: 31868071 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219893632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Production of adenosine in the extracellular tumor microenvironment elicits strong immunosuppression and is associated with tumor progression. Thus, targeting adenosine-generating ectonucleotidases is a potential strategy to stimulate and prolong antitumor immunity. Because the reaction products of ectonucleotidases differ by a single phosphate group, selective detection in an assay format that is compatible with high-throughput screening (HTS) has been elusive. We report the development of biochemical assays capable of measuring the activity of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (ENTPD1; also known as CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Both assays leverage the Transcreener HTS Assay platform, which facilitates selective immunodetection of nucleotides with homogenous fluorescent readouts, fluorescence polarization or time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer. The Transcreener AMP2 Assay was used to measure CD39 activity, allowing detection of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) production (Z' > 0.6) with subnanomolar amounts of CD39, allowing IC50 determination for tool compounds, consistent with previously reported values. To detect the production of adenosine by CD73, the Transcreener ADP2 Assay was coupled with adenosine kinase (AK); conversion of adenosine to AMP and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) by AK allows detection with ADP2 antibody. The Transcreener AMP2 Assay was used to screen a 1280 Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC) library and a 1600-compound subset of a ChemBridge diversity library for CD39 inhibitors, allowing the identification of nine and eight candidate compounds from each library, respectively. The Transcreener ADP2 Assay was used to screen 1600 compounds from the ChemBridge diversity library for CD73 inhibitors and identified 14 potential candidates. HTS-compatible assays for ectonucleotidase activity may allow identification of purinergic signaling pathway inhibitors important for tumor-specific immune responses during tumor pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vaishnav Kumar
- Dane County Youth Apprenticeship Program in Biotechnology, Verona Area High School, Verona, WI, USA
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11
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Robinson SL, Christenson JK, Richman JE, Jenkins DJ, Neres J, Fonseca DR, Aldrich CC, Wackett LP. Mechanism of a Standalone β-Lactone Synthetase: New Continuous Assay for a Widespread ANL Superfamily Enzyme. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1701-1711. [PMID: 30856684 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-catalyzed β-lactone formation from β-hydroxy acids is a crucial step in bacterial biosynthesis of β-lactone natural products and membrane hydrocarbons. We developed a novel, continuous assay for β-lactone synthetase activity using synthetic β-hydroxy acid substrates with alkene or alkyne moieties. β-Lactone formation is followed by rapid decarboxylation to form a conjugated triene chromophore for real-time evaluation by UV/Vis spectroscopy. The assay was used to determine steady-state kinetics of a long-chain β-lactone synthetase, OleC, from the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to test the involvement of conserved active site residues in Mg2+ and ATP binding. A previous report suggested OleC adenylated the substrate hydroxy group. Here we present several lines of evidence, including hydroxylamine trapping of the AMP intermediate, to demonstrate the substrate carboxyl group is adenylated prior to making the β-lactone final product. A panel of nine substrate analogues were used to investigate the substrate specificity of X. campestris OleC by HPLC and GC-MS. Stereoisomers of 2-hexyl-3hydroxyoctanoic acid were synthesized and OleC preferred the (2R,3S) diastereomer consistent with the stereo-preference of upstream and downstream pathway enzymes. This biochemical knowledge was used to guide phylogenetic analysis of the β-lactone synthetases to map their functional diversity within the acyl-CoA synthetase, NRPS adenylation domain, and luciferase superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serina L Robinson
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - James K Christenson
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Bethel University, 3900 Bethel Drive, Saint Paul, MN, 55112, USA
| | - Jack E Richman
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Dominick J Jenkins
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - João Neres
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Present address: UCB Biopharma, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Dallas R Fonseca
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lawrence P Wackett
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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12
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Zhang X, He S, Hu X, Wu J, Li X, Liao F, Yang X. Comparison of the Full-Length and 152~528 Truncate of Human Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 4B2 for the Characterization of Inhibitors. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2019; 22:49-58. [PMID: 30843483 DOI: 10.2174/1386207322666190306142810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE Human full-length cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isozyme 4B2 (hPDE4B2) as the target for screening and characterizing inhibitors suffers from low activity yield and the coexistence of two conformational states bearing different affinities for (R)-rolipram. Hence, the 152~528 truncate of hPDE4B2 existing only in the low-affinity conformation state for (R)-rolipram was compared against the full-length hPDE4B2 to characterize inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS With 6His-SUMO tag at the N-terminus, both the full-length hPDE 4B2 (SF-hPDE4B2) and the 152~528 truncate (ST-hPDE4B2) were expressed in Escherichia coli cells, purified through Ni-NTA column and compared for the characterization of inhibitors. The inhibition constants (Ki) of some synthesized rolipram analogues against both targets were determined with 96-well microplate through the coupled action of monophosphatase on AMP and spectrophotometric assay of phosphate with malachite green. RESULTS After affinity purification with Ni2+-NTA column, ST-hPDE4B2 showed about 30-fold higher specific activity and 100-fold higher activity yield than SF-hPDE4B2; Ki of (R)-rolipram on ST-hPDE4B2 was consistent with that on the low-affinity state of the untagged full-length hPDE4B2 expressed in insect cells. Of some representative rolipram analogues as inhibitors, a dual-logarithm model quantitatively described their monotonic association, and Ki from 0.010 mM to 8.5 mM against SF-hPDE4B2 was predicted from Ki against ST-hPDE4B2, supporting the discovery of consistent hits by the use of both targets with a pair of properly-set cutoffs. CONCLUSION ST-hPDE4B2 with much higher activity yield may be a favorable alternative target to characterize/screen rolipram analogues as hPDE4B inhibitors in high-throughput mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shu He
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaolei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xinpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fei Liao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing 400016, China.,School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Lijiatuo, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xiaolan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing 400016, China
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13
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Lee SY, Luo X, Namasivayam V, Geiss J, Mirza S, Pelletier J, Stephan H, Sévigny J, Müller CE. Development of a selective and highly sensitive fluorescence assay for nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase1 (NTPDase1, CD39). Analyst 2019; 143:5417-5430. [PMID: 30303204 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01108g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase1 (NTPDase1, CD39) is a major ectonucleotidase that hydrolyzes proinflammatory ATP via ADP to AMP, which is subsequently converted by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) to immunosuppressive adenosine. Activation of CD39 has potential for treating inflammatory diseases, while inhibition was suggested as a novel strategy for the immunotherapy of cancer. In the present study, we developed a selective and highly sensitive capillary electrophoresis (CE) assay using a novel fluorescent CD39 substrate, a fluorescein-labelled ATP (PSB-170621A) that is converted to its AMP derivative. To accelerate the assays, a two-directional (forward and reverse) CE system was implemented using 96-well plates, which is suitable for the screening of compound libraries (Z'-factor: 0.7). The detection limits for the forward and reverse operation were 11.7 and 2.00 pM, respectively, indicating a large enhancement in sensitivity as compared to previous methods (e.g. malachite-green assay: 1 000 000-fold, CE-UV assay: 500 000-fold, fluorescence polarization immunoassay: 12 500-fold). Enzyme kinetic studies at human CD39 revealed a Km value of 19.6 μM, and a kcat value of 119 × 10-3 s-1 for PSB-170621A, which shows similar substrate properties as ATP (11.4 μM and 82.5 × 10-3 s-1). The compound displayed similar properties at rat and mouse CD39. Subsequent docking studies into a homology model of human CD39 revealed a hydrophobic pocket that accommodates the fluorescein tag. PSB-170621A was found to be preferably hydrolyzed by CD39 as compared to other ectonucleotidases. The new assay was validated by performing inhibition assays with several standard CD39 inhibitors yielding results that were consonant with data using the natural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Lee
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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14
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Beute J, Lukkes M, Koekoek EP, Nastiti H, Ganesh K, de Bruijn MJ, Hockman S, van Nimwegen M, Braunstahl GJ, Boon L, Lambrecht BN, Manganiello VC, Hendriks RW, KleinJan A. A pathophysiological role of PDE3 in allergic airway inflammation. JCI Insight 2018; 3:94888. [PMID: 29367458 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) and PDE4 regulate levels of cyclic AMP, which are critical in various cell types involved in allergic airway inflammation. Although PDE4 inhibition attenuates allergic airway inflammation, reported side effects preclude its application as an antiasthma drug in humans. Case reports showed that enoximone, which is a smooth muscle relaxant that inhibits PDE3, is beneficial and lifesaving in status asthmaticus and is well tolerated. However, clinical observations also showed antiinflammatory effects of PDE3 inhibition. In this study, we investigated the role of PDE3 in a house dust mite-driven (HDM-driven) allergic airway inflammation (AAI) model that is characterized by T helper 2 cell activation, eosinophilia, and reduced mucosal barrier function. Compared with wild-type (WT) littermates, mice with a targeted deletion of the PDE3A or PDE3B gene showed significantly reduced HDM-driven AAI. Therapeutic intervention in WT mice showed that all hallmarks of HDM-driven AAI were abrogated by the PDE3 inhibitors enoximone and milrinone. Importantly, we found that enoximone also reduced the upregulation of the CD11b integrin on mouse and human eosinophils in vitro, which is crucial for their recruitment during allergic inflammation. This study provides evidence for a hitherto unknown antiinflammatory role of PDE3 inhibition in allergic airway inflammation and offers a potentially novel treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Beute
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melanie Lukkes
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ewout P Koekoek
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hedwika Nastiti
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Keerthana Ganesh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Steve Hockman
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland USA
| | - Menno van Nimwegen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Louis Boon
- Epirus Biopharmaceuticals Netherlands Yalelaan, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vince C Manganiello
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland USA
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alex KleinJan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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15
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McManus J, He T, Gavigan JA, Marchand G, Vougier S, Bedel O, Ferrari P, Arrebola R, Gillespy T, Gregory RC, Licht S, Cheng H, Zhang B, Deng G. A Robust Multiplex Mass Spectrometric Assay for Screening Small-Molecule Inhibitors of CD73 with Diverse Inhibition Modalities. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 23:264-273. [PMID: 29336194 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217750386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD73/Ecto-5'-nucleotidase is a membrane-tethered ecto-enzyme that works in tandem with CD39 to convert extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine. CD73 is highly expressed on various types of cancer cells and on infiltrating suppressive immune cells, leading to an elevated concentration of adenosine in the tumor microenvironment, which elicits a strong immunosuppressive effect. In preclinical studies, targeting CD73 with anti-CD73 antibody results in favorable antitumor effects. Despite initial studies using antibodies, inhibition of CD73 catalytic activity using small-molecule inhibitors may be more effective in lowering extracellular adenosine due to better tumor penetration and distribution. To screen small-molecule libraries, we explored multiple approaches, including colorimetric and fluorescent biochemical assays, and due to some limitations with these assays, we developed a mass spectrometry (MS)-based assay. Only the MS-based assay offers the sensitivity and dynamic range required for screening small-molecule libraries at a substrate concentration close to the Km value of substrate and for evaluating the mode of binding of screening hits. To achieve a throughput suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS), we developed a RapidFire-tandem mass spectrometry (RF-MS/MS)-based multiplex assay. This assay allowed a large diverse compound library to be screened at a speed of 1536 reactions per 40-50 min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy He
- 1 Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Olivier Bedel
- 1 Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul Ferrari
- 4 Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, Vitry, France
| | | | | | | | - Stuart Licht
- 1 Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hong Cheng
- 1 Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bailin Zhang
- 1 Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gejing Deng
- 1 Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
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16
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Discovery of tetrahydro-ß-carboline derivatives as a new class of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-2011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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El-Kawy OA, García-Horsman JA, Tuominen RK. Labelling, molecular modelling and biological evaluation of vardenafil: a potential agent for diagnostic evaluation of erectile dysfunction. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 118:258-265. [PMID: 27693738 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
99mTc-tricarbonyl-vardenafil was specifically radiosynthesized for diagnostic evaluation of erectile dysfunction with a radiochemical yield ~97.2%. It was stable in saline up to 15h and in serum for more than 6h. The radiocomplex was lipophilic with a partition coefficient ~1.32 and plasma protein binding 72-76%. Its structure was determined using molecular mechanics and confirmed by NMR. In-silico docking to its target PDE5 enzyme was performed. The radiocomplex inhibitory activity was assessed and its IC50 was 0.7nM. Biodistribution in normal rats and biological evaluation in rat models of erectile dysfunction were performed. The results strongly suggested that 99mTc-tricarbonyl-vardenafil is a good candidate to image erectile dysfunction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A El-Kawy
- Labelled Compounds Department, Atomic Energy Authority, 13759 Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Finland.
| | - J A García-Horsman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Finland
| | - R K Tuominen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Finland
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18
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Palde PB, Bhaskar A, Pedrό Rosa LE, Madoux F, Chase P, Gupta V, Spicer T, Scampavia L, Singh A, Carroll KS. First-in-Class Inhibitors of Sulfur Metabolism with Bactericidal Activity against Non-Replicating M. tuberculosis. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:172-84. [PMID: 26524379 PMCID: PMC4729198 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Development of effective therapies to eradicate persistent, slowly replicating M. tuberculosis (Mtb) represents a significant challenge to controlling the global TB epidemic. To develop such therapies, it is imperative to translate information from metabolome and proteome adaptations of persistent Mtb into the drug discovery screening platforms. To this end, reductive sulfur metabolism is genetically and pharmacologically implicated in survival, pathogenesis, and redox homeostasis of persistent Mtb. Therefore, inhibitors of this pathway are expected to serve as powerful tools in its preclinical and clinical validation as a therapeutic target for eradicating persisters. Here, we establish a first functional HTS platform for identification of APS reductase (APSR) inhibitors, a critical enzyme in the assimilation of sulfate for the biosynthesis of cysteine and other essential sulfur-containing molecules. Our HTS campaign involving 38 350 compounds led to the discovery of three distinct structural classes of APSR inhibitors. A class of bioactive compounds with known pharmacology displayed potent bactericidal activity in wild-type Mtb as well as MDR and XDR clinical isolates. Top compounds showed markedly diminished potency in a conditional ΔAPSR mutant, which could be restored by complementation with Mtb APSR. Furthermore, ITC studies on representative compounds provided evidence for direct engagement of the APSR target. Finally, potent APSR inhibitors significantly decreased the cellular levels of key reduced sulfur-containing metabolites and also induced an oxidative shift in mycothiol redox potential of live Mtb, thus providing functional validation of our screening data. In summary, we have identified first-in-class inhibitors of APSR that can serve as molecular probes in unraveling the links between Mtb persistence, antibiotic tolerance, and sulfate assimilation, in addition to their potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash B. Palde
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Ashima Bhaskar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCBL), Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc.), Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Laura E. Pedrό Rosa
- Lead Identification Division, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Franck Madoux
- Lead Identification Division, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Peter Chase
- Lead Identification Division, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Vinayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Timothy Spicer
- Lead Identification Division, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Louis Scampavia
- Lead Identification Division, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCBL), Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc.), Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kate S. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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19
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Ma H, Howitz KT, Horiuchi KY, Wang Y. Histone Methyltransferase Activity Assays. EPIGENETICS FOR DRUG DISCOVERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782628484-00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Histone methyltransferases (HMTs) methylate either the lysine or arginine residues on histones and other proteins and play a crucial role in epigenetic regulation. Over 70 HMTs are encoded by the human genome, and many have been implicated in the aetiology of cancer, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and other conditions. There are currently about a dozen HMT activity assays available, and many of these assay formats are applicable to other epigenetic factors, such as histone acetyltransferases, histone deacetylases, and histone and DNA demethylases. Many factors need to be considered in selecting an HMT assay for drug discovery studies, including cost, adaptability to high-throughput screening, and rates of false positives and false negatives. This chapter describes the mechanisms of the major assay platforms available for HMT screening and profiling and presents the advantages and limitations associated with each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiching Ma
- Reaction Biology Corporation One Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern PA 19355 USA
| | - Konrad T. Howitz
- Reaction Biology Corporation One Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern PA 19355 USA
| | - Kurumi Y. Horiuchi
- Reaction Biology Corporation One Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern PA 19355 USA
| | - Yuren Wang
- Reaction Biology Corporation One Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern PA 19355 USA
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20
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Sabir N, Khan N, Völkner J, Widdascheck F, del Pino P, Witte G, Riedel M, Lisdat F, Konrad M, Parak WJ. Photo-electrochemical Bioanalysis of Guanosine Monophosphate Using Coupled Enzymatic Reactions at a CdS/ZnS Quantum Dot Electrode. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:5844-5850. [PMID: 26395754 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A photo-electrochemical sensor for the specific detection of guanosine monophosphate (GMP) is demonstrated, based on three enzymes combined in a coupled reaction assay. The first reaction involves the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent conversion of GMP to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) by guanylate kinase, which warrants substrate specificity. The reaction products ADP and GDPare co-substrates for the enzymatic conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate in a second reaction mediated by pyruvate kinase. Pyruvate in turn is the co-substrate for lactate dehydrogenase that generates lactate via oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form) NADH to NAD(+). This third enzymatic reaction is electrochemically detected. For this purpose a CdS/ZnS quantum dot (QD) electrode is illuminated and the photocurrent response under fixed potential conditions is evaluated. The sequential enzyme reactions are first evaluated in solution. Subsequently, a sensor for GMP is constructed using polyelectrolytes for enzyme immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Sabir
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nazimuddin Khan
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Völkner
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Felix Widdascheck
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pablo del Pino
- CIC biomaGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, P° Miramón 182 - Ed. Empresarial C, 20009, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Gregor Witte
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marc Riedel
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University Wildau, Hochschulring 1, D-15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University Wildau, Hochschulring 1, D-15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Manfred Konrad
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
- CIC biomaGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, P° Miramón 182 - Ed. Empresarial C, 20009, San Sebastian, Spain
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21
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First EA. A continuous spectrophotometric assay for monitoring adenosine 5'-monophosphate production. Anal Biochem 2015; 483:34-9. [PMID: 25957126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of biologically important enzymes release adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) as a product, including aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, cyclic AMP (cAMP) phosphodiesterases, ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like ligases, DNA ligases, coenzyme A (CoA) ligases, polyA deadenylases, and ribonucleases. In contrast to the abundance of assays available for monitoring the conversion of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) to ADP, there are relatively few assays for monitoring the conversion of ATP (or cAMP) to AMP. In this article, we describe a homogeneous assay that continuously monitors the production of AMP. Specifically, we have coupled the conversion of AMP to inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) (by AMP deaminase) to the oxidation of IMP (by IMP dehydrogenase). This results in the reduction of oxidized nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) to reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH), allowing AMP formation to be monitored by the change in the absorbance at 340 nm. Changes in AMP concentrations of 5 μM or more can be reliably detected. The ease of use and relatively low expense make the AMP assay suitable for both high-throughput screening and kinetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A First
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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22
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Kumar M, Zielinski T, Lowery RG. Biochemical Assay Development for Histone Methyltransferases Using a Transcreener-Based Assay for S-Adenosylhomocysteine. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:200-9. [PMID: 25710335 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2014.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation has been implicated in diverse diseases including cancer, diabetes, and inflammation, and high-throughput screening for histone methyltransferase (HMT) inhibitors is an area of intense drug discovery effort. HMTs catalyze the transfer of methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to lysine or arginine on histone tails forming the methylated products and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). HMTs are challenging to incorporate into biochemical assays for a number of reasons. They have slow turnovers and low Km values for SAM, which leads to low levels of product formation, and thus requires very sensitive detection methods and/or high levels of enzyme. They also have diverse acceptor substrate requirements, ranging from peptides to intact nucleosomes. Additionally, some HMTs function as complexes of three or more proteins. Developing assays for individual HMTs, including sourcing and acquiring high quality enzymes and acceptor substrates, therefore can be laborious and expensive. We recently developed the Transcreener(®) EPIGEN Methyltransferase assay, a sensitive SAH detection method with a fluorescence polarization readout, to enable universal HMT detection independent of acceptor substrate. To facilitate screening and profiling of HMTs, we describe the development of turnkey assay systems for thirteen HMTs including identification of optimal acceptor substrates and their concentrations, optimization of detection reagents, determination of initial velocity enzyme concentrations, and measurement of inhibitor potencies.
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23
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Fiene A, Baqi Y, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Müller CE. Fluorescence polarization immunoassays for monitoring nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) activity. Analyst 2015; 140:140-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01694g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel and very sensitive fluorescence polarization immunoassays (FPIA) for the screening of NTPDases have been successfully established and validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Fiene
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- University of Bonn
- D-53121 Bonn
| | - Younis Baqi
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- University of Bonn
- D-53121 Bonn
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie
- Faculté de Médecine
- Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie
- Faculté de Médecine
- Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn
- Pharmaceutical Institute
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
- University of Bonn
- D-53121 Bonn
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Mi T, Wang Z, Eremin SA, Shen J, Zhang S. Simultaneous determination of multiple (fluoro)quinolone antibiotics in food samples by a one-step fluorescence polarization immunoassay. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9347-9355. [PMID: 24050679 DOI: 10.1021/jf403972r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a rapid one-step fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for the simultaneous determination of multiple (fluoro)quinolone antibiotics (FQs) in food samples. Several fluorescent tracers were synthesized and evaluated in the FPIA method based on a broad-specificity of monoclonal antibodies toward FQs. The heterogeneous tracer, SAR-5-FAM, was considered as the optimal choice to prepare the immunocomplex single reagent, which allows a rapid and sensitive displacement reaction by addition of analytes. Optimized single-reagent FPIA exhibited broad cross-reactivities in the range of 7.8-172.2% with 16 FQs tested and was capable of determining most FQs at the level of maximum residue limits. Recoveries for spiked milk and chicken muscle samples were from 77.8 to 116%, with relative standard deviation lower than 17.4%. Therefore, this method could be applicable in routine screening analysis of multiple FQ residues in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Mi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
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25
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Klink TA, Staeben M, Twesten K, Kopp AL, Kumar M, Dunn RS, Pinchard CA, Kleman-Leyer KM, Klumpp M, Lowery RG. Development and validation of a generic fluorescent methyltransferase activity assay based on the transcreener AMP/GMP assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:59-70. [PMID: 21956169 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111421624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Methylation is a ubiquitous covalent modification used to control the function of diverse biomolecules including hormones, neurotransmitters, xenobiotics, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Histone methyltransferases (HMTs) are currently of high interest as drug targets because of their role in epigenetic regulation; however, most HMT assay methods are either not amenable to a high-throughput screening (HTS) environment or are applicable to a limited number of enzymes. The authors developed a generic methyltransferase assay method using fluorescent immunodetection of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which is formed from the MT reaction product S-adenosylhomocysteine in a dual-enzyme coupling step. The detection range of the assay; its suitability for HTS, including stability of reagents following dispensing and after addition to reactions; and the potential for interference from drug-like molecules was investigated. In addition, the use of the assay for measuring inhibitor potencies with peptide or intact protein substrates was examined through pilot screening with selected reference enzymes including HMT G9a. By combining a novel enzymatic coupling step with the well-characterized Transcreener AMP/GMP assay, the authors have developed a robust HTS assay for HMTs that should be broadly applicable to other types of methyltransferases as well.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Fluorescence polarization (FP) is a homogeneous method that allows rapid and quantitative analysis of diverse molecular interactions and enzyme activities. This technique has been widely utilized in clinical and biomedical settings, including the diagnosis of certain diseases and monitoring therapeutic drug levels in body fluids. Recent developments in the field have been symbolized by the facile adoption of FP in high-throughput screening and small molecule drug discovery of an increasing range of target classes. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The article provides a brief overview of the theoretical foundation of FP, followed by updates on recent advancements in its application for various drug target classes, including GPCRs, enzymes and protein-protein interactions. The strengths and weaknesses of this method, practical considerations in assay design, novel applications and future directions are also discussed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader is informed of the most recent advancements and future directions of FP application to small molecule screening. TAKE HOME MESSAGE In addition to its continued utilization in high-throughput screening, FP has expanded into new disease and target areas and has been marked by increased use of labeled small molecule ligands for receptor-binding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Lea
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, U.S.A
| | - Anton Simeonov
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, U.S.A
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