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Qi H, Qin L, Li Y, Jin F, Kang Z, Hou J, Wang Y. A 16-color full spectrum flow cytometric analysis for comprehensive evaluation of T-cell reconstitution in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. J Immunol Methods 2023; 514:113404. [PMID: 36496008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T-cell reconstitution is central in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/disease progression. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) have been the most widely used animal model for HIV research so far. An effective flow cytometry panel is crucial for monitoring the T cell reconstitution in SIV infection progression. We developed this sixteen-color flow cytometry-based panel for a T cell subsets analysis by manual gating and, once successfully gated, to characterize T cells function in-depth in rhesus macaques. This panel included markers to characterize CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, T regulatory cells (Tregs), and T cell differentiation status (CD45RA and CCR7). Additionally, we included antibodies that measure T cell activation and proliferation molecules (CD69, HLA-DR, CD38 and Ki67), antibodies that examine the expressions of key PD-1 pathway molecule (PD-1), SIV potential target (CD32) and the primary SIV co-receptor CCR5 (CD195). High-dimensional single cell analysis was also performed to identify CD3+ T cells immunophenotypes of SIV-infected rhesus macaques. We designed this panel to evaluate the responses of different T cell subsets to SIV in whole blood from SIV-infected rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemei Qi
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Li Qin
- CAS Lamvac (Guangzhou) Biomedical Technology CO.,Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yuefeng Li
- Landao Biotech Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510555, China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhongkui Kang
- CAS Lamvac (Guangzhou) Biomedical Technology CO.,Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Jianghou Hou
- Kunming City Matermal and Child Health Hospital, Kunming 650013, China.
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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2
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Overmars RJ, Krullaars Z, Mesplède T. Investigational drugs for HIV: trends, opportunities and key players. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:127-139. [PMID: 36751107 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2178415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the first antiretroviral drug was described, the field of HIV treatment and prevention has undergone two drug-based revolutions: the first one, enabled by the virtually concomitant discovery of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors, was the inception of combined antiretroviral therapy. The second followed the creation of integrase strand-transfer inhibitors with improved safety, potency, and resistance profiles. Long-acting antiretroviral drugs, including broadly neutralizing antibodies, now offer the opportunity for a third transformational change in HIV management. AREAS COVERED Our review focused on HIV treatment and prevention with investigational drugs that offer the potential for infrequent dosing, including drugs not yet approved for clinical use. We also discussed approved drugs for which administration modalities or formulations are being optimized. We performed a literature search in published manuscripts, conference communications, and registered clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION While the field focuses on extending dosing intervals, we identify drug tissue penetration as an understudied opportunity to improve HIV care. We repeat that self-administration remains an essential milestone to reach the full potential of long-acting drugs. Treatments and prevention strategies based on broadly neutralizing antibodies require a deeper understanding of their antiretroviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Overmars
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zoë Krullaars
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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González SA, Affranchino JL. The impact of mutations affecting highly conserved amino acids in the simian immunodeficiency virus nucleocapsid protein on virion assembly, genomic RNA packaging and viral infectivity. Virology 2023; 578:163-170. [PMID: 36580863 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (NC) domain of the retroviral Gag polyproteins mediates the incorporation of the viral genomic RNA into virions. Although SIV is widely used as a model for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections, the SIV NC has been the subject of few studies which have provided discrepant data on the relative contribution of the two NC zinc finger motifs to genomic RNA encapsidation. Here, we demonstrate that mutations affecting the first cysteine in the distal zinc finger motif (C33S) or the N-terminal NC basic domain (R7A/K8A) drastically impair virion assembly and viral RNA binding. By contrast, amino acid substitutions targeting the first cysteine of the proximal zinc finger (C12S) or the basic region connecting both zinc fingers (R29A/R30A) allow substantial particle production and genomic RNA encapsidation. Our results help define the relative contribution of the SIV NC zinc finger motifs and basic regions to the NC biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A González
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Belgrano (UB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - José L Affranchino
- Centro de Virología Humana y Animal (CEVHAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Abierta Interamericana (UAI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Bellinger DL, Lorton D. Sympathetic Nerves and Innate Immune System in the Spleen: Implications of Impairment in HIV-1 and Relevant Models. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040673. [PMID: 35203323 PMCID: PMC8870141 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune and sympathetic nervous systems are major targets of human, murine and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, MAIDS, and SIV, respectively). The spleen is a major reservoir for these retroviruses, providing a sanctuary for persistent infection of myeloid cells in the white and red pulps. This is despite the fact that circulating HIV-1 levels remain undetectable in infected patients receiving combined antiretroviral therapy. These viruses sequester in immune organs, preventing effective cures. The spleen remains understudied in its role in HIV-1 pathogenesis, despite it hosting a quarter of the body’s lymphocytes and diverse macrophage populations targeted by HIV-1. HIV-1 infection reduces the white pulp, and induces perivascular hyalinization, vascular dysfunction, tissue infarction, and chronic inflammation characterized by activated epithelial-like macrophages. LP-BM5, the retrovirus that induces MAIDS, is a well-established model of AIDS. Immune pathology in MAIDs is similar to SIV and HIV-1 infection. As in SIV and HIV, MAIDS markedly changes splenic architecture, and causes sympathetic dysfunction, contributing to inflammation and immune dysfunction. In MAIDs, SIV, and HIV, the viruses commandeer splenic macrophages for their replication, and shift macrophages to an M2 phenotype. Additionally, in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, HIV-1 blocks sympathetic augmentation of interferon-β (IFN-β) transcription, which promotes viral replication. Here, we review viral–sympathetic interactions in innate immunity and pathophysiology in the spleen in HIV-1 and relevant models. The situation remains that research in this area is still sparse and original hypotheses proposed largely remain unanswered.
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Wallace DR. HIV-associated neurotoxicity and cognitive decline: Therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108047. [PMID: 34848202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As our understanding of changes to the neurological system has improved, it has become clear that patients who have contracted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can potentially suffer from a cascade of neurological issues, including neuropathy, dementia, and declining cognitive function. The progression from mild to severe symptoms tends to affect motor function, followed by cognitive changes. Central nervous system deficits that are observed as the disease progresses have been reported as most severe in later-stage HIV infection. Examining the full spectrum of neuronal damage, generalized cortical atrophy is a common hallmark, resulting in the death of multiple classes of neurons. With antiretroviral therapy (ART), we can partially control disease progression, slowing the onset of the most severe symptoms such as, reducing viral load in the brain, and developing HIV-associated dementia (HAD). HAD is a severe and debilitating outcome from HIV-related neuropathologies. HIV neurotoxicity can be direct (action directly on the neuron) or indirect (actions off-site that affect normal neuronal function). There are two critical HIV-associated proteins, Tat and gp120, which bear responsibility for many of the neuropathologies associated with HAD and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). A cascade of systems is involved in HIV-related neurotoxicity, and determining a critical point where therapeutic strategies can be employed is of the utmost importance. This review will provide an overview of the existing hypotheses on HIV-neurotoxicity and the potential for the development of therapeutics to aid in the treatment of HIV-related nervous system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Wallace
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Science, 1111 West 17(th) Street, Tulsa, OK 74107-1898, USA.
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6
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Stephenson SE, Wilson CL, Bond NG, Kaur A, Alvarez X, Midkiff CC, Schnapp LM. Pericytes as novel targets for HIV/SIV infection in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L848-L853. [PMID: 32901522 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00296.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients has lengthened lifespan but led to an increased risk for secondary comorbidities, such as pulmonary complications characterized by vascular dysfunction. In the lung, PDGFRβ+ mesenchymal cells known as pericytes intimately associate with endothelial cells and are key for their survival both structurally and through the secretion of prosurvival factors. We hypothesize that in HIV infection there are functional changes in pericytes that may lead to destabilization of the microvasculature and ultimately to pulmonary abnormalities. Our objective in this study was to determine whether lung pericytes could be directly infected with HIV. We leveraged lung samples from macaque lungs with or without SIV infection and normal human lung for in vitro experiments. Pericytes were isolated based on the marker platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ). We determined that lung PDGFRβ-positive (PDGFRβ+) pericytes from both macaques and humans express CD4, the primary receptor for SIV/HIV, as well as the major coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5. We found cells positive for both PDGFRβ and SIV in lungs from infected macaques. Lung pericytes isolated from these animals also harbored detectable SIV. To confirm relevance to human disease, we demonstrated that human lung pericytes are capable of being productively infected by HIV in vitro, with the time course of infection suggesting development of viral latency. In summary, we show for the first time that SIV/HIV directly infects lung pericytes, implicating these cells as a novel target and potential reservoir for the virus in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Stephenson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Carole L Wilson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Nell G Bond
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Lynn M Schnapp
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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7
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Xu Y, Li Z. CRISPR-Cas systems: Overview, innovations and applications in human disease research and gene therapy. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2401-2415. [PMID: 33005303 PMCID: PMC7508700 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing is the modification of genomic DNA at a specific target site in a wide variety of cell types and organisms, including insertion, deletion and replacement of DNA, resulting in inactivation of target genes, acquisition of novel genetic traits and correction of pathogenic gene mutations. Due to the advantages of simple design, low cost, high efficiency, good repeatability and short-cycle, CRISPR-Cas systems have become the most widely used genome editing technology in molecular biology laboratories all around the world. In this review, an overview of the CRISPR-Cas systems will be introduced, including the innovations, the applications in human disease research and gene therapy, as well as the challenges and opportunities that will be faced in the practical application of CRISPR-Cas systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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8
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Esbjörnsson J, Jansson M, Jespersen S, Månsson F, Hønge BL, Lindman J, Medina C, da Silva ZJ, Norrgren H, Medstrand P, Rowland-Jones SL, Wejse C. HIV-2 as a model to identify a functional HIV cure. AIDS Res Ther 2019; 16:24. [PMID: 31484562 PMCID: PMC6727498 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-019-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two HIV virus types exist: HIV-1 is pandemic and aggressive, whereas HIV-2 is confined mainly to West Africa and less pathogenic. Despite the fact that it has been almost 40 years since the discovery of AIDS, there is still no cure or vaccine against HIV. Consequently, the concepts of functional vaccines and cures that aim to limit HIV disease progression and spread by persistent control of viral replication without life-long treatment have been suggested as more feasible options to control the HIV pandemic. To identify virus-host mechanisms that could be targeted for functional cure development, researchers have focused on a small fraction of HIV-1 infected individuals that control their infection spontaneously, so-called elite controllers. However, these efforts have not been able to unravel the key mechanisms of the infection control. This is partly due to lack in statistical power since only 0.15% of HIV-1 infected individuals are natural elite controllers. The proportion of long-term viral control is larger in HIV-2 infection compared with HIV-1 infection. We therefore present the idea of using HIV-2 as a model for finding a functional cure against HIV. Understanding the key differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections, and the cross-reactive effects in HIV-1/HIV-2 dual-infection could provide novel insights in developing functional HIV cures and vaccines.
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9
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Welles HC, Jennewein MF, Mason RD, Narpala S, Wang L, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Todd JP, Lifson JD, Balazs AB, Alter G, McDermott AB, Mascola JR, Roederer M. Vectored delivery of anti-SIV envelope targeting mAb via AAV8 protects rhesus macaques from repeated limiting dose intrarectal swarm SIVsmE660 challenge. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007395. [PMID: 30517201 PMCID: PMC6296672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene based delivery of immunoglobulins promises to safely and durably provide protective immunity to individuals at risk of acquiring infectious diseases such as HIV. We used a rhesus macaque animal model to optimize delivery of naturally-arising, autologous anti-SIV neutralizing antibodies expressed by Adeno-Associated Virus 8 (AAV8) vectors. Vectored transgene expression was confirmed by quantitation of target antibody abundance in serum and mucosal surfaces. We tested the expression achieved at varying doses and numbers of injections. Expression of the transgene reached a saturation at about 2 x 1012 AAV8 genome copies (gc) per needle-injection, a physical limitation that may not scale clinically into human trials. In contrast, expression increased proportionately with the number of injections. In terms of anti-drug immunity, anti-vector antibody responses were universally strong, while those directed against the natural transgene mAb were detected in only 20% of animals. An anti-transgene antibody response was invariably associated with loss of detectable plasma expression of the antibody. Despite having atypical glycosylation profiles, transgenes derived from AAV-directed muscle cell expression retained full functional activity, including mucosal accumulation, in vitro neutralization, and protection against repeated limiting dose SIVsmE660 swarm challenge. Our findings demonstrate feasibility of a gene therapy-based passive immunization strategy against infectious disease, and illustrate the potential for the nonhuman primate model to inform clinical AAV-based approaches to passive immunization. Antibodies are the humoral component of an immune response against an invading pathogen or vaccine immunogen. For challenging vaccine targets, as an alternative to active vaccination to induce the immune system to generate antibodies, current research is exploring the delivery of these proteins to populations at high risk of infection as prophylactics against infectious diseases, like HIV, RSV, and Ebola, amongst others. Passive vaccination via purified protein will require periodic reinjection to retain protective levels in subjects, adding a barrier to large scale coverage. Alternatively, delivery of antibodies using gene therapy may provide a one-time passive vaccination alternative. This strategy comes with its own hurdles, including anti-vector immunity, anti-drug immunity, physical limitations of vector uptake and the need to confirm antibody functionality. To date, many passive vaccinations strategies remain untested in humans. Non-human primate models of infection are frequently useful for predicting the success of vaccine candidates or concepts. Here, we characterize and optimize a rhesus macaque model for the delivery of anti-viral antibodies via the gene therapy vector adeno-associated virus. Lastly, we demonstrate the ability of the mAbs to protect against viral challenge. Our work demonstrates the feasibility and utility of vectored delivery of antibody transgenes in rhesus macaques. We hope this model of antibody delivery may be applied to various disease models in non-human primates and will inform clinical trial design of passive vaccination against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh C. Welles
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HCW); (MR)
| | - Madeleine F. Jennewein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie D. Mason
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yi Zhang
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory of Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HCW); (MR)
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Tackling HIV and AIDS: contributions by non-human primate models. Lab Anim (NY) 2018; 46:259-270. [PMID: 28530684 DOI: 10.1038/laban.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During the past three decades, non-human primate (NHP) models have gained an increasing importance in HIV basic and translational research. In contrast to natural host models, infection of macaques with virulent simian or simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SIV, SHIV) results in a disease that closely resembles HIV infection and AIDS. Although there is no perfect animal model, and each of the available models has its benefits and limitations, carefully designed NHP studies with selection of experimental variables have unraveled important questions of basic pathogenesis and have provided the tools to explore and screen intervention strategies. For example, NHP studies have advanced our understanding of the crucial events during early infection, and have provided proof-of-concept of antiretroviral drug treatment and prevention strategies such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) regimes that are increasingly used worldwide, and upon overcoming further barriers of implementation, have the potential to make the next generation AIDS-free. Remaining goals include the pursuit of an effective HIV vaccine, and HIV cure strategies that would allow HIV-infected people to ultimately stop taking antiretroviral drugs. Through a reiterative process with feed-back from results of human studies, NHP models can be further validated and strengthened to advance our scientific knowledge and guide clinical trials.
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Nag M, De Paris K, E Fogle J. Epigenetic Modulation of CD8⁺ T Cell Function in Lentivirus Infections: A Review. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050227. [PMID: 29710792 PMCID: PMC5977220 DOI: 10.3390/v10050227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are critical for controlling viremia during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. These cells produce cytolytic factors and antiviral cytokines that eliminate virally- infected cells. During the chronic phase of HIV infection, CD8+ T cells progressively lose their proliferative capacity and antiviral functions. These dysfunctional cells are unable to clear the productively infected and reactivated cells, representing a roadblock in HIV cure. Therefore, mechanisms to understand CD8+ T cell dysfunction and strategies to boost CD8+ T cell function need to be investigated. Using the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model for lentiviral persistence, we have demonstrated that CD8+ T cells exhibit epigenetic changes such as DNA demethylation during the course of infection as compared to uninfected cats. We have also demonstrated that lentivirus-activated CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells induce forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) expression in virus-specific CD8+ T cell targets, which binds the interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ promoters in these CD8+ T cells. Finally, we have reported that epigenetic modulation reduces Foxp3 binding to these promoter regions. This review compares and contrasts our current understanding of CD8+ T cell epigenetics and mechanisms of lymphocyte suppression during the course of lentiviral infection for two animal models, FIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukta Nag
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jonathan E Fogle
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Chang WLW, Gonzalez DF, Kieu HT, Castillo LD, Messaoudi I, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Shacklett BL, Barry PA, Sparger EE. Changes in Circulating B Cell Subsets Associated with Aging and Acute SIV Infection in Rhesus Macaques. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170154. [PMID: 28095513 PMCID: PMC5240950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and certain viral infections can negatively impact humoral responses in humans. To further develop the nonhuman primate (NHP) model for investigating B cell dynamics in human aging and infectious disease, a flow cytometric panel was developed to characterize circulating rhesus B cell subsets. Significant differences between human and macaque B cells included the proportions of cells within IgD+ and switched memory populations and a prominent CD21-CD27+ unswitched memory population detected only in macaques. We then utilized the expanded panel to analyze B cell alterations associated with aging and acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in the NHP model. In the aging study, distinct patterns of B cell subset frequencies were observed for macaques aged one to five years compared to those between ages 5 and 30 years. In the SIV infection study, B cell frequencies and absolute number were dramatically reduced following acute infection, but recovered within four weeks of infection. Thereafter, the frequencies of activated memory B cells progressively increased; these were significantly correlated with the magnitude of SIV-specific IgG responses, and coincided with impaired maturation of anti-SIV antibody avidity, as previously reported for HIV-1 infection. These observations further validate the NHP model for investigation of mechanisms responsible for B cells alterations associated with immunosenescence and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. L. William Chang
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Denise F. Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hung T. Kieu
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Luis D. Castillo
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ellen E. Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Volz A, Sutter G. Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara: History, Value in Basic Research, and Current Perspectives for Vaccine Development. Adv Virus Res 2016; 97:187-243. [PMID: 28057259 PMCID: PMC7112317 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Safety tested Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is licensed as third-generation vaccine against smallpox and serves as a potent vector system for development of new candidate vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. Historically, MVA was developed by serial tissue culture passage in primary chicken cells of vaccinia virus strain Ankara, and clinically used to avoid the undesirable side effects of conventional smallpox vaccination. Adapted to growth in avian cells MVA lost the ability to replicate in mammalian hosts and lacks many of the genes orthopoxviruses use to conquer their host (cell) environment. As a biologically well-characterized mutant virus, MVA facilitates fundamental research to elucidate the functions of poxvirus host-interaction factors. As extremely safe viral vectors MVA vaccines have been found immunogenic and protective in various preclinical infection models. Multiple recombinant MVA currently undergo clinical testing for vaccination against human immunodeficiency viruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Plasmodium falciparum. The versatility of the MVA vector vaccine platform is readily demonstrated by the swift development of experimental vaccines for immunization against emerging infections such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Recent advances include promising results from the clinical testing of recombinant MVA-producing antigens of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 or Ebola virus. This review summarizes our current knowledge about MVA as a unique strain of vaccinia virus, and discusses the prospects of exploiting this virus as research tool in poxvirus biology or as safe viral vector vaccine to challenge existing and future bottlenecks in vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Volz
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - G Sutter
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Cai Y, Sugimoto C, Arainga M, Midkiff CC, Liu DX, Alvarez X, Lackner AA, Kim WK, Didier ES, Kuroda MJ. Preferential Destruction of Interstitial Macrophages over Alveolar Macrophages as a Cause of Pulmonary Disease in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:4884-91. [PMID: 26432896 PMCID: PMC4637238 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To our knowledge, this study demonstrates for the first time that the AIDS virus differentially impacts two distinct subsets of lung macrophages. The predominant macrophages harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), alveolar macrophages (AMs), are routinely used in studies on human lung macrophages, are long-lived cells, and exhibit low turnover. Interstitial macrophages (IMs) inhabit the lung tissue, are not recovered with BAL, are shorter-lived, and exhibit higher baseline turnover rates distinct from AMs. We examined the effects of SIV infection on AMs in BAL fluid and IMs in lung tissue of rhesus macaques. SIV infection produced massive cell death of IMs that contributed to lung tissue damage. Conversely, SIV infection induced minimal cell death of AMs, and these cells maintained the lower turnover rate throughout the duration of infection. This indicates that SIV produces lung tissue damage through destruction of IMs, whereas the longer-lived AMs may serve as a virus reservoir to facilitate HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Cai
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Mariluz Arainga
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - David Xianhong Liu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507
| | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112;
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Carryl H, Swang M, Lawrence J, Curtis K, Kamboj H, Van Rompay KKA, De Paris K, Burke MW. Of mice and monkeys: can animal models be utilized to study neurological consequences of pediatric HIV-1 infection? ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1276-89. [PMID: 26034832 PMCID: PMC4545399 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection remains a global health crisis. Children are much more susceptible to HIV-1 neurological impairments than adults, which can be exacerbated by coinfections. Neurological characteristics of pediatric HIV-1 infection suggest dysfunction in the frontal cortex as well as the hippocampus; limited MRI data indicate global cerebral atrophy, and pathological data suggest accelerated neuronal apoptosis in the cortex. An obstacle to pediatric HIV-1 research is a human representative model system. Host-species specificity of HIV-1 limits the ability to model neurological consequences of pediatric HIV-1 infection in animals. Several models have been proposed including neonatal intracranial injections of HIV-1 viral proteins in rats and perinatal simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of infant macaques. Nonhuman primate models recapitulate the complexity of pediatric HIV-1 neuropathogenesis while rodent models are able to elucidate the role specific viral proteins exert on neurodevelopment. Nonhuman primate models show similar behavioral and neuropathological characteristics to pediatric HIV-1 infection and offer a stage to investigate early viral mechanisms, latency reservoirs, and therapeutic interventions. Here we review the relative strengths and limitations of pediatric HIV-1 model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Carryl
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Melanie Swang
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Jerome Lawrence
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Kimberly Curtis
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Herman Kamboj
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Koen K. A. Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark W. Burke
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
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Simple mathematical models do not accurately predict early SIV dynamics. Viruses 2015; 7:1189-217. [PMID: 25781919 PMCID: PMC4379566 DOI: 10.3390/v7031189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon infection of a new host, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replicates in the mucosal tissues and is generally undetectable in circulation for 1–2 weeks post-infection. Several interventions against HIV including vaccines and antiretroviral prophylaxis target virus replication at this earliest stage of infection. Mathematical models have been used to understand how HIV spreads from mucosal tissues systemically and what impact vaccination and/or antiretroviral prophylaxis has on viral eradication. Because predictions of such models have been rarely compared to experimental data, it remains unclear which processes included in these models are critical for predicting early HIV dynamics. Here we modified the “standard” mathematical model of HIV infection to include two populations of infected cells: cells that are actively producing the virus and cells that are transitioning into virus production mode. We evaluated the effects of several poorly known parameters on infection outcomes in this model and compared model predictions to experimental data on infection of non-human primates with variable doses of simian immunodifficiency virus (SIV). First, we found that the mode of virus production by infected cells (budding vs. bursting) has a minimal impact on the early virus dynamics for a wide range of model parameters, as long as the parameters are constrained to provide the observed rate of SIV load increase in the blood of infected animals. Interestingly and in contrast with previous results, we found that the bursting mode of virus production generally results in a higher probability of viral extinction than the budding mode of virus production. Second, this mathematical model was not able to accurately describe the change in experimentally determined probability of host infection with increasing viral doses. Third and finally, the model was also unable to accurately explain the decline in the time to virus detection with increasing viral dose. These results suggest that, in order to appropriately model early HIV/SIV dynamics, additional factors must be considered in the model development. These may include variability in monkey susceptibility to infection, within-host competition between different viruses for target cells at the initial site of virus replication in the mucosa, innate immune response, and possibly the inclusion of several different tissue compartments. The sobering news is that while an increase in model complexity is needed to explain the available experimental data, testing and rejection of more complex models may require more quantitative data than is currently available.
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Mass spectrometry imaging reveals heterogeneous efavirenz distribution within putative HIV reservoirs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2944-8. [PMID: 25733502 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04952-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent HIV replication within active viral reservoirs may be caused by inadequate antiretroviral penetration. Here, we used mass spectrometry imaging with infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption-electrospray ionization to quantify the distribution of efavirenz within tissues from a macaque dosed orally to a steady state. Intratissue efavirenz distribution was heterogeneous, with the drug concentrating in the lamina propria of the colon, the primary follicles of lymph nodes, and the brain gray matter. These are the first imaging data of an antiretroviral drug in active viral reservoirs.
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Xu H, Wang X, Veazey RS. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Mucosal Immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhang XL, Pang W, Hu XT, Li JL, Yao YG, Zheng YT. Experimental primates and non-human primate (NHP) models of human diseases in China: current status and progress. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 35:447-64. [PMID: 25465081 PMCID: PMC4790274 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2014.6.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) are phylogenetically close to humans, with many similarities in terms of physiology, anatomy, immunology, as well as neurology, all of which make them excellent experimental models for biomedical research. Compared with developed countries in America and Europe, China has relatively rich primate resources and has continually aimed to develop NHPs resources. Currently, China is a leading producer and a major supplier of NHPs on the international market. However, there are some deficiencies in feeding and management that have hampered China's growth in NHP research and materials. Nonetheless, China has recently established a number of primate animal models for human diseases and achieved marked scientific progress on infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases, reproductive diseases, neurological diseases, and ophthalmic diseases, etc. Advances in these fields via NHP models will undoubtedly further promote the development of China's life sciences and pharmaceutical industry, and enhance China's position as a leader in NHP research. This review covers the current status of NHPs in China and other areas, highlighting the latest developments in disease models using NHPs, as well as outlining basic problems and proposing effective countermeasures to better utilize NHP resources and further foster NHP research in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China;Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xin-Tian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China;Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Jia-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China;Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China;Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China;Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China;Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China.
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Abstract
The advent of reverse genetic approaches to manipulate the genomes of both positive (+) and negative (-) sense RNA viruses allowed researchers to harness these genomes for basic research. Manipulation of positive sense RNA virus genomes occurred first largely because infectious RNA could be transcribed directly from cDNA versions of the RNA genomes. Manipulation of negative strand RNA virus genomes rapidly followed as more sophisticated approaches to provide RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complexes coupled with negative-strand RNA templates were developed. These advances have driven an explosion of RNA virus vaccine vector development. That is, development of approaches to exploit the basic replication and expression strategies of RNA viruses to produce vaccine antigens that have been engineered into their genomes. This study has led to significant preclinical testing of many RNA virus vectors against a wide range of pathogens as well as cancer targets. Multiple RNA virus vectors have advanced through preclinical testing to human clinical evaluation. This review will focus on RNA virus vectors designed to express heterologous genes that are packaged into viral particles and have progressed to clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Mogler
- Harrisvaccines, Inc., 1102 Southern Hills Drive, Suite 101, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Li CX, Zhang X, Komery A, Li Y, Mao H, Herndon JG, Novembre FJ. Longitudinal cerebral metabolic changes in pig-tailed macaques infected with the neurovirulent virus SIVsmmFGb. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:612-9. [PMID: 25377443 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal cerebral metabolite changes in pig-tailed macaques inoculated with the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsmmFGb were evaluated with in vivo proton MRS at 3 T. Blood sample collection, and MRS were carried out before and 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks after SIV inoculation. Significant reduction of N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) and choline (Cho)/Cr ratios in prefrontal gray matter (PGM) and glutamate/glutamine(Glx)/Cr ratio in striatum, and increase of myo-inositol (mI)/Cr in striatum were observed during acute SIV infection. The metabolite alterations during the SIVsmmFGb infection are largely in agreement with previous findings in other non-human primate models and HIV patients. Also, NAA/Cr in PGM and striatum and Glx/Cr in striatum are negatively correlated with the percentage of CD8+ T cells after the SIV infection, suggesting the interaction between brain metabolite and immune dysfunction. The present study complements previous studies by describing the time course of alterations of brain metabolites during SIVsmmFGb infection. The findings further demonstrate the efficacy of the SIVsmmFGb-infected macaque as a model to characterize central nervous system infection using novel neuroimaging approaches and also as a tool for exploration of novel and advanced neuroimaging techniques in HIV/AIDS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xia Li
- Yerkes Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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Antibody persistence and T-cell balance: two key factors confronting HIV vaccine development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15614-21. [PMID: 25349379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413550111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for a prophylactic AIDS vaccine is ongoing, but it is now clear that the successful vaccine must elicit protective antibody responses. Accordingly, intense efforts are underway to identify immunogens that elicit these responses. Regardless of the mechanism of antibody-mediated protection, be it neutralization, Fc-mediated effector function, or both, antibody persistence and appropriate T-cell help are significant problems confronting the development of a successful AIDS vaccine. Here, we discuss the evidence illustrating the poor persistence of antibody responses to Env, the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1, and the related problem of CD4(+) T-cell responses that compromise vaccine efficacy by creating excess cellular targets of HIV-1 infection. Finally, we propose solutions to both problems that are applicable to all Env-based AIDS vaccines regardless of the mechanism of antibody-mediated protection.
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Neumann B, Klippert A, Raue K, Sopper S, Stahl-Hennig C. Characterization of B and plasma cells in blood, bone marrow, and secondary lymphoid organs of rhesus macaques by multicolor flow cytometry. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:19-30. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1hi0514-243r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Phillips KA, Bales KL, Capitanio JP, Conley A, Czoty PW, ‘t Hart BA, Hopkins WD, Hu SL, Miller LA, Nader MA, Nathanielsz PW, Rogers J, Shively CA, Voytko ML. Why primate models matter. Am J Primatol 2014; 76:801-27. [PMID: 24723482 PMCID: PMC4145602 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research involving nonhuman primates (NHPs) has played a vital role in many of the medical and scientific advances of the past century. NHPs are used because of their similarity to humans in physiology, neuroanatomy, reproduction, development, cognition, and social complexity-yet it is these very similarities that make the use of NHPs in biomedical research a considered decision. As primate researchers, we feel an obligation and responsibility to present the facts concerning why primates are used in various areas of biomedical research. Recent decisions in the United States, including the phasing out of chimpanzees in research by the National Institutes of Health and the pending closure of the New England Primate Research Center, illustrate to us the critical importance of conveying why continued research with primates is needed. Here, we review key areas in biomedicine where primate models have been, and continue to be, essential for advancing fundamental knowledge in biomedical and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A. Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio TX 78212
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio TX
| | - Karen L. Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis CA 95616
| | - John P. Capitanio
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis CA 95616
| | - Alan Conley
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis CA 95616
| | - Paul W. Czoty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
| | - Bert A. ‘t Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswick, The Netherlands
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30302
- Division of Cognitive and Developmental Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta GA 30030
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Lisa A. Miller
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis CA 95616
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
| | - Michael A. Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio TX 78229
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI
| | - Carol A. Shively
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
| | - Mary Lou Voytko
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
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Cottrell ML, Kashuba ADM. Topical microbicides and HIV prevention in the female genital tract. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 54:603-15. [PMID: 24664786 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, HIV disproportionately affects women who are often unable to negotiate traditional HIV preventive strategies such as condoms. In the absence of an effective vaccine or cure, chemoprophylaxis may be a valuable self-initiated alternative. Topical microbicides have been investigated as one such option. The first generation topical microbicides were non-specific, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents, including surfactants, polyanions, and acid buffering gels, that generally exhibited contraceptive properties. After extensive clinical study, none prevented HIV infection, and their development was abandoned. Second generation topical microbicides include agents with selective mechanisms of antiviral activity. Most are currently being used for, or have previously been explored as, drugs for treatment of HIV. The most advanced of these is tenofovir 1% gel: the first topical agent shown to significantly reduce HIV infection by 39% compared to placebo. This review summarizes the evolution of topical microbicides for HIV chemoprophylaxis, highlights important concepts learned, and offers current and future considerations for this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L Cottrell
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Distinct advancements and challenges in HIV 1 vaccine development and cure—A review. HIV & AIDS REVIEW 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hivar.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Early studies have cast doubt on the utility of animal models for predicting success or failure of HIV-prevention strategies, but results of multiple human phase 3 microbicide trials, and interrogations into the discrepancies between human and animal model trials, indicate that animal models were, and are, predictive of safety and efficacy of microbicide candidates. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown that topically applied vaginal gels, and oral prophylaxis using single or combination antiretrovirals are indeed effective in preventing sexual HIV transmission in humans, and all of these successes were predicted in animal models. Further, prior discrepancies between animal and human results are finally being deciphered as inadequacies in study design in the model, or quite often, noncompliance in human trials, the latter being increasingly recognized as a major problem in human microbicide trials. SUMMARY Successful microbicide studies in humans have validated results in animal models, and several ongoing studies are further investigating questions of tissue distribution, duration of efficacy, and continued safety with repeated application of these, and other promising microbicide candidates in both murine and nonhuman primate models. Now that we finally have positive correlations with prevention strategies and protection from HIV transmission, we can retrospectively validate animal models for their ability to predict these results, and more importantly, prospectively use these models to select and advance even safer, more effective, and importantly, more durable microbicide candidates into human trials.
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Burbacher TM, Grant KS, Worlein J, Ha J, Curnow E, Juul S, Sackett GP. Four decades of leading-edge research in the reproductive and developmental sciences: the Infant Primate Research Laboratory at the University of Washington National Primate Research Center. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:1063-83. [PMID: 23873400 PMCID: PMC5452618 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Infant Primate Research Laboratory (IPRL) was established in 1970 at the University of Washington as a visionary project of Dr. Gene (Jim) P. Sackett. Supported by a collaboration between the Washington National Primate Research Center and the Center on Human Development and Disability, the IPRL operates under the principle that learning more about the causes of abnormal development in macaque monkeys will provide important insights into the origins and treatment of childhood neurodevelopmental disabilities. Over the past 40 years, a broad range of research projects have been conducted at the IPRL. Some have described the expression of normative behaviors in nursery-reared macaques while others have focused on important biomedical themes in child health and development. This article details the unique scientific history of the IPRL and the contributions produced by research conducted in the laboratory. Past and present investigations have explored the topics of early rearing effects, low-birth-weight, prematurity, birth injury, epilepsy, prenatal neurotoxicant exposure, viral infection (pediatric HIV), diarrheal disease, vaccine safety, and assisted reproductive technologies. Data from these studies have helped advance our understanding of both risk and resiliency in primate development. New directions of research at the IPRL include the production of transgenic primate models using our embryonic stem cell-based technology to better understand and treat heritable forms of human intellectual disabilities such as fragile X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Kimberly S. Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Julie Worlein
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - James Ha
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Eliza Curnow
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Sandra Juul
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Gene P. Sackett
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
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Marshall L, Cummins J, Spiegel H, Turpin J, Veronese F, Kashuba, on behalf of the HIV Preve A. Critical need for appropriate mucosal sample collection to determine relational animal pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models in HIV prevention. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:1398-400. [PMID: 23909474 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Marshall
- Preclinical Microbicide and Prevention Research Branch, Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James Cummins
- Preclinical Microbicide and Prevention Research Branch, Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hans Spiegel
- HJF-DAIDS, a Division of The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Contractor to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James Turpin
- Preclinical Microbicide and Prevention Research Branch, Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fulvia Veronese
- Preclinical Microbicide and Prevention Research Branch, Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela Kashuba, on behalf of the HIV Preve
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Kurosaki M, Bolis M, Fratelli M, Barzago MM, Pattini L, Perretta G, Terao M, Garattini E. Structure and evolution of vertebrate aldehyde oxidases: from gene duplication to gene suppression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1807-30. [PMID: 23263164 PMCID: PMC11113236 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidases (AOXs) and xanthine dehydrogenases (XDHs) belong to the family of molybdo-flavoenzymes. Although AOXs are not identifiable in fungi, these enzymes are represented in certain protists and the majority of plants and vertebrates. The physiological functions and substrates of AOXs are unknown. Nevertheless, AOXs are major drug metabolizing enzymes, oxidizing a wide range of aromatic aldehydes and heterocyclic compounds of medical/toxicological importance. Using genome sequencing data, we predict the structures of AOX genes and pseudogenes, reconstructing their evolution. Fishes are the most primitive organisms with an AOX gene (AOXα), originating from the duplication of an ancestral XDH. Further evolution of fishes resulted in the duplication of AOXα into AOXβ and successive pseudogenization of AOXα. AOXβ is maintained in amphibians and it is the likely precursors of reptilian, avian, and mammalian AOX1. Amphibian AOXγ is a duplication of AOXβ and the likely ancestor of reptilian and avian AOX2, which, in turn, gave rise to mammalian AOX3L1. Subsequent gene duplications generated the two mammalian genes, AOX3 and AOX4. The evolution of mammalian AOX genes is dominated by pseudogenization and deletion events. Our analysis is relevant from a structural point of view, as it provides information on the residues characterizing the three domains of each mammalian AOX isoenzyme. We cloned the cDNAs encoding the AOX proteins of guinea pig and cynomolgus monkeys, two unique species as to the evolution of this enzyme family. We identify chimeric RNAs from the human AOX3 and AOX3L1 pseudogenes with potential to encode a novel microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bolis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Fratelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Monica Barzago
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Pattini
- Department of Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gemma Perretta
- Istututo di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Mineko Terao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Garattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
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Mumbauer A, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Cheng-Mayer C. Efficient mucosal transmissibility but limited pathogenicity of R5 SHIV SF162P3N in Chinese-origin rhesus macaques. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 62:496-504. [PMID: 23221980 PMCID: PMC3622143 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31827f1c11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection of rhesus macaques (RMs) of Indian origin with simian immunodeficiency virus or simian-HIV (SHIV) provided powerful tools to study HIV-1 transmission and disease and for testing the efficacy of novel drugs, vaccines, and prevention strategies. In developing alternative nonhuman primate AIDS models for the CCR5 (R5)-tropic SHIVSF162P3N, we characterized virus transmission and infection in Chinese-origin RMs. METHODS Virologic, immunologic, and pathogenic evaluations of R5 SHIVSF162P3N infection in Chinese RMs challenged intrarectally (ir) or intravaginally were performed and compared with those previously observed in Indian-origin rhesus exposed to the same inoculum dose and via similar route. RESULTS R5 SHIVSF162P3N transmits efficiently across mucosal surfaces in Chinese RMs. The magnitude and kinetics of early virus dissemination after ir inoculation in the Chinese macaques were similar to those observed in Indian rhesus, but a trend toward increased SHIVSF162P3N vaginal infectivity and rapid virus spread was seen in the Chinese macaques compared with the Indian-origin animals. Once infected, however, set point viremia in the ir- and intravaginal-infected Chinese rhesus was significantly lower and the animals survived longer compared with infected Indian rhesus. CONCLUSIONS The R5 SHIVSF162P3N/Chinese RM infection model is suitable for studies of mucosal HIV-1 transmission and protection, but the high frequency of spontaneous control of chronic viremia and reduced virulence with SHIVSF162P3N in this macaque subspecies may limit its utility in studying HIV-1 pathogenesis and in evaluating vaccines and antiretrovirals that rely on reduction in chronic viral load or AIDS development as an experimental end point.
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Volz A, Sutter G. Protective efficacy of Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara in preclinical studies. Vaccine 2013; 31:4235-40. [PMID: 23523402 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a tissue culture-derived, highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus (VACV) exhibiting characteristic defective replication in cells from mammalian hosts. In the 1960s MVA was originally generated as a candidate virus for safer vaccination against smallpox. Now, MVA is widely used in experimental vaccine development targeting important infectious diseases and cancer. Versatile technologies for genetic engineering, large-scale production, and quality control facilitate R&D of recombinant and non-recombinant MVA vaccines matching today's requirements for new biomedical products. Such vaccines are attractive candidates for delivering antigens from pathogens against which no, or no effective vaccine is available, including emerging infections caused by highly pathogenic influenza viruses, chikungunya virus, West Nile virus or zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Other directions are seeking valuable vaccines against highly complex diseases such as AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. Here, we highlight examples of MVA candidate vaccines against infectious diseases, and review the efforts made to assess both the efficacy of vaccination and immune correlates of protection in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asisa Volz
- Lehrstuhl für Virologie, Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Zoonosen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Deeks S, Drosten C, Picker L, Subbarao K, Suzich J. Roadblocks to translational challenges on viral pathogenesis. Nat Med 2013; 19:30-4. [PMID: 23296014 PMCID: PMC7095913 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Distinct roadblocks prevent translating basic findings in viral pathogenesis into therapies and implementing potential solutions in the clinic. An ongoing partnership between the Volkswagen Foundation and Nature Medicine resulted in an interactive meeting in 2012, as part of the “Herrenhausen Symposia” series. Current challenges for various fields of viral research were recognized and discussed with a goal in mind—to identify solutions and propose an agenda to address the translational barriers. Here, some of the researchers who participated at the meeting provide a concise outlook at the most pressing unmet research and clinical needs, identifying these key obstacles is a necessary step towards the prevention and cure of human viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Hong HS, Rajakumar PA, Billingsley JM, Reeves RK, Johnson RP. No monkey business: why studying NK cells in non-human primates pays off. Front Immunol 2013; 4:32. [PMID: 23423644 PMCID: PMC3575030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human NK (hNK) cells play a key role in mediating host immune responses against various infectious diseases. For practical reasons, the majority of the data on hNK cells has been generated using peripheral blood lymphocytes. In contrast, our knowledge of NK cells in human tissues is limited, and not much is known about developmental pathways of hNK cell subpopulations in vivo. Although research in mice has elucidated a number of fundamental features of NK cell biology, mouse, and hNK cells significantly differ in their subpopulations, functions, and receptor repertoires. Thus, there is a need for a model that is more closely related to humans and yet allows experimental manipulations. Non-human primate models offer numerous opportunities for the study of NK cells, including the study of the role of NK cells after solid organ and stem cell transplantation, as well as in acute viral infection. Macaque NK cells can be depleted in vivo or adoptively transferred in an autologous system. All of these studies are either difficult or unethical to carry out in humans. Here we highlight recent advances in rhesus NK cell research and their parallels in humans. Using high-throughput transcriptional profiling, we demonstrate that the human CD56bright and CD56dim NK cell subsets have phenotypically and functionally analogous counterparts in rhesus macaques. Thus, the use of non-human primate models offers the potential to substantially advance hNK cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henoch S Hong
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School Southborough, MA, USA
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Ren W, Mumbauer A, Zhuang K, Harbison C, Knight H, Westmoreland S, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Cheng-Mayer C. Mucosal transmissibility, disease induction and coreceptor switching of R5 SHIVSF162P3N molecular clones in rhesus macaques. Retrovirology 2013; 10:9. [PMID: 23369442 PMCID: PMC3571932 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucosally transmissible and pathogenic CCR5 (R5)-tropic simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) molecular clones are useful reagents to identity neutralization escape in HIV-1 vaccine experiments and to study the envelope evolutionary process and mechanistic basis for coreceptor switch during the course of natural infection. Results We observed progression to AIDS in rhesus macaques infected intrarectally with molecular clones of the pathogenic R5 SHIVSF162P3N isolate. Expansion to CXCR4 usage was documented in one diseased macaque that mounted a neutralizing antibody response and in another that failed to do so, with the latter displaying a rapid progressor phenotype. V3 loop envelop glycoprotein gp120 sequence changes that are predictive of a CXCR4 (X4)-using phenotype in HIV-1 subtype B primary isolates, specifically basic amino acid substations at positions 11 (S11R), 24 (G24R) and 25 (D25K) of the loop were detected in the two infected macaques. Functional assays showed that envelopes with V3 S11R or D25K mutation were dual-tropic, infecting CD4+ target cells that expressed either the CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptor. And, consistent with findings of coreceptor switching in macaques infected with the pathogenic isolate, CXCR4-using variant was first detected in the lymph node of the chronically infected rhesus monkey several weeks prior to its presence in peripheral blood. Moreover, X4 emergence in this macaque coincided with persistent peripheral CD4+ T cell loss and a decline in neutralizing antibody titer that are suggestive of immune deterioration, with macrophages as the major virus-producing cells at the end-stage of disease. Conclusions The data showed that molecular clones derived from the R5 SHIVSF162P3N isolate are mucosally transmissible and induced disease in a manner similar to that observed in HIV-1 infected individuals, providing a relevant and useful animal infection model for in-depth analyses of host selection pressures and the env evolutionary changes that influence disease outcome, coreceptor switching and vaccine escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuze Ren
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Ave,, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
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36
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Cell-intrinsic mechanism involving Siglec-5 associated with divergent outcomes of HIV-1 infection in human and chimpanzee CD4 T cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 91:261-70. [PMID: 22945238 PMCID: PMC3558668 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human and chimpanzee CD4+ T cells differ markedly in expression of the inhibitory receptor Siglec-5, which contributes towards differential responses to activating stimuli. While CD4+ T cells from both species are equally susceptible to HIV-1 infection, chimpanzee cells survive better, suggesting a cell-intrinsic difference. We hypothesized that Siglec-5 expression protects T cells from activation-induced and HIV-1-induced cell death. Transduction of human CEM T cells with Siglec-5 decreased cell responses to stimulation. Following HIV-1 infection, a higher percentage of Siglec-5-positive cells survived, suggesting relative resistance to virus-induced cell death. Consistent with this, we observed an increase in percentage of Siglec-5-positive cells surviving in mixed infected cultures. Siglec-5-transduced cells also showed decreased expression of apoptosis-related proteins following infection and reduced susceptibility to Fas-mediated cell death. Similar Siglec-5-dependent differences were seen when comparing infection outcomes in primary CD4+ T cells from humans and chimpanzees. A protective effect of Siglec-5 was further supported by observing greater proportions of circulating CD4+ T cells expressing Siglec-5 in acutely infected HIV-1 patients, compared to controls. Taken together, our results suggest that Siglec-5 expression protects T cells from HIV-1- and apoptosis-induced cell death and contributes to the different outcomes of HIV-1 infection in humans and chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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38
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Demberg T, Robert-Guroff M. Controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic: current status and global challenges. Front Immunol 2012; 3:250. [PMID: 22912636 PMCID: PMC3418522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the current status of the global HIV pandemic and strategies to bring it under control. It updates numerous preventive approaches including behavioral interventions, male circumcision (MC), pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PREP and PEP), vaccines, and microbicides. The manuscript summarizes current anti-retroviral treatment options, their impact in the western world, and difficulties faced by emerging and resource-limited nations in providing and maintaining appropriate treatment regimens. Current clinical and pre-clinical approaches toward a cure for HIV are described, including new drug compounds that target viral reservoirs and gene therapy approaches aimed at altering susceptibility to HIV infection. Recent progress in vaccine development is summarized, including novel approaches and new discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Demberg
- Vaccine Branch, Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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Mesman AW, Geijtenbeek TB. Pattern Recognition Receptors in HIV Transmission. Front Immunol 2012; 3:59. [PMID: 22566940 PMCID: PMC3341947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), Langerhans cells (LCs), and macrophages are innate immune cells that reside in genital and intestinal mucosal tissues susceptible to HIV-1 infection. These innate cells play distinct roles in initiation of HIV-1 infection and induction of anti-viral immunity. DCs are potent migratory cells that capture HIV-1 and transfer virus to CD4+ T cells in the lymph nodes, whereas LCs have a protective anti-viral function, and macrophages function as viral reservoirs since they produce viruses over prolonged times. These differences are due to the different immune functions of these cells partly dependent on the expression of specific pattern recognition receptors. Expression of Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and cell-specific machinery for antigen uptake and processing strongly influence the outcome of virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies W Mesman
- Department for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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