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Martins B, Pires M, Ambrósio AF, Girão H, Fernandes R. Contribution of extracellular vesicles for the pathogenesis of retinal diseases: shedding light on blood-retinal barrier dysfunction. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:48. [PMID: 38730462 PMCID: PMC11088087 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), loom as threats to vision, causing detrimental effects on the structure and function of the retina. Central to understanding these diseases, is the compromised state of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), an effective barrier that regulates the influx of immune and inflammatory components. Whether BRB breakdown initiates retinal distress, or is a consequence of disease progression, remains enigmatic. Nevertheless, it is an indication of retinal dysfunction and potential vision loss.The intricate intercellular dialogues among retinal cell populations remain unintelligible in the complex retinal milieu, under conditions of inflammation and oxidative stress. The retina, a specialized neural tissue, sustains a ceaseless demand for oxygen and nutrients from two vascular networks. The BRB orchestrates the exchange of molecules and fluids within this specialized region, comprising the inner BRB (iBRB) and the outer BRB (oBRB). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membranous structures, and act as messengers facilitating intercellular communication in this milieu.EVs, both from retinal and peripheral immune cells, increase complexity to BRB dysfunction in DR and AMD. Laden with bioactive cargoes, these EVs can modulate the retinal microenvironment, influencing disease progression. Our review delves into the multifaceted role of EVs in retinal degenerative diseases, elucidating the molecular crosstalk they orchestrate, and their microRNA (miRNA) content. By shedding light on these nanoscale messengers, from their biogenesis, release, to interaction and uptake by target cells, we aim to deepen the comprehension of BRB dysfunction and explore their therapeutic potential, therefore increasing our understanding of DR and AMD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martins
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
| | - Maria Pires
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal.
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal.
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
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Heo JI, Ryu J. Exosomal noncoding RNA: A potential therapy for retinal vascular diseases. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102128. [PMID: 38356865 PMCID: PMC10865410 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that can contain DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites. They are secreted by cells and play a regulatory role in various biological responses by mediating cell-to-cell communication. Moreover, exosomes are of interest in developing therapies for retinal vascular disorders because they can deliver various substances to cellular targets. According to recent research, exosomes can be used as a strategy for managing retinal vascular diseases, and they are being investigated for therapeutic purposes in eye conditions, including glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, retinal ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. However, the role of exosomal noncoding RNA in retinal vascular diseases is not fully understood. Here, we reviewed the latest research on the biological role of exosomal noncoding RNA in treating retinal vascular diseases. Research has shown that noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs, circular RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs play a significant role in the regulation of retinal vascular diseases. Furthermore, through exosome engineering, the expression of relevant noncoding RNAs in exosomes can be controlled to regulate retinal vascular diseases. Therefore, this review suggests that exosomal noncoding RNA could be considered as a biomarker for diagnosis and as a therapeutic target for treating retinal vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ik Heo
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Juhee Ryu
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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3
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Zhu J, Huang J, Sun Y, Xu W, Qian H. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in diabetic retinopathy. Theranostics 2024; 14:1631-1646. [PMID: 38389842 PMCID: PMC10879872 DOI: 10.7150/thno.92463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a complex complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is a leading cause of adult blindness. Hyperglycemia triggers DR, resulting in microvascular damage, glial apoptosis, and neuronal degeneration. Inflammation and oxidative stress play crucial roles during this process. Current clinical treatments for DR primarily target the advanced retinal disorder but offer limited benefits with inevitable side effects. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) exhibit unique morphological features, contents, and biological properties and can be found in cell culture supernatants, various body fluids, and tissues. In DR, EVs with specific cargo composition would induce the reaction of receptor cell once internalized, mediating cellular communication and disease progression. Increasing evidence indicates that monitoring changes in EV quantity and content in DR can aid in disease diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, extensive research is investigating the potential of these nanoparticles as effective therapeutic agents in preclinical models of DR. This review explores the current understanding of the pathological effects of EVs in DR development, discusses their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic strategies, and paves the way for further research and therapeutic advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhu
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, 214200, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, 214200, China
| | - Yaoxiang Sun
- Department of clinical laboratory, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, 214200, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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4
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Miron RJ, Estrin NE, Sculean A, Zhang Y. Understanding exosomes: Part 2-Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:257-414. [PMID: 38591622 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of diseases/conditions. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. Today exosomes have been applied in numerous contexts including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system, depression, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury), damaged organs (heart, kidney, liver, stroke, myocardial infarctions, myocardial infarctions, ovaries), degenerative processes (atherosclerosis, diabetes, hematology disorders, musculoskeletal degeneration, osteoradionecrosis, respiratory disease), infectious diseases (COVID-19, hepatitis), regenerative procedures (antiaging, bone regeneration, cartilage/joint regeneration, osteoarthritis, cutaneous wounds, dental regeneration, dermatology/skin regeneration, erectile dysfunction, hair regrowth, intervertebral disc repair, spinal cord injury, vascular regeneration), and cancer therapy (breast, colorectal, gastric cancer and osteosarcomas), immune function (allergy, autoimmune disorders, immune regulation, inflammatory diseases, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). This scoping review is a first of its kind aimed at summarizing the extensive regenerative potential of exosomes over a broad range of diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan E Estrin
- Advanced PRF Education, Venice, Florida, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
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Manai F, Smedowski A, Kaarniranta K, Comincini S, Amadio M. Extracellular vesicles in degenerative retinal diseases: A new therapeutic paradigm. J Control Release 2024; 365:448-468. [PMID: 38013069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs), consisting of exomers, exosomes and microvesicles/ectosomes, have been extensively investigated in the last 20 years, although their biological role is still something of a mystery. EVs are involved in the transfer of lipids, nucleic acids and proteins from donor to recipient cells or distant organs as well as regulating cell-cell communication and signaling. Thus, EVs are important in intercellular communication and this is not limited to sister cells, but may also mediate the crosstalk between different cell types even over long distances. EVs play crucial functions in both cellular homeostasis and the pathogenesis of diseases, and since their contents reflect the status of the donor cell, they represent an additional valuable source of information for characterizing complex biological processes. Recent advances in isolation and analytical methods have led to substantial improvements in both characterizing and engineering EVs, leading to their use either as novel biomarkers for disease diagnosis/prognosis or even as novel therapies. Due to their capacity to carry biomolecules, various EV-based therapeutic applications have been devised for several pathological conditions, including eye diseases. In the eye, EVs have been detected in the retina, aqueous humor, vitreous body and also in tears. Experiences with other forms of intraocular drug applications have opened new ways to use EVs in the treatment of retinal diseases. We here provide a comprehensive summary of the main in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo literature-based studies on EVs' role in ocular physiological and pathological conditions. We have focused on age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, which are common eye diseases leading to permanent blindness, if not treated properly. In addition, the putative use of EVs in retinitis pigmentosa and other retinopathies is discussed. Finally, we have reviewed the potential of EVs as therapeutic tools and/or biomarkers in the above-mentioned retinal disorders. Evidence emerging from experimental disease models and human material strongly suggests future diagnostic and/or therapeutic exploitation of these biological agents in various ocular disorders with a good possibility to improve the patient's quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Manai
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adrian Smedowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland; GlaucoTech Co., Katowice, Poland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sergio Comincini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Gouda W, Ahmed AE, Mageed L, Hassan AK, Afify M, Hamimy WI, Ragab HM, Maksoud NAE, Allayeh AK, Abdelmaksoud MDE. Significant role of some miRNAs as biomarkers for the degree of obesity. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:109. [PMID: 37930593 PMCID: PMC10628096 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00559-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is one of the most serious problems over the world. MicroRNAs have developed as main mediators of metabolic processes, playing significant roles in physiological processes. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the expressions of (miR-15a, miR-Let7, miR-344, and miR-365) and its relationship with the different classes in obese patients. METHODS A total of 125 individuals were enrolled in the study and classified into four groups: healthy non-obese controls (n = 50), obese class I (n = 24), obese class II (n = 17), and obese class III (n = 34) concerning body mass index (BMI < 30 kg/m2, BMI 30-34.9 kg/m2, BMI 35-39.9 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2, respectively). BMI and the biochemical measurements (fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL, urea, creatinine, AST, and ALT) were determined. The expressions of (miR-15a, miR-Let7, miR-344, and miR-365) were detected through quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS There was a significant difference between different obese classes and controls (P < 0.05) concerning (BMI, TC, TG, HDL, and LDL). In contrast, fasting glucose, kidney, and liver functions had no significant difference. Our data revealed that the expression of miR-15a and miR-365 were significantly associated with different obese classes. But the circulating miR-Let7 and miR-344 were not significantly related to obesity in different classes. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that miR-15a and miR-365 might consider as biomarkers for the obesity development into different obese classes. Thus, the relationship between regulatory microRNAs and disease has been the object of intense investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weaam Gouda
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amr E Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa Mageed
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amgad K Hassan
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mie Afify
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - W I Hamimy
- Anesthesia Department, Obesity, Surgery Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Halla M Ragab
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nabila Abd El Maksoud
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdou K Allayeh
- Environment and Climate Change Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed D E Abdelmaksoud
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Chao Y, Gu T, Zhang Z, Wu T, Wang J, Bi Y. The role of miRNAs carried by extracellular vesicles in type 2 diabetes and its complications. J Diabetes 2023; 15:838-852. [PMID: 37583355 PMCID: PMC10590682 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes poses severe global public health problems and places heavy burdens on the medical and economic systems of society. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) accounts for 90% of these cases. Diabetes also often accompanies serious complications that threaten multiple organs such as the brain, eyes, kidneys, and the cardiovascular system. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) carried by extracellular vesicles (EV-miRNAs) are considered to mediate cross-organ and cross-cellular communication and have a vital role in the pathophysiology of T2D. They also offer promising sources of diabetes-related biomarkers and serve as effective therapeutic targets. Here, we briefly reviewed studies of EV-miRNAs in T2D and related complications. Specially, we innovatively explore the targeting nature of miRNA action due to the target specificity of vesicle binding, aiding mechanism understanding as well as the detection and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Chao
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Medical Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic DiseasesNanjingChina
| | - Tianwei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Medical Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic DiseasesNanjingChina
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Medical Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic DiseasesNanjingChina
| | - Tianyu Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Medical Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic DiseasesNanjingChina
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Medical Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic DiseasesNanjingChina
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Medical Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic DiseasesNanjingChina
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Satyadev N, Rivera MI, Nikolov NK, Fakoya AOJ. Exosomes as biomarkers and therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated complications. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1241096. [PMID: 37745252 PMCID: PMC10515224 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1241096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders worldwide. However, T2DM still remains underdiagnosed and undertreated resulting in poor quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. Given this ongoing burden, researchers have attempted to locate new therapeutic targets as well as methodologies to identify the disease and its associated complications at an earlier stage. Several studies over the last few decades have identified exosomes, small extracellular vesicles that are released by cells, as pivotal contributors to the pathogenesis of T2DM and its complications. These discoveries suggest the possibility of novel detection and treatment methods. This review provides a comprehensive presentation of exosomes that hold potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Additional focus is given to characterizing the role of exosomes in T2DM complications, including diabetic angiopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic wound healing. This study reveals that the utilization of exosomes as diagnostic markers and therapies is a realistic possibility for both T2DM and its complications. However, the majority of the current research is limited to animal models, warranting further investigation of exosomes in clinical trials. This review represents the most extensive and up-to-date exploration of exosomes in relation to T2DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Satyadev
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Milagros I. Rivera
- University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
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Khan R, Verma AK, Datta M. mir-98-5p regulates gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis by targeting PPP1R15B in hepatocytes. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:881-895. [PMID: 36917438 PMCID: PMC10409962 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several reports suggest that circulatory miRNAs are deregulated in diverse diseases and used as markers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Here we show that miR-98-5p, that is down-regulated in the circulation during diabetes, regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis by targeting PPP1R15B. miR-98-5p overexpression significantly decreased the transcript and protein levels of PPP1R15B in hepatic HepG2 cells and increased p-eIF2α expression and these were prevented in the presence of its inhibitor. Two major hepatic hallmarks during diabetes i.e. hepatic lipid accumulation and glucose output were explored towards physiological relevance. As compared to scramble, overexpression of miR-98-5p decreased the transcript levels of both gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes together with a significant reduction in hepatic glucose production and fat accumulation in HepG2 cells. Using PASTAA to detect common transcription factors regulating these altered genes, CREB emerged as the most significantly enriched transcription factor. While miR-98-5p overexpression did not change the transcript levels of CREB, there was a significant change in its protein levels. While similar effects on gluconeogenic and lipogenic gene expression were detected using the PPP1R15B siRNA, the opposite was observed in the presence of miR-98-5p inhibitor alone. All these suggest that by targeting PPP1R15B, miR-98-5p regulates hepatic steatosis and glucose output; deregulation of which are characteristic hepatic features during diabetes. Therapeutic intervention of the miR-98/PPP1R15B axis might offer a potential strategy to target aberrant hepatic metabolism during diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukshar Khan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
- Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, Delhi, New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Amit Kumar Verma
- Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, Delhi, New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Malabika Datta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-HRDC, Kamala Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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Wiecek M, Kusmierczyk J, Szymura J, Kreiner G, Szygula Z. Whole-Body Cryotherapy Alters Circulating MicroRNA Profile in Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5265. [PMID: 37629307 PMCID: PMC10455963 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases with age, especially in women. The role of microRNAs (miRs) in the regulation of metabolism is postulated. The aim of the study is to identify miRs that may be markers of MetS and to assess changes in miRs expression as a result of 10 and 20 whole-body cryotherapy treatments (WBC; 3 min, -120 °C) in postmenopausal women with MetS (M-60, BMI 30.56 ± 5.38 kg/m2), compared to healthy postmenopausal (H-60, BMI 25.57 ± 2.46 kg/m2) and healthy young women (H-20, BMI 22.90 ± 3.19 kg/m2). In a fasting state, before 1 WBC and after 10 WBCs, as well as 20 WBCs, the expression of miR-15a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-197-3p, miR-223-3p, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and blood lipid profile were determined. miR-15a-5p and miR-21-5p were down-regulated in M-60, while miR-23a-3p and miR-197-3p were up-regulated, and miR-223-3p down-regulated in M-60 and H-60, compared to H-20. Significant positive correlations between up-regulated (mostly for miR-23-3p and miR-197-3p) and significant negative correlations between down-regulated (mostly for miR-15a-5p) miRs and markers of body composition as well as metabolic disorders were observed. After 20 WBCs, miR-15a-5p expression was up-regulated in all groups. In H-60, down-regulation of miR-197-3p expression occurred after 10 WBCs and 20 WBCs. Following 10 WBCs, FBG decreased in all groups, which intensified in M-60 post-20 WBCs. In our research, it has been shown that miR-23a-3p and miR-197-3p are accurate markers of MetS and MetS risk factors, while miR-15a-5p and miR-23a-3p are precise markers of body composition disorders. WBC is an effective treatment for up-regulating miR-15a-5p and lowering glucose levels in young and postmenopausal women and down-regulating miR-197-3p expression in postmenopausal women. It may be an adjunctive effective treatment method in MetS and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wiecek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Justyna Kusmierczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Jadwiga Szymura
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Department Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Szygula
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
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Wang Z, Tan W, Li B, Zou J, Li Y, Xiao Y, He Y, Yoshida S, Zhou Y. Exosomal non-coding RNAs in angiogenesis: Functions, mechanisms and potential clinical applications. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18626. [PMID: 37560684 PMCID: PMC10407155 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that can be produced by most cells. Exosomes act as important intermediaries in intercellular communication, and participate in a variety of biological activities between cells. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) usually refer to RNAs that do not encode proteins. Although ncRNAs have no protein-coding capacity, they are able to regulate gene expression at multiple levels. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, which is an important physiological process. However, abnormal angiogenesis could induce many diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy and cancer. Many studies have shown that ncRNAs can stably exist in exosomes and play a wide range of physiological and pathological roles including regulation of angiogenesis. In brief, some specific ncRNAs can be enriched in exosomes secreted by cells and absorbed by recipient cells through the exosome pathway, thus activating relevant signaling pathways in target cells and playing a role in regulating angiogenesis. In this review, we describe the physiological and pathological functions of exosomal ncRNAs in angiogenesis, summarize their role in angiogenesis-related diseases, and illustrate potential clinical applications like novel drug therapy strategies and diagnostic markers in exosome research as inspiration for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Bingyan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jingling Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yangyan Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Shigeo Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yedi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
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12
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Wang J, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li J. Proteomic analysis of vitreal exosomes in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:2061-2068. [PMID: 36253458 PMCID: PMC10333309 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the proteomic profiles of exosomes derived from vitreous humour (VH) obtained from proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients and non-diabetic controls with idiopathic macular hole/epiretinal membrane. METHODS Vitreal exosomes were isolated using differential ultracentrifugation, followed by characterisation performed using different techniques. A label-free proteomic analysis was conducted to determine the protein profiles of the exosomes. A parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis was performed to verify the identified proteins and associated functional annotations were derived by gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was utilised to evaluate the diagnostic value of target proteins in distinguishing PDR from controls. RESULTS Exosomes were successfully isolated from VH, and were well characterised by various techniques. The results of proteomic analysis showed that a total of 758 proteins were identified and 10 proteins were screened as differentially expressed proteins, significantly changed in the PDR group containing 4 elevated proteins and 6 reduced proteins. GO analysis indicated that these differential proteins were mainly involved in many metabolic pathways, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism, adenosine diphosphate metabolic process and glycolytic process. The KEGG analysis enriched the top five pathways including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fructose and mannose metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signalling pathway and carbon metabolism. The differential proteins, namely, lactate dehydrogenase A, ficolin 3, apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein M, were further verified by PRM and showed a consistent trend with label-free proteomic analysis. The ROC analysis identified these proteins as promising biomarkers for PDR diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Vitreal exosomes from patients with PDR contained few proteins unique to PDR; thus, exosomal proteins have great potential as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Liaocheng Eye Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianqiao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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13
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Chatterjee A, Singh R. Extracellular vesicles: an emerging player in retinal homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1059141. [PMID: 37181750 PMCID: PMC10166895 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1059141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass secreted membrane vesicles of varied sizes, including exosomes (-30-200 nm) and microvesicles (MVs) that are ∼100-1,000 nm in size. EVs play an important role in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling and are implicated in myriad human disorders including prominent retinal degenerative diseases, like age related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Studies of EVs in vitro using transformed cell lines, primary cultures, and more recently, induced pluripotent stem cell derived retinal cell type(s) (e.g., retinal pigment epithelium) have provided insights into the composition and function of EVs in the retina. Furthermore, consistent with a causal role of EVs in retinal degenerative diseases, altering EV composition has promoted pro-retinopathy cellular and molecular events in both in vitro and in vivo models. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of EVs in retinal (patho)physiology. Specifically, we will focus on disease-associated EV alterations in specific retinal diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the potential utility of EVs in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for targeting retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Chatterjee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ruchira Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- UR Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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14
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide disease with rapidly increasing prevalence. This complex disorder caused by interplay between genetic predisposition factors, early developmental elements, diet and inactive lifestyle. Several researches have shown impact of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Several miRNAs such as miR-126, miR-222-3p, miR-182, let-7b-5p, and miR-1-3p have been down-regulated in different biological sources of patients with T2DM. Some other miRNAs including miR-21, miR-30d, miR-148a-3p, miR-146b and miR-486 have the opposite trends. In addition, a number of lncRNAs such as LY86-AS, HCG27_201, VIM-AS1, CTBP1-AS2, CASC2, GAS5, LINC-PINT, and MALAT1 have been altered in the peripheral blood, serum samples or tissues obtained from patients with T2DM. Taken together, both miRNAs and lncRNAs contribute to the development of T2DM and might be applied as markers or therapeutic molecules for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhane Eghtedarian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Liu A, Hefley B, Escandon P, Nicholas SE, Karamichos D. Salivary Exosomes in Health and Disease: Future Prospects in the Eye. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076363. [PMID: 37047335 PMCID: PMC10094317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a group of vesicles that package and transport DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids to recipient cells. They can be derived from blood, saliva, urine, and/or other biological tissues. Their impact on several diseases, such as neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and ocular diseases, have been reported, but not fully unraveled. The exosomes that are derived from saliva are less studied, but offer significant advantages over exosomes from other sources, due to their accessibility and ease of collection. Thus, their role in the pathophysiology of diseases is largely unknown. In the context of ocular diseases, salivary exosomes have been under-utilized, thus creating an enormous gap in the literature. The current review discusses the state of exosomes research on systemic and ocular diseases and highlights the role and potential of salivary exosomes as future ocular therapeutic vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Liu
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Brenna Hefley
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Paulina Escandon
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Sarah E. Nicholas
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-817-735-2101
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16
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Habibi A, Zarei-Behjani Z, Falamarzi K, Malekpour M, Ebrahimi F, Soleimani M, Nejabat M, Khosravi A, Moayedfard Z, Pakbaz S, Dehdari Ebrahimi N, Azarpira N. Extracellular vesicles as a new horizon in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory eye diseases: A narrative review of the literature. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1097456. [PMID: 36969177 PMCID: PMC10033955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1097456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Their cargos contain a diverse variety of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that are involved in both normal physiology and pathology of the ocular system. Thus, studying extracellular vesicles may lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and even potential treatments for various diseases. The roles of extracellular vesicles in inflammatory eye disorders have been widely investigated in recent years. The term “inflammatory eye diseases” refers to a variety of eye conditions such as inflammation-related diseases, degenerative conditions with remarkable inflammatory components, neuropathy, and tumors. This study presents an overview of extracellular vesicles’ and exosomes’ pathogenic, diagnostic, and therapeutic values in inflammatory eye diseases, as well as existing and potential challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Habibi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Zarei-Behjani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kimia Falamarzi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Malekpour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masood Soleimani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Nejabat
- Department of Ophthalmology School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Khosravi
- Department of Ophthalmology School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Moayedfard
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Pakbaz
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Niloofar Dehdari Ebrahimi
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Negar Azarpira, ; Niloofar Dehdari Ebrahimi,
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Negar Azarpira, ; Niloofar Dehdari Ebrahimi,
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17
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Sufianov A, Kostin A, Begliarzade S, Kudriashov V, Ilyasova T, Liang Y, Mukhamedzyanov A, Beylerli O. Exosomal non coding RNAs as a novel target for diabetes mellitus and its complications. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:192-204. [PMID: 36818396 PMCID: PMC9929646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a first-line priority among the problems facing medical science and public health in almost all countries of the world. The main problem of DM is the high incidence of damage to the cardiovascular system, which in turn leads to diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke, gangrene of the lower extremities, blindness and chronic renal failure. As a result, the study of the molecular genetic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of DM is of critical importance for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Molecular genetic aspects of the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus are intensively studied in well-known laboratories around the world. One of the strategies in this direction is to study the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of DM. Exosomes are microscopic extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30-100 nm, released into the intercellular space by cells of various tissues and organs. The content of exosomes depends on the cell type and includes mRNA, non-coding RNAs, DNA, and so on. Non-coding RNAs, a group of RNAs with limited transcriptional activity, have been discovered to play a significant role in regulating gene expression through epigenetic and posttranscriptional modulation, such as silencing of messenger RNA. One of the problems of usage exosomes in DM is the identification of the cellular origin of exosomes and the standardization of protocols for molecular genetic studies in clinical laboratories. In addition, the question of the target orientation of exosomes and their targeted activity requires additional study. Solving these and other problems will make it possible to use exosomes for the diagnosis and delivery of drugs directly to target cells in DM. This study presents an analysis of literature data on the role of exosomes and ncRNAs in the development and progression of DM, as well as the prospects for the use of exosomes in clinical practice in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Sufianov
- Educational and Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia,Department of Neurosurgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Kostin
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sema Begliarzade
- Republican Clinical Perinatal Center, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450106, Russia
| | | | - Tatiana Ilyasova
- Department of Internal Diseases, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450008, Russia
| | - Yanchao Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | | | - Ozal Beylerli
- Educational and Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia,Corresponding author. Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
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18
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Chen T, Wang F, Wei J, Feng L. Extracellular vesicles derived from different sources play various roles in diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1064415. [PMID: 36686474 PMCID: PMC9845915 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1064415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are present in almost all biological fluids and secreted by almost all cell types. A growing number of studies have revealed the potential roles of EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of the diabetic retinopathy (DR). Changes in the quantity and content of EVs may serve as biomarkers of cause or consequence of pathological status of DR, such as inflammation, neovascularization and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In addition, as natural, safe and efficient drug carrier, EVs have been reported to play important roles in intercellular communication by acting for essential cell-specific information to target cells. In this review, we summarize the roles of EVs, secreted by various types of cells and participated in various biological processes, in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Le Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Demais V, Pohl A, Wunderlich KA, Pfaller AM, Kaplan L, Barthélémy A, Dittrich R, Puig B, Giebel B, Hauck SM, Pfrieger FW, Grosche A. Release of VAMP5-positive extracellular vesicles by retinal Müller glia in vivo. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12254. [PMID: 36043482 PMCID: PMC9428896 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions in the central nervous system are based on the release of molecules mediating signal exchange and providing structural and trophic support through vesicular exocytosis and the formation of extracellular vesicles. The specific mechanisms employed by each cell type in the brain are incompletely understood. Here, we explored the means of communication used by Müller cells, a type of radial glial cells in the retina, which forms part of the central nervous system. Using immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and molecular analyses, we provide evidence for the release of distinct extracellular vesicles from endfeet and microvilli of retinal Müller cells in adult mice in vivo. We identify VAMP5 as a Müller cell-specific SNARE component that is part of extracellular vesicles and responsive to ischemia, and we reveal differences between the secretomes of immunoaffinity-purified Müller cells and neurons in vitro. Our findings suggest extracellular vesicle-based communication as an important mediator of cellular interactions in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Demais
- Plateforme Imagerie In Vitro, CNRS UAR 3156, Neuropôle, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Pohl
- Department of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center BMC, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten A Wunderlich
- Department of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center BMC, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anna M Pfaller
- Department of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center BMC, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lew Kaplan
- Department of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center BMC, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Amelie Barthélémy
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Robin Dittrich
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core and Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Frank W Pfrieger
- Plateforme Imagerie In Vitro, CNRS UAR 3156, Neuropôle, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antje Grosche
- Department of Physiological Genomics, BioMedical Center BMC, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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20
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Crosstalk between Oxidative Stress and Exosomes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3553617. [PMID: 36082080 PMCID: PMC9448575 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3553617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have several organs comprising various cells with different functions. Furthermore, eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized into functionally distinct organelles. Thus, for good organismal health, exosomes, which play an important role in cell-to-cell communication, interact closely with oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, which is recognized as a type of intracellular second signal, is aggravated by reactive species. As a subtype of reactive species, reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be produced on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane by NADPH oxidases, via the mitochondrial electron transport chain, in peroxisomes, and in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The scavenging of ROS is mainly dependent on peroxiredoxins, including GSH peroxidases, peroxiredoxins 3 and 5, and thioredoxin reductase. Intracellular ROS increase the number of intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs) by restraining their degradation in lysosomes, thereby enhancing the release of exosomes under the synergy of the depletion of exofacial GSH, which can be regulated by oxidative stress. In contrast, higher ROS levels can decrease the yield of exosomes by activating cellular autophagy to degrade MVBs. Moreover, exosomes can transfer the characteristics of parent cells to recipient cells. Here, we review the interaction between oxidative stress and exosomes in the hope of providing insights into their interplay.
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21
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Zhao X, Ling F, Zhang GW, Yu N, Yang J, Xin XY. The Correlation Between MicroRNAs and Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941982. [PMID: 35958584 PMCID: PMC9358975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs), as a category of post-transcriptional gene inhibitors, have a wide range of biological functions, are involved in many pathological processes, and are attractive therapeutic targets. Considerable evidence in ophthalmology indicates that miRNAs play an important role in diabetic retinopathy (DR), especially in inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. Targeting specific miRNAs for the treatment of DR has attracted much attention. This is a review focusing on the pathophysiological roles of miRNAs in DR, diabetic macular edema, and proliferative DR complex multifactorial retinal diseases, with particular emphasis on how miRNAs regulate complex molecular pathways and underlying pathomechanisms. Moreover, the future development potential and application limitations of therapy that targets specific miRNAs for DR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospita, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Feng Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospita, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Guang wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Na Yu
- Department of Scientific research, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospita, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Yang, ; Xiang yang Xin,
| | - Xiang yang Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospita, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Yang, ; Xiang yang Xin,
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22
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Alexandru N, Procopciuc A, Vîlcu A, Comariţa IK, Bӑdilӑ E, Georgescu A. Extracellular vesicles-incorporated microRNA signature as biomarker and diagnosis of prediabetes state and its complications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:309-332. [PMID: 34143360 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small anuclear vesicles, delimited by a lipid bilayer, released by almost all cell types, carrying functionally active biological molecules that can be transferred to the neighbouring or distant cells, inducing phenotypical and functional changes, relevant in various physio-pathological conditions. The microRNAs are the most significant active components transported by EVs, with crucial role in intercellular communication and significant effects on recipient cells. They may also server as novel valuable biomarkers for the diagnosis of metabolic disorders. Moreover, EVs are supposed to mediate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk and its progress. The T2DM development is preceded by prediabetes, a state that is associated with early forms of nephropathy and neuropathy, chronic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy, and increased risk of macrovascular disease. Although the interest of scientists was focused not only on the pathogenesis of diabetes, but also on the early diagnosis, little is known about EVs-incorporated microRNA involvement in prediabetes state and its microvascular and macrovascular complications. Here, we survey the biogenesis, classification, content, biological functions and the most popular primary isolation methods of EVs, review the EVs-associated microRNA profiling connexion with early stages of diabetes and discuss the role of EVs containing specific microRNAs in prediabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Alexandru
- Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anastasia Procopciuc
- Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Vîlcu
- Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Karla Comariţa
- Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elisabeta Bӑdilӑ
- Internal Medicine Clinic, Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Adriana Georgescu
- Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
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23
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Yang J, Liu Z. Mechanistic Pathogenesis of Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Nephropathy and Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:816400. [PMID: 35692405 PMCID: PMC9174994 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.816400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are microvascular complications of diabetes. Microvascular endothelial cells are thought to be the major targets of hyperglycemic injury. In diabetic microvasculature, the intracellular hyperglycemia causes damages to the vascular endothelium, via multiple pathophysiological process consist of inflammation, endothelial cell crosstalk with podocytes/pericytes and exosomes. In addition, DN and DR diseases development are involved in several critical regulators including the cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and the Notch signal. The present review attempts to gain a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis complexities underlying the endothelial dysfunction in diabetes diabetic and retinopathy, contributing to the development of new mechanistic therapeutic strategies against diabetes-induced microvascular endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center For Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center For Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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24
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Rad LM, Yumashev AV, Hussen BM, Jamad HH, Ghafouri-Fard S, Taheri M, Rostami S, Niazi V, Hajiesmaeili M. Therapeutic Potential of Microvesicles in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine of Ocular Diseases With an Especial Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Microvesicles. Front Genet 2022; 13:847679. [PMID: 35422841 PMCID: PMC9001951 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.847679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
These days, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), because of immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic abilities, are known as inevitable factors in regenerative medicine and cell therapy in different diseases such as ocular disorder. Moreover, researchers have indicated that exosome possess an essential potential in the therapeutic application of ocular disease. MSC-derived exosome (MSC-DE) have been identified as efficient as MSCs for treatment of eye injuries due to their small size and rapid diffusion all over the eye. MSC-DEs easily transfer their ingredients such as miRNAs, proteins, and cytokines to the inner layer in the eye and increase the reconstruction of the injured area. Furthermore, MSC-DEs deliver their immunomodulatory cargos in inflamed sites and inhibit immune cell migration, resulting in improvement of autoimmune uveitis. Interestingly, therapeutic effects were shown only in animal models that received MSC-DE. In this review, we summarized the therapeutic potential of MSCs and MSC-DE in cell therapy and regenerative medicine of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Moallemi Rad
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Alexey V Yumashev
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq.,Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Hazha Hadayat Jamad
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Samaneh Rostami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciecnes, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Niazi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hajiesmaeili
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Loghman Hakin Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Garavelli S, Prattichizzo F, Ceriello A, Galgani M, de Candia P. Type 1 Diabetes and Associated Cardiovascular Damage: Contribution of Extracellular Vesicles in Tissue Crosstalk. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:631-651. [PMID: 34407376 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin secreting β-cells, with consequent aberrant blood glucose levels. Hyperglycemia is the common denominator for most of the chronic diabetic vascular complications, which represent the main cause of life reduction in T1D patients. For this disease, three interlaced medical needs remain: understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in pancreatic β-cell loss; identifying biomarkers able to predict T1D progression and its related complications; recognizing novel therapeutic targets. Recent Advances: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by most cell types, were discovered to contain a plethora of different molecules (including microRNAs) with regulatory properties, which are emerging as mediators of cell-to-cell communication at the paracrine and endocrine level. Recent knowledge suggests that EVs may act as pathogenic factors, and be developed into disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the context of several human diseases. Critical Issues: EVs have been recently shown to sustain a dysregulated cellular crosstalk able to exacerbate the autoimmune response in the pancreatic islets of T1D; moreover, EVs were shown to be able to monitor and/or predict the progression of T1D and the insurgence of vasculopathies. Future Directions: More mechanistic studies are needed to investigate whether the dysregulation of EVs in T1D patients is solely reflecting the progression of diabetes and related complications, or EVs also directly participate in the disease process, thus pointing to a potential use of EVs as therapeutic targets/tools in T1D. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 631-651.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Garavelli
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "G. Salvatore," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Galgani
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "G. Salvatore," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Italy
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26
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Brasil Brandao B, Lino M, Kahn CR. Extracellular miRNAs as mediators of obesity-associated disease. J Physiol 2022; 600:1155-1169. [PMID: 34392542 PMCID: PMC8845532 DOI: 10.1113/jp280910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular miRNAs are found in a variety of body fluids and mediate intercellular and interorgan communication, thus regulating gene expression and cellular metabolism. These miRNAs are secreted either in small vesicles/exosomes (sEV) or bound to proteins such as Argonaute and high-density lipoprotein. Both exosomal and protein-bound circulating miRNAs are altered in obesity. Although all tissues can contribute to changes in circulating miRNAs, adipose tissue itself is an important source of these miRNAs, especially those in sEVs. These are derived from both adipocytes and macrophages and participate in crosstalk between these cells, as well as peripheral tissues, including liver, skeletal muscle and pancreas, whose function may be impaired in obesity. Changes in levels of circulating miRNAs have also been linked to the beneficial effects induced by weight loss interventions, including diet, exercise and bariatric surgery, further indicating a role for these miRNAs as mediators of disease pathogenesis. Here, we review the role of circulating miRNAs in the pathophysiology of obesity and explore their potential use as biomarkers and in therapy of obesity-associated metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Brasil Brandao
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Marsel Lino
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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27
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Xu YX, Pu SD, Li X, Yu ZW, Zhang YT, Tong XW, Shan YY, Gao XY. Exosomal ncRNAs: Novel Therapeutic Target and Biomarker for Diabetic Complications. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management in 2021. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020786. [PMID: 35054972 PMCID: PMC8775991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) forms a cluster of metabolic dysregulations including insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of MetS encompasses multiple genetic and acquired entities that fall under the umbrella of insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. If left untreated, MetS is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Given that CVDs constitute by far the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, it has become essential to investigate the role played by MetS in this context to reduce the heavy burden of the disease. As such, and while MetS relatively constitutes a novel clinical entity, the extent of research about the disease has been exponentially growing in the past few decades. However, many aspects of this clinical entity are still not completely understood, and many questions remain unanswered to date. In this review, we provide a historical background and highlight the epidemiology of MetS. We also discuss the current and latest knowledge about the histopathology and pathophysiology of the disease. Finally, we summarize the most recent updates about the management and the prevention of this clinical syndrome.
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29
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Fluitt MB, Mohit N, Gambhir KK, Nunlee-Bland G. To the Future: The Role of Exosome-Derived microRNAs as Markers, Mediators, and Therapies for Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:5126968. [PMID: 35237694 PMCID: PMC8885279 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5126968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing at a staggering rate around the world. In the United States, more than 30.3 million Americans have DM. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for 91.2% of diabetic cases and disproportionately affects African Americans and Hispanics. T2DM is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. While significant advances in T2DM treatment have been made, intensive glucose control has failed to reduce the development of macro and microvascular related deaths in this group. This highlights the need to further elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to CVD in the setting of T2DM. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays an important role in the development of diabetes-induced vascular complications, including CVD and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Thus, the endothelium provides a lucrative means to investigate the molecular events involved in the development of vascular complications associated with T2DM. microRNAs (miRNA) participate in numerous cellular responses, including mediating messages in vascular homeostasis. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (40-160 nanometers) that are abundant in circulation and can deliver various molecules, including miRNAs, from donor to recipient cells to facilitate cell-to-cell communication. Endothelial cells are in constant contact with exosomes (and exosomal content) that can induce a functional response. This review discusses the modulatory role of exosomal miRNAs and proteins in diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction, highlighting the significance of miRNAs as markers, mediators, and potential therapeutic interventions to ameliorate ED in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice B. Fluitt
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Neal Mohit
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College St. NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Kanwal K. Gambhir
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Gail Nunlee-Bland
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
- Diabetes Treatment Center, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA
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30
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Sun F, Xu W, Qian H. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles in retinal diseases. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:13227-13245. [PMID: 35035672 PMCID: PMC8748154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a type of nanosized membranous vesicles secreted by living cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communications with excellent physicochemical stability and biocompatibility. By delivering biologically active molecules including proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, EVs participate in many physiological and pathological processes. Increasing studies have suggested that EVs may be biomarkers for liquid biopsy of retinal diseases due to the ability to transfer through the blood-retinal barrier. EVs also represent a novel cell-free strategy to repair tissue damage in regenerative medicine. Evidence has indicated that EVs can be engineered and modified to enhance their efficacy. In this review, an overview of the characteristics, isolation, and identification of EVs is provided. Moreover, recent advances with EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases and the engineering approaches to elevate their effects are introduced, and opportunities and challenges for clinical application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
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31
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Li X, Zhang H, Xu L, Jin Y, Luo J, Li C, Zhao K, Zheng Y, Yu D, Zhao Y. miR-15a-3p Protects Against Isoniazid-Induced Liver Injury via Suppressing N-Acetyltransferase 2 Expression. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:752072. [PMID: 34888351 PMCID: PMC8651391 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.752072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH), an effective first-line drug for tuberculosis treatment, has been reported to be associated with hepatotoxicity for decades, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is a Phase II enzyme that specifically catalyzes the acetylation of INH, and NAT2 expression/activity play pivotal roles in INH metabolism, drug efficacy, and toxicity. In this study, we systematically investigated the regulatory roles of microRNA (miRNA) in NAT2 expression and INH-induced liver injury via a series of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo analyses. Four mature miRNAs, including hsa-miR-15a-3p, hsa-miR-628-5p, hsa-miR-1262, and hsa-miR-3132, were predicted to target the NAT2 transcript, and a negative correlation was observed between hsa-miR-15a-3p and NAT2 transcripts in liver samples. Further experiments serially revealed that hsa-miR-15a-3p was able to interact with the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of NAT2 directly, suppressed the endogenous NAT2 expression, and then inhibited INH-induced NAT2 overexpression as well as INH-induced liver injury, both in liver cells and mouse model. In summary, our results identified hsa-miR-15a-3p as a novel epigenetic factor modulating NAT2 expression and as a protective module against INH-induced liver injury, and provided new clues to elucidate the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms concerning drug-induced liver injury (DILI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanhai Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kunming Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanjie Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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32
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Exosomes, extracellular vesicles and the eye. Exp Eye Res 2021; 214:108892. [PMID: 34896308 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles which accommodate a cargo of bioactive biomolecules that generally includes proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, sugars, and related conjugates depicting the cellular environment and are known to mediate a wide array of biological functions, like cellular communication, cellular differentiation, immunomodulation, neovascularization, and cellular waste management. The exponential implication of exosomes in the pathological development and progression of various disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer has offered a tremendous opportunity for exploring their role in ocular conditions. Ocular diseases such as age-related macular disease, glaucoma, infectious endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, autoimmune uveitis etc face various challenges in their early diagnosis and treatments due to contributing factors such as delay in the onset of symptoms, microbial identification, difficulty in obtaining samples for biopsy or being diagnosed as masquerade syndromes. Studies have reported unique exosomal cargos that are involved in successful delivery of miRNA or proteins to recipient cells to express desired expression or exploited as a diagnostic marker for various diseases. Furthermore, engineered exosomes can be used for targeted delivery of therapeutics and exosomes being natural nanoparticles found in all types of cells, host may not elicit an immune response against it. With the rapid advancement of opting personalized therapeutics, extending exosomal research to sight-threatening ocular infections can possibly advance the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review briefs about the current knowledge of exosomes in visual systems, advancements in exosomal and ophthalmic research, participation of exosomes in the pathogenesis of common ocular diseases, the challenges for exosomal therapies along with the future of this promising domain of research for diseases that fatally threaten billions of people worldwide.
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33
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Roles and mechanisms of exosomal non-coding RNAs in human health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:383. [PMID: 34753929 PMCID: PMC8578673 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes play a role as mediators of cell-to-cell communication, thus exhibiting pleiotropic activities to homeostasis regulation. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are closely related to a variety of biological and functional aspects of human health. When the exosomal ncRNAs undergo tissue-specific changes due to diverse internal or external disorders, they can cause tissue dysfunction, aging, and diseases. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms of exosomes in human diseases. In addition, we explore the current knowledge on the roles of exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in human health and diseases, including cancers, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases, to determine their potential implication in biomarker identification and therapeutic exploration.
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34
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Rodríguez-Morales B, Antunes-Ricardo M, González-Valdez J. Exosome-Mediated Insulin Delivery for the Potential Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111870. [PMID: 34834285 PMCID: PMC8621140 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles between 30 and 150 nm that serve as essential messengers for different biological signaling and pathological processes. After their discovery, a wide range of applications have been developed, especially in therapeutic drug delivery. In this context, the aim of this work was to test the efficiency of exosome-mediated human insulin delivery using exosomes extracted from three different cell lines: hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2); primary dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) and pancreatic β cells (RIN-m); all are related to the production and/or the ability to sense insulin and to consequently regulate glucose levels in the extracellular medium. The obtained results revealed that the optimal insulin loading efficiency was achieved by a 200 V electroporation, in comparison with incubation at room temperature. Moreover, the maximum in vitro exosome uptake was reached after incubation for 6 h, which slightly decreased 24 h after adding the exosomes. Glucose quantification assays revealed that exosome-mediated incorporation of insulin presented significant differences in HDFa and HepG2 cells, enhancing the transport in HDFa, in comparison with free human insulin effects in the regulation of extracellular glucose levels. No significant differences were found between the treatments in RIN-m cells. Hence, the results suggest that exosomes could potentially become a valuable tool for stable and biocompatible insulin delivery in diabetes mellitus treatment alternatives.
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35
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Arishe OO, Priviero F, Wilczynski SA, Webb RC. Exosomes as Intercellular Messengers in Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111685. [PMID: 34769116 PMCID: PMC8583750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with hypertension have a higher risk of developing heart diseases, and hypertension remains a top cause of mortality. In hypertension, some detrimental changes occur in the arterial wall, which include physiological and biochemical changes. Furthermore, this disease is characterized by turbulent blood flow, increased fluid shear stress, remodeling of the blood vessels, and endothelial dysfunction. As a complex disease, hypertension is thought to be caused by an array of factors, its etiology consisting of both environmental and genetic factors. The Mosaic Theory of hypertension states that many factors, including genetics, environment, adaptive, neural, mechanical, and hormonal perturbations are intertwined, leading to increases in blood pressure. Long-term efforts by several investigators have provided invaluable insight into the physiological mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of hypertension, and these include increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), dysfunction of the vascular endothelium, impaired platelet function, thrombogenesis, vascular smooth muscle and cardiac hypertrophy, and altered angiogenesis. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by all cells and carry nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites into the extracellular environment. They play a role in intercellular communication and are involved in the pathophysiology of diseases. Since the discovery of exosomes in the 1980s, numerous studies have been carried out to understand the biogenesis, composition, and function of exosomes. In this review, we will discuss the role of exosomes as intercellular messengers in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunke Omolola Arishe
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (F.P.); (S.A.W.); (R.C.W.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-394-3582
| | - Fernanda Priviero
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (F.P.); (S.A.W.); (R.C.W.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Wilczynski
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (F.P.); (S.A.W.); (R.C.W.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - R. Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (F.P.); (S.A.W.); (R.C.W.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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Gao C, Liu X, Fan F, Yang JN, Zhou XY, Mei HJ, Lin XL, Luo Y. Exosomal miR-29b found in aqueous humour mediates calcium signaling in diabetic patients with cataract. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1484-1491. [PMID: 34667723 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of exosomal miR-29b and Ca2+ in regulating the function of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs). METHODS Exosomes were isolated from human aqueous humour (AH) by ultracentrifugation, and visualized by nanoparticle tracking and transmission electron microscopy. Exosomal miRNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs between diabetes with cataracts (DMC) group and age-related cataracts (ARC) group. TargetScan was used to predict potential target of certain miRNA. The expression of CACNA1C mRNA was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and CACNA1C protein was determined by Western blotting. Concentration of Ca2+ in human AH and the culture supernatant of cells were detected by the calcium assay kit. Cell counting kit-8 was used to determine cell viability. RESULTS Exosomes were isolated from human AH, which had a typical cup-shaped phenotype and a particle size distribution in accordance with micro extracellular vesicles. Exosomal miRNA sequencing revealed that miR-29b was significantly downregulated in DMC group compared with ARC. Ca2+ concentration of human AH in DMC was higher than that in ARC. The culture supernatant of cells transfected with miR-29b inhibitors had a higher concentration of Ca2+ than that transfected with miR-29b mimics. miR-29b reduced the viability of HLECs by upregulating CACNA1C expression. CONCLUSION Exosomes isolated from human AH contains abundant miRNAs. A significantly expressed miRNA, miR-29b, can affect the concentration of Ca2+ and regulate HLEC processes by upregulating CACNA1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.,Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fan Fan
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jia-Ning Yang
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xi-Yue Zhou
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Heng-Jun Mei
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Lin
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200031, China
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Li X, Li N, Li B, Feng Y, Zhou D, Chen G. Noncoding RNAs and RNA-binding proteins in diabetic wound healing. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 50:128311. [PMID: 34438011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poor wound healing is a common complication in diabetic patients. It often leads to intractable infections and lower limb amputations and is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. NcRNAs, which can regulate gene expression, have emerged as important regulators of various physiological processes. Herein, we summarize the diverse roles of ncRNAs in the key stages of diabetic wound healing, including inflammation, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Meanwhile, the potential use of ncRNAs as novel therapeutic targets for wound healing in diabetic patients is also discussed. In addition, we summarize the role of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in the regulation of gene expression and signaling pathways during skin repair, which may provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention for this potentially devastating disease. However, so far, research on the modulated drug based on ncRNAs that lead to significantly altered gene expression in diabetic patients is scarce. We have compiled some drugs that may be able to modulate ncRNAs, which significantly regulate the gene expression in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingxin Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, People's Republic of China.
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González-Sánchez LE, Ortega-Camarillo C, Contreras-Ramos A, Barajas-Nava LA. miRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. J Diabetes 2021; 13:792-816. [PMID: 33576054 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review summarizes results of studies that evaluated the expression of microRNAs (miRs) in prediabetes or type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS The information was obtained from PubMed, EMBL-EBI, Wanfang, Trip Database, Lilacs, CINAHL, Human microRNA Disease Database (HMDD) v3.0, and Google. A qualitative synthesis of the results was performed and miRs frequency was graphically represented. From 1893 identified studies, only 55 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These 55 studies analyzed miRs in T2D, and of them, 13 also described data of prediabetes. RESULTS In diabetics, 122 miRs were reported and 35 miRs for prediabetics. However, we identified that five miRs (-122-5p, 144-3p, 210, 375, and -126b) were reported more often in diabetics and four (144-3p, -192, 29a, and -30d) in prediabetics. CONCLUSIONS Circulating miRs could be used as biomarkers of T2D. However, it is necessary to validate these microRNAs in prospective and multicenter studies with different population subgroups, considering age, gender, and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Edgar González-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Clara Ortega-Camarillo
- Medical Research Unit in Biochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Contreras-Ramos
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leticia Andrea Barajas-Nava
- Evidence-Based Medicine Research Unit, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Mexico City, Mexico
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Epigenetic Mechanisms in Type 2 Diabetes Retinopathy: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910502. [PMID: 34638838 PMCID: PMC8509039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the main causes of vision loss in middle-aged economically active people. Modifiable (i.e., hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, and cigarette smoke) and non-modifiable factors (i.e., duration of diabetes, puberty, pregnancy and genetic susceptibility) are involved in the development of DR. Epigenetic mechanisms, modulating the oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and aging, could influence the course of DR. Herein, we conducted a systematic review of observational studies investigating how epigenetics affects type 2 diabetes retinopathy (T2DR). A total of 23 epidemiological studies were included: 14 studies focused on miRNA, 4 studies on lnc-RNA, one study on both miRNA and lnc-RNA, and 4 studies on global or gene-specific DNA methylation. A direct relation between the dysregulation of miR-21, miR-93, and miR-221 and FPG, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR was identified. A panel of three miRNAs (hsa-let-7a-5p, hsa-miR-novel-chr5_15976, and hsa-miR-28-3p) demonstrated a good sensitivity and specificity for predicting T2DR. Little evidence is available regarding the possible role of the long non-coding MALAT1 dysregulation and MTHFR gene promoter hypermethylation. Despite these initial, encouraging findings potentially suggesting a role of epigenetics in T2DR, the use in clinical practice for the diagnosis and staging of this complication encounters several difficulties and further targeted investigations are still necessary.
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40
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Circulating microRNAs Signature for Predicting Response to GLP1-RA Therapy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179454. [PMID: 34502360 PMCID: PMC8431190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents one of the major health issues of this century. Despite the availability of an increasing number of anti-hyperglycemic drugs, a significant proportion of patients are inadequately controlled, thus highlighting the need for novel biomarkers to guide treatment selection. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, proposed as useful diagnostic/prognostic markers. The aim of our study was to identify a miRNA signature occurring in responders to glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) therapy. We investigated the expression profile of eight T2D-associated circulating miRNAs in 26 prospectively evaluated diabetic patients in whom GLP1-RA was added to metformin. As expected, GLP1-RA treatment induced significant reductions of HbA1c and body weight, both after 6 and 12 months of therapy. Of note, baseline expression levels of the selected miRNAs revealed two distinct patient clusters: “high expressing” and “low expressing”. Interestingly, a significantly higher percentage of patients in the high expression group reached the glycemic target after 12 months of treatment. Our findings suggest that the evaluation of miRNA expression could be used to predict the likelihood of an early treatment response to GLP1-RA and to select patients in whom to start such treatment, paving the way to a personalized medicine approach.
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Garai K, Adam Z, Herczeg R, Banfai K, Gyebrovszki A, Gyenesei A, Pongracz JE, Wilhelm M, Kvell K. Physical Activity as a Preventive Lifestyle Intervention Acts Through Specific Exosomal miRNA Species-Evidence From Human Short- and Long-Term Pilot Studies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:658218. [PMID: 34408656 PMCID: PMC8365358 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.658218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise initiates systemic adaptation to promote health and prevent various lifestyle-related chronic diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that circulating exosomes mediate some of the beneficial effects of exercise via the transfer of microRNAs between tissues. Yet to date, a comprehensive profile of the exosomal miRNA (exomiR) content released following short-term (0.5 year in this study) and long-term (25 + years in this study) regular bouts of exercise is still lacking. However, a better understanding of these miRNA species would assist in clarifying the role of regular exercise at the molecular level in the prevention of chronic diseases. In the present pilot studies we analyzed serum exomiR expression in healthy young, sedentary participants (n = 14; age: 23 ± 2 years) at baseline and following a half year-long moderate-intensity regular exercise training. We also analyzed serum exomiR expression in older, healthy trained participants (seniors, n = 11; age: 62 ± 6 years) who engaged in endurance activities for at least 25 years. Following the isolation and enrichment of serum exosomes using Total Exosome Isolation Reagent (TEI) their exomiR levels were determined using the amplification-free Nanostring platform. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the majority of exomiRs overlap for short-term (0.5 year in this study) and long-term (25 + years in this study) regular bouts of exercise. The top 12 significantly altered exomiRs (let-7a-5p; let-7g-5p; miR-130a-3p; miR-142-3p; miR-150-5p; miR-15a-5p; miR-15b-5p; miR-199a-3p; miR-199b-3p; miR-223-3p; miR-23a-3p, and miR-451a-3p) were used for further evaluation. According to KEGG pathway analysis a large portion of the exomiRs target chronic diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases, and viral infections. Our results provide evidence that exosomal miRNA modulation is the molecular mechanism through which regular exercise prevents various chronic diseases. The possibility of using such exomiRs to target diseases is of great interest. While further validation is needed, our comprehensive exomiR study presents, for the first time, the disease-preventive molecular pattern of both short and long-term regular exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitti Garai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Wnt-Signaling Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Adam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Wnt-Signaling Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Robert Herczeg
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Banfai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Wnt-Signaling Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Adam Gyebrovszki
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Judit E. Pongracz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Wnt-Signaling Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Marta Wilhelm
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztian Kvell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Wnt-Signaling Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Li DY, Lin FF, Li GP, Zeng FC. Exosomal microRNA-15a from ACHN cells aggravates clear cell renal cell carcinoma via the BTG2/PI3K/AKT axis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2021; 37:973-982. [PMID: 34337864 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating studies have indicated that exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) can mediate clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) at the early stage, but the mechanisms remain to be specified. Here, we investigated the mechanism of exosomal miR-15a in ccRCC. After successful isolation of exosomes from RCC cells, we found that miR-15a was upregulated in ccRCC cells. Moreover, upregulation of miR-15a by pre-miR-15a promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ccRCC cells. A luciferase assay revealed that B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) was a target gene of miR-15a and negatively correlated with miR-15a expression. BTG2 was poorly expressed in ccRCC, which reduced the proliferation of ccRCC cells. In addition, overexpression of BTG2 could reverse the promotive effects of miR-15a on ccRCC. Furthermore, BTG2 reduced PI3K/AKT pathway activity. Our results collectively indicated that exosomal miR-15a from RCC cells accelerated cell viability by downregulating BTG2 and promoting the activity of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. We demonstrated a novel mechanism by which exosomal miR-15a exerted pro-proliferatory effects on ccRCC, highlighting the potential of exosomal miR-15a as a target for ccRCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Yuan Li
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Fei-Fei Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Guo-Ping Li
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Fan-Chang Zeng
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
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Ying P, Huang C, Wang Y, Guo X, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Fu S, Chen L, Yi G, Fu M. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Retina:New Looks for Gene Marker and Old Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:699906. [PMID: 34395530 PMCID: PMC8362665 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.699906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina is composed of 11 types of cells, including neurons, glial cells and vascular bed cells. It contains five types of neurons, each with specific physiological, morphological, and molecular definitions. Currently, single-cell RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) is emerging as one of the most powerful tools to reveal the complexity of the retina. The continuous discovery of retina-related gene targets plays an important role in helping us understand the nature of diseases. The revelation of new cell subpopulations can focus the occurrence and development of diseases on specific biological activities of specific cells. In addition, sRNA-seq performs high-throughput sequencing analysis of epigenetics, transcriptome and genome at the single-cell level, with the advantages of high-throughput and high-resolution. In this paper, we systematically review the development history of sRNA-seq technology, and summarize the new subtypes of retinal cells and some specific gene markers discovered by this technology. The progress in the diagnosis of retinal related diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixi Ying
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Huang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Medical College of Rehabiliation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Cao
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Fu
- The University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoguo Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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MicroRNA-mediated regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:425-438. [PMID: 33772227 PMCID: PMC8853826 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In animals, systemic control of metabolism is conducted by metabolic tissues and relies on the regulated circulation of a plethora of molecules, such as hormones and lipoprotein complexes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of post-transcriptional gene repressors that are present throughout the animal kingdom and have been widely associated with the regulation of gene expression in various contexts, including virtually all aspects of systemic control of metabolism. Here we focus on glucose and lipid metabolism and review current knowledge of the role of miRNAs in their systemic regulation. We survey miRNA-mediated regulation of healthy metabolism as well as the contribution of miRNAs to metabolic dysfunction in disease, particularly diabetes, obesity and liver disease. Although most miRNAs act on the tissue they are produced in, it is now well established that miRNAs can also circulate in bodily fluids, including their intercellular transport by extracellular vesicles, and we discuss the role of such extracellular miRNAs in systemic metabolic control and as potential biomarkers of metabolic status and metabolic disease.
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45
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Zhang Z, Liang X, Zhou J, Meng M, Gao Y, Yi G, Fu M. Exosomes in the pathogenesis and treatment of ocular diseases. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108626. [PMID: 34087205 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes have diverse functions and rich content and are involved in intercellular communication, immune regulation, viral infection, tissue regeneration, and the occurrence, development and metastasis of tumours. Notably, various stem cell-derived exosomes are expected to become new therapeutic approaches for inflammatory diseases and tumours and have good clinical application prospects. However, few studies have examined exosomes in ophthalmic diseases. Therefore, based on the functions of exosomes, this paper summarizes progress in the possible use of exosomes as treatment for specific ophthalmic diseases, aiming to determine the pathogenesis of exosomes to achieve more effective clinical diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Zhang
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaotian Liang
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meijun Meng
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoguo Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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46
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He X, Kuang G, Wu Y, Ou C. Emerging roles of exosomal miRNAs in diabetes mellitus. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e468. [PMID: 34185424 PMCID: PMC8236118 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles 40-160 nm in diameter that are secreted by almost all cell types. Exosomes can carry diverse cargo including RNA, DNA, lipids, proteins, and metabolites. Exosomes transfer substances and information between cells by circulating in body fluids and are thus involved in diverse physiological and pathological processes in the human body. Recent studies have closely associated exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) with various human diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM), which is a complex multifactorial metabolic disorder disease. Exosomal miRNAs are emerging as pivotal regulators in the progression of DM, mainly in terms of pancreatic β-cell injury and insulin resistance. Exosomal miRNAs are closely associated with DM-associated complications, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic nephropathy (DN), and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), etc. Further investigations of the mechanisms of action of exosomal miRNAs and their role in DM will be valuable for the thorough understanding of the physiopathological process of DM. Here, we have summarized recent findings regarding exosomal miRNAs associated with DM to provide a new strategy for identifying potential diagnostic biomarkers and drug targets for the early diagnosis and treatment, respectively, of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun He
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan410008China
- Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan410008China
| | - Gaoyan Kuang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese MedicineChangshaHunan410007China
- Postdoctoral Research WorkstationHinye Pharmaceutical Co. LtdChangshaHunan410331China
| | - Yongrong Wu
- Hunan university of Chinese MedicineChangshaHunan410208China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan410008China
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Caserta S, Ghezzi P. Release of redox enzymes and micro-RNAs in extracellular vesicles, during infection and inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:248-257. [PMID: 33862160 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many studies reported that redox enzymes, particularly thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin, can be released by cells and act as soluble mediators in immunity. Recently, it became clear that peroxiredoxins can be secreted via the exosome-release route, yet it remains unclear how this exactly happens and why. This review will first introduce briefly the possible redox states of protein cysteines and the role of redox enzymes in their regulation. We will then discuss the studies on the extracellular forms of some of these enzymes, their association with exosomes/extracellular vesicles and with exosome micro-RNAs (miRNAs)/mRNAs involved in oxidative processes, relevant in infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Caserta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hardy Building, The University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Ghezzi
- Department of Clinical Experimental Medicine, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, BN19RY, United Kingdom.
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Lei LM, Lin X, Xu F, Shan SK, Guo B, Li FXZ, Zheng MH, Wang Y, Xu QS, Yuan LQ. Exosomes and Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651996. [PMID: 33816504 PMCID: PMC8012888 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, delivering signal molecules from donor cells to recipient cells. The cargo of exosomes, including proteins, DNA and RNA, can target the recipient tissues and organs, which have an important role in disease development. Insulin resistance is a kind of pathological state, which is important in the pathogeneses of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), gestational diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, obesity is a kind of inducement of insulin resistance. In this review, we summarized recent research advances on exosomes and insulin resistance, especially focusing on obesity-related insulin resistance. These studies suggest that exosomes have great importance in the development of insulin resistance in obesity and have great potential for use in the diagnosis and therapy of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Lei
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Cao X, Xue LD, Di Y, Li T, Tian YJ, Song Y. MSC-derived exosomal lncRNA SNHG7 suppresses endothelial-mesenchymal transition and tube formation in diabetic retinopathy via miR-34a-5p/XBP1 axis. Life Sci 2021; 272:119232. [PMID: 33600866 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which could result in visual impairment. Accumulating studies have shown the implication of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathogenesis of DR. Our aims are to investigate whether lncRNA SNHG7 plays a role during DR pathogenesis. MAIN METHODS Human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) were treated with high glucose (HG) to build cell model. Relative expression of RNAs were examined using qPCR, and western blot or immunofluorescence analysis was adopted to detect the protein expression. Cell viability, migration and angiogenic capacity of HRMECs were estimated through CCK-8, transwell and tube formation experiments, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull down assays were employed to verify the interplay between miR-34a-5p and SNHG7 or XBP1. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were identified by examining typical surface makers using flow cytometry and the differentiation abilities via Alizarin red, Oil red O and Alcian blue staining. MSC-derived exosomes were verified by transmission electron microscopy and western blot. KEY FINDINGS LncRNA SNHG7 sponged to and negatively regulated miR-34a-5p. SNHG7 overexpression repressed HG induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and tube formation of HRMECs, while miR-34a-5p overexpression could reverse this effect. miR-34a-5p targeted and negative regulated XBP1. Knockdown of miR-34a-5p repressed HG induced EndMT and tube formation, which were partially blocked by XBP1 inhibition. MSC-derived exosomes could transfer SNHG7 to HRMECs and modulated EndMT and tube formation. SIGNIFICANCE The MSC-derived exosomal lncRNA SNHG7 suppresses EndMT and tube formation in HRMECs via miR-34a-5p/XBP1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Li-Dan Xue
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yue Di
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Ya-Jing Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that can transport cargos of proteins, lipids, DNA, various RNA species and microRNAs (miRNAs). Exosomes can enter cells and deliver their contents to recipient cell. Owing to their cargo exosomes can transfer different molecules to the target cells and change the phenotype of these cells. The fate of the contents of an exosome depends on its target destination. Various mechanisms for exosome uptake by target cells have been proposed, but the mechanisms responsible for exosomes internalization into cells are still debated. Exosomes exposed cells produce labeled protein kinases, which are expressed by other cells. This means that these kinases are internalized by exosomes, and transported into the cytoplasm of recipient cells. Many studies have confirmed that exosomes are not only secreted by living cells, but also internalized or accumulated by the other cells. The "next cell hypothesis" supports the notion that exosomes constitute communication vehicles between neighboring cells. By this mechanism, exosomes participate in the development of diabetes and its associated complications, critically contribute to the spreading of neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease, and non-proteolysed form of Fas ligand (mFasL)-bearing exosomes trigger the apoptosis of T lymphocytes. Furthermore, exosomes derived from human B lymphocytes induce antigen-specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted T cell responses. Interestingly, exosomes secreted by cancer cells have been demonstrated to express tumor antigens, as well as immune suppressive molecules. This process is defined as "exosome-immune suppression" concept. The interplay via the exchange of exosomes between cancer cells and between cancer cells and the tumor stroma promote the transfer of oncogenes and onco-miRNAs from one cell to other. Circulating exosomes that are released from hypertrophic adipocytes are effective in obesity-related complications. On the other hand, the "inflammasome-induced" exosomes can activate inflammatory responses in recipient cells. In this chapter protein kinases-related checkpoints are emphasized considering the regulation of exosome biogenesis, secretory traffic, and their impacts on cell death, tumor growth, immune system, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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