1
|
Minoretti P, Fortuna G, Lavdas K, D'Acquino D. Potential Biomarkers of Resilience to Microgravity Hazards in Astronauts. Cureus 2024; 16:e57173. [PMID: 38681405 PMCID: PMC11056033 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Space exploration exposes astronauts to the unique environment of microgravity, which poses significant health challenges. Identifying biomarkers that can predict an individual's resilience to the stressors of microgravity holds great promise for optimizing astronaut selection and developing personalized countermeasures. This narrative review examines the principal health risks associated with microgravity and explores potential biomarkers indicative of resilience. The biomarkers being evaluated represent a broad spectrum of physiological domains, including musculoskeletal, neurological, immunological, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and cutaneous systems. Earth-based microgravity analogs, such as dry immersion and head-down tilt bed rest, may provide valuable platforms to validate candidate biomarkers. However, biomarker sensitivity and specificity must be further evaluated to ensure efficacy and reliability. Establishing a panel of biomarkers predictive of resilience to microgravity-induced health risks would significantly enhance astronaut health and mission success, especially for long-duration exploration missions. Insights gained may also translate to health conditions on Earth characterized by reduced physical activity and mechanical loading.
Collapse
|
2
|
Reinstein M, Weisman A, Masharawi Y. Barefoot walking is beneficial for individuals with persistent plantar heel pain: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2024; 67:101786. [PMID: 38118297 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2023.101786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A lack of data exist about the effectiveness of active treatments for persistent plantar heel pain (PPHP). OBJECTIVES To compare short-term functional and clinical effects of a 4-week barefoot or shod treadmill walking program for people with PPHP. METHODS A single-blinded clinical trial randomized 52 participants with PPHP into either a barefoot walking group (BWG), or a shod walking group (SWG). All participants received therapeutic ultrasound. Outcomes were measured at baseline (t0), following 4 weeks of treatment (t1), and at 1-month follow-up (t2). The SF-36 functional questionnaire score was the main outcome. Secondary outcomes were self-reported and clinically-assessed pain provocation levels, pressure pain thresholds and pain tolerance. Treadmill walking time and speed were measured at t0 and t1; people also recorded the time spent walking each day in a diary. RESULTS The BWG exhibited significant improvements in all SF-36 items (except "emotional well-being") (P < 0.05), whereas the SWG exhibited improvements only in "pain" and "health change" items (P = 0.0001; effect size 0.13-0.94). Greater improvements were observed in the BWG than the SWG for "physical function" (P = 0.019) and "role limitations due to physical health" items (P = 0.035). Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in pain, with greater improvements in the BWG (P = 0.0001; effect size 0.89). Only the BWG showed significant improvements in pain pressure thresholds (P < 0.05; effect size 0.70) and pain tolerance (P < 0.001; effect size 0.67). Both groups significantly increased their speed and time spent walking on the treadmill (BWG Δ=19.7 min and Δ=1.7 km/h; SWG Δ=16.7 min and Δ=1.1 km/h) and time outdoors (SWG ∆=38.2 min/week; BWG mean ∆=48.5 min/week) (P < 0.001). All clinical tests of pain were significantly less positive in the BWG at all time points (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both walking programs benefited people with PPHP by alleviating pain and improving function and quality of life. Greater improvements were observed in the BWG than the SWG overall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Reinstein
- Mevaseret Zion and Bruchim Outpatient Clinics, Jerusalem District, Meuhedet Health Services, Jerusalem, Israel; Spinal Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Asaf Weisman
- Spinal Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Youssef Masharawi
- Spinal Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fois M, Diaz-Artiles A, Zaman SY, Ridolfi L, Scarsoglio S. Linking cerebral hemodynamics and ocular microgravity-induced alterations through an in silico-in vivo head-down tilt framework. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:22. [PMID: 38413627 PMCID: PMC10899661 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Head-down tilt (HDT) has been widely proposed as a terrestrial analog of microgravity and used also to investigate the occurrence of spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), which is currently considered one of the major health risks for human spaceflight. We propose here an in vivo validated numerical framework to simulate the acute ocular-cerebrovascular response to 6° HDT, to explore the etiology and pathophysiology of SANS. The model links cerebral and ocular posture-induced hemodynamics, simulating the response of the main cerebrovascular mechanisms, as well as the relationship between intracranial and intraocular pressure to HDT. Our results from short-term (10 min) 6° HDT show increased hemodynamic pulsatility in the proximal-to-distal/capillary-venous cerebral direction, a marked decrease (-43%) in ocular translaminar pressure, and an increase (+31%) in ocular perfusion pressure, suggesting a plausible explanation of the underlying mechanisms at the onset of ocular globe deformation and edema formation over longer time scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fois
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, Italy.
| | - Ana Diaz-Artiles
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3141 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-3141, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, 2929 Research Pkwy, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Syeda Yasmin Zaman
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3141 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-3141, USA
| | - Luca Ridolfi
- Department of Environmental, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, Italy
- PolitoBioMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, Italy
| | - Stefania Scarsoglio
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, Italy
- PolitoBioMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith L. Space station and spacecraft environmental conditions and human mental health: Specific recommendations and guidelines. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 40:126-134. [PMID: 38245337 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The way that a given environment may influence human mental health is widely established, with decades of research linking anxiety, depression, stress, productivity, and general mood with all facets of a given environment, including noise levels, lighting, air quality, and other factors. The environmental conditions of a space habitat have far reaching consequences for human mental health and should be carefully managed. This manuscript serves to briefly review what is known about the main components of a space habitat (e.g., noise levels, lighting, air quality, privacy, plant life, etc.), and provide specific and clear recommendations for mission planners and space habitat designers. Where appropriate, opportunities for future research are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan Smith
- Oklahoma State University, 116 Psychology Building, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yin Y, Yang J, Gao G, Zhou H, Chi B, Yang HY, Li J, Wang Y. Enhancing cell-scale performance via sustained release of the varicella-zoster virus antigen from a microneedle patch under simulated microgravity. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:763-775. [PMID: 38164004 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01440a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The immune system of astronauts might become weakened in the microgravity environment in space, and the dormant varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in the body might be reactivated, seriously affecting their work and safety. For working in orbit for the long term, there is currently no efficient and durable delivery system of general vaccines in a microgravity environment. Accordingly, based on the previous foundation, we designed, modified, and synthesized a biodegradable and biocompatible copolymer, polyethylene glycol-polysulfamethazine carbonate urethane (PEG-PSCU) that could be mainly adopted to fabricate a novel sustained-release microneedle (S-R MN) patch. Compared with conventional biodegradable microneedles, this S-R MN patch could not only efficiently encapsulate protein vaccines (varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E, VZV gE) but also further prolong the release time of VZV gE in a simulated microgravity (SMG) environment. Eventually, we verified the activation of dendritic cells by VZV gE released from the S-R MN patch in an SMG environment and the positive bioeffect of activated dendritic cells on lymphocytes using an in vitro lymph node model. This study is of great significance for the exploration of long-term specific immune responses to the VZV in an SMG environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Junyuan Yang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Huaijuan Zhou
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bowen Chi
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China.
| | - Hong Yu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yilong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Berliner AJ, Zezulka S, Hutchinson GA, Bertoldo S, Cockell CS, Arkin AP. Domains of life sciences in spacefaring: what, where, and how to get involved. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:12. [PMID: 38287000 PMCID: PMC10825151 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Berliner
- Center for the Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES), Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Program in Aerospace Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Spencer Zezulka
- Center for the Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES), Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gwyneth A Hutchinson
- Center for the Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES), Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sophia Bertoldo
- Center for the Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES), Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles S Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adam P Arkin
- Center for the Utilization of Biological Engineering in Space (CUBES), Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Majumder N, Ghosh S. 3D biofabrication and space: A 'far-fetched dream' or a 'forthcoming reality'? Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108273. [PMID: 37863444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The long duration space missions across the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) often expose the voyagers to an abrupt zero gravity influence. The severe extraterrestrial cosmic radiation directly causes a plethora of moderate to chronic healthcare crises. The only feasible solution to manage critical injuries on board is surgical interventions or immediate return to Earth. This led the group of space medicine practitioners to adopt principles from tissue engineering and develop human tissue equivalents as an immediate regenerative therapy on board. The current review explicitly demonstrates the constructive application of different tissue-engineered equivalents matured under the available ground-based microgravity simulation facilities. Further, it elucidates how augmenting the superiority of biomaterial-based 3D bioprinting technology can enhance their clinical applicability. Additionally, the regulatory role of weightlessness condition on the underlying cellular signaling pathways governing tissue morphogenesis has been critically discussed. This information will provide future directions on how 3D biofabrication can be used as a plausible tool for healing on-flight chronic health emergencies. Thus, in our review, we aimed to precisely debate whether 3D biofabrication is deployed to cater to on-flight healthcare anomalies or space-like conditions are being utilized for generating 3D bioprinted human tissue constructs for efficient drug screening and regenerative therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Majumder
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cao X, Huang X, Zhao Y, Sun Z, Li H, Jiang Z, Ceccarelli M. A Method of Human-Like Compliant Assembly Based on Variable Admittance Control for Space Maintenance. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2023; 4:0046. [PMID: 37681017 PMCID: PMC10482162 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
On-orbit assembly has become a crucial aspect of space operations, where the manipulator frequently and directly interacts with objects in a complex assembly process. The traditional manipulator control has limitations in adapting to diverse assembly tasks and is vulnerable to vibration, leading to assembly failure. To address this issue, we propose a human-like variable admittance control method based on the variable damping characteristics of the human arm. By collecting the velocity and contact force of human arm operations in assembly, we analyze the damping change of human arm and establish the active compliance model based on S-type damping variation rule in assembly. Furthermore, 3 passive contact models are proposed between the end of the human arm and the environment: one-sided bevel contact, both sides bevel contact, and pin-hole contact. On the basis of these active and passive models, a typical space assembly task for a robot is designed, and a human-like variable admittance controller is established and simulated. Finally, we build a ground verification platform and complete different assembly tasks, thereby successfully verifying the safety, robustness, and adaptability of the human-like variable admittance control method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Cao
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems of Chinese Ministry of Education,
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems of Chinese Ministry of Education,
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems of Chinese Ministry of Education,
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zeyuan Sun
- China Northern Vehicle Research Institute, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems of Chinese Ministry of Education,
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems of Chinese Ministry of Education,
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Marco Ceccarelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering,
University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cheung HC, De Louche C, Komorowski M. Artificial Intelligence Applications in Space Medicine. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2023; 94:610-622. [PMID: 37501303 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.6178.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION:During future interplanetary space missions, a number of health conditions may arise, owing to the hostile environment of space and the myriad of stressors experienced by the crew. When managing these conditions, crews will be required to make accurate, timely clinical decisions at a high level of autonomy, as telecommunication delays and increasing distances restrict real-time support from the ground. On Earth, artificial intelligence (AI) has proven successful in healthcare, augmenting expert clinical decision-making or enhancing medical knowledge where it is lacking. Similarly, deploying AI tools in the context of a space mission could improve crew self-reliance and healthcare delivery.METHODS: We conducted a narrative review to discuss existing AI applications that could improve the prevention, recognition, evaluation, and management of the most mission-critical conditions, including psychological and mental health, acute radiation sickness, surgical emergencies, spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome, infections, and cardiovascular deconditioning.RESULTS: Some examples of the applications we identified include AI chatbots designed to prevent and mitigate psychological and mental health conditions, automated medical imaging analysis, and closed-loop systems for hemodynamic optimization. We also discuss at length gaps in current technologies, as well as the key challenges and limitations of developing and deploying AI for space medicine to inform future research and innovation. Indeed, shifts in patient cohorts, space-induced physiological changes, limited size and breadth of space biomedical datasets, and changes in disease characteristics may render the models invalid when transferred from ground settings into space.Cheung HC, De Louche C, Komorowski M. Artificial intelligence applications in space medicine. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(8):610-622.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bonanni R, Cariati I, Marini M, Tarantino U, Tancredi V. Microgravity and Musculoskeletal Health: What Strategies Should Be Used for a Great Challenge? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1423. [PMID: 37511798 PMCID: PMC10381503 DOI: 10.3390/life13071423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Space colonization represents the most insidious challenge for mankind, as numerous obstacles affect the success of space missions. Specifically, the absence of gravitational forces leads to systemic physiological alterations, with particular emphasis on the musculoskeletal system. Indeed, astronauts exposed to spaceflight are known to report a significant impairment of bone microarchitecture and muscle mass, conditions clinically defined as osteoporosis and sarcopenia. In this context, space medicine assumes a crucial position, as the development of strategies to prevent and/or counteract weightlessness-induced alterations appears to be necessary. Furthermore, the opportunity to study the biological effects induced by weightlessness could provide valuable information regarding adaptations to spaceflight and suggest potential treatments that can preserve musculoskeletal health under microgravity conditions. Noteworthy, improving knowledge about the latest scientific findings in this field of research is crucial, as is thoroughly investigating the mechanisms underlying biological adaptations to microgravity and searching for innovative solutions to counter spaceflight-induced damage. Therefore, this narrative study review, performed using the MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases, aims to summarize the most recent evidence regarding the effects of real and simulated microgravity on the musculoskeletal system and to discuss the effectiveness of the main defence strategies used in both real and experimental settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bonanni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Cariati
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Marini
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, "Policlinico Tor Vergata" Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Grigoryan EN. Impact of Microgravity and Other Spaceflight Factors on Retina of Vertebrates and Humans In Vivo and In Vitro. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1263. [PMID: 37374046 DOI: 10.3390/life13061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight (SF) increases the risk of developmental, regenerative, and physiological disorders in animals and humans. Astronauts, besides bone loss, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular and immune system alterations, undergo ocular disorders affecting posterior eye tissues, including the retina. Few studies revealed abnormalities in the development and changes in the regeneration of eye tissues in lower vertebrates after SF and simulated microgravity. Under microgravity conditions, mammals show disturbances in the retinal vascular system and increased risk of oxidative stress that can lead to cell death in the retina. Animal studies provided evidence of gene expression changes associated with cellular stress, inflammation, and aberrant signaling pathways. Experiments using retinal cells in microgravity-modeling systems in vitro additionally indicated micro-g-induced changes at the molecular level. Here, we provide an overview of the literature and the authors' own data to assess the predictive value of structural and functional alterations for developing countermeasures and mitigating the SF effects on the human retina. Further emphasis is given to the importance of animal studies on the retina and other eye tissues in vivo and retinal cells in vitro aboard spacecraft for understanding alterations in the vertebrate visual system in response to stress caused by gravity variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora N Grigoryan
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Corydon TJ, Schulz H, Richter P, Strauch SM, Böhmer M, Ricciardi DA, Wehland M, Krüger M, Erzinger GS, Lebert M, Infanger M, Wise PM, Grimm D. Current Knowledge about the Impact of Microgravity on Gene Regulation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071043. [PMID: 37048115 PMCID: PMC10093652 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgravity (µg) has a massive impact on the health of space explorers. Microgravity changes the proliferation, differentiation, and growth of cells. As crewed spaceflights into deep space are being planned along with the commercialization of space travelling, researchers have focused on gene regulation in cells and organisms exposed to real (r-) and simulated (s-) µg. In particular, cancer and metastasis research benefits from the findings obtained under µg conditions. Gene regulation is a key factor in a cell or an organism’s ability to sustain life and respond to environmental changes. It is a universal process to control the amount, location, and timing in which genes are expressed. In this review, we provide an overview of µg-induced changes in the numerous mechanisms involved in gene regulation, including regulatory proteins, microRNAs, and the chemical modification of DNA. In particular, we discuss the current knowledge about the impact of microgravity on gene regulation in different types of bacteria, protists, fungi, animals, humans, and cells with a focus on the brain, eye, endothelium, immune system, cartilage, muscle, bone, and various cancers as well as recent findings in plants. Importantly, the obtained data clearly imply that µg experiments can support translational medicine on Earth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-28-992-179
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Joinville 89219-710, SC, Brazil
| | - Maik Böhmer
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dario A. Ricciardi
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gilmar S. Erzinger
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Joinville 89219-710, SC, Brazil
| | - Michael Lebert
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petra M. Wise
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bharindwal S, Goswami N, Jha P, Pandey S, Jobby R. Prospective Use of Probiotics to Maintain Astronaut Health during Spaceflight. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030727. [PMID: 36983881 PMCID: PMC10058446 DOI: 10.3390/life13030727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining an astronaut's health during space travel is crucial. Multiple studies have observed various changes in the gut microbiome and physiological health. Astronauts on board the International Space Station (ISS) had changes in the microbial communities in their gut, nose, and skin. Additionally, immune system cell alterations have been observed in astronauts with changes in neutrophils, monocytes, and T-cells. Probiotics help tackle these health issues caused during spaceflight by inhibiting pathogen adherence, enhancing epithelial barrier function by reducing permeability, and producing an anti-inflammatory effect. When exposed to microgravity, probiotics demonstrated a shorter lag phase, faster growth, improved acid tolerance, and bile resistance. A freeze-dried Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota capsule was tested for its stability on ISS for a month and has been shown to enhance innate immunity and balance intestinal microbiota. The usage of freeze-dried spores of B. subtilis proves to be advantageous to long-term spaceflight because it qualifies for all the aspects tested for commercial probiotics under simulated conditions. These results demonstrate a need to further study the effect of probiotics in simulated microgravity and spaceflight conditions and to apply them to overcome the effects caused by gut microbiome dysbiosis and issues that might occur during spaceflight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahaj Bharindwal
- Amity Centre of Excellence in Astrobiology, Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai 410206, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai 410206, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nidhi Goswami
- Amity Centre of Excellence in Astrobiology, Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai 410206, Maharashtra, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai 410206, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pamela Jha
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS University Mumbai, Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddharth Pandey
- Amity Centre of Excellence in Astrobiology, Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai 410206, Maharashtra, India
| | - Renitta Jobby
- Amity Centre of Excellence in Astrobiology, Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai 410206, Maharashtra, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai 410206, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ebnali M, Paladugu P, Miccile C, Park SH, Burian B, Yule S, Dias RD. Extended Reality Applications for Space Health. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2023; 94:122-130. [PMID: 36829279 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.6131.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Spaceflight has detrimental effects on human health, imposing significant and unique risks to crewmembers due to physiological adaptations, exposure to physical and psychological stressors, and limited capabilities to provide medical care. Previous research has proposed and evaluated several strategies to support and mitigate the risks related to astronauts' health and medical exploration capabilities. Among these, extended reality (XR) technologies, including augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR) have increasingly been adopted for training, real-time clinical, and operational support in both terrestrial and aerospace settings, and only a few studies have reported research results on the applications of XR technologies for improving space health. This study aims to systematically review the scientific literature that has explored the application of XR technologies in the space health field. We also discuss the methodological and design characteristics of the existing studies in this realm, informing future research and development efforts on applying XR technologies to improve space health and enhance crew safety and performance.Ebnali M, Paladugu P, Miccile C, Park SH, Burian B, Yule S, Dias RD. Extended reality applications for space health. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(3):122-130.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mitchell K, Raymond L, Wood J, Su J, Zhang J, Jin Y. Material Extrusion of Helical Shape Memory Polymer Artificial Muscles for Human Space Exploration Apparatus. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235325. [PMID: 36501720 PMCID: PMC9738167 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts suffer skeletal muscle atrophy in microgravity and/or zero-gravity environments. Artificial muscle-actuated exoskeletons can aid astronauts in physically strenuous situations to mitigate risk during spaceflight missions. Current artificial muscle fabrication methods are technically challenging to be performed during spaceflight. The objective of this research is to unveil the effects of critical operating conditions on artificial muscle formation and geometry in a newly developed helical fiber extrusion method. It is found that the fiber outer diameter decreases and pitch increases when the printhead temperature increases, inlet pressure increases, or cooling fan speed decreases. Similarly, fiber thickness increases when the cooling fan speed decreases or printhead temperature increases. Extrusion conditions also affect surface morphology and mechanical properties. Particularly, extrusion conditions leading to an increased polymer temperature during extrusion can result in lower surface roughness and increased tensile strength and elastic modulus. The shape memory properties of an extruded fiber are demonstrated in this study to validate the ability of the fiber from shape memory polymer to act as an artificial muscle. The effects of the operating conditions are summarized into a phase diagram for selecting suitable parameters for fabricating helical artificial muscles with controllable geometries and excellent performance in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellen Mitchell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Lily Raymond
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Joshua Wood
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Ji Su
- Advanced Materials and Processing Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Yifei Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +001-(775)-784-1412
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Possover M. Humans at the dawn of the in-body electrical nerve stimulation era. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2022; 14:293-298. [PMID: 36724420 PMCID: PMC10364328 DOI: 10.52054/fvvo.14.4.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neuroprosthesis laparoscopic implantation technique for electric pelvic nerve stimulation was introduced to gynaecology over 15 years ago to treat intractable pelvic neuropathic pain. Following this first indication, other applications were developed, particularly in parapleology. The LION procedure developed to assist patients with paraplegia and common problems associated with inertia when confined to a wheelchair could find revolutionary applications in aging medicine and prevention. Materials and Methods Spinal cord injured patients who have undergone the Possover's LION procedure. Main outcome measure PubMed was systematically searched to identify peer-reviewed articles published in English that reported on LION procedure. Results Three independent studies published recently (100 patients worldwide) have shown revolutionary recovery of supra-spinal control in patients with chronic spinal cord injury following pelvic nerves stimulation, with 70% of them establishing a walker/crutches-assisted gait. The same studies have also shown significant whole-body muscle-mass building, peripheral vasodilatation, and an unexpected improvement in bone mineral density. Conclusion These ground-breaking findings could find revolutionary applications in aging medicine and the prevention of osteoporosis, with a huge impact on global public health. Humanity is on the cusp of an exciting new era following the introduction of the in-body electrical nerve stimulation technique. What is new? In-body electrical nerve stimulation for recovery and/or control of human peripheral somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
Collapse
|
17
|
Hao Y, Lu L, Liu A, Lin X, Xiao L, Kong X, Li K, Liang F, Xiong J, Qu L, Li Y, Li J. Integrating bioinformatic strategies in spatial life science research. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:bbac415. [PMID: 36198665 PMCID: PMC9677476 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As space exploration programs progress, manned space missions will become more frequent and farther away from Earth, putting a greater emphasis on astronaut health. Through the collaborative efforts of researchers from various countries, the effect of the space environment factors on living systems is gradually being uncovered. Although a large number of interconnected research findings have been produced, their connection seems to be confused, and many unknown effects are left to be discovered. Simultaneously, several valuable data resources have emerged, accumulating data measuring biological effects in space that can be used to further investigate the unknown biological adaptations. In this review, the previous findings and their correlations are sorted out to facilitate the understanding of biological adaptations to space and the design of countermeasures. The biological effect measurement methods/data types are also organized to provide references for experimental design and data analysis. To aid deeper exploration of the data resources, we summarized common characteristics of the data generated from longitudinal experiments, outlined challenges or caveats in data analysis and provided corresponding solutions by recommending bioinformatics strategies and available models/tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Hao
- Key Laboratory of DGHD, MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Anna Liu
- Key Laboratory of DGHD, MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Xiaoyue Kong
- Key Laboratory of DGHD, MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Fengji Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jianghui Xiong
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Lina Qu
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of DGHD, MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun H, Zhou Q, Qiao P, Zhu D, Xin B, Wu B, Tang C. Short-term head-down bed rest microgravity simulation alters salivary microbiome in young healthy men. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1056637. [PMID: 36439790 PMCID: PMC9684331 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1056637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Microgravity influences are prevalent during orbital flight and can adversely affect astronaut physiology. Notably, it may affect the physicochemical properties of saliva and the salivary microbial community. Therefore, this study simulates microgravity in space using a ground-based -6° head-down bed rest (HDBR) test to observe the effects of microgravity on oral salivary secretion function and the salivary microbiome. Sixteen healthy young male volunteers were recruited for the 15-day -6° HDBR test. Non-stimulated whole saliva was collected on day 1 (pre-HDBR), on days 5, 10, and 15 of HDBR, and day 6 of recovery. Salivary pH and salivary flow rate were measured, and the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and analyzed in 80 saliva samples. The results showed that there were no significant differences in salivary pH, salivary flow rate, and alpha diversity between any two time points. However, beta diversity analysis revealed significant differences between pre-HDBR and the other four time points. After HDBR, the relative abundances of Actinomyces, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, Oribacterium, and Capnocytophaga increased significantly, whereas the relative abundances of Neisseria and Haemophilus decreased significantly. However, the relative abundances of Oribacterium and Capnocytophaga did not recover to the pre-HDBR level on day 6 of recovery. Network analysis revealed that the number of relationships between genera decreased, and the positive and negative correlations between genera changed in a complex manner after HDBR and did not reach their original levels on day 6 of recovery. PICRUSt analysis demonstrated that some gene functions of the salivary microbiome also changed after HDBR and remained significantly different from those before HDBR on day 6 of recovery. Collectively, 15 days of -6° HDBR had minimal effect on salivary secretion function but resulted in significant changes in the salivary microbiome, mainly manifested as an increase in oral disease-related bacteria and a decrease in oral health-related commensal bacteria. Further research is required to confirm these oral microbial changes and explore the underlying pathological mechanisms to determine the long-term effects on astronauts embarking on long-duration voyages to outer space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- 306th Clinical College of PLA, The Fifth Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- 306th Clinical College of PLA, The Fifth Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyan Qiao
- Department of Stomatology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Di Zhu
- 306th Clinical College of PLA, The Fifth Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bingmu Xin
- Engineering Research Center of Human Circadian Rhythm and Sleep (Shenzhen), Space Science and Technology Institute (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Wu
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chuhua Tang
- 306th Clinical College of PLA, The Fifth Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Stomatology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
3D microenvironment attenuates simulated microgravity-mediated changes in T cell transcriptome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:508. [PMID: 36063234 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Human space travel and exploration are of interest to both the industrial and scientific community. However, there are many adverse effects of spaceflight on human physiology. In particular, there is a lack of understanding of the extent to which microgravity affects the immune system. T cells, key players of the adaptive immune system and long-term immunity, are present not only in blood circulation but also reside within the tissue. As of yet, studies investigating the effects of microgravity on T cells are limited to peripheral blood or traditional 2D cell culture that recapitulates circulating blood. To better mimic interstitial tissue, 3D cell culture has been well established for physiologically and pathologically relevant models. In this work, we utilize 2D cell culture and 3D collagen matrices to gain an understanding of how simulated microgravity, using a random positioning machine, affects both circulating and tissue-resident T cells. T cells were studied in both resting and activated stages. We found that 3D cell culture attenuates the effects of simulated microgravity on the T cells transcriptome and nuclear irregularities compared to 2D cell culture. Interestingly, simulated microgravity appears to have less effect on activated T cells compared to those in the resting stage. Overall, our work provides novel insights into the effects of simulated microgravity on circulating and tissue-resident T cells which could provide benefits for the health of space travellers.
Collapse
|
20
|
Real and Simulated Microgravity: Focus on Mammalian Extracellular Matrix. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091343. [PMID: 36143379 PMCID: PMC9501067 DOI: 10.3390/life12091343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of gravitational loading is a pivotal risk factor during space flights. Biomedical studies indicate that because of the prolonged effect of microgravity, humans experience bone mass loss, muscle atrophy, cardiovascular insufficiency, and sensory motor coordination disorders. These findings demonstrate the essential role of gravity in human health quality. The physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of an acute response to microgravity at various levels (molecular, cellular, tissue, and physiological) and subsequent adaptation are intensively studied. Under the permanent gravity of the Earth, multicellular organisms have developed a multi-component tissue mechanosensitive system which includes cellular (nucleo- and cytoskeleton) and extracellular (extracellular matrix, ECM) “mechanosensory” elements. These compartments are coordinated due to specialized integrin-based protein complexes, forming a distinctive mechanosensitive unit. Under the lack of continuous gravitational loading, this unit becomes a substrate for adaptation processes, acting as a gravisensitive unit. Since the space flight conditions limit large-scale research in space, simulation models on Earth are of particular importance for elucidating the mechanisms that provide a response to microgravity. This review describes current state of art concerning mammalian ECM as a gravisensitive unit component under real and simulated microgravity and discusses the directions of further research in this field.
Collapse
|
21
|
Yoshikawa M, Ishikawa C, Li H, Kudo T, Shiba D, Shirakawa M, Murtani M, Takahashi S, Aizawa S, Shiga T. Comparing effects of microgravity and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the mouse ventral lumbar spinal cord. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 121:103745. [PMID: 35660087 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgravity (MG) exposure and motor neuron diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), lead to motor deficits, including muscle atrophy and loss of neuronal activity. Abnormalities in motor neurons and muscles caused by MG exposure can be recovered by subsequent ground exercise. In contrast, the degeneration that occurs in ALS is irreversible. A common phenotype between MG exposure and ALS pathology is motor system abnormality, but the causes may be different. In this study, to elucidate the motor system that is affected by each condition, we investigated the effects of MG and the human SOD1 ALS mutation on gene expression in various cell types of the mouse ventral lumbar spinal cord, which is rich in motor neurons innervating the lower limb. To identify cell types affected by MG or ALS pathogenesis, we analyzed differentially expressed genes with known cell-type markers, which were determined from previous single-cell studies of the spinal cord in MG-exposed and SOD1G93A mice, an ALS mouse model. Differentially expressed genes were observed in MG mice in various spinal cord cell types, including neurons, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, meningeal cells/Schwann cells, and vascular cells. We also examined neuronal populations in the spinal cord. Gene expression in putative excitatory and inhibitory neurons changed more than that in cholinergic motor neurons of the spinal cord in both MG and SOD1G93A mice. Many putative neuron types, especially visceral motor neurons, and axon initial segments (AIS) were affected in MG mice. In contrast, the effect on neurons and AIS in SOD1G93A mice was slight at P30 but progressed with aging. Interestingly, changes in dopaminergic system-related genes were specifically altered in the spinal cord of MG mice. These results indicate that MG and ALS pathology in various cell types contribute to motor neuron degeneration. Furthermore, there were more alterations in neurons in MG-exposed mice than in SOD1G93A mice. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MG mice represent more than SOD1G93A mice with ALS pathology. Elucidation of MG pathogenesis may provide more insight into the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Haiyan Li
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Dai Shiba
- JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, JAXA, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Masaki Shirakawa
- JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, JAXA, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Masafumi Murtani
- Department of Genome Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shin Aizawa
- Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiga
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Marvasi M, Monici M, Pantalone D, Cavalieri D. Exploitation of Skin Microbiota in Wound Healing: Perspectives During Space Missions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:873384. [PMID: 35573226 PMCID: PMC9098812 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.873384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is slowed in Space. Microgravity and possible physical factors associated with Space affect alterations in fibroblast, matrix formation, dysregulation in apoptosis and inflammation. The microbial populations settled on skin, space modules, in space suits, are also playing a pivotal role, as wound healing is also affected by the microbial community. We propose a perspective that includes four domines for the application of human skin microbiota for wound healing in Space: The natural antimicrobial properties of the skin microbiota, the crosstalk of the skin microbiota with the immune system during wound healing, the contribution of the microbiota in precision medicine, and the role of gut-skin and gut-brain axes. A stronger understanding of the connections and metabolic network among bacteria, fungi, the host’s immune system and the host metabolism will support the basis for a better wound healing in Space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Monici
- ASAcampus Joint Laboratory, ASA Res. Div., Deptartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Desirée Pantalone
- Emergency Surgery Unit-Trauma Team, Emergency Department, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Duccio Cavalieri
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- *Correspondence: Duccio Cavalieri,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
In Vitro Models of Bone Marrow Remodelling and Immune Dysfunction in Space: Present State and Future Directions. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040766. [PMID: 35453515 PMCID: PMC9031916 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight affects the body on every level. Reports on astronaut health identify bone marrow remodelling and dysfunction of the innate immune system as significant health risks of long-term habitation in space. Microgravity-induced alterations of the bone marrow induce physical changes to the bone marrow stem cell niche. Downstream effects on innate immunity are expected due to impaired hematopoiesis and myelopoiesis. To date, few studies have investigated these effects in real microgravity and the sparsely available literature often reports contrasting results. This emphasizes a need for the development of physiologically relevant in vitro models of the bone marrow stem cell niche, capable of delivering appropriate sample sizes for robust statistics. Here, we review recent findings on the impact of spaceflight conditions on innate immunity in in vitro and animal models and discusses the latest in vitro models of the bone marrow stem cell niche and their potential translatability to gravitational biology research.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gravano S, Lacquaniti F, Zago M. Mental imagery of object motion in weightlessness. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:50. [PMID: 34862387 PMCID: PMC8642442 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental imagery represents a potential countermeasure for sensorimotor and cognitive dysfunctions due to spaceflight. It might help train people to deal with conditions unique to spaceflight. Thus, dynamic interactions with the inertial motion of weightless objects are only experienced in weightlessness but can be simulated on Earth using mental imagery. Such training might overcome the problem of calibrating fine-grained hand forces and estimating the spatiotemporal parameters of the resulting object motion. Here, a group of astronauts grasped an imaginary ball, threw it against the ceiling or the front wall, and caught it after the bounce, during pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight experiments. They varied the throwing speed across trials and imagined that the ball moved under Earth's gravity or weightlessness. We found that the astronauts were able to reproduce qualitative differences between inertial and gravitational motion already on ground, and further adapted their behavior during spaceflight. Thus, they adjusted the throwing speed and the catching time, equivalent to the duration of virtual ball motion, as a function of the imaginary 0 g condition versus the imaginary 1 g condition. Arm kinematics of the frontal throws further revealed a differential processing of imagined gravity level in terms of the spatial features of the arm and virtual ball trajectories. We suggest that protocols of this kind may facilitate sensorimotor adaptation and help tuning vestibular plasticity in-flight, since mental imagery of gravitational motion is known to engage the vestibular cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Gravano
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy ,grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941Department of Systems Medicine and Center of Space BioMedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Systems Medicine and Center of Space BioMedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Myrka Zago
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering & Center of Space BioMedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Devillard CD, Marquette CA. Vascular Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Requirements for an Ideal Large Scale Blood Vessel. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:721843. [PMID: 34671597 PMCID: PMC8522984 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.721843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering more than half a century ago, one obstacle has persisted: the in vitro creation of large-scale vascular tissue (>1 cm3) to meet the clinical needs of viable tissue grafts but also for biological research applications. Considerable advancements in biofabrication have been made since Weinberg and Bell, in 1986, created the first blood vessel from collagen, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The synergistic combination of advances in fabrication methods, availability of cell source, biomaterials formulation and vascular tissue development, promises new strategies for the creation of autologous blood vessels, recapitulating biological functions, structural functions, but also the mechanical functions of a native blood vessel. In this review, the main technological advancements in bio-fabrication are discussed with a particular highlights on 3D bioprinting technologies. The choice of the main biomaterials and cell sources, the use of dynamic maturation systems such as bioreactors and the associated clinical trials will be detailed. The remaining challenges in this complex engineering field will finally be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé D Devillard
- 3d.FAB, CNRS, INSA, Univ Lyon, CPE-Lyon, UMR5246, ICBMS, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Christophe A Marquette
- 3d.FAB, CNRS, INSA, Univ Lyon, CPE-Lyon, UMR5246, ICBMS, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ludtka C, Moore E, Allen JB. The Effects of Simulated Microgravity on Macrophage Phenotype. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091205. [PMID: 34572391 PMCID: PMC8472625 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of spaceflight, including prolonged exposure to microgravity, can have significant effects on the immune system and human health. Altered immune cell function can lead to adverse health events, though precisely how and to what extent a microgravity environment impacts these cells remains uncertain. Macrophages, a key immune cell, effect the inflammatory response as well as tissue remodeling and repair. Specifically, macrophage function can be dictated by phenotype that can exist between spectrums of M0 macrophage: the classically activated, pro-inflammatory M1, and the alternatively activated, pro-healing M2 phenotypes. This work assesses the effects of simulated microgravity via clinorotation on M0, M1, and M2 macrophage phenotypes. We focus on phenotypic, inflammatory, and angiogenic gene and protein expression. Our results show that across all three phenotypes, microgravity results in a decrease in TNF-α expression and an increase in IL-12 and VEGF expression. IL-10 was also significantly increased in M1 and M2, but not M0 macrophages. The phenotypic cytokine expression profiles observed may be related to specific gravisensitive signal transduction pathways previously implicated in microgravity regulation of macrophage gene and protein expression. Our results highlight the far-reaching effects that simulated microgravity has on macrophage function and provides insight into macrophage phenotypic function in microgravity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ludtka
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Erika Moore
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Josephine B. Allen
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Juhl OJ, Buettmann EG, Friedman MA, DeNapoli RC, Hoppock GA, Donahue HJ. Update on the effects of microgravity on the musculoskeletal system. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 34301942 PMCID: PMC8302614 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the reignited push for manned spaceflight and the development of companies focused on commercializing spaceflight, increased human ventures into space are inevitable. However, this venture would not be without risk. The lower gravitational force, known as microgravity, that would be experienced during spaceflight significantly disrupts many physiological systems. One of the most notably affected systems is the musculoskeletal system, where exposure to microgravity causes both bone and skeletal muscle loss, both of which have significant clinical implications. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in our understanding of how exposure to microgravity affects the musculoskeletal system. We will focus on the catabolic effects microgravity exposure has on both bone and skeletal muscle cells, as well as their respective progenitor stem cells. Additionally, we report on the mechanisms that underlie bone and muscle tissue loss resulting from exposure to microgravity and then discuss current countermeasures being evaluated. We reveal the gaps in the current knowledge and expound upon how current research is filling these gaps while also identifying new avenues of study as we continue to pursue manned spaceflight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otto J Juhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rachel C DeNapoli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel A Hoppock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Biomaterials for human space exploration: A review of their untapped potential. Acta Biomater 2021; 128:77-99. [PMID: 33962071 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As biomaterial advances make headway into lightweight radiation protection, wound healing dressings, and microbe resistant surfaces, a relevance to human space exploration manifests itself. To address the needs of the human in space, a knowledge of the space environment becomes necessary. Both an understanding of the environment itself and an understanding of the physiological adaptations to that environment must inform design parameters. The space environment permits the fabrication of novel biomaterials that cannot be produced on Earth, but benefit Earth. Similarly, designing a biomaterial to address a space-based challenge may lead to novel biomaterials that will ultimately benefit Earth. This review describes several persistent challenges to human space exploration, a variety of biomaterials that might mitigate those challenges, and considers a special category of space biomaterial. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work is a review of the major human and environmental challenges facing human spaceflight, and where biomaterials may mitigate some of those challenges. The work is significant because a broad range of biomaterials are applicable to the human space program, but the overlap is not widely known amongst biomaterials researchers who are unfamiliar with the challenges to human spaceflight. Additionaly, there are adaptations to microgravity that mimic the pathology of certain disease states ("terrestrial analogs") where treatments that help the overwhelmingly healthy astronauts can be applied to help those with the desease. Advances in space technology have furthered the technology in that field on Earth. By outlining ways that biomaterials can promote human space exploration, space-driven advances in biomaterials will further biomaterials technology.
Collapse
|
29
|
Retracted: Evaluation by an Aeronautic Dentist on the Adverse Effects of a Six-Week Period of Microgravity on the Oral Cavity. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:9102451. [PMID: 34188684 PMCID: PMC8192197 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9102451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
30
|
Shi L, Tian H, Wang P, Li L, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhao Y. Spaceflight and simulated microgravity suppresses macrophage development via altered RAS/ERK/NFκB and metabolic pathways. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1489-1502. [PMID: 31900461 PMCID: PMC8167113 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight-associated immune system weakening ultimately limits the ability of humans to expand their presence beyond the earth's orbit. A mechanistic study of microgravity-regulated immune cell function is necessary to overcome this challenge. Here, we demonstrate that both spaceflight (real) and simulated microgravity significantly reduce macrophage differentiation, decrease macrophage quantity and functional polarization, and lead to metabolic reprogramming, as demonstrated by changes in gene expression profiles. Moreover, we identified RAS/ERK/NFκB as a major microgravity-regulated pathway. Exogenous ERK and NFκB activators significantly counteracted the effect of microgravity on macrophage differentiation. In addition, microgravity also affects the p53 pathway, which we verified by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Collectively, our data reveal a new mechanism for the effects of microgravity on macrophage development and provide potential molecular targets for the prevention or treatment of macrophage differentiation deficiency in spaceflight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ludtka C, Silberman J, Moore E, Allen JB. Macrophages in microgravity: the impact of space on immune cells. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:13. [PMID: 33790288 PMCID: PMC8012370 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of a microgravity environment on the myriad types of immune cells present within the human body have been assessed both by bench-scale simulation and suborbital methods, as well as in true spaceflight. Macrophages have garnered increased research interest in this context in recent years. Their functionality in both immune response and tissue remodeling makes them a unique cell to investigate in regards to gravisensitive effects as well as parameters of interest that could impact astronaut health. Here, we review and summarize the literature investigating the effects of microgravity on macrophages and monocytes regarding the microgravity environment simulation/generation methods, cell sources, experiment durations, and parameters of interest utilized within the field. We discuss reported findings on the impacts of microgravity on macrophage/monocyte structure, adhesion and migration, proliferation, genetic expression, cytokine secretion, and reactive oxygen species production, as well as polarization. Based on this body of data, we make recommendations to the field for careful consideration of experimental design to complement existing reports, as the multitude of disparate study methods previously published can make drawing direct comparisons difficult. However, the breadth of different testing methodologies can also lend itself to attempting to identify the most robust and consistent responses to microgravity across various testing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ludtka
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Justin Silberman
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erika Moore
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Josephine B Allen
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fukuda APM, Camandona VDL, Francisco KJM, Rios-Anjos RM, Lucio do Lago C, Ferreira-Junior JR. Simulated microgravity accelerates aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2021; 28:32-40. [PMID: 33612178 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The human body experiences physiological changes under microgravity environment that phenocopy aging on Earth. These changes include early onset osteoporosis, skeletal muscle atrophy, cardiac dysfunction, and immunosenescence, and such adaptations to the space environment may pose some risk to crewed missions to Mars. To investigate the effect of microgravity on aging, many model organisms have been used such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and mice. Herein we report that the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae show decreased replicative lifespan (RLS) under simulated microgravity in a clinostat. The reduction of yeast lifespan is not a result of decreased tolerance to heat shock or oxidative stress and could be overcome either by deletion of FOB1 or calorie restriction, two known interventions that extend yeast RLS. Deletion of the sirtuin gene SIR2 worsens the simulated microgravity effect on RLS, and together with the fob1Δ mutant phenotype, it suggests that simulated microgravity augments the formation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles, which accumulate in yeast during aging. We also show that the chronological lifespan in minimal medium was not changed when cells were grown in the clinostat. Our data suggest that the reduction in longevity due to simulated microgravity is conserved in yeast, worms, and flies, and these findings may have potential implications for future crewed missions in space, as well as the use of microgravity as a model for human aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Claudimir Lucio do Lago
- Departamento de Química Fundamental - Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Low-Illumination Image Enhancement in the Space Environment Based on the DC-WGAN Algorithm. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21010286. [PMID: 33406689 PMCID: PMC7795134 DOI: 10.3390/s21010286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Owing to insufficient illumination of the space station, the image information collected by the intelligent robot will be degraded, and it will not be able to accurately identify the tools required for the robot’s on-orbit maintenance. This situation increases the difficulty of the robot’s maintenance in a low-illumination environment. We proposes a novel enhancement method for images under low-illumination, namely, a deep learning algorithm based on the combination of deep convolutional and Wasserstein generative adversarial networks (DC-WGAN) in CIELAB color space. The original low-illuminance image is converted from the RGB space to the CIELAB color space which is relatively close to human vision, to accurately estimate the illumination image, and effectively reduce the effect of uneven illumination. DC-WGAN is applied to enhance the brightness component by increasing the width of the generation network to obtain more image features. Subsequently, the LAB is converted into RGB space to obtain the final enhanced image. The feasibility of the algorithm is verified by experiments on low-illuminance image under general, special, and actual conditions and comparing the experimental results with four commonly used algorithms. This study lays a technical foundation for robot target recognition and on-orbit maintenance in a space environment.
Collapse
|
34
|
Prasad B, Grimm D, Strauch SM, Erzinger GS, Corydon TJ, Lebert M, Magnusson NE, Infanger M, Richter P, Krüger M. Influence of Microgravity on Apoptosis in Cells, Tissues, and Other Systems In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9373. [PMID: 33317046 PMCID: PMC7764784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All life forms have evolved under the constant force of gravity on Earth and developed ways to counterbalance acceleration load. In space, shear forces, buoyance-driven convection, and hydrostatic pressure are nullified or strongly reduced. When subjected to microgravity in space, the equilibrium between cell architecture and the external force is disturbed, resulting in changes at the cellular and sub-cellular levels (e.g., cytoskeleton, signal transduction, membrane permeability, etc.). Cosmic radiation also poses great health risks to astronauts because it has high linear energy transfer values that evoke complex DNA and other cellular damage. Space environmental conditions have been shown to influence apoptosis in various cell types. Apoptosis has important functions in morphogenesis, organ development, and wound healing. This review provides an overview of microgravity research platforms and apoptosis. The sections summarize the current knowledge of the impact of microgravity and cosmic radiation on cells with respect to apoptosis. Apoptosis-related microgravity experiments conducted with different mammalian model systems are presented. Recent findings in cells of the immune system, cardiovascular system, brain, eyes, cartilage, bone, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas, as well as cancer cells investigated under real and simulated microgravity conditions, are discussed. This comprehensive review indicates the potential of the space environment in biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binod Prasad
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (D.G.); (T.J.C.)
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC 89219-710, Brazil; (S.M.S.); (G.S.E.)
| | - Gilmar Sidnei Erzinger
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC 89219-710, Brazil; (S.M.S.); (G.S.E.)
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (D.G.); (T.J.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Michael Lebert
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
- Space Biology Unlimited SAS, 24 Cours de l’Intendance, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nils E. Magnusson
- Diabetes and Hormone Diseases, Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark;
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Popova NK, Kulikov AV, Naumenko VS. Spaceflight and brain plasticity: Spaceflight effects on regional expression of neurotransmitter systems and neurotrophic factors encoding genes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:396-405. [PMID: 33086127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The critical problem of space exploration is the effect of long-term space travel on brain functioning. Current information concerning the effects of actual spaceflight on the brain was obtained on rats and mice flown on five missions of Soviet/Russian biosatellites, NASA Neurolab Mission STS90, and International Space Station (ISS). The review provides converging lines of evidence that: 1) long-term spaceflight affects both principle regulators of brain neuroplasticity - neurotransmitters (5-HT and DA) and neurotrophic factors (CDNF, GDNF but not BDNF); 2) 5-HT- (5-HT2A receptor and MAO A) and especially DA-related genes (TH, MAO A, COMT, D1 receptor, CDNF and GDNF) belong to the risk neurogenes; 3) brain response to spaceflight is region-specific. Substantia nigra, striatum and hypothalamus are highly sensitive to the long-term spaceflight: in these brain areas spaceflight decreased the expression of both DA-related and neurotrophic factors genes. Since DA system is involved in the regulation of movement and cognition the data discussed in the review could explain dysfunction of locomotion and behavior of astronauts and direct further investigations to the DA system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina K Popova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Kulikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Naumenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
4-Acetylantroquinonol B Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis by Inhibiting the Autophagy Pathway in a Simulated Microgravity Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186971. [PMID: 32971944 PMCID: PMC7555662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astronauts suffer from 1–2% bone loss per month during space missions. Targeting osteoclast differentiation has been regarded as a promising strategy to prevent osteoporosis in microgravity (μXg). 4-acetylantroquinonol B (4-AAQB), a ubiquinone from Antrodia cinnamomea, has shown anti-inflammatory and anti-hepatoma activities. However, the effect of 4-AAQB on μXg-induced osteoclastogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanistic impact of 4-AAQB on osteoclast formation under μXg conditions. The monocyte/macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7 was exposed to simulated μXg (Rotary Cell Culture System; Synthecon, Houston, TX, USA) for 24 h and then treated with 4-AAQB or alendronate (ALN) and osteoclast differentiation factor receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption activity, and osteoclast differentiation-related signaling pathways were analyzed using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, actin ring fluorescent staining, bone resorption, and western blotting assays. Based on the results of TRAP staining, actin ring staining, and bone resorption assays, we found that 4-AAQB significantly inhibited μXg-induced osteoclast differentiation. The critical regulators of osteoclast differentiation, including nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), c-Fos, and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), were consistently decreased. Meanwhile, osteoclast apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were also observed along with autophagy suppression. Interestingly, the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) showed similar effects to 4-AAQB. In conclusion, we suggest that 4-AAQB may serve as a potential agent against μXg-induced osteoclast formation.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Mechanotransduction, a conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals, is essential for human development and physiology. It is observable at all levels ranging from the whole body, organs, tissues, organelles down to molecules. Dysregulation results in various diseases such as muscular dystrophies, hypertension-induced vascular and cardiac hypertrophy, altered bone repair and cell deaths. Since mechanotransduction occurs at nanoscale, nanosciences and applied nanotechnology are powerful for studying molecular mechanisms and pathways of mechanotransduction. Atomic force microscopy, magnetic and optical tweezers are commonly used for force measurement and manipulation at the single molecular level. Force is also used to control cells, topographically and mechanically by specific types of nano materials for tissue engineering. Mechanotransduction research will become increasingly important as a sub-discipline under nanomedicine. Here we review nanotechnology approaches using force measurements and manipulations at the molecular and cellular levels during mechanotransduction, which has been increasingly play important role in the advancement of nanomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fumihiko Nakamura
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lu Z, Wang J, Qu L, Kan G, Zhang T, Shen J, Li Y, Yang J, Niu Y, Xiao Z, Li Y, Zhang X. Reactive mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with limonene for improving physical and mental health of mice at simulated microgravity condition. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:1127-1137. [PMID: 32743123 PMCID: PMC7381505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Astronauts are under high stress for a long time because of the microgravity condition, which leads to anxiety, affects their learning and memory abilities, and seriously impairs the health of astronauts. Aromatherapy can improve the physical and mental health of astronauts in a way that moisturizes them softly and silently. However, the strong volatility of fragrances and inconvenience of aroma treatment greatly limit their application in the field of spaceflight. In this study, reactive mesoporous silica nanoparticles were prepared to encapsulate and slowly release limonene. The limonene loaded nanoparticles were named limonene@mesoporous silica nanoparticles-cyanuric chloride (LE@MSNs-CYC). LE@MSNs-CYC were then applied to wallpaper to improve the convenience of aromatherapy. LE@MSNs-CYC could chemically react with the wallpaper, thus firmly adsorbed on the wallpaper. In the following, the mice were treated with hindlimb unloading (HU) to simulate a microgravity environment. The results showed that 28-day HU led to an increase in the level of anxiety and declines in learning, memory, and physical health in mice. LE@MSNs-CYC showed significant relief effects on anxiety, learning, memory, and physical health of HU treated mice. Subsequently, the molecular mechanisms were explored by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis related hormones, immune-related cytokines, learning, and memory-related neurotransmitters and proteins. Large-scale industrial production and cost-effective fabrication of reactive nanofragrance. Strong adhesion of nanofragrance on substrate through covalent bonds. Improvement of physical and mental health under simulated microgravity condition in moisten things softly and silently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jianze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Lina Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Guanghan Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Tianlu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Yunwei Niu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Fragrance and Flavor Industry, Shanghai, 200232, PR China
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Zuobing Xiao
- Shanghai Research Institute of Fragrance and Flavor Industry, Shanghai, 200232, PR China
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jiang Z, Xu J, Li H, Huang Q. Stable Parking Control of a Robot Astronaut in a Space Station Based on Human Dynamics. IEEE T ROBOT 2020. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2019.2936302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
40
|
EMT Transcription Factors Are Involved in the Altered Cell Adhesion under Simulated Microgravity Effect or Overloading by Regulation of E-cadherin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041349. [PMID: 32079291 PMCID: PMC7072942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the effect of stress changes on cell adhesion, HUVEC, and MCF-7 cells were treated with simulated microgravity effect (SMG) and overloading (OL). Methods: Rotating Wall Vessel (2D-RWVS) bioreactor was used to create different culture conditions. In addition, the alteration of cell adhesion states, adhesion proteins, and relating factors of adhesion molecules under these two conditions were detected using cell adhesion assay, immunofluorescence, western blot, and qRT-PCR technology. Results: The results showed that the adhesion of cells decreased under SMG, while increased under OL. The expressions of integrin β1, paxillin, and E-cadherin under SMG condition were down-regulated as compared to that of the control group showing a time-dependent pattern of the decreasing. However, under OL condition, the expressions of adhesion proteins were up-regulated as compared to that of the control group, with a time-dependent pattern of increasing. EMT transcription factors Snail, twist, and ZEB1 were up-regulated under SMG while down-regulated under OL. Conclusion: Collectively our results indicated that cells could respond to stress changes to regulate the expressions of adhesion proteins and adapt their adhesion state to the altered mechanical environment. The altered cell adhesion in response to the mechanical stress may involve the changed expression of EMT-inducing factors, Snail, Twist, and ZEB1under the SMG/OL conditions.
Collapse
|
41
|
Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight Extract Enhances Hindlimb Performance and Attenuates Myosin Heavy Chain IId/IIx Expression in Cast-Immobilized Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:9283171. [PMID: 31885674 PMCID: PMC6925718 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9283171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is encountered in many clinical conditions, but a pharmacological treatment has not yet been established. Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight is an herbal medicine used in traditional Japanese and Chinese medicine. In the current study, we investigated the effect of C. tubulosa extract (CTE) on atrophied muscle in vivo. We also investigated hindlimb cast immobilization in mice and devised a novel type of hindlimb-immobilizing cast, consisting of sponge-like tape and a thin plastic tube. Using this method, 3 out of 4 groups of mice (n = 11 for each group) were cast-immobilized in the hindlimbs and administered CTE or vehicle for 13 days. A sham procedure was performed in the mice of the fourth group to which the vehicle was administered. Next, the triceps surae muscles (TS) were excised. To analyze the effect of the novel cast system and CTE administration on muscle atrophy, we evaluated TS wet weight and myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA). We also determined MyHC IId/IIx expression levels by western blotting, since their increase is a hallmark of disuse muscle atrophy, suggesting slow-to-fast myofiber type shift. Moreover, we performed two tests of hindlimb performance. The novel cast immobilization method significantly reduced TS wet weight and myofiber CSA. This was accompanied by deterioration of hindlimb function and an increase in MyHC IId/IIx expression. CTE administration did not alter TS wet weight or myofiber CSA; however, it showed a trend of amelioration of the loss of hindlimb function and of suppression of the increased MyHC IId/IIx expression in cast-immobilized mice. Our novel hindlimb cast immobilization method effectively induced muscle atrophy. CTE did not affect muscle mass, but suppressed the shift from slow to fast myofiber type in cast-immobilized mice, ameliorating hindlimb function deterioration.
Collapse
|
42
|
Li C, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhang S, Yao W, Zuo Z. The protective effect of piperine on ovariectomy induced bone loss in female mice and its enhancement effect of osteogenic differentiation via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
|
43
|
Ballantine R, Strassheim V, Newton J. Gravity-induced exercise intervention in an individual with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyeltis and postural tachycardia syndrome: a case report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2019. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2016.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyeltis is a condition of complex nature, characterised by unexplained disabling fatigue and a combination of non-specific accompanying symptoms. Individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyeltis frequently present with debilitating orthostatic symptoms, which may fall under the umbrella of postural tachycardia syndrome. Postural tachycardia syndrome is underpinned by autonomic nervous system dysfunction. The gravitational deconditioning that occurs in those severely affected by chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyeltis alongside postural tachycardia syndrome has been suggested as a key focus for interventions in this group. This case report documents the evaluation and rationale behind a novel gravity-induced exercise intervention to improve the symptoms of a 44-year-old female severely affected by chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyeltis and postural tachycardia syndrome, who had been bedbound for 10–15 years. Methods An exercise intervention was designed to challenge and therefore improve key areas of autonomic nervous system regulation in the presence of gravity. It contained seven different exercises conducted once a month in a class over a 6-month period. Results Fatigue impact score, activity levels and heart rate upon standing, as detected by an active stand test, improved during the exercise intervention and at follow up. Conclusions Gravity-induced exercise intervention can have a positive effect on an individual severely affected by Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyeltis alongside postural tachycardia syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Strassheim
- Specialist Physiotherapist, CRESTA Fatigue Clinic, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julia Newton
- Clinical Professor of Ageing and Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Baral A. Lazy rice in space: gravity regulates helical movement in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:448-450. [PMID: 30788843 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Circumnutation, the helical movement of organs, has been observed in diverse species of land plants. Whether circumnutation arises purely from internal growth oscillations or as a response to exogenous forces such as gravity is a subject of active debate. By observing rice seedlings grown under microgravity at the International Space Station (ISS) and analyzing the agravitropic lazy1 mutant, Kobayashi et al. (2019) propose gravity as the causal force that regulates circumnutation of rice coleoptiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Baral
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Stem Cell Culture in Microgravity and Its Application in Cell-Based Therapy. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1298-1302. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
46
|
Low EK, Brudvik E, Kuhlman B, Wilson PF, Almeida-Porada G, Porada CD. Microgravity Impairs DNA Damage Repair in Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells and Inhibits Their Differentiation into Dendritic Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1257-1267. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erica K. Low
- Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Egil Brudvik
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Bradford Kuhlman
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Paul F. Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Graça Almeida-Porada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Christopher D. Porada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Horie K, Kudo T, Yoshinaga R, Akiyama N, Sasanuma H, Kobayashi TJ, Shimbo M, Jeon H, Miyao T, Miyauchi M, Shirakawa M, Shiba D, Yoshida N, Muratani M, Takahashi S, Akiyama T. Long-term hindlimb unloading causes a preferential reduction of medullary thymic epithelial cells expressing autoimmune regulator (Aire). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:745-750. [PMID: 29753741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hindlimb unloading (HU) of rodents has been used as a ground-based model of spaceflight. In this study, we investigated the detailed impact of 14-day HU on the murine thymus. Thymic mass and cell number were significantly reduced after 14 days of hindlimb unloading, which was accompanied by an increment of plasma corticosterone. Although corticosterone reportedly causes selective apoptosis of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes (CD4+CD8+DPs) in mice treated with short-term HU, the reduction of thymocyte cellularity after the 14-day HU was not selective for CD4+CD8+DPs. In addition to the thymocyte reduction, the cellularity of thymic epithelial cells (TECs) was also reduced by the 14-day HU. Flow cytometric and RNA-sequencing analysis suggested that medullary TECs (mTECs) were preferentially reduced after HU. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining suggested that the 14-day HU caused a reduction of the mTECs expressing autoimmune regulator (Aire). Our data suggested that HU impacts both thymocytes and TECs. Consequently, these data imply that thymic T cell repertoire formation could be disturbed during spaceflight-like stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Horie
- Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan; Laboratory Animal Resource Center and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Riko Yoshinaga
- Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobuko Akiyama
- Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasanuma
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan; Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tetsuya J Kobayashi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Miki Shimbo
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan; Laboratory Animal Resource Center and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hyojung Jeon
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan; Laboratory Animal Resource Center and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takahisa Miyao
- Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Maki Miyauchi
- Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masaki Shirakawa
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan; JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, JAXA, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Dai Shiba
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan; JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, JAXA, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yoshida
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan; Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masafumi Muratani
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Genome Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan; Laboratory Animal Resource Center and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Taishin Akiyama
- Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Scheinpflug J, Pfeiffenberger M, Damerau A, Schwarz F, Textor M, Lang A, Schulze F. Journey into Bone Models: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E247. [PMID: 29748516 PMCID: PMC5977187 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a complex tissue with a variety of functions, such as providing mechanical stability for locomotion, protection of the inner organs, mineral homeostasis and haematopoiesis. To fulfil these diverse roles in the human body, bone consists of a multitude of different cells and an extracellular matrix that is mechanically stable, yet flexible at the same time. Unlike most tissues, bone is under constant renewal facilitated by a coordinated interaction of bone-forming and bone-resorbing cells. It is thus challenging to recreate bone in its complexity in vitro and most current models rather focus on certain aspects of bone biology that are of relevance for the research question addressed. In addition, animal models are still regarded as the gold-standard in the context of bone biology and pathology, especially for the development of novel treatment strategies. However, species-specific differences impede the translation of findings from animal models to humans. The current review summarizes and discusses the latest developments in bone tissue engineering and organoid culture including suitable cell sources, extracellular matrices and microfluidic bioreactor systems. With available technology in mind, a best possible bone model will be hypothesized. Furthermore, the future need and application of such a complex model will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Scheinpflug
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Moritz Pfeiffenberger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Damerau
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franziska Schwarz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Textor
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank Schulze
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mayer-Wagner S, Hammerschmid F, Blum H, Krebs S, Redeker JI, Holzapfel BM, Jansson V, Müller PE. Effects of single and combined low frequency electromagnetic fields and simulated microgravity on gene expression of human mesenchymal stem cells during chondrogenesis. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:608-616. [PMID: 29765449 PMCID: PMC5949910 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.59894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low frequency electromagnetic fields (LF-EMF) and simulated microgravity (SMG) have been observed to affect chondrogenesis. A controlled bioreactor system was developed to apply LF-EMF and SMG singly or combined during chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in 3D culture. MATERIAL AND METHODS An external motor gear SMG bioreactor was combined with magnetic Helmholtz coils for EMF (5 mT; 15 Hz). Pellets of hMSCs (±TGF-β3) were cultured (P5) under SMG, LF-EMF, LF-EMF/SMG and control (1 g) conditions for 3 weeks. Sections were stained with safranin-O and collagen type II. Gene expression was evaluated by microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS Simulated microgravity application significantly changed gene expression; specifically, COLXA1 but also COL2A1, which represents the chondrogenic potential, were reduced (p < 0.05). Low frequency electromagnetic fields application showed no gene expression changes on a microarray basis. LF-EMF/SMG application obtained significant different expression values from cultures obtained under SMG conditions with a re-increase of COL2A1, therefore rescuing the chondrogenic potential, which had been lowered by SMG. CONCLUSIONS Simulated microgravity lowered hypertrophy but also the chondrogenic potential of hMSCs. Combined LF-EMF/SMG provided a rescue effect of the chondrogenic potential of hMSCs although no LF-EMF effect was observed under optimal conditions. The study provides new insights into how LF-EMF and SMG affect chondrogenesis of hMSCs and how they generate interdependent effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Mayer-Wagner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Hammerschmid
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- LAFUGA Genomics, Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- LAFUGA Genomics, Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia I. Redeker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Boris M. Holzapfel
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Volkmar Jansson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter E. Müller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Electrophysiological experiments in microgravity: lessons learned and future challenges. NPJ Microgravity 2018; 4:7. [PMID: 29619409 PMCID: PMC5876337 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-018-0042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in electrophysiological experiments have led to the discovery of mechanosensitive ion channels (MSCs) and the identification of the physiological function of specific MSCs. They are believed to play important roles in mechanosensitive pathways by allowing for cells to sense their mechanical environment. However, the physiological function of many MSCs has not been conclusively identified. Therefore, experiments have been developed that expose cells to various mechanical loads, such as shear flow, membrane indentation, osmotic challenges and hydrostatic pressure. In line with these experiments, mechanical unloading, as experienced in microgravity, represents an interesting alternative condition, since exposure to microgravity leads to a series of physiological adaption processes. As outlined in this review, electrophysiological experiments performed in microgravity have shown an influence of gravity on biological functions depending on ion channels at all hierarchical levels, from the cellular level to organs. In this context, calcium signaling represents an interesting cellular pathway, as it involves the direct action of calcium-permeable ion channels, and specific gravitatic cells have linked graviperception to this pathway. Multiple key proteins in the graviperception pathways have been identified. However, measurements on vertebrae cells have revealed controversial results. In conclusion, electrophysiological experiments in microgravity have shown that ion-channel-dependent physiological processes are altered in mechanically unloaded conditions. Future experiments may provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
|